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m
m
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ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
se
n
so
rs
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
m
a
k
e
wire
les
s
se
n
so
r
n
e
two
r
k
s
(
WS
Ns
)
a
s
e
ss
e
n
ti
a
l
k
e
y
i
n
se
v
e
ra
l
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
su
c
h
a
s
in
tern
e
t
o
f
th
in
g
s
(Io
T).
T
h
e
in
c
re
a
sin
g
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
o
n
u
sin
g
WS
Ns
re
q
u
ire
d
h
ig
h
q
u
a
li
ty
o
f
se
rv
ice
s
(Qo
S
)
b
e
c
a
u
se
m
o
st
WS
N
s
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
h
a
v
e
c
rit
ica
l
re
q
u
ire
m
e
n
ts.
Th
is
wo
rk
a
ims
to
o
ffe
r
a
ro
u
t
in
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
to
imp
r
o
v
e
th
e
Q
o
S
in
WS
Ns
,
tak
in
g
i
n
c
o
n
si
d
e
ra
ti
o
n
it
s
a
b
il
it
y
to
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ro
l
o
n
g
th
e
li
fe
ti
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
tw
o
rk
,
o
p
t
imiz
e
th
e
u
ti
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
li
m
it
e
d
b
a
n
d
wi
d
th
a
v
a
il
a
b
le,
a
n
d
d
e
c
re
a
se
th
e
late
n
c
y
th
a
t
a
c
c
o
m
p
a
n
ies
th
e
p
a
c
k
e
ts
tran
sm
it
ted
t
o
th
e
g
a
tew
a
y
.
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e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
is
c
a
ll
e
d
o
v
e
rlap
p
e
d
h
iera
rc
h
ica
l
c
lu
ste
r
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
(OH
CRP
).
OH
CRP
is co
m
p
a
re
d
with
t
h
e
trad
it
io
n
a
l
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
su
c
h
a
s
S
P
EE
D,
a
n
d
Tw
o
-
h
o
p
v
e
l
o
c
it
y
-
b
a
se
d
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
(
THVR
)
.
T
h
e
r
e
su
lt
s
sh
o
w
t
h
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t
OH
CRP
re
d
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c
e
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la
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ti
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ly
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d
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h
ig
h
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se
rv
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ti
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n
,
wh
ic
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lea
d
to
i
n
c
re
a
se
th
e
n
e
two
rk
li
fe
ti
m
e
a
n
d
in
su
re
n
e
tw
o
rk
a
v
a
i
lab
il
it
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Av
er
ag
e
d
elay
E
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
Qu
ality
o
f
s
er
v
ice
R
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
W
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Sawsan
M.
Ma
h
m
o
u
d
C
o
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t,
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
Mu
s
tan
s
ir
iy
ah
Un
iv
er
s
ity
B
ag
h
d
ad
,
I
r
aq
E
m
ail:
sa
wsan
.
m
ah
m
o
u
d
@
u
o
m
u
s
tan
s
ir
iy
ah
.
ed
u
.
i
q
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
b
o
th
elec
tr
o
n
ics
an
d
wir
eless
n
etwo
r
k
s
f
ield
s
lead
to
d
ev
elo
p
tin
y
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es u
s
u
ally
ca
lled
m
o
tes,
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es (
SNs
)
,
o
r
j
u
s
t n
o
d
es.
T
h
ese
n
o
d
es c
an
o
p
e
r
ate
co
llab
o
r
a
tiv
ely
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
is
s
i
o
n
s
in
v
ar
iety
o
f
f
i
eld
s
ef
f
ic
ien
tly
[
1
]
.
A
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
co
o
p
er
ate
to
g
eth
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
wh
at
is
k
n
o
wn
as
W
SNs
.
I
n
g
en
er
al
W
S
N
s
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
SNs
th
at
ar
e
ab
le
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
co
m
m
u
n
icate
with
ea
ch
o
th
er
,
a
n
d
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
ely
s
en
d
th
eir
d
ata
t
o
th
e
s
in
k
[
2
]
.
SNs
ar
e
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
f
o
u
r
m
ain
u
n
its
;
s
en
s
in
g
u
n
it,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
u
n
it,
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
u
n
it,
an
d
p
o
wer
u
n
it
[
3
]
.
wir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
W
SNs
)
h
av
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
th
at
m
ak
e
th
em
p
r
ef
e
r
r
ed
f
o
r
m
a
n
y
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
ea
s
e
o
f
in
s
tallatio
n
,
lo
w
co
s
t
o
f
S
N,
s
elf
-
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
,
a
b
ilit
y
to
o
p
e
r
at
e
in
h
ar
s
h
o
r
in
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t,
an
d
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
s
m
allest
d
etails.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
ese
f
ea
tu
r
es,
W
SNs
u
tili
za
ti
o
n
e
x
ten
d
ed
to
co
v
er
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
v
ital
f
ield
s
s
u
c
h
as a
g
r
i
cu
ltu
r
e,
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
m
ili
tar
y
to
n
am
e
ju
s
t f
ew
[
2
,
4
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
b
e
h
in
d
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
is
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
em
an
d
s
o
n
em
p
l
o
y
in
g
W
SNs
esp
ec
ially
in
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
ap
p
licatio
n
s
t
h
at
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
h
ig
h
q
u
ality
o
f
s
er
v
ices.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
eir
p
r
ef
e
r
r
ed
f
ea
t
u
r
es,
W
SN
s
u
n
iq
u
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
im
p
o
s
e
n
ew
ch
allen
g
es f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
q
u
al
it
y
o
f
s
er
v
ices
(
Qo
S
)
as p
r
esen
ted
b
elo
w
[
5
-
7
]
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
7
0
5
-
7
1
5
706
−
Sev
er
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
:
n
o
d
es
in
W
SNs
o
p
er
ate
with
lim
ited
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
e
n
er
g
y
,
m
em
o
r
y
,
b
u
f
f
er
s
ize,
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
,
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ca
p
ab
il
ity
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
is
s
u
e
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
lim
itatio
n
is
th
e
n
o
d
e
en
er
g
y
.
So
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
wh
e
n
ap
p
ly
in
g
an
y
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
r
p
r
o
to
c
o
l in
W
SNs
.
−
Un
b
alan
ce
d
t
r
af
f
ic:
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
tr
af
f
ic
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tr
av
el
f
r
o
m
a
la
r
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
no
d
es to
war
d
a
s
m
all
s
et
o
f
n
o
d
es.
−
Data
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
cy
:
in
W
SNs
t
h
er
e
is
a
h
ig
h
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
th
at
n
eig
h
b
o
r
n
o
d
es
d
etec
t
th
e
s
am
e
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
,
an
d
th
at
lead
s
to
a
lo
t
o
f
d
ata
r
ed
u
n
d
an
cy
.
Data
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
o
r
d
ata
f
u
s
io
n
is
a
g
o
o
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
p
r
ev
en
t
r
ed
u
n
d
an
cy
b
u
t
it a
d
d
ed
laten
c
y
an
d
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
.
−
Netwo
r
k
d
y
n
a
m
ics:
wir
eless
lin
k
f
ailu
r
e,
n
o
d
e
f
ailu
r
e,
n
o
d
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
p
o
wer
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
m
a
k
e
W
SN
s
h
av
e
a
h
i
g
h
d
y
n
am
ic
n
etwo
r
k
,
a
n
d
t
h
is
ca
n
ad
d
a
co
m
p
lex
ity
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
q
u
ality
o
f
s
er
v
ices
(
Qo
S
)
.
−
E
n
er
g
y
b
alan
ce
:
to
m
ak
e
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
n
etw
o
r
k
o
p
er
ates
f
o
r
a
lo
n
g
tim
e,
d
ata
tr
af
f
ic
m
u
s
t
b
e
ev
e
n
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
to
av
o
id
en
er
g
y
d
r
a
in
ed
in
s
o
m
e
n
o
d
es f
aster
.
−
Scalab
ilit
y
:
m
an
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
S
Ns
to
b
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
in
th
e
in
ter
ested
ar
ea
.
W
SN
s
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
h
u
n
d
r
ed
s
o
r
ev
en
th
o
u
s
an
d
s
o
f
SNs
,
th
e
Qo
S
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
ap
p
lica
b
le
f
o
r
th
ese
lar
g
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
an
d
it sh
o
u
ld
b
e
n
e
v
er
d
eg
r
a
d
ed
wh
e
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
ca
le
u
p
.
−
Pack
et
cr
iticality
:
Qo
S
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
l
e
to
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiate
b
etwe
en
p
ac
k
ets
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
th
eir
co
n
ten
ts
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
r
io
r
ity
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
So
an
y
Qo
S m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
m
u
s
t
tak
e
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t th
ese
ch
allen
g
es to
b
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
W
SNs
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
o
v
e
r
lap
p
ed
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
clu
s
ter
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
(
OHCR
P
)
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
Qo
S
in
W
SN
s
tak
in
g
in
co
n
s
id
e
r
atio
n
its
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
lo
n
g
th
e
life
tim
e
o
f
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
,
o
p
t
im
ize
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
th
e
lim
ited
b
a
n
d
wid
th
av
ailab
le,
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
laten
cy
th
at
ac
co
m
p
an
ies
th
e
p
ac
k
ets
tr
an
s
m
itted
to
th
e
g
atew
ay
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
d
er
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws.
S
e
ctio
n
2
p
r
esen
ts
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
r
elate
d
wo
r
k
s
;
s
e
ctio
n
3
d
esc
r
ib
es
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
co
n
tain
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
,
wh
ile
th
e
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
s
ec
tio
n
5
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
S
E
x
ten
d
in
g
W
SNs
ap
p
licatio
n
s
im
p
o
s
es
ex
tr
a
cr
it
icality
o
n
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
n
ee
d
t
o
b
e
m
et
b
y
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
s
o
p
r
o
to
co
ls
an
d
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
m
u
s
t
tak
e
i
n
to
ac
c
o
u
n
ts
th
ese
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
.
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
elate
d
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
th
at
f
o
cu
s
o
n
e
n
d
-
to
-
en
d
d
elay
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
i
n
[
8
]
a
s
o
f
t
r
ea
l
tim
e
g
u
a
r
an
tees
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
ca
lled
SP
E
E
D
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
I
n
th
a
t
wo
r
k
,
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
in
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
co
llect
th
e
g
e
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
th
e
I
D
o
f
its
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
u
s
in
g
h
ello
co
n
t
r
o
l
m
ess
ag
e.
W
h
en
a
n
o
d
e
h
as
a
p
ac
k
et
to
s
en
d
with
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
ea
d
lin
e,
th
e
n
o
d
e
f
ir
s
t
ex
t
r
a
ct
th
e
s
et
o
f
n
o
d
es
th
at
ca
n
m
et
th
e
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
d
ea
d
lin
e
tim
e
an
d
th
e
n
s
elec
t
th
e
o
n
e
t
h
at
h
as
th
e
h
ig
h
es
t
r
elay
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
h
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
r
ee
ty
p
es
o
f
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
er
v
ice
s
f
o
r
a
d
h
o
c
n
etwo
r
k
s
;
u
n
icast,
ar
ea
-
m
u
lticast
an
d
ar
ea
-
an
y
ca
s
t.
T
h
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
in
SP
E
E
D
co
n
tain
s
a
m
ajo
r
f
ield
th
at
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
ich
ty
p
e
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
er
v
ices
to
b
e
u
s
ed
.
Mu
lti
-
p
ath
a
n
d
m
u
lti
-
SP
E
E
D
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
(
MM
SP
E
E
D)
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
am
e
cr
iter
io
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
8
]
is
u
s
ed
to
s
elec
t
th
e
n
ex
t
-
hop
n
o
d
e
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
u
lti
-
p
at
h
an
d
m
u
lt
i
-
s
p
ee
d
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
Usi
n
g
MM
SP
E
E
D,
R
e
liab
ilit
y
is
g
u
ar
an
teed
b
y
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
lin
k
with
h
ig
h
est
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
wh
ile
tim
elin
es
s
is
m
et
b
y
s
elec
tin
g
t
h
e
lin
k
th
at
h
as
r
el
y
s
p
ee
d
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
s
p
ee
d
f
o
r
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
.
T
wo
-
h
o
p
v
elo
city
b
ased
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
(
T
HVR)
with
en
er
g
y
b
aln
ci
n
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
is
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
th
eir
m
ajo
r
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
two
h
o
p
s
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
is
co
llected
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
n
ex
t
-
h
o
p
n
eig
h
b
o
r
with
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
l
in
k
in
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
d
e
s
tin
atio
n
th
at
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
v
elo
city
an
d
h
en
ce
;
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
o
f
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
d
ea
d
lin
e
tim
e
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
p
ac
k
e
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
b
ase
d
o
n
th
r
ee
p
h
ases
;
p
ac
k
et
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
,
p
ac
k
et
d
ela
y
b
etwe
en
s
en
d
er
n
o
d
es
an
d
its
f
o
r
w
ar
d
er
,
an
d
v
elo
cit
y
ca
r
e
d
r
o
p
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ac
tio
n
.
T
H
VR
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
p
ac
k
ets
d
r
o
p
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
n
o
d
es to
m
ain
tain
p
ac
k
et
d
ea
d
lin
e
with
lo
w
m
is
s
r
atio
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
Heik
alab
ad
et
a
l.
in
[
1
1
]
d
esig
n
ed
Q
o
S
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
awa
r
e
m
u
lti
-
p
ath
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
QE
M
PAR
)
wh
ich
is
a
m
u
lti
p
ath
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
n
th
is
p
r
o
t
o
co
l,
wh
en
a
n
o
d
es
h
as
a
p
ac
k
et
to
s
en
d
,
it
f
ir
s
t
d
i
v
id
e
it
in
to
s
m
all
p
ac
k
ets
with
a
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
e
r
,
th
e
n
s
en
d
in
g
p
ac
k
et
with
a
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
1
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
ath
with
m
in
im
u
m
h
o
p
s
-
co
u
n
t,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ac
k
et
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
ath
h
as th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
in
im
u
m
h
o
p
-
co
u
n
t
an
d
s
o
o
n
.
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
i
n
[
1
2
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
lin
k
-
r
eliab
ilit
y
r
o
u
tin
g
(
R
T
L
R
R
)
p
r
o
to
co
l.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l a
ls
o
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
lle
cted
o
f
two
h
o
p
s
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
to
s
e
lect
th
e
n
ex
t
-
h
o
p
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
n
o
d
e
.
B
ea
co
n
m
ess
ag
e
p
er
io
d
ically
ex
ch
an
g
e
d
b
etwe
en
n
eig
h
b
o
r
n
o
d
es,
th
en
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
lle
cted
b
y
th
ese
m
ess
ag
es
th
e
lin
k
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
d
elay
o
f
ea
ch
lin
k
is
esti
m
ated
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
Ove
r
la
p
p
ed
h
iera
r
ch
ica
l c
lu
s
t
ers
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l fo
r
imp
r
o
vi
n
g
q
u
a
lity o
f ser
vice
(
Ha
yd
e
r
F
a
kh
er J
a
s
s
im
)
707
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
n
ex
t
-
h
o
p
f
o
r
wa
r
d
in
g
n
o
d
e.
Alg
h
am
d
i
[
1
3
]
s
u
g
g
ested
a
r
o
u
t
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
e
in
m
u
l
ti
-
h
o
p
W
SNs
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
Qo
S
b
y
g
i
v
i
n
g
a
r
a
n
k
to
all
p
o
s
s
ib
le
r
o
u
tes
b
ased
o
n
s
o
m
e
n
etwo
r
k
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
as
well
as
th
e
b
an
d
wid
th
.
Sam
ar
a
an
d
Aljaid
i
[
1
4
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
e
n
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e,
least
co
s
t,
q
u
ality
o
f
s
er
v
ice
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
(
E
C
QSR
)
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
b
ased
in
it
wo
r
k
o
n
d
eter
m
in
in
g
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
u
s
in
g
n
ea
r
est n
eig
h
b
o
r
al
g
o
r
ith
m
in
o
r
d
er
to
in
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
W
SN lif
etim
e.
Oth
er
r
esear
ch
er
s
d
e
v
elo
p
a
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
b
ased
o
n
clu
s
ter
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
Z
ah
m
ati
et
a
l.
in
[
1
5
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
t
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
with
s
tatic
clu
s
ter
in
g
(
E
E
PS
C
)
an
d
its
en
h
an
ce
d
v
er
s
io
n
E
3
PS
C
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
C
h
au
r
asiy
a
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
,
th
ese
t
wo
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ar
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
b
a
s
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
th
at
d
iv
id
es
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
i
n
t
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
s
tatic
clu
s
ter
s
to
co
v
er
th
e
en
tire
n
etwo
r
k
wh
er
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
p
er
io
d
ically
ch
a
n
g
e
d
e
p
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
en
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
m
em
b
er
n
o
d
es.
Z
h
a
n
g
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
clu
s
ter
s
leep
-
wak
e
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
d
er
wa
ter
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
b
ased
o
n
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
n
o
d
e
with
h
ig
h
est
en
e
r
g
y
as
th
e
wo
r
k
in
g
n
o
d
e,
wh
ile
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
n
o
d
es
s
ta
y
i
n
th
e
s
leep
m
o
d
e.
Aziz
i
a
n
d
B
ag
h
d
ad
in
[
1
8
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
c
o
m
b
in
es
d
ata
ag
g
r
i
g
atio
n
with
T
DM
A
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
in
g
s
p
ir
al
-
b
ased
clu
s
ter
in
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
in
cr
ea
s
e
b
an
d
wid
th
,
an
d
p
r
ev
e
n
t
co
llis
io
n
s
d
u
e
to
in
ter
-
clu
s
ter
.
Sin
g
h
in
[
1
9
]
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
a
m
u
ltio
b
jectiv
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
s
tr
a
teg
y
b
ased
h
y
b
r
i
d
clu
s
ter
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
t
o
in
h
an
ce
en
er
g
y
r
eser
v
atio
n
,
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
life
tim
e,
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
p
ac
k
ets
d
elay
.
A
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
lin
k
-
r
eliab
ilit
y
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
i
n
[2
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
is
b
ased
o
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
tw
o
h
o
p
s
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
to
co
m
p
u
te
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
elay
o
f
lin
k
s
wh
er
e
a
n
o
d
e
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
with
its
s
in
g
le
-
h
o
p
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
j
o
in
t
r
o
u
tin
g
a
n
d
MA
C
p
r
o
to
co
l
(
j
o
in
t
r
o
u
tin
g
an
d
MA
C
(
JRM
)
)
ar
e
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
in
[
20
]
.
J
R
M,
n
etwo
r
k
s
tate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
ap
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
p
ac
k
ets
th
at
lead
to
r
ed
u
c
e
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
in
[
21
]
d
ev
el
o
p
e
d
a
clu
s
ter
in
g
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
it
h
m
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
lo
n
g
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
b
ased
o
n
lo
w
-
en
er
g
y
ad
a
p
tiv
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
h
ier
ar
ch
y
.
I
n
th
at
wo
r
k
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
g
iv
e
a
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
o
f
elec
tin
g
th
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
(
C
H
s
)
wh
ich
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
f
ar
f
r
o
m
th
e
B
S
b
ec
au
s
e
th
es
e
n
o
d
es
n
ee
d
m
o
r
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
f
o
r
f
o
r
war
d
i
n
g
p
ac
k
ets
to
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
(
BS
)
.
Als
o
,
in
[
22
]
an
e
n
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
Qo
S
-
awa
r
e
an
d
h
et
er
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
ly
clu
s
ter
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
b
o
th
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
an
d
non
-
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ap
p
licatio
n
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
r
o
to
co
l,
th
e
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
n
o
d
es
d
iv
id
ed
in
t
o
f
o
u
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
en
er
g
y
le
v
els
a
cc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
n
o
d
es
r
esid
u
a
l
en
er
g
y
.
Kim
et
a
l.
[
23
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
h
eter
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
b
ar
r
ier
(
Hete
R
B
ar
)
,
wh
er
e
b
u
il
d
in
g
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
p
ath
s
f
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
B
Ss
(
lo
ca
te
d
at
ea
c
h
c
o
r
n
e
r
o
f
r
eg
io
n
o
f
in
ter
est
(
R
OI
)
)
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
cr
ea
tin
g
b
ase
-
g
r
ap
h
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
s
en
s
in
g
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
an
g
e
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
n
o
d
e
s
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
we
attem
p
t
t
o
im
p
lem
en
t
a
n
o
v
er
lap
p
e
d
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
clu
s
ter
s
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
l w
h
er
e
t
h
e
clu
s
ter
s
ar
e
h
ier
ar
ch
ically
b
u
ilt to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
Qo
S in
W
SN.
3.
O
VE
RL
AP
P
E
D
H
I
E
RAR
C
H
I
CAL C
L
US
T
E
RS R
O
U
T
I
NG
P
RO
T
O
CO
L
I
n
th
is
s
ec
ti
o
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
OHC
R
P
is
ex
p
lain
ed
i
n
d
etail.
I
n
OHCR
P,
o
v
er
lap
p
e
d
h
o
r
i
zo
n
tal
an
d
v
er
tical
clu
s
ter
s
ar
e
h
ier
ar
c
h
ically
b
u
ilt
s
tar
tin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
ase
-
s
tatio
n
(
B
S)
to
t
h
e
e
d
g
e
n
o
d
es.
L
ev
el
1
o
f
th
es
e
o
v
er
lap
p
e
d
clu
s
ter
s
co
m
p
r
is
es
th
e
B
S
an
d
all
its
clo
s
est
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
.
W
h
en
B
S
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
e
n
g
ag
ed
with
B
S
in
lev
el
1
,
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
will
tr
y
to
f
in
d
a
p
a
r
tn
er
b
eg
in
with
th
e
n
ea
r
est
o
n
e.
Af
ter
e
ac
h
n
o
d
e
s
elec
t
its
p
ar
tn
er
(
if
p
o
s
s
ib
le)
,
th
e
p
ar
tn
er
n
o
d
es
o
f
f
er
a
lin
k
to
th
eir
s
h
ar
ed
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
(
ch
ild
r
e
n
n
o
d
es)
th
at
ca
n
n
o
t
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
B
S
d
ir
ec
tly
lead
in
g
to
b
u
ild
lev
el
2
o
f
t
h
e
o
v
er
lap
p
e
d
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
clu
s
ter
s
(
v
er
tical
o
v
er
lap
p
ed
cl
u
s
ter
s
)
.
C
h
ild
r
en
n
o
d
es
ac
ce
p
t
all
p
o
s
s
ib
le
lin
k
s
to
th
e
B
S
f
o
r
m
in
g
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
o
v
e
r
la
p
p
ed
clu
s
ter
s
.
T
h
ese
v
er
tical
a
n
d
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
o
v
e
r
lap
p
ed
clu
s
ter
s
co
m
p
lete
lev
el
2
o
f
th
e
h
ier
a
r
ch
ical
clu
s
ter
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
f
b
u
ild
i
n
g
le
v
el
2
is
also
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
c
h
ild
r
en
n
o
d
es
to
b
u
ild
lev
el
3
,
th
e
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
b
u
ild
i
n
g
o
v
er
lap
p
ed
h
ier
a
r
ch
ic
al
clu
s
ter
s
co
n
tin
u
es u
n
til r
ea
ch
t
h
e
ed
g
e
n
o
d
es.
OHC
R
P
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
is
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
wh
ile
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
s
am
p
le
o
f
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
its
n
o
d
es.
Fo
r
ea
ch
in
d
iv
id
u
al
clu
s
ter
s
,
two
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es
(
p
a
r
t
n
er
n
o
d
es)
tak
e
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
lin
k
p
e
r
io
d
i
ca
lly
.
T
wo
n
o
d
es
(
p
a
r
tn
e
r
n
o
d
es)
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
s
in
g
le
lin
k
,
s
o
,
t
h
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
o
f
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
th
e
lin
k
is
d
iv
id
ed
b
et
wee
n
th
ese
p
ar
tn
er
n
o
d
es,
a
n
d
h
en
ce
; o
n
ly
o
n
e
o
f
th
em
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
b
e
ac
tiv
e
at
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
tim
e,
wh
ich
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
ed
u
ce
en
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
.
B
u
ild
in
g
th
e
o
v
e
r
lap
p
e
d
clu
s
ter
s
to
war
d
th
e
B
S
an
d
s
e
lectin
g
th
e
p
ar
tn
er
n
o
d
es
b
e
g
in
with
t
h
e
n
ea
r
est
n
eig
h
b
o
r
at
f
ir
s
t
ca
n
g
u
ar
an
te
e
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
ac
ce
s
s
to
t
h
e
B
S
with
m
in
im
u
m
po
s
s
ib
le
h
o
p
s
to
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
wh
ich
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
ela
y
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
p
ac
k
ets ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
OHC
R
P
ex
p
lo
its
th
e
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
n
o
d
es
to
r
ed
u
c
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
ac
k
ets
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
wh
er
e
ea
c
h
s
leep
in
g
p
a
r
tn
e
r
ca
ch
e
its
d
ata
in
its
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
tn
er
to
av
o
id
p
er
io
d
ically
wak
e
-
u
p
d
u
r
in
g
s
leep
m
o
d
e.
At
f
ir
s
t,
th
e
ac
tiv
e
n
o
d
e
s
en
d
s
two
p
ac
k
ets
(
o
n
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
a
r
tn
er
)
,
af
ter
th
at,
if
th
er
e
is
n
o
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
,
th
is
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
tn
er
will
o
n
ly
s
en
d
o
n
e
c
o
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
ac
k
et
to
co
n
f
o
r
m
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
e
n
o
d
es
will
co
n
tin
u
e
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
ac
k
ets
b
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
7
0
5
-
7
1
5
708
u
s
in
g
co
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
ac
k
ets
as
lo
n
g
as
n
o
ch
a
n
g
e
in
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
d
ata
(
p
ar
tn
e
r
s
’
d
ata)
.
So
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
m
in
im
iz
e
d
in
two
wa
y
s
,
f
ir
s
tly
b
y
le
ttin
g
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
o
n
ly
h
al
f
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es
ac
tiv
e
a
t
s
p
ec
if
ic
tim
e,
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ly
,
b
y
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
ac
k
ets u
s
in
g
co
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
ac
k
ets.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
OHCR
P st
r
u
ctu
r
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
Sam
p
le
o
f
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
a
m
o
n
g
n
o
d
es u
s
in
g
OHC
R
P a
lg
o
r
it
hm
3
.
1
.
Desig
n a
s
s
um
ptio
ns
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
is
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
in
OHCR
P
:
−
Netwo
r
k
n
o
d
es k
n
o
w
th
ei
r
p
o
s
itio
n
s
u
s
in
g
s
o
m
e
lo
ca
tio
n
esti
m
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es.
−
E
ac
h
n
o
d
e
k
n
o
ws th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
B
S.
−
All n
o
d
es in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
ar
e
s
tatic.
−
No
d
es a
r
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
.
−
E
ac
h
n
o
d
e
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
h
as
its
id
en
tific
atio
n
I
D
−
T
h
e
n
o
d
es r
an
d
o
m
ly
d
e
p
lo
y
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
i
n
ter
ested
f
ield
.
3
.
2
.
O
pera
t
io
n o
f
O
H
CRP
pro
t
o
co
l
OHC
R
P
o
p
er
ates
in
two
d
is
tin
ct
p
h
ases
;
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
p
h
ase
,
an
d
d
ata
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
p
h
ase
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
as
e
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
a
n
d
th
e
r
elate
d
l
in
k
s
in
a
d
d
itio
n
t
o
th
e
ch
an
g
es
th
at
o
cc
u
r
to
it.
As
f
o
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
ase
o
f
d
ata
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
,
th
e
n
ex
t
n
o
d
e
will
b
e
d
et
er
m
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
th
e
d
ata
wi
ll
b
e
s
en
t
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
ce
r
tai
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
etails
o
f
th
ese
two
p
h
ases
ar
e
ex
p
lain
ed
in
th
e
f
o
l
lo
win
g
two
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
:
3
.
2
.
1
.
Co
nfig
ura
t
io
n pha
s
e
I
n
th
is
p
h
ase,
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
d
is
c
o
v
er
y
,
p
a
r
tn
er
ass
o
ciatio
n
,
li
n
k
o
f
f
er
in
g
,
h
o
p
co
u
n
ts
,
lin
k
d
elay
an
d
s
p
ee
d
ca
lcu
latio
n
,
ad
d
in
g
n
e
w
n
o
d
es,
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
r
ec
o
v
er
y
(
in
ca
s
e
o
f
n
o
d
es
f
ailu
r
e
)
ar
e
ac
h
iev
ed
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
e
g
in
b
y
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
d
is
co
v
er
y
,
let
ass
u
m
e
th
at
n
o
d
es
i
an
d
j
ar
e
n
eig
h
b
o
r
n
o
d
es.
No
d
e
i
s
en
d
HE
L
L
O
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ac
k
et
wh
ich
co
n
tain
n
o
d
e
I
D,
n
o
d
e
p
o
s
itio
n
,
en
er
g
y
lev
el,
an
d
p
ac
k
et
ty
p
e.
W
h
en
n
o
d
e
j
r
ec
eiv
e
Hello
p
ac
k
et,
it
will
r
esp
o
n
d
with
AC
K
p
ac
k
et
wh
ich
also
co
n
tain
n
o
d
e
I
D,
n
o
d
e
p
o
s
itio
n
,
en
er
g
y
lev
el,
an
d
p
ac
k
et
ty
p
e
.
I
n
th
is
way
,
n
o
d
e
i
will
k
n
o
w
t
h
at
n
o
d
e
j
is
o
n
e
o
f
its
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
a
n
d
th
e
s
am
e
is
tr
u
e
f
o
r
n
o
d
e
j.
H
o
p
c
o
u
n
ts
an
d
p
a
r
tn
er
ass
o
ciatio
n
ar
e
in
te
r
leav
ed
with
ea
ch
o
th
er
.
T
h
e
B
S
s
en
d
HOPS_
T
O_
B
S
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ac
k
et
to
its
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
.
E
ac
h
n
o
d
e
r
ec
eiv
e
HOPS_
T
O_
B
S
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ac
k
et,
an
d
a
f
ter
waitin
g
a
s
h
o
r
t
tim
e,
it
will
s
ee
k
f
o
r
a
p
a
r
t
n
e
r
,
th
en
a
f
ter
g
ettin
g
a
p
a
r
tn
er
it
will
o
f
f
er
lin
k
to
s
h
ar
ed
n
o
d
es
(
n
o
d
es
th
at
a
r
e
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
p
ar
tn
er
n
o
d
es)
b
y
s
en
d
in
g
HOPS_
T
O_
B
S
p
ac
k
et
co
n
tai
n
s
two
p
ar
tn
er
n
o
d
es I
D.
Ho
wev
er
,
ev
en
wh
e
n
a
n
o
d
e
f
ails
to
f
in
d
a
p
ar
tn
er
,
it
also
o
f
f
e
r
lin
k
to
th
e
c
h
ild
r
en
n
o
d
es,
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lin
k
s
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
n
o
d
es.
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
p
s
to
g
et
th
e
B
S
eq
u
als
1
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
B
S
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
an
d
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
i
n
cr
ea
s
es a
s
n
ew
o
v
er
lap
p
ed
clu
s
ter
s
lev
el
b
u
ilt.
W
h
en
th
e
b
u
il
d
in
g
o
f
o
v
er
lap
p
ed
clu
s
ter
s
is
f
i
n
is
h
ed
,
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
ca
lcu
lates l
in
k
d
ela
y
an
d
r
elay
s
p
ee
d
f
o
r
ea
c
h
lin
k
.
L
in
k
d
ela
y
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
:
L
in
k
_
d
ela
y
j
i
= ro
u
n
d
tr
ip
time
/2
(
1
)
= (
Dela
y
Mac
+ D
ela
y
queue
+ D
ela
y
trans
+ D
ela
y
prop
)
*
c
i
j
wh
er
e
:
Lin
k
_
d
ela
y
j
i
:
L
in
k
d
elay
b
etwe
en
n
o
d
e
i a
n
d
n
o
d
e
j
Dela
y
Mac
:
C
h
an
n
el
ac
ce
s
s
d
elay
Dela
y
queue
:
Qu
eu
in
g
d
elay
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
Ove
r
la
p
p
ed
h
iera
r
ch
ica
l c
lu
s
t
ers
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l fo
r
imp
r
o
vi
n
g
q
u
a
lity o
f ser
vice
(
Ha
yd
e
r
F
a
kh
er J
a
s
s
im
)
709
Dela
y
trans
:
T
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
elay
Dela
y
prop
:
Pro
p
ag
atio
n
d
elay
c
i
j
:
T
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
u
n
t
Dela
y
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
ch
an
n
e
l
a
cc
ess
an
d
q
u
eu
e
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
n
o
d
es
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
tate
wh
ich
is
u
n
p
r
e
d
ictab
le
,
s
o
o
n
ly
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
d
elay
an
d
p
r
o
p
ag
atin
g
d
elay
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
lin
k
d
elay
ca
lcu
latio
n
.
Lin
k_
d
ela
y
j
i
=
Dela
y
TX
+ D
ela
y
prop
Af
ter
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
lin
k
d
ela
y
f
o
r
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
in
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
th
e
n
o
d
es
ca
lcu
late
th
e
r
ela
y
s
p
ee
d
f
o
r
ea
c
h
lin
k
of
f
er
ed
b
y
u
p
p
er
-
lev
el
n
o
d
es (
p
ar
en
t n
o
d
es)
b
y
[
8
]
:
S
j
= |
d
i
–
d
j
|
/ Lin
k_
d
el
a
y
j
i
(
2
)
wh
er
e
;
d
i
: D
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
n
o
d
e
i to
th
e
b
ase
-
s
tatio
n
.
d
j
: D
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
n
o
d
e
j to
th
e
b
ase
-
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
tab
le
is
co
m
p
leted
wh
en
th
e
r
elay
s
p
ee
d
is
ca
lcu
late
d
wh
ich
co
n
t
ain
s
:
p
ar
en
t
n
o
d
es
I
Ds,
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
ar
e
n
ts
,
lin
k
d
elay
,
r
elay
s
p
ee
d
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
lev
el
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
SN,
n
o
d
e
f
ailu
r
e
is
ex
p
ec
ta
b
le;
eith
er
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
h
ar
d
wa
r
e
f
ailu
r
e
o
r
en
er
g
y
d
ep
letio
n
.
W
SN
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
le
t
o
d
ea
l
w
ith
s
u
ch
is
s
u
e
to
in
s
u
r
e
ce
aseless
s
er
v
ice.
I
n
OHCR
P,
wh
en
a
n
o
d
e
f
ails
,
th
en
th
e
p
ar
tn
e
r
n
o
d
e
ta
k
e
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
m
ak
in
g
lin
k
u
p
.
T
h
e
wo
r
s
t
ca
s
e
wh
e
n
b
o
th
p
a
r
tn
er
f
ail,
i
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
n
o
d
es m
u
s
t h
av
e
u
p
d
ated
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
ab
o
u
t th
e
s
tate
o
f
th
e
lin
k
,
s
o
ac
tiv
e
n
o
d
e
m
u
s
t p
er
io
d
ically
s
en
d
a
b
ea
co
n
m
ess
ag
e
as
in
d
icatio
n
o
f
lin
k
s
tate.
W
h
en
n
ew
n
o
d
es
d
ep
lo
y
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
f
ield
,
th
ey
f
ir
s
t
ch
ec
k
th
eir
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
,
th
en
f
i
n
d
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
h
o
p
s
th
ey
n
e
ed
to
g
et
th
e
B
S,
af
ter
th
at
,
th
e
n
o
d
es
tr
y
to
f
in
d
p
ar
tn
er
s
,
th
en
o
f
f
e
r
lin
k
s
to
d
o
wn
lev
el
n
o
d
es (
ch
ild
r
en
n
o
d
e
s
)
.
T
ab
le
1
.
R
o
u
tin
g
tab
le
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
N
o
d
e
I
D
P
o
si
t
i
o
n
Li
n
k
d
e
l
a
y
R
e
l
a
y
s
p
e
e
d
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
st
a
t
e
En
e
r
g
y
l
e
v
e
l
P
a
r
e
n
t
_
1
-
-
-
-
ON
-
-
-
-
-
O
F
F
-
P
a
r
e
n
t
_
2
-
-
-
-
O
F
F
-
-
-
-
-
ON
-
P
a
r
e
n
t
_
n
-
-
-
-
ON
-
-
-
-
-
O
F
F
-
3
.
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
f
o
rwa
rding
ph
a
s
e
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
u
s
ed
to
s
elec
t
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
n
o
d
e
as
a
n
ex
t
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
n
o
d
e
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
two
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
: I
f
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
h
as p
ac
k
ets with
d
ea
d
lin
e,
th
en
th
e
r
elay
in
g
s
p
ee
d
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
an
d
its
n
ex
t
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
n
o
d
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
eq
u
al
o
r
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
s
p
ee
d
th
at
m
ee
ts
th
e
d
ea
d
lin
e
o
f
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
if
n
o
d
ea
d
lin
e
ex
is
ts
,
th
e
ch
o
o
s
in
g
o
f
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
lin
k
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
r
elay
in
g
s
p
ee
d
an
d
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
en
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es.
Fro
m
lis
t
o
f
th
e
ca
n
d
id
ate
n
o
d
es,
th
e
n
o
d
e
with
m
ax
im
u
m
r
em
ain
in
g
en
er
g
y
lev
el
is
s
elec
ted
.
So
,
i
f
n
o
d
e
i
h
as
Ni
n
ex
t
-
h
o
p
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
,
th
e
n
ex
t
-
h
o
p
n
o
d
e
will
b
e
th
e
n
o
d
e
with
h
ig
h
est SE
(
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
s
p
ee
d
an
d
r
em
ain
i
n
g
en
e
r
g
y
)
wh
er
e
SE
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
:
(
3
)
wh
er
e
:
C
w
: w
eig
h
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
E
j
: Rem
ain
in
g
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
n
o
d
e
j
s
ta
te
j
: a
ctiv
ity
s
tatu
s
o
f
n
o
d
e
j
(
wak
e
-
u
p
=
1
,
s
leep
=
0
)
S
j
i
: sp
ee
d
o
f
lin
k
b
etwe
en
n
o
d
e
i
an
d
n
o
d
e
j
Settin
g
th
e
weig
h
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
C
w
is
u
p
to
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
wh
er
e
as
it
in
cr
ea
s
es,
m
o
r
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
d
elay
is
ac
h
iev
ed
,
wh
ile
m
o
r
e
lo
ad
b
alan
ce
is
ac
h
iev
ed
as
th
e
weig
h
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
Par
tn
er
n
o
d
es
p
er
io
d
ically
tak
e
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
m
ak
i
n
g
th
e
lin
k
u
p
.
T
h
e
f
ac
to
r
t
h
at
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
p
er
io
d
f
o
r
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
is
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
as illu
s
tr
ated
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
o
r
m
u
l
a.
(
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
7
0
5
-
7
1
5
710
(
5
)
wh
er
e
:
τ
1
an
d
τ
2
ar
e
th
e
ac
tiv
ity
p
er
i
o
d
o
f
p
ar
tn
er
1
an
d
p
ar
t
n
er
2
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
ely
an
d
ar
e
th
e
r
em
ai
n
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
lev
els o
f
p
ar
tn
e
r
1
a
n
d
p
ar
tn
er
2
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
T
:
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
wh
o
le
p
er
io
d
ϵ:
litt
le
ex
tr
a
tim
e
to
en
s
u
r
e
u
n
b
r
o
k
e
n
lin
k
3
.
3
.
Act
i
v
it
y
ro
le
ex
cha
ng
e
W
h
en
n
o
d
e
i
g
o
f
r
o
m
s
leep
m
o
d
e
to
ac
tiv
e
m
o
d
e
it
m
u
s
t
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
AC
T
I
VI
T
Y_
ON
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ac
k
et
to
in
f
o
r
m
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
n
o
d
es
t
h
at
it
is
n
o
w
tu
r
n
t
o
th
e
ac
tiv
e
m
o
d
e,
wh
ile
its
p
ar
t
n
er
g
o
to
s
leep
m
o
d
e.
W
h
en
ch
ild
r
en
n
o
d
es
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
AC
T
I
VI
T
Y_
ON
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ac
k
et
t
h
ey
to
g
g
le
th
e
n
o
d
e
ac
tiv
ity
s
tate
f
o
r
th
eir
p
ar
en
ts
f
r
o
m
o
n
to
o
f
f
an
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a
.
Sh
ar
in
g
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
p
a
r
tn
er
n
o
d
es
r
ep
r
esen
ts
m
ain
f
ac
to
r
in
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
an
d
lo
ad
b
alan
ce
am
o
n
g
all
th
e
n
o
d
es
esp
ec
iall
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
n
ea
r
th
e
B
S
th
at
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
f
ar
n
o
d
es
with
th
e
g
atew
ay
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
h
ea
v
y
lo
a
d
th
ey
d
ea
l
with
,
an
d
a
s
a
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
,
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
lo
n
g
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
is
ac
h
iev
ed
.
3
.
4
.
E
nerg
y
c
o
ns
um
ptio
n
SNs
co
m
p
o
s
e
o
f
s
en
s
in
g
u
n
i
t,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
u
n
it,
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
u
n
it,
an
d
p
o
wer
u
n
it.
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ac
tiv
ity
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
d
ep
letio
n
in
SNs
,
s
o
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
n
ly
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
u
n
it
d
u
r
in
g
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
r
ec
eiv
in
g
is
ca
lcu
lated
.
W
h
er
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
p
ac
k
et
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
r
ec
eiv
in
g
a
r
e
ca
lcu
lated
as
in
[
2
4
]
.
Ass
u
m
in
g
pl
is
th
e
p
ac
k
et
len
g
th
,
TR
is
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e,
E
elec
is
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
cir
cu
itry
,
an
d
E
A
is
th
e
am
p
lifie
r
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
:
E
TX
= p
l *
E
elec
+ p
l E
A
TR
2
(
6
)
E
RX
= p
l *
E
ele
c
(
7
)
4.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
lts
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
im
p
lem
en
ti
n
g
OHCR
P
u
s
in
g
o
m
n
etp
p
-
5
.
0
[
2
5
,
2
6
]
s
im
u
latio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
M
o
r
e
th
an
ten
test
s
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
Qo
S
u
s
in
g
OHCR
P.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
co
v
er
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
la
ten
cy
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
lin
k
s
with
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
p
s
f
o
r
m
o
s
t o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
allev
iatin
g
lo
ad
o
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
an
d
s
elec
tin
g
lin
k
s
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
s
p
ee
d
f
o
r
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
p
ac
k
ets.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
is
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
d
iv
i
d
in
g
t
h
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
lin
k
s
b
etwe
en
p
ar
tn
e
r
n
o
d
es,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
h
elp
in
g
n
o
d
es
to
av
o
id
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
o
f
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
u
n
in
ten
d
ed
p
ac
k
ets
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
p
ac
k
ets
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
ex
p
lo
itin
g
d
ata
s
t
ab
ilit
y
o
f
p
ar
tn
er
n
o
d
es.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
OHCR
P
is
te
s
ted
u
s
in
g
f
o
u
r
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
W
SN
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
in
wh
ich
,
th
e
d
en
s
ity
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
n
o
d
es,
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
g
atew
ay
,
t
h
e
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
f
ield
,
an
d
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
n
o
d
es
p
o
s
it
io
n
s
a
r
e
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiab
le
f
ea
tu
r
es
u
s
ed
.
I
n
ea
ch
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
b
u
ild
in
g
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
lap
p
e
d
clu
s
ter
s
,
n
o
d
e
en
er
g
y
,
av
e
r
ag
e
d
ela
y
,
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t a
r
e
o
b
tain
ed
.
No
tin
g
th
at,
f
o
r
th
e
ca
s
e
wh
e
n
th
e
n
o
d
es
a
r
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
ter
este
d
f
ield
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
ea
ch
n
et
wo
r
k
s
ce
n
ar
io
ar
e
r
ep
ea
ted
m
an
y
tim
es
to
g
et
th
e
m
o
s
t
g
e
n
er
al
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
t
h
at
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
a
b
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
n
etwo
r
k
s
u
s
ed
to
test
OHCR
P
p
r
o
t
o
co
l.
T
h
ese
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
ar
e
s
elec
ted
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
OHCR
P p
r
o
to
co
l in
d
if
f
er
en
t n
etwo
r
k
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
I
n
Netwo
r
k
-
1
,
1
0
0
n
o
d
es d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
1
0
0
×1
0
0
m
2
f
ield
an
d
th
e
g
atew
ay
is
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
o
n
th
e
lef
t
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
s
en
s
in
g
f
ield
.
Netwo
rk
-
2
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
t
o
test
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
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f
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T
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yd
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itted
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r
e
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d
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r
e
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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6
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ter
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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NI
KA
T
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o
m
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n
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n
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yd
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r
e
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.
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er
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e
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ata
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ilit
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e
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e
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n
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ip
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n
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ti
o
n
fo
r
Wi
re
les
s
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
two
rk
s:
S
e
lf
–
C
o
n
fi
g
u
r
in
g
Lo
c
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s,”
IS
CT
A
2
0
0
1
,
Amb
les
i
d
e
,
UK
,
Ju
ly
2
0
0
1
.
[5
]
D.
Walten
e
g
u
s
a
n
d
P
.
Ch
risti
a
n
,
"
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tals
o
f
Wi
re
les
s
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
two
rk
s,
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
,
"
Un
it
e
d
Kin
g
d
o
m: Jo
h
n
W
il
e
y
&
S
o
n
s L
t
d
.
,
2
0
1
0
.
[6
]
K.
L.
M
il
ls,
“
A
b
rief
s
u
r
v
e
y
o
f
se
lf
-
o
rg
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
i
n
wire
les
s
se
n
so
r
n
e
two
r
k
s,”
W
ire
les
s
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
M
o
b
il
e
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
8
2
3
-
8
3
4
,
2
0
0
7
.
[7
]
D.
Bh
a
tt
a
c
h
a
ry
y
a
,
T
.
H.
Kim
a
n
d
S
.
P
a
l,
"
A
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
S
t
u
d
y
o
f
Wi
re
les
s
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
two
rk
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
ir
R
o
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
to
c
o
ls,"
se
n
so
rs
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
0
6
-
1
0
5
2
3
,
2
0
1
0
.
[8
]
T.
He
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
P
EE
D:
a
sta
tele
ss
p
ro
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
re
a
l
-
ti
m
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
in
se
n
so
r
n
e
two
rk
s,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Dist
rib
u
ted
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
S
y
ste
ms
,
Pro
v
id
e
n
c
e
,
RI
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
3
.
[9
]
E.
F
e
lem
b
a
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
M
S
P
EE
D
:
M
u
lt
ip
a
t
h
m
u
lt
i
-
S
P
EE
D
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
fo
r
Qo
S
g
u
a
ra
n
tee
o
f
re
li
a
b
il
i
ty
a
n
d
ti
m
e
li
n
e
ss
in
wire
les
s se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
IE
E
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
M
o
b
il
e
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
7
3
8
-
7
5
4
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
0
]
Y.
Li
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
E
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
Re
a
l
-
Ti
m
e
De
li
v
e
ry
i
n
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
two
rk
s
with
two
-
h
o
p
i
n
fo
r
m
a
ti
o
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
in
d
u
stri
a
l
i
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s
,
v
o
l
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
3
-
1
2
2
,
M
a
y
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
1
]
S.
R.
He
ik
a
lab
a
d
e
t
a
l.
,
“
QEM
P
AR:
Qo
s
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
Aw
a
re
M
u
lt
i
-
P
a
t
h
R
o
u
ti
n
g
Alg
o
rit
h
m
fo
r
th
e
Re
a
l
-
Ti
m
e
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s i
n
Wi
re
les
s S
e
n
s
o
r
Ne
two
rk
s,”
In
t
.
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
6
6
-
4
7
1
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
2
]
T.
S
.
P
ra
k
a
sh
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Re
a
l
-
Ti
m
e
Li
n
k
-
Re
li
a
b
il
it
y
R
o
u
ti
n
g
fo
r
Qo
S
in
Wi
re
les
s
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
two
r
k
s,”
I
OS
R
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(IOS
R
-
J
C
E)
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
Ve
r.
VII
,
2
0
1
4
.
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