ISSN: 1693-6
930
121
E-Lea
rnin
g for Im
provem
e
n
t Quality of The Indon
esi
an……
(
Roha
ni Jahj
a Wid
o
do)
E-LEARNING FOR IMPROVEM
ENT QUALITY
OF THE INDONESIAN HUMAN RESOURCES
Roha
ni Jahja Widodo
MASDALI (In
done
sia
n
Co
ntrol System
s Society)
Electri
c
al Eng
i
neeri
ng Dep
a
rteme
n
t Bandung In
stitute of Techn
o
log
y
Jln. Gan
e
sha
10 Bandun
g 4013
2, Indon
esia
Telp/Fax: +6
2 022 25
009
6
0
, e-mail: rjwi
dodo
@yah
oo
.com, masdal
i@yaho
o.co
m
A
b
st
r
a
ct
This p
ape
r pre
s
ent
s E-L
earni
ng (E
-L
) to sup
port
the Progra
m
s of Education and
Traini
ng (E&
T
), Re
sea
r
ch
and De
velo
pm
ent (R
&D) for im
prove
m
ent quality of the Indone
sian
Hum
an Re
so
urces
(IQIHR). The progra
m
s of the
IQIHR m
u
st be
related
with the m
odern A
r
t,
Science, Engineeri
ng and
Technology
(ASET). T
he prosperity of
the
Hum
an Resources will
be
approa
che
d
from
pro
s
pe
ri
ty app
roa
c
h
whi
c
h is m
a
i
n
ly em
pha
si
zed with thre
e universe
s
o
f
asp
e
ct
s: Physical, Intellectual, Em
otional and
Sp
iritu
a
l (PIES) a
s
pect
s
. The
r
e
are th
ree
ba
si
c
requi
rem
ents for de
vel
opi
ng the
s
e a
s
pect
s
: Materi
al, Energ
y
a
nd Inform
atio
n (MEI). So
cial
welfare and i
n
crea
se of life quality a
r
e
desi
r
ed o
u
tput that m
u
st be attained
from
the MEI
asp
e
ct
s. Cu
rrent stan
da
rd
of living
of hu
m
an
being
sh
ould b
e
repo
rted as feed
b
a
ck info
rm
ation
in the p
r
og
ra
m
s
of the IQ
IHR. In gl
ob
al com
m
unication, de
velo
ped
cou
n
trie
s a
nd d
e
velo
ping
cou
n
trie
s sh
ould build
seve
ral attra
c
t
i
ve an
d so
u
nd sym
b
iosi
s bridge
s, to
pre
v
ent loss of
universe b
a
la
nce
s
. Hi
gh q
uality of h
u
m
an reso
urce
s
as p
r
od
uct
s
o
f
IQIHR a
c
tivi
ties, ha
ve
so
cial
im
pacts not
only in
de
vel
oped
cou
n
tri
e
s b
u
t also i
n
de
velopi
ng
cou
n
trie
s. A new
wo
rk f
o
rce
strateg
y
with
out den
yin
g
the exi
s
ting
of high q
uali
t
y of hum
an
re
sou
r
ces i
s
e
s
tabli
s
he
d
by
retoolin
g the
work force
s
, thus the
chall
enge
s of so
ci
al im
pacts co
uld be an
swe
r
ed
wisel
y
a
n
d
woul
d be bri
g
ht opportu
nities to im
prove
hum
an stand
ard
s
of living.
Key
w
ords
:
E
-
L, E&T, R&D, ASET,
PIES
, IQIHR, MEI,
human s
t
andards
of living, work
forc
e.
1. INTRO
DUCTIO
N
The develo
p
m
ent of E-Le
arnin
g
(E-L)
to s
upp
ort Progra
m
s of th
e IQIHR represe
n
ts
force
s
that
strongly
affect
man, life, a
n
d
civili
zation.
It mean
s tha
t
those
can
b
e
go
od
and
can
also be evil. The goodness or evil is det
ermined by the purpose and utilization.
The p
u
rp
ose
of E-L i
s
to
suppo
rt the p
r
ogra
m
s
of th
e IQIHR efforts, thus th
ey
con
s
titute
parts of the d
e
velopme
n
t while they also c
an be the
driving force for sp
eedi
ng u
p
developm
e
n
t.
The obj
ectiv
e
s of the
progra
m
s
of the IQIHR
a
r
e to increa
se the
qualit
y of human
life.
Sustaina
ble
developm
ent
must be su
pporte
d by
health econo
mics. In an
expose on h
ealth
eco
nomi
cs, t
he he
ath ind
u
s
trie
s a
r
e
hig
h
ly labo
r-inte
n
sive. Th
eref
ore th
e devel
opment i
s
clo
s
ely
tied with the redi
strib
u
tion
of income seen from
two
different asp
e
cts, nam
ely with rega
rd to
equitabl
e di
st
ribution
of th
e results
of
developm
ent, and
with
th
e expa
nsi
on
of empl
oyme
nt
oppo
rtunitie
s
. These ca
nn
ot be sep
a
rat
ed from the
prog
ram
s
of
the IQIHR pa
rticula
r
ly in the
rural a
r
ea. In
this
con
necti
on, one
shou
ld ke
ep in
mi
nd that in
de
veloping E
-
L
to sup
p
o
r
t the
prog
ram
s
of the IQIHR, o
ne must pay
heed to t
he l
o
cal
con
d
ition, such as tradition, cu
sto
m
s
and usages, standard of
Art, Sc
ience, Engineering and T
e
chno
logy (ASET),
and quality of
infras
t
r
uc
ture.
It is now generally accepted
that the pri
n
cipl
e of the
appropriate ASET comprises:
1.
Low-cost, in prop
ortio
n
wit
h
the in
com
e
level of the local po
pulatio
n.
2. Providing
job
oppo
rtunitie
s
.
3.
The tools a
n
d
equipme
n
t used mu
st be
only a few an
d simple m
a
i
n
tenan
ce.
4.
The equi
pme
n
t and materi
al sho
u
ld be l
o
cally availab
l
e or only sm
all quantitie
s need to b
e
importe
d.
5.
In harmo
ny with the local socio
-
cultural con
d
ition
s
.
6.
Not nee
ding
any intricate i
n
frast
r
u
c
ture.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 5, No. 2, Agustus 2
007 : 121 - 1
2
6
122
7.
A high adde
d
value comp
a
r
ed with ASE
T being ap
pli
ed.
The in
crea
se
of add
ed v
a
lue
shall
be
achi
eved th
roug
h a
ppli
c
ation of ASE
T in the
widest sense. ASET developed m
u
st be adapted to
social condit
i
ons, nat
ural
resources and
environ
ment.
The mai
n
constrai
nt of ASET developm
ent in
developing
countries is the fund,
material
and manpower. In this
connection, it will be
necessary to adapt
the existing
ASET and bring
them into ha
rmony with th
e local co
ndit
i
ons. Th
at
is
w
h
y it is
necess
ar
y to emphas
i
ze the
main
manageri
a
l
aspect
that must cover ASET
for
ex
isting tradition, custom
s,
and desi
res o
f
comm
unity wi
th regard to the local skills.
2.
IMPROVING
the QUALITY of HUMAN RESOUCE
S (IQIHR)
There are two approa
che
s
that must be
con
s
id
ere
d
in
the IQIHR na
mely:
1. Prosp
e
rity
2. Sec
u
rity.
The prosperit
y approa
ch
will be mainly discusse
d in this pap
er. The
r
e are three a
s
pe
cts
that must b
e
accou
n
ted f
o
r. They a
r
e
Physical
, Int
e
llectu
a
l, Emotional a
nd
Spiritual (PIE
S)
asp
e
ct
s.
The ba
sic n
e
ed for the phy
sical aspe
ct are MEI:
1. Material,
2. Energy,
3. Information.
The Sub
s
yste
ms of the Social System are:
1. Demo
graphy
(hum
an
re
so
urces),
2. Natur
a
l
Re
so
urc
e
s,
3.
Art, Science, Engineeri
ng
and Technology (ASET),
4.
Law a
nd orde
r,
5. Infras
truc
ture.
The IQIHR should b
e
relat
ed with:
1.
Educatio
n & Traini
ng (E&T),
2.
Re
sea
r
ch an
d Develo
pme
n
t (R&D,
3.
Industry an
d Manufa
c
turi
n
g
,
4.
Implementati
on and Appli
c
ation of ASET,
5.
Rep
a
ir, Maint
enan
ce, an
d Reh
abilitation
.
The p
r
og
ram
s
of E&T, (R&D) in
devel
oped
co
untrie
s
a
r
e n
eed
ed
for inn
o
vatio
n
of ne
w
ASET, but in general, in
developing countries t
hey
are for importation
and uti
lization
of ASET
only.
2.1. Basic Requiremen
t
s
and Dev
e
lopment Consi
d
eratio
ns.
The first hum
an ba
sic
nee
d is mate
rial:
food, clothin
g
, housi
ng, h
ealth, and e
d
ucatio
n.
We ne
ed to g
r
eatly increa
se the pro
d
u
c
tivity of
food p
r
odu
ction.
We need to u
s
e the latest a
nd
modern ASET for modern producti
on,
so that marketable surpl
u
s far exceeds t
he amounts b
y
farmers, for their o
w
n con
s
umptio
n and
produ
ction.
The se
co
nd l
a
rge a
r
ea fo
r further inve
st
ment in ASET infrastructu
re, namely for ene
rgy,
informatio
n, infrast
r
u
c
ture
developm
ent and natu
r
al reso
urce
s utilization.
In indust
r
ial R&D, for dev
elopment and expan
sion
of ASET facilities, efforts
are bei
ng
made to m
a
ke the industri
al ASET appropriate
so
l
u
tions to the various
probl
em
s. The
needs for
comm
uni
cati
on and tran
sportation infrastru
c
tu
re in
clud
es sea, air and tra
n
sportation
s, while
postal
and
tel
e
com
m
uni
cat
i
on
servi
c
e
s
and
a net
wo
rk of
radi
o an
d televisio
n
a
r
e al
so
impo
rt
ant
to be con
c
e
r
n
ed.
To impleme
n
t of progressi
ve manufactu
ring pl
a
n
s
re
quire
s that the indu
strie
s
a
dopt an
active and even aggressi
ve atti
tude towards the
acqu
isition of
ASET. They cannot remain
pass
i
ve and s
t
atic
waiting for ASET to be pas
s
ed
on to them. In order to help develop this
dynamics and active posture
they must be sustained and
su
pported by ASET institutes,
providing ASET services
relevant
to the production
processes.
This
will become the focus of
planned effort
s to transfer,
adapt
and develop ASET appropriate a
nd useful for the creation
and
expan
sion of
prod
uctive p
r
oce
s
se
s thro
ugho
ut the na
tion.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOMNI
KA
ISSN:
1693-6930
■
E-Lea
rnin
g for Im
provem
e
n
t Quality of The Indon
esi
an……
(
Roha
ni Jahj
a Wid
o
do)
123
Defense-relat
ed ASET is the third area in
which addit
i
onal investm
ents are to be made.
The need to strengthen
ASET, suppo
rt national’
s
defense and secu
rity capability is obvious
given he
r st
rategic l
o
cation, her a
bun
d
ance of
re
so
urces
and
he
r uniq
ue g
e
o
g
rap
h
ic fe
atu
r
es.
One n
a
tion
must be
abl
e to co
ntrol
her a
r
e
a
of
jurisdictio
n
a
nd defe
nd it
again
s
t a
c
tions
enda
nge
ring
her
sove
reig
n
t
y, the achiev
ement of
o
b
j
e
ctives fo
r h
e
r
natio
nal d
e
velopme
n
t, su
ch
as eq
uitable
distrib
u
tion, g
r
owth,
stability, and t
he pro
g
re
ss of he
r e
fforts for natio
n building. O
ne
nation
has to be ready t
o
commi
t resources to utiliz
e defense technologies relevant to
the
stren
g
theni
ng
of h
e
r pe
opl
e’s
defen
se
system a
dapt
e
d
to th
e n
a
tio
nal
cultu
r
al, g
eographi
c,
an
d
ASET conditi
ons.
Lastly, a pe
ople committed to transfe
r, adapt, an
d further d
e
v
elop even the most
modern ASET and apply these in al
ready existing cu
ltural environments m
u
st t
a
ke m
e
asures to
prevent the application of t
he new ASET
from er
oding and dest
roying those
cult
ural values
upon
whi
c
h its n
a
tional ide
n
tity rest
s. As is the ca
se
in
other
so
cieties, a natio
n
a
l’s ide
n
tity is
exemplified b
y
her o
w
n u
n
i
que
way of worki
ng a
nd liv
ing togeth
e
r
and by di
stin
ctive way
s
so
cial
orde
r is
creat
ed and m
a
int
a
ined. Fo
r so
me develo
p
in
g cou
n
trie
s, they alre
ady p
o
sse
ss a
n
ci
e
n
t
cultures lon
g
before she
became
a m
odern
state. For th
e pu
rp
ose
of maint
a
ining
an o
r
d
e
rly-
balan
ce b
e
tween e
s
tabli
s
h
ed cultu
r
al va
lues a
nd
the
new valu
es i
nherent in th
e mode
rn AS
ET,
in the so
cial
sci
en
ce
s, in culture a
nd in
it’s
philo
sop
h
i
e
s of life ha
s
been d
e
si
gna
ted as the fifth
but perhap
s the most i
m
porta
nt are
a
in whi
c
h
i
n
frast
r
u
c
ture
is to be
strength
ene
d. Th
e
development
of ASET infras
truc
ture in this
area is
geared towards
the main
tenanc
e
of the
abilit
y
of a nation’
s
peopl
e to pre
s
erve th
e co
mpatibility of
its cultu
r
al val
ues
with the
prog
re
ss of ASET
in the first fou
r
are
a
s di
scu
s
sed previou
s
ly.
To achieve t
h
is
stage of
developm
ent, ASET
and
skill
s are i
n
dispensable.
Without
ASET, no one country
will
be able to develop her
ec
onomic potentiality. Su
ccessful transfer and
development
of ASET c
an
only tak
e
plac
e through the vehic
l
e
of c
ons
is
tently exec
uted realis
t
i
c
and con
c
rete
prog
ram
s
of produ
ction
which in
co
rp
o
r
ate a system
atic, step by step in
cre
a
se
in
the degree of
c
o
mprehens
ion a
nd mas
t
ery of
s
u
c
c
ess
i
vely the more
s
o
phis
tic
a
t
ed ASET. Only
throug
h the
s
e kin
d
s of p
r
ogre
s
sive m
anufa
c
turi
n
g
plan
s
can a so
ciety
devel
op
itself
i
n
to
a
prod
uctive po
wer
and h
e
n
c
e a credibl
e and resp
ecte
d
membe
r
of the family of
nation
s
existi
ng
in the worl
d today and in t
he future.
2.2. Policies
on ASET
The poli
c
ies
on ASET shall be directed toward
developing
national capabilities in ASET
as
necessa
ry for the n
a
tional d
e
velo
pment in
a
c
cordan
ce
wit
h
the n
eed
s and
prio
ritie
s
of
national d
e
ve
lopment.
The glo
bal po
licie
s on ASE
T can i
n
broa
d outlin
e
s
rea
c
h thei
r targ
e
t
s, whe
n
the
definite
ASET programs
can be implemented acc
o
rding to plan.
However, it will still be nec
essary to study and formul
ate the supportive ASET
prog
ram
s
, to achieve a converg
e
n
c
e
betwe
en t
he plan
s and th
e results we
hope for. Sp
ecial
attention must be given to the followi
ng:
1.
Inter-in
s
titutio
nal co
ordi
nati
on and inte
ra
ction,
and p
a
rticularly the o
p
timal distribution an
d
utilization of the available
information on ASET.
2.
The provision of funds and
of skill
ed staff in accord
ance with ASET, w
hereby the
developm
ent
and
pa
rticip
ation of th
e
regio
n
s in
a
c
cord
an
ce
wi
th the d
e
vel
opment
and
partici
pation
of the regi
o
n
s in a
c
co
rd
ance with
th
e develop
me
nt con
d
itions must be
further in
crea
sed.
3.
Proper inducements an
d remuneration
for
ASET s
t
a
ff that show
s
u
pe
rior performanc
e
must b
e
pl
an
ned a
nd fo
rm
ulated a
s
a p
o
licy which
shall be
in
cre
a
sin
g
ly intro
d
u
ce
d in
ou
r
so
ciet
y
.
4.
Suppo
rtive p
o
licie
s
are
al
so
nee
ded
to
dist
ribute
an
d po
pula
r
ize
the mo
du
s o
pera
ndi fo
r
ASET transfer from
overseas, through involv
ing national m
anpower and m
a
terials, i
n
a
prog
ram
m
ed,
systemati
c
, and effectively pha
sed p
r
og
ram.
5.
In taking benefit of the for
e
ign ASET capaciti
es through bilateral,
regional or
multilateral
colla
boration,
a mutually benefici
a
l instit
utional mu
st be pursu
ed.
6.
In determining the objecti
ves of ASET pr
ogram
s
, the results a
nd utilization shoul
d be
institutionali
z
ed harmoni
ou
sly in stage
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 5, No. 2, Agustus 2
007 : 121 - 1
2
6
124
This i
s
appropriate,
as t
he developm
ent
of ASET
has
been fu
nded from
taxes and
other g
o
vern
ment reven
u
e
s raised by
the comm
u
n
ity, and therefo
r
e the i
n
tere
sts of the
comm
unity should b
e
give
n prop
er atte
ntion.
2.3.
Relatio
n
s be
t
w
e
e
n
industr
y
and univ
e
rsit
y
Educatio
nal a
nd Trai
ning (E&T
) purposes, are
as foll
ows:
1.
Have obtai
ned a firm foundation in ASET basi
s
to their fields.
2.
Have begun t
o
acquire a
worki
ng knowledge of
the current ASET in their area of interest.
3.
Have beg
un to unde
rsta
nd
the diverse n
a
ture an
d history of human so
cieties a
s
well a
s
their
literary, philo
sop
h
ical and
artistic tradit
i
ons.
4.
Have a
c
qui
re
d the skill
s an
d motivation for co
ntinue
d self-e
du
catio
n
.
5.
Have ha
d an
oppo
rtunity to exerci
se ing
enuity and in
ventiveness o
n
a resea
r
ch proje
c
t.
6.
Have ha
d an
oppo
rtunity for engin
e
e
r
ing
synthesis o
n
a desi
gn project.
7.
Have devel
oped oral and written communication skills.
8.
Have be
gun
to understa
nd and
re
sp
ect the e
c
on
omic, man
a
g
e
rial, politi
c
al
, social
and
environ
menta
l
issu
es the
surroun
ding A
SET develop
ment.
A good
visio
n
for th
e uni
versitie
s-i
ndu
strie
s
coo
peration
shoul
d have
some d
i
stinctive
feature
s
incl
u
d
ing the follo
wing
s:
1.
Innovative an
d future-orie
n
t
ed.
2.
Utopia
n
eno
u
gh to lead to a clea
rly better future fo
r the org
ani
zati
on.
3.
Fitting in with the orga
nization’s
culture, values a
nd hi
story.
4.
Rea
c
hi
ng out
for new dim
e
nsio
ns.
5.
Setting stand
ard
s
of excell
ence and reflecting hi
gh id
eals a
nd a
s
pi
ration
s.
6.
Clarifying p
u
rpose and di
re
ction,
incl
udin
g
measu
r
a
b
l
e
obje
c
tives.
7.
Inspiri
ng enth
u
sia
s
m an
d e
n
co
ura
g
ing Commitme
n
t.
8.
Refle
c
ting the
unique
ne
ss
of the organi
zati
on, its iden
tity and core
comp
eten
cie
s
.
Industry
can
get the followi
ng advanta
g
e
from it
s coo
p
e
ration
with rese
arch in
stitutions:
1.
A redefinition
of industry’
s role, ca
usi
n
g
it to be incre
a
si
ngly ori
ented toward
s nee
d and
deman
d.
2.
Con
s
ultatio
n
and co
un
seli
ng servi
c
e
s
o
n
ind
u
stri
al
p
r
operty
la
ws, desi
gn and d
e
velopme
n
t
of
prod
uct
s
, qua
lity control an
d su
chli
ke.
3. Testing
facilities.
4.
Assi
stan
ce in
negotiation
s
with proj
ect
s
and eq
uipme
n
t suppli
e
rs.
5.
Tech
no
-e
con
o
mic
f
o
r
e
c
a
st
ing.
6.
Exchange of ASET information
7. Es
tablishing
c
o
mmunic
a
ti
ons
with the overseas
ASET ins
t
itutions
, etc
.
The factors,
whi
c
h
encourage cooperat
i
on
be
tween ASET
institut
ions, and
industrial
worl
d incl
ude:
1.
The imp
r
ove
m
ent of com
m
unication li
nes, cont
ri
but
ing to better
harm
ony bet
wee
n
re
so
urces
and ne
ed
s.
2.
The involvem
ent and
re
sp
onsi
b
ility of p
e
rsonn
el, su
pporte
d by a
sati
sfacto
ry
remu
neration
sy
st
em.
3.
The mobility of personnel between the
ASET
institutions and the
i
ndustrial worl
d.
4.
The ben
eficia
l effect of the
developm
ent proje
c
ts.
2.4. Challen
g
es & Op
por
tunities o
f
ASET
a. Industrial Robot
Cas
e
In manufa
c
tu
ring pla
n
ts in
several co
u
n
tries, the
r
e
has b
een a l
a
rge
-
scale in
cre
a
se in
the
usage of indu
strial rob
o
ts,
whi
c
h
are programma
ble ma
chin
e t
ools
de
sign
e
d
in ma
ny ca
se
s
to accom
p
lish arduou
s
or
compl
e
x tasks. Althoug
h there
ha
s b
e
e
n
so
me o
ppo
sition to th
e fact
that robot
s of
ten repl
ace h
u
man la
bor, t
he autho
r ex
plain
s
why h
e
believe
s th
e trend to
wa
rd
roboti
cs
will continue, an
d on bala
n
ce,
be benefi
c
ial to the national
econ
omy.
ASET developments
of the las
t
dec
ade
are lik
ely to have as
profound a potential impac
t
on produ
ctivity, labor markets,
workin
g
con
d
it
ions,
and the q
ual
ity of life in
the develop
e
d
cou
n
trie
s a
s
t
he introdu
ctio
n of ro
bot int
o
wo
rkpl
a
c
e.
Acco
rdi
ng to
this ble
a
k
scenari
o
, in tim
e
,
workers either will
have to
accept
lower wages or
increas
e their output if t
he wholesale loss
of
jobs to an a
r
my of robots i
s
to be prevented.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOMNI
KA
ISSN:
1693-6930
■
E-Lea
rnin
g for Im
provem
e
n
t Quality of The Indon
esi
an……
(
Roha
ni Jahj
a Wid
o
do)
125
This pe
ssimi
s
tic viewp
o
in
t has little basi
s
in fact. The co
ncl
u
si
ons
can be
rea
c
he
d
based o
n
fou
r
facto
r
s:
First
, the estimat
e
of the
num
ber
of job
s
th
at co
uld b
e
p
e
rform
ed
by i
s
relatively sm
all.
Sec
o
nd
, almost all
of
these worke
r
s wo
uld be spa
r
ed
force
d
un
employ
ment
becau
se of re
training a
nd i
n
some
ca
se
s the job
attrit
ion that occu
rs thro
ugh no
rmal retire
me
nt.
Third
, total
e
m
ployment i
s
a fun
c
tion
of real
e
c
on
omi
c
g
r
o
w
th: ro
b
o
ts
can
have
a po
sitive effect
on re
al econ
omic g
r
o
w
th
and, therefore,
a positive
effect on tota
l employment
.
Fourth
, in 10
years, retrain
i
ng pro
g
ra
ms can ade
quat
ely shift di
spl
a
ce
d wo
rkers to new care
ers. In fact, the
main challe
n
ge po
se
d to
policyma
k
e
r
s by increa
se
d use of rob
o
ts is
not un
employme
nt but
need for
retra
i
ning.
Histo
r
y sho
w
s that la
bor-saving te
ch
ni
que
s have
l
ed to imp
r
ov
ed living
sta
ndards,
highe
r
real
wage
s, an
d e
m
ployment
growth. In l
a
rge
mea
s
u
r
e, th
e robotics rev
o
lution i
s
m
e
rely
a contin
uatio
n of a centu
r
ies-l
ong trend
that
has resul
t
ed in enormo
us mate
rial progre
s
s.
Ne
w form
s o
f
employmen
t
can be cre
a
ted to o
ffse
t
any jobs di
rectly lo
st to robot
s.
Protectio
n
from job lo
ss
can
com
e
th
roug
h retraini
ng prog
ram
s
. Wo
rki
ng
co
ndition a
nd j
ob
safety will improve a
s
ro
bo
ts take ove
r
d
ange
rou
s
an
d
unde
sira
ble form
s of wo
rks.
Tech
nolo
g
ica
l
advances in com
put
ers
and
mi
cro
p
rocesso
r
s are in
cre
a
sin
g
the
sop
h
isti
cation
of robots, giv
i
ng them so
m
e
“thi
nki
n
g
”
capa
city that increa
se pote
n
tial use
s
.
The key to usage in such area as office
work depends in large part on the ability to
develop “i
ntel
ligent” robot
s capa
ble of perfo
rming
ta
sks that vary
some
what o
v
er time. Some
indu
stry ob
servers beli
e
ve bre
a
kth
r
ou
ghs m
a
y a
llo
w for exten
s
i
v
e introdu
cti
on of rob
o
tics in
non-man
u
fact
uring ta
sks wi
thin a few years.
Thre
e impo
rtant dimen
s
io
n of the gro
w
th of
robotics are subje
c
ts
to econ
omic
analysi
s
.
The first
i
s
the determi
nant
s of the magn
itude of
the g
r
owth
of the robotics ind
u
st
ry.
The se
co
n
d
is the imp
a
ct
roboti
cs
une
mployment.
The third
is t
he impa
ct th
at robot
s
will have on
wa
ges,
profits an
d pri
c
e
s
.
There a
r
e two re
ason
s fo
r the g
r
o
w
th
in t
he u
s
e
of rob
o
ts, on
e rel
a
ted p
r
i
m
arily to
sup
p
ly and th
e se
con
d
pri
m
arily to dem
and.
In the long
run, robots
will
be increasingly
utilized because
t
he
cost
of traditional
labor-
intensive tech
nique
s is ri
sin
g
over time, while the
cost
of the capital-inten
s
ive rob
o
tic techni
qu
es
is falling relati
ve to price
s
generally. These cost
s decli
ne becau
se the techn
o
logi
cal advan
ce
s
in
roboti
cs lo
we
r the ca
pital costs of robot
s per unit outp
u
t.
On the
othe
r hand,
som
e
government
polici
e
s ma
y spee
d rob
o
tic introdu
cti
on. Fo
r
example, wh
ere envi
r
on
mental re
gul
ations lo
we
r
worke
r
pro
ductivity or raise
capital
co
sts
associated
with the traditi
onal ASET,
the tradition
al techni
que
cost li
ne
will
shift upward
,
advan
cing th
e date
at whi
c
h
rob
o
tic
ad
option
be
com
e
s
profitabl
e.
The a
c
tual
th
reshold
date
will
vary with the
individual jo
b
involved, dep
endin
g
on
wa
ge levels
of h
u
man la
bor, t
he capital co
s
t
of rob
o
ts, the
numb
e
r
of workers the
ro
bot displa
ce
s, the impa
ct
of rob
o
tics on
pro
d
u
c
t quali
t
y,
the nature of
union
contracts, and othe
r factors p
r
evio
usly mention
ed.
b. Retooling
the Work Fo
rce.
Important ch
ange
s in the
compo
s
ition
of the work
force h
a
ve o
c
curred ove
r
the past
four
de
cade
s, an
d, in
some
opinio
n
s
, even
mo
re ma
ssive
chang
es lie
a
head
a
s
m
a
n
y
thousand
s of low-skill job
s
are elimin
ate
d
while at
the
same time la
rge nu
mbe
r
s
of new job
s
a
r
e
cre
a
ted to meet the dem
and
s of tech
nologi
cal
adv
ance. If serio
u
s empl
oyme
nt displa
cem
ent
effects a
r
e to
be avoide
d, developm
ent
of broa
d-
scal
e trainin
g
pro
g
ram
s
in
whi
c
h the p
r
ivate
se
ctor play
s a key role, i
n
con
c
e
r
t with variou
s go
vernme
ntal b
odie
s
, will be requi
red, h
e
explain
s
.
It already is clea
r that ro
botics will do
fo
r manufacturing what mech
ani
zatio
n
did for
agri
c
ultu
re. T
he roboti
cs
o
f
jobs i
n
b
a
si
c ind
u
st
rie
s
su
ch a
s
auto
m
obile
s i
s
o
n
ly foreta
ste
of
simila
r ch
ang
es likely to occur in vi
rtu
a
lly every manuf
acturi
ng ind
u
stry.
3. CON
C
L
U
D
I
NG REM
A
R
K
S
It is concl
ude
d that:
1.
The devel
opment of ASET for the IQI
HR
represents
forces t
hat strongly
affect man, lif
e
,
and civili
zatio
n
.
2.
With ASET,
most countri
es will be able
to develop her economi
c
potentiality.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 5, No. 2, Agustus 2
007 : 121 - 1
2
6
126
3.
The polici
e
s
on ASET
shall be di
rected towa
rd devel
oping
national
capabilities i
n
ASET, as
necessa
ry for the nation
a
l developm
ent in acco
rdan
ce with the need
s an
d prio
rities o
f
national d
e
ve
lopment.
4.
The spi
r
it of the co
ope
ratio
n
among
sci
e
n
tists/
a
c
ad
e
m
ics inte
r-uni
versitie
s sh
ou
ld very high.
5.
The exch
ang
e prog
ram
s
a
r
e very usefu
l
for
scie
n
tist
s, aca
demi
c
s and engi
nee
rs in o
r
de
r to
disc
us
s
and share the la
test development in ASET.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1].
Choate, P., “
Retooling Th
e American
Work Fo
rce
”, Northe
ast
-
Mi
dwe
s
t Institute, 1982.
[2].
Che
ong,
D.L
.
Y. (The Presid
ent of
Wo
rl
d F
ede
ration of En
ginee
ring
Organi
zation
s)
“
Key
note Address
: Cu
r
r
ent Activ
i
ties of
the
World Fed
e
ration o
f
Engineering
Organi
zation
s
”, CAFEO
-
2
1
, Jogja
k
a
r
ta, Indone
sia, 2
2
-23 O
c
tob
e
r
2003.
[3].
Habi
bie, B.J., “
Science, Technology
a
nd Nation
Building
”, Vol. I, Techn
o
log
y
Indonesia
& The Agency for The Assessment an
d Applicatio
n of Techn
o
logy, Ja
karta, 19
91
.
[4].
Habi
bie, B.J., “
Scienc
e, T
echnology
a
nd Nation
Building
”, Vol. II, Technology Indonesia
& The Agency for The Assessment an
d Applicatio
n of Techn
o
logy, Ja
karta, 19
91
.
[5].
Widodo, R.J
,
.”
Automa
tic
Control fo
r Redu
cing Energ
y
Consumption and
Impro
v
in
g
Energ
y
Conserv
a
tion
”, CAFEO-10, M
anila, Phillipin
es, 5-6
Nove
mber 1
992.
[6].
Wido
do, R.J.
“
Con
t
rol Educa
t
ion at Bandun
g Insitute of T
echnology
”, CAFEO-1
1
,
Singapo
re, 1
8
-19
Novem
b
er 199
3.
[7].
Widodo, R.
J
.
, “
Dev
e
lopment o
f
Con
t
rol Applica
t
ions in Elec
trical Po
w
e
r
Sy
stems
”,
PSDC’9
5
, Bandu
ng Instit
ute of Tech
no
logy, Bandun
g, 14-16 M
a
rch 19
95.
[8].
Zuboff, S. (The President and
Fellows of Harvard College), “
Co
m
puter
-Medi
a
ted Work
: A
Ne
w
W
o
rld
”
,
Harva
r
d Coll
ege, Ha
rvard, 1982.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.