TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol.13, No
.1, March 2
0
1
5
, pp. 13~2
0
ISSN: 1693-6
930,
accredited
A
by DIKTI, De
cree No: 58/DIK
T
I/Kep/2013
DOI
:
10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v13i1.1354
13
Re
cei
v
ed Se
ptem
ber 29, 2014; Revi
se
d De
ce
m
ber
22, 2014; Accepted Janu
ary 10, 201
5
Lightning Air Terminal Collection Volume Assessmen
t:
A New Technique and Device
Zainuddin Na
w
a
w
i
2
, Hus
sein Ahm
a
d
1*
, Muhammad Abu Bakar
Sidik
1,2
, Lim Pai Hung
1
,
Aulia
1
, Hamiz
a
h Shahroom
1
, Muhammad Irfan Ja
mbak
2
1
Institute of High Volta
ge a
n
d
High C
u
rr
ent (
I
VAT
)
,
F
a
cult
y
of Electrical En
gin
eeri
ng, Un
iv
ersiti T
e
knolog
i
Mala
ysi
a
, 813
1
0
UT
M Johor Bahru, Mal
a
ysia
2
Department o
f
Electrical Eng
i
ne
erin
g, F
a
cul
t
y
of E
ngi
ne
eri
ng, Univ
ersitas
Sri
w
i
j
a
y
a, Og
a
n
Ilir 306
62,
Sumatera Se
la
tan, Indon
esia
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: hussei
n
@fke
.utm.my
A
b
st
r
a
ct
For bui
ldi
ngs,
structures an
d
faciliti
e
s a
Li
ghtni
ng Pr
otec
tion Syste
m
(L
PS) is very i
m
portant.
T
here
are s
o
me co
mpon
ents
that affe
ct the
effectiveness
o
f
LPS. One
of
the co
mpon
ent
s is the
li
ghtn
i
ng
air ter
m
in
al. W
i
th referenc
e to
the facil
i
ties r
equ
irin
g li
ghtn
i
ng pr
otectio
n
the p
o
sitio
n
, th
e ap
par
ent he
i
ght,
and
the
a
ngl
e
of protecti
on
of
li
ghtni
ng
air
te
rmi
nals
d
e
ter
m
ines
the
col
l
ect
i
on
vol
u
me
(C
V) of th
e pr
ote
c
ted
area. The CV o
f
direct strike li
ght
ni
ng a
i
r termi
nals c
an ch
a
nge b
e
ca
use o
f
the facility is affected by nat
ura
l
disasters s
u
ch
as seis
mic
tre
m
or
an
d flo
od.
If such
natur
al disasters do h
app
en,
ther
e a
r
e poss
i
bi
lities
that
the faciliti
e
s w
ill not b
e
fully
protec
ted fro
m
direct li
ghtni
n
g
strikes.
The buil
d
i
ng a
nd st
ructure co
uld
b
e
mis
a
li
gn
ment a
fter the seismic
tremor an
d flo
od rel
a
t
ed to e
a
rth mov
e
me
nt. So for the safety of equip
m
e
n
t
and
perso
nn
el,
lightn
i
n
g
prote
c
tion syste
m
ef
ficacy assur
a
n
c
e is nec
essar
y
. Therefor
e, there sh
ou
ld b
e
a
techni
qu
e a
n
d
devic
e to
mon
i
tor the v
a
ri
atio
n of c
o
l
l
ectio
n
volu
me affor
d
e
d
by
ev
ery l
i
g
h
t
ning
air
ter
m
i
n
al
on b
u
il
din
g
s a
n
d
structures aft
e
r the
occ
u
rren
c
e of a n
a
tural
disaster. T
h
is
p
aper
prese
n
ts a new
techn
i
q
u
e
as w
e
ll as a ne
w
device to mo
nitor the col
l
ect
i
on vol
u
me var
i
ation. A part of t
he device w
a
s obtain
ed fro
m
a recycle
d
mov
eab
le telev
i
sio
n
anten
na. Thi
s
appro
a
ch
is n
o
t only practic
a
l, port
abl
e and
cost effective but
also i
n
corp
orati
ng the id
ea of
env
ir
on
me
ntal
protectio
n
an
d recyclin
g of us
ed pl
astic mate
rials.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
lightning, lightning pr
otection system
, collection
volume, seis
m
i
c, flood
1. Introduc
tion
The protectio
n
of a structu
r
e agai
nst a dire
ct
lightnin
g
strike is a significa
nt step in any
comp
re
hen
si
ve
lightnin
g
prote
c
tion sy
stem (LPS)
. One of
the key
com
pon
e
n
ts
of any
di
rect
-
stri
ke p
r
ote
c
tion sy
stem is the
lightnin
g
rod o
r
ai
r te
rminal
pla
c
ed
on the
stru
cture [1]-[3]. In
determi
ning
the lo
catio
n
of
the li
ghtning
air te
rm
ina
l
, th
e
r
e ar
e tw
o
r
e
la
te
d an
d
eq
u
a
lly impo
r
t
a
n
t
asp
e
ct
s that
must al
so b
e
measured i.
e., prote
c
tion
area
afford
e
d
by ea
ch ai
r termin
al an
d
positio
ning
of
the
air te
rmi
nals on
the
st
ructu
r
e
to
achieve the
de
sired
interce
p
tion effici
en
cy
[4]-
[6].
On mo
st turn
key proj
ect
s
involving petroleum facilitie
s, and ele
c
tri
c
al tran
smi
s
si
on and
distrib
u
tion n
e
twork mai
n
intake LPS are
based on
Cone of Prote
c
tion / Protection Angle
Method, IEC 6230
5 [7]. Cone of Protecti
on is the cr
ea
tion of virtual 3-D
con
e
with
its apex poin
t
is at the top most point of
t
he standi
ng
mast or m
ono
pole or ve
rtical rod whethe
r is sta
nding
indep
ende
ntly or supp
orte
d by a buildin
g stru
ctur
e. The virtual ligh
t
ning coll
ectio
n
volume is
sho
w
n in Fig
u
re 1 an
d
Figure 2.
No
wad
a
ys n
a
tural disast
ers su
ch
a
s
flood and
earthq
u
a
k
e
s
have
b
een
frequ
ently
occurre
d
in some certain
area
s [8]-[11]
. These
co
ndi
tions will
ch
a
nge the
con
d
i
t
ion of land a
nd
building i
n
the affected a
r
eas h
e
n
c
e the gro
und le
vel following
the flood and earth
qua
ke
s
occurre
d
co
u
l
d heave or
dwin
dle [12]-[
14]. If
the ground level
chang
es the
n
the lightning
air
terminal p
r
ot
ective angl
e
whi
c
h is
cal
c
ulated in reg
a
rdin
g the la
nd and
build
ing befo
r
e th
e
disa
ster ta
ke
place b
e
co
me not reliab
l
e anymore
to provide a a
ppro
p
ri
ate protection [15]-[16].
Since, the
d
i
spla
cem
ent
indire
ctly ch
ange
s t
he
e
n
tire hei
ght
of the install
ed lightni
ng
air
terminal.
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ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2
015 : 13 – 20
14
(a)
(b)
Figure 1. Protection Angl
e: (a) fac
ility protected by a vertical lightni
ng rod ai
r term
inal, a, is the
protective angle; (b) protected by a wire ai
r termination or hori
z
ont
al metallic conductor
indicated by
ts
for a pai
r of standi
ng ma
st
m
of its equ
ivalent
of height
h
The
reg
ene
ra
tion of volum
e
of p
r
ote
c
tio
n
by la
se
r b
e
a
m ba
se
d o
n
Figu
re
1
ca
n be
a
mean to che
ck the
buildi
ng ori
entatio
n and mi
sali
gnment d
ue
to seismic a
c
tivities and
flood
impact.
Figure 2 sh
o
w
s the
colle
ct
ion volume
s gene
ra
ted fro
m
a pair of air terminal. In
Figure 2(b) t
he environm
ental di
spla
cement
du
e t
o
the seismic a
c
tivities a
nd flood
results mi
sali
gnment of th
e lightning
co
llection volu
m
e
. This in tim
e
brin
g ab
out
some
pa
rt of the
facility expose to lightning dire
ct stri
ke. In anothe
r
wo
rd the pro
bab
ility of lightning to strike th
at
part of
con
c
e
r
n i
s
hig
her compa
r
ed to
o
t
her p
a
rts.
If
this sce
n
a
r
io
involves p
e
troleum
or oth
e
r
inflammabl
e and explo
s
ive
items, t
he co
nse
que
nts of a dire
ct stri
ke
is very fatal [17]-[20].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Lightning Air Term
inal Coll
ection Volum
e
A
ssessm
e
nt: A New Techni
que ... (Zainuddi
n Nawawi)
15
(a)
(b)
Figure 2. The con
e
volum
e
of prote
c
tion gene
rated f
r
om a pai
r of air termin
al. (a) Prio
r to
sei
s
mic/floo
d impact; (b
) T
he misali
gnm
ent of the co
ll
ection volum
e
result in ce
rtain segm
ent of
facility expose to light
ning direct
stri
ke
Visual in
spe
c
tion could
be ca
rri
ed o
u
t but
of course there a
r
e so
me dra
w
ba
cks.
Therefore
the
r
e
sho
u
ld b
e
a device to
cater a
n
y re
sp
onsi
b
le p
e
rso
nnel to
ob
serve any chan
g
i
ng
of lightning ai
r termin
al pro
t
ective angl
e on the fa
cilities of
con
c
e
r
n
.
This pa
pe
r pre
s
ent
s a n
e
w
techni
que
an
d devi
c
e to
monitor the l
i
ghtning
air termin
al p
r
ote
c
tion
angle.
By using
thi
s
approa
ch any
dynamic of p
r
otectio
n
angl
e can b
e
mon
i
tored at all time.
Air term
inal
displacem
ent
Out o
f
cove
ra
ge ar
ea
Air term
inal
displacem
ent
O
u
t of
co
v
e
r
a
ge
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ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2
015 : 13 – 20
16
2. Res
earc
h
Method
Few a
s
p
e
ct
s of desig
n ha
ve been con
s
ide
r
ed in
th
e developm
e
n
t of the device i.e. (i)
variou
s angl
e
s
of prote
c
tio
n
as pe
r req
u
irem
ent based on the st
anda
rd con
c
ernin
g
lightni
ng
prote
c
tion, (ii
)
hori
z
ontal
di
spla
cem
ent d
ue to ve
rti
c
al
placement o
f
the instrum
ent wh
en att
a
ch
to the te
st lig
htning
rod,
(iii
) rotation
of the
shaft
affixed la
se
r p
o
int
e
r, an
d
(iv) re
cording
the l
a
ser
focu
s imag
e
before
and
after the o
c
currence of
a nat
ural di
sa
ster.
Figure 3 sh
ows the devi
c
e
and the techn
i
que ge
neral flowcha
r
t is sh
own in
Figure
4
de
scribe
s
the wh
o
l
e activities
in
volving the use of the device.
Figure 3. The
various p
a
rt
s and com
pon
ent to make u
p
the device:
1) Main chassis – Remote control;
2) Shaft Driver
– Holl
o
w
co
pp
er rod;
3) Scre
w
– M3
Scre
w
w
i
th nut;
4) Main Platform – Acry
lic board;
5) Angl
e Shifte
r – Alumin
ium
block;
6) Stabil
i
zer –
Scre
w
s
;
7) Air terminal;
8) Air termina
l hol
der – PVC p
i
pe;
9) Laser b
eam
hol
der – Pi
pe
Clip;
10) Las
er Indic
a
tor – Laser
be
am;
11) S
w
itch;
12) Battery
slot
;
13) PVC cou
p
li
ng;
14) Shifter bas
e – Pad locks;
15) Co
nnect
o
r to anten
na mo
dem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Lightning Air Term
inal Coll
ection Volum
e
A
ssessm
e
nt: A New Techni
que ... (Zainuddi
n Nawawi)
17
Figure 4. System functiona
lity flowchart
The sen
s
itivity and re
solu
tion of the lase
r
bea
m image
s ca
ptu
r
ed i
s
very critical to
determi
ne the severity of sei
s
mi
c
impact and flood displ
a
cement
forces to the facilities. T
h
e
came
ra
sh
ou
ld be a
n
infra-red type th
at can
re
co
rd the lo
w lu
minosity la
se
r bea
m an
d they
sho
u
ld
co
ntin
uou
sly re
co
rd
the im
age
s
while
t
he i
n
st
rume
nt is u
s
ed. Th
e
recorded i
m
age
s
will
be pre
s
e
r
ved
for future refe
ren
c
e.
(a)
(b)
Figure 5. The
image wa
s reco
rde
d
by using a
came
ra whi
c
h was
affixed at the
same p
o
sitio
n
.
(a) T
he previous ima
ge of lase
r bea
m focu
s and (b
) T
he later ima
g
e
of the laser
recorded
whe
r
e
there was mi
salig
nment h
a
s taken pla
c
e
A systematic
error is d
e
riv
ed from the e
l
ev
ated positi
oning of the d
e
vice whi
c
h i
s
pla
c
ed
on top of the
l
i
ghtning
air te
rminal
as
sh
o
w
n in
Err
o
r!
Referen
ce s
ource n
o
t
fo
und.
. This
fac
t
is
seemi
ngly un
avoidable
except
when th
e lase
r poi
nter
pla
c
em
ent
is the same
point of the a
pex
of the
air te
rminal
and
th
e devi
c
e i
s
d
e
sig
ned
a
s
such
which i
s
very thin
and
slim. B
u
t at
this
point of time, the length o
f
the device i
s
quite
si
zabl
e however if the actual
air terminal i
s
o
f
sub
s
tantial h
e
ight, the integrate
d
erro
r compo
und
e
d
due to this on the imag
e captu
r
ed b
y
th
e
came
ra
is rel
a
tively negle
c
ted. Anothe
r
sou
r
ce of
error
coul
d b
e
al
so
eme
r
ge
d if
the lig
htning
air
Whe
n
e
v
er
t
h
e l
a
ser
poi
nt
er i
s
bl
oc
ked
by any
obstacle aro
und
th
e sub
j
ect
or
displacem
ent of
beam
focus, i
t
will be
con
s
i
d
ere
d
o
u
t
of
l
i
ght
ni
n
g
c
o
vera
ge
area
B
e
fo
re a
ppl
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
de
vi
ce,
s
e
t
t
h
e
angl
es
by
a
d
ju
st
i
ng t
h
e l
a
ser
head
s
to
an a
pp
ro
p
ria
t
e
p
ositio
n
Place the
de
vice on top
of the
li
g
ht
ni
n
g
ai
r te
rm
inal
St
art
/
m
ove
t
h
e
devi
ce by
usi
n
g
a
n
infra
re
d c
o
ntr
o
ller
C
a
pt
ure
an
d
p
h
o
t
o
gra
p
h t
h
e
l
a
ser
beam
focus
Connects the
device with a m
odem
an
d pow
er supp
ly
Eval
uat
i
o
n ca
n
be
gi
n
n
o
w
as t
h
e
cove
ra
ge ar
ea
bei
n
g s
h
ow
n
b
y
t
h
e
laser po
in
ter
Hi
g
h
l
i
ght
t
h
e c
ove
ra
ge are
a
a
n
d
pr
ocee
d t
o
t
h
e
next
ai
r t
e
rm
i
n
al
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ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2
015 : 13 – 20
18
terminal i
s
tilted. In
Error!
Referen
ce s
ource no
t fo
und.
, the fractional
comp
arison bet
we
en
Y
and
h
actual
and also
x’
–
x
with
h’
fi
e
l
d
is
very small. T
hus the
slight
image di
spla
ceme
nt ca
ptu
r
ed
by the came
ra can b
e
negl
ected a
nd a
s
sume q
u
ite correct.
Figure 6. Slight erro
r bein
g
introdu
ced to
the measu
r
e
m
ent
Figure 7. The
erro
r involve in the tilting of bu
ilding which corre
s
po
n
d
ingly tilt the lightning ai
r
terminal
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Lightning Air Term
inal Coll
ection Volum
e
A
ssessm
e
nt: A New Techni
que ... (Zainuddi
n Nawawi)
19
3. Discus
s
ions
The n
eed
to
evaluate th
e
adeq
ua
cy of
lightni
ng
protection
is
gain
i
ng mo
re i
m
p
o
rtan
ce
whe
n
an
o
c
curren
ce of
se
ismic a
c
tivities a
nd
al
so
flood. Th
e fa
ct these natu
r
a
l
disa
ste
r
s ca
n
cre
a
te enviro
n
mental di
spl
a
cem
ent whi
c
h sub
s
e
quent
ly affects the building
stru
ctures a
nd oth
e
r
structures –i
nvolving the severa
l of form utilities – especi
ally
when consi
deri
n
g the petrol
e
um
facilities
and power utiliti
e
s. Taking f
o
r granted that sei
s
mic
ac
tivities in thi
s
region
will
not
adversely affect the faciliti
e
s is
not acceptable in
rel
a
tion to in
ternational p
r
ofe
ssi
onal p
r
a
c
ti
ce
s
and taki
ng to
o much
risk
whe
n
involving with pet
ro
leum indu
stri
es. So the invention of this
techni
que a
n
d
device i
s
rather timely assistin
g buil
d
ing mainte
n
ance perso
n
nel to audit the
building
s
li
gh
tning p
r
ote
c
tion sy
stem
a
dequ
acy a
n
d
with
some
form of
analy
s
is ca
n p
r
ovi
de
certai
n forms of assessm
ent of
degree of
sei
s
mic impact on i
n
frast
r
ucture
facilities. It i
s
a
comm
on
sce
nario i
n
wid
e
application o
f
laser fo
r
me
asu
r
em
ent such
as tem
p
eratu
r
e, di
sta
n
ce
and othe
rs. T
hus ma
kin
g
the usa
ge of lase
r beam
s for the determ
i
nation of ligh
t
ning colle
ctio
n
volume varia
t
ion is go
od
method. Th
e
additional
h
e
ight bein
g
i
n
trodu
ce
d to
the air term
inal
whi
c
h is
subj
ected to test
measure
m
e
n
t due to th
e
size of the
device, intro
d
u
ce a d
e
g
r
ee
of
error to the re
sultant lightni
ng coll
ecti
o
n
volume gen
erated by the laser b
eam.
4. Conclu
sion
In this
pap
er, a ne
w te
ch
nique
ha
s b
een i
n
trod
uced. A ne
w
d
e
vice
ha
s be
en al
so
desi
gne
d and
con
s
tructe
d
whi
c
h ma
ke
s
possibl
e to re
-evaluate th
e
shiel
d
ing
angl
e of a lightni
n
g
rod a
nd sub
s
eq
uently the
lightning col
l
ection volu
m
e
variation.
The testin
g showed that this
techni
que
ca
n be straightforwardly appl
ied and p
r
od
u
c
ed a g
ood re
sult.
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