TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol.16, No
.4, August 20
18, pp. 1481
~14
8
9
ISSN: 1693-6
930,
accredited First Grade by
Kemenristekdikt
i
, Decree No: 21/
E/KPT/2018
DOI
:
10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v16i4.9042
1481
Re
cei
v
ed Fe
brua
ry 23, 20
18; Re
vised
Ma
rch 28, 20
18; Accepted
April 29, 201
8
Microcontroller-based Control and Data Acquisition
System for a Grid-connected Renewable Energy
System
Kev
i
n D. Dugay
*
1
, Adam Z. Luisaga
2
, Jomille Angelo Carlo O. Bancud
3
Mala
ya
n Co
lle
ges La
gu
na, Pulo-D
iezm
o Ro
ad, Cab
u
y
a
o
, 4025 L
a
g
una, (0
49) 52
0 89
75
Corresp
on
din
g
authors, e-mai
l
: kddug
a
y
@m
cl.edu.p
h
1
, ada
m.luisa
ga@
gm
ail.com
2
,
Jomill
e2
011
@
g
mail.c
o
m
3
A
b
st
r
a
ct
There h
a
s b
e
en a
sig
n
ific
an
t increas
e i
n
t
he
ex
pl
oitatio
n
of ren
e
w
abl
e
ener
gy syste
m
s. To be
abl
e to efficie
n
t
ly utili
z
e
grid -
conn
ected re
n
e
w
able
ener
gy
sources, ther
e
must
b
e
a re
li
abl
e contro
l an
d
mo
nitori
ng sys
tem. In b
u
il
di
ng a c
ontrol
and
monito
r
i
n
g
system f
o
r
this system,
a
pow
er an
aly
z
e
r
conn
ected to
a
micr
oco
n
troll
e
r w
a
s used. T
he
micr
oc
ontro
ller w
a
s l
i
nke
d
to touchscr
ee
n dis
p
lay w
h
er
e a
grap
hica
l user
i
n
terface (GUI) w
a
s progra
mmed to a
b
le
to
di
splay
and
lo
g the d
a
ta recov
e
red. Rel
a
ys w
e
re
used to reco
nfi
gure the syste
m
by shiftin
g
the lo
ad
’
s
so
ur
ce of energy b
e
tw
een the gri
d
and re
new
a
b
l
e
ener
gy syste
m
.
The
ener
gy g
e
nerate
d
by
the
renew
ab
le
e
n
e
r
gy
syste
m
ma
y
be de
liver
ed
to
the loa
d
or
b
e
fed to the grid
as nee
ded. This
op
eratio
n
w
ill be do
ne t
h
rou
gh eit
her
an extern
al d
e
v
ice or throu
g
h
a
computer w
h
ic
h w
a
s built to ma
nu
a
lly o
per
ate the control
system and vi
ew
the status
of
the system as
deter
mi
ned
by
para
m
et
ers such as cost a
nd e
nergy
c
o
nsu
m
pti
on. Th
is system pr
o
v
ide
d
resi
denti
a
l
buil
d
i
ngs w
i
th their ow
n ren
e
w
abl
e ener
gy system w
i
th a simp
le yet reli
ab
l
e
control a
nd
mo
nitori
ng syst
em.
The system
was able to
accum
u
late
a
ccur
a
te and real time
data. It als
o
provided
a continuous supply
and
sw
itching ap
pli
c
ation si
multan
eous
ly
Ke
y
w
ords
: Renewable energy, Contro
l system
, Dat
a
acquisition, Microc
ontroller
Copy
right
©
2018 Un
ive
r
sita
s Ah
mad
Dah
l
an
. All rig
h
t
s r
ese
rved
.
1. Introduc
tion
The e
n
e
r
gy d
e
mand
is in
creasi
ng
as the
wo
rl
d’
s p
opu
lation in
crea
ses.
Cou
p
led
with the
depe
nden
cy
on conventio
nal type of p
o
we
r pla
n
ts t
o
gen
erate
el
ectri
c
ity, the sup
p
ly for en
ergy
decrea
s
e
s
steadily. As a result, these commonly u
s
e
d
fuels a
r
e b
e
comi
ng mo
re expen
sive
due
to high d
e
ma
nd. Most
of the po
we
r ge
neratin
g
sy
stems in th
e world a
r
e
ope
rated u
s
ing
n
on –
rene
wa
ble re
sou
r
ces
whi
c
h includ
es: coal, petro
le
u
m
, natural ga
s, nucle
ar en
ergy and oth
e
rs.
Due to the i
mmen
s
e am
ount of usa
g
e
of these
reso
urce
s, it is depl
eting
rapidly an
d will
eventually ru
n out [1].
Also, the use of these reso
urce
s en
dang
er
s the environ
ment
living being
s live in.
Gree
nho
use gases are produ
ced whe
n
these
re
so
urces
are bu
rned to
gen
e
r
ate ele
c
tri
c
it
y.
Gree
nho
use
emission
s a
r
e increa
sing
due to carb
on
emission
s from po
wer
pla
n
ts whi
c
h
ca
u
s
e
s
global
warming whi
c
h ma
kes the weath
e
r more unp
redicta
b
le.
With this, researche
s
h
a
s f
o
cu
se
d on th
e use of re
ne
wabl
e ene
rgy
sou
r
ces
whi
c
h co
uld
provide
conti
nuou
s supply
of energy
wi
thout dire
ct n
egative impa
ct to the environm
ent [2]. The
aim of utili
zati
on of
ren
e
wa
ble e
nergy is
to de
cr
e
a
se t
he g
ap i
n
the
energy bal
an
ce
and
to rea
c
h
out to the
ru
ral a
r
e
a
s i
n
energy p
r
odu
ction
wi
th mi
nimal e
m
issi
ons [3]. The
r
e are n
u
me
rous
ways to ha
rn
ess ren
e
wabl
e energy through the u
s
e
of wind turbi
nes, solar p
a
nels, an
d other
device
s
de
pe
nding o
n
the sou
r
ce or p
r
i
m
e mover av
ailable.
Utilizatio
n of rene
wable
en
ergy technol
o
g
ies
i
s
cl
ean
becau
se it do
es n
o
t pro
d
u
c
e noi
se
and pollutio
n
.
Different ren
e
wa
ble ene
rg
y
system
s also
ma
ke
u
s
e o
f
cont
rol syst
ems
in ord
e
r to
perfo
rm ope
rations in mo
nitoring a
nd instru
ment
atio
n. The utiliza
t
ion of renewable re
so
urces
can
help b
a
l
ance or
neg
ate the crisi
s
that is
cu
rrently envelo
p
ing the
wo
rld. Ren
e
wabl
e
resou
r
ces is
also
con
s
ide
r
ed to be cle
an ene
rgy an
d offers mini
mal risks with rega
rd
s to the
well-bein
g
of
the enviro
n
m
ent. There
are diffe
rent
forms
of ren
e
wa
ble en
ergy su
ch a
s
wind,
sola
r, bioma
s
s, geothe
rmal
, biof
uels, hydroel
ect
r
icity, and others.
This research
is cente
r
ed
o
n
harve
sting th
ese
sou
r
ces
of rene
wabl
e energy as an
alternative re
sou
r
ce.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 16, No. 4, August 2018: 148
1-1489
1482
This sy
stem
which con
s
i
s
t of several
i
nput and o
u
tput device
s
com
b
ine
d
with the
rene
wa
ble
e
n
e
rgy system can be cont
ro
lled
u
s
ing a
microcontroll
er [4]. An external to
uchscreen
displ
a
y and a prog
ramm
e
d
softwa
r
e in
a compute
r
is pre
s
e
n
t in the system that can retrie
ve
data accum
u
l
a
ted by the microcont
roll
er. Data a
c
cu
mulated by the micro
c
o
n
tro
ller mostly ca
me
from the po
wer an
alyze
r
. The software
comp
one
nt was in
co
rpo
r
at
ed in the de
si
gn mainly a
s
the
control cente
r
whe
r
e a mi
croco
n
trolle
r was the
c
ente
r
of this control
system. It ca
n be comp
ared
to Supervisory Control an
d
Data Acqui
si
tion (S
CADA
) system typically used in
massive po
wer
grid
s.
Existing cont
rol syste
m
using SCA
D
A
was u
s
ed i
n
several ap
plicatio
n that needed
sup
e
rvisi
on o
f
power flow
runni
ng thro
u
gh the
syste
m
. Acquirin
g
SCADA syst
em is benefi
c
ial
due to
its
hi
gh a
c
curacy
in mea
s
u
r
ing
data. An
accurate m
e
a
s
urem
ent of
d
a
ta gave
de
cent
simila
rities to
the actual va
lue of the po
wer fl
o
w
. Similarly, the wh
ole pro
c
e
s
s can be controll
ed
and man
aged
in both manu
al and autom
atic mode
s d
epen
ding on t
he instructio
n
that have been
set. Automat
i
on pe
rform
s
an impo
rta
n
t role in t
he current
set-up of the
eco
nomy a
nd
indus
t
ries
[5].
The pu
rpo
s
e
of this research work wa
s to
cre
a
te a micro
c
o
n
troll
e
r-based co
ntrol
system
whi
c
h supe
rvised the p
o
w
er o
u
tput b
y
the
grid-co
nne
cted re
ne
wabl
e ene
rg
y system. The
system p
r
ovi
ded monito
ri
ng syste
m
that record
ed p
o
we
r flowin
g throug
h the l
oad an
d the grid
from the
ren
e
w
abl
e en
ergy
system. Po
wer flo
w
ing fr
o
m
the g
r
id to
the load
wa
s
also
monito
re
d.
This
only occurred wh
en
t
he rene
wa
ble
ene
rgy syst
e
m
could
not
meet the
de
mand
of the
l
oad.
This
system
is manu
ally controlled a
n
d
requi
re
s a
personn
el to be able to
perform con
t
rol
operation
s
. M
onitorin
g
h
o
wever i
s
contin
uou
s on
ce
th
e sy
stem
starts. This sy
ste
m
is
de
signe
d
to provid
e
re
side
ntial buil
d
ings a m
onito
ring
and
cont
rol
system
a
c
curate e
nou
g
h
to p
r
edi
ct a
n
d
manag
e their
monthly or an
nual ele
c
tri
c
ity consumptio
n.
2. Rese
arch
Metho
d
This
r
e
s
e
arch s
t
udy w
a
s c
o
mpos
ed
of tw
o
syste
m
s, na
mely: Co
ntrol System and
Monitori
ng S
y
stem. In the
cont
rol
syste
m
, the co
mp
onent u
s
e
d
to pe
rform
swi
t
ching
ope
rati
ons
wa
s a do
ubl
e-pol
e do
ubl
e-throw
(DP
D
T)
relay. T
he rel
a
ys we
re controlled
via touch
s
creen
interface
whi
c
h
wa
s lin
ke
d to th
e mi
crocontroller.
Relay
s
m
a
y
also
be
cont
rolled
u
s
ing
a
comp
uter
wh
erein
a
software i
s
d
e
velo
ped u
s
in
g p
r
oce
s
sing. T
h
e micro
c
ont
roller
use
d
was
Arduin
o
which wa
s
pro
g
ra
mmed u
s
in
g
C++ p
r
o
g
ra
m
m
ing la
ngua
g
e
and
it acte
d as the b
r
ai
n of
the
syste
m
whi
c
h
p
r
o
c
e
s
sed seve
ral
i
nputs and o
u
tputs. In th
e monito
ring
system, a
p
o
we
r
analyzer
wa
s used to m
e
a
s
ure pa
ram
e
ters
su
ch a
s
voltage, cu
rrent, powe
r
, a
nd ene
rgy. T
h
is
comp
one
nt is com
patible
with the
microco
n
trolle
r
which
mad
e
it
efficient for d
a
ta ret
r
ieval
and
stora
ge.
Dep
endin
g
on
th
e u
s
er,
su
ppl
y of the
loa
d
can
be
t
r
an
sf
erred betwe
e
n
the ren
e
wa
ble
energy sy
ste
m
(RES
) an
d
grid. Al
so, d
epen
ding
on
the user, p
o
w
er ge
nerate
d
by the
RE
S or
grid can be f
ed to the grid
(elect
ric
coo
perativ
e
)
or u
s
ed to supply
the load. Th
e only mode
not
available in t
he co
ntrol
system is the
grid to
ele
c
tric coop
erati
v
e configu
r
at
ion. Monitori
ng
system was
pre
s
ent to d
e
termin
e po
wer
con
s
u
m
p
t
ion from gri
d
, powe
r
sol
d
to the grid, and
power con
s
u
m
ption from t
he RES.
Electri
c
ity rat
e
s fo
r the
RE
S and
grid
are man
ually e
n
tered
by the
user i
n
the
settings
tab in the i
n
terface via
ke
ypad.
Anothe
r way of ente
r
ing
rate
s i
s
throu
gh th
e G
U
I develo
ped
i
n
the com
puter. The GUI is
develop
ed th
roug
h pr
ocessing
softwa
r
e
.
Rates e
n
tered mu
st hav
e a
unit of pe
so
per KWh.
All of these
functi
o
n
s a
nd
o
peration
s
can be a
c
cesse
d
thro
ugh
touch
s
cre
e
n
displ
a
y
or co
mputer
software. With
thi
s
, monthly el
e
c
tri
c
ity co
nsu
m
ption
and
cost
can be d
e
termined an
d compa
r
ed to the monthly elec
tri
c
ity bill.
Both system
s are integrate
d
in
the
extern
al touch
s
cre
en displ
a
y
and
comp
uter
so
ftw
a
r
e
.
D
e
s
i
gn
in
g
w
a
s
a
c
r
uc
ia
l s
t
ag
e in
building th
e foundatio
ns
of a system
and the
de
si
gn of the co
ntrol and m
o
nitoring
syste
m
determi
ned t
he overall p
e
rform
a
n
c
e
of the whol
e
system. Th
e desig
n im
plemente
d
in
this
resea
r
ch proj
ect is sho
w
n i
n
Figure 1.
The
rene
wa
bl
e
ene
rgy sou
r
ce, battery, and
in
ve
rter
repre
s
e
n
ted t
he rene
wabl
e
ene
rgy
power
gene
ration sy
stem.
The
coo
p
e
r
a
t
ive represent
ed the
grid
wherei
n po
we
r
wa
s sold o
r
f
ed.
The mi
cro
c
o
n
trolle
r serv
ed a
s
a
ch
annel
whe
r
ei
n the u
s
er,
throug
h the
meter mo
d
u
le,
comm
uni
cate
d with th
e o
u
t
put device
s
t
o
shift the flo
w
of e
n
e
r
gy
as
need
ed. P
o
we
r a
nalyze
rs
were the mo
nitoring
com
pone
nts. The
micro
c
o
n
troll
e
r retri
e
ved
data from th
ese
comp
on
ents
and di
splay
s
it through th
e
touch
s
cre
e
n
displ
a
y or
g
r
aphi
cal
user interface in
a com
pute
r
. At
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TEL
K
defa
u
can
b
Com
p
initial
featu
dire
c
t
micr
o
negli
g
and
t
doub
Figu
r
both
sy
st
e
this
t
sy
st
e
DPD
T
K
OM
NIKA
Micro
c
u
lt, control o
f
b
e tra
n
sferr
e
p
uter an
d
e
x
izing, u
s
er
w
re. As
show
t
ly to the o
u
o
controll
er c
o
g
ibl
e
.
Figure 1
.
The rela
y
t
wo different
l
e
thro
w
(D
P
r
e
2 sh
ow
s
h
DPDT type
e
m. If DP
DT
1
t
ime, DP
DT
2
e
m
is de
sign
T
2 re
con
f
igu
c
ontroll
er-ba
s
f
t
h
e
sy
st
em
e
d to the e
x
x
tern
al de
vi
c
w
ill be
prom
n in Figu
re
1
u
tp
ut of t
he
o
n
s
um
es a
v
.
Block di
ag
r
y
ci
rcuit desi
g
load ci
rcuit.
P
DT
) type.
R
h
ow
the
re
l
a
of relay. At
1
is
tr
ig
g
e
r
e
d
2
should
no
t
ed to
pe
rfor
re
s t
he ci
r
c
u
I
S
s
ed Con
t
rol
a
i
s
initially
o
n
x
ternal touc
h
c
e is linked
v
pted to ent
e
1
,
t
he sy
st
e
m
rene
wa
bl
e
v
er
y small a
am of
the m
i
g
ned wa
s
to
This was
p
o
R
elays are
a
a
y
sy
st
em
p
e
default, th
e
d
via to
uch
s
c
t
be
a
c
tuat
e
d
m only thre
e
u
it from load
e
S
SN: 1693-6
9
a
nd Data Ac
n
the
g
r
ap
hi
c
h
screen de
v
v
ia ca
ble, d
a
e
r
th
e
us
er
n
m
built is sel
f
en
ergy
sy
s
t
mount of e
n
i
c
r
oc
ontr
o
lle
r
be a
b
l
e
to
s
o
ss
i
b
le
u
s
in
g
a
ctuate
d
by
a
e
r
f
or
me
d its
loaded
cir
c
cree
n contr
o
d sin
c
e a
g
r
e
modes:
R
E
e
d to no loa
d
9
30
qui
sition S
y
s
c
al user inte
r
v
ice throug
h
a
ta trans
f
er i
a
me an
d p
a
f
-sustaining.
t
em ma
king
n
ergy whi
c
h
r
-
b
as
ed
r
e
n
e
s
witc
h from t
w
g
two relays
a
s
e
t trigge
r
sw
itc
h
ing
o
uit is conn
e
o
l, supply i
s
r
id to gri
d
c
o
E
S to load,
R
d
c
i
rc
uit.
s
tem for a ...
.
r
face on the
the grap
hi
c
s possible
d
a
ss
wor
d
as
a
The micro
c
o
i
t
possibl
e
m
ake
s
it
s p
o
e
wa
ble en
er
g
w
o diffe
rent
whi
c
h a
r
e
b
r
i
ng pin in t
h
o
pe
r
a
tio
n
s
.
R
c
t
ed to the
r
transfe
rred
t
o
nne
ction i
s
R
ES to grid
,
.
(Kevin D.
D
co
mputer.
C
c
al
user int
e
d
ue to this
.
B
a
n adde
d
s
e
o
n
t
roller i
s
t
a
to run 24/7
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
g
y
sy
st
em
so
ur
ce
s o
f
e
b
ot
h a dou
bl
e
h
e mic
r
oc
o
n
t
R
el
ay 1 a
nd
ren
e
wa
ble
e
t
o t
he g
r
id.
D
s
no
t
d
e
s
i
re
d
,
and grid
t
o
D
uga
y)
1483
C
on
tr
o
l
e
rfa
c
e.
B
ef
ore
e
cu
ri
t
y
a
pp
ed
. This
m
ptio
n
e
nergy
e
po
le
t
roll
er.
2
ar
e
e
ne
rgy
D
uri
n
g
d
. The
o
l
o
ad.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 16, No. 4, August 2018: 148
1-1489
1484
Figure 2. Rel
a
y circuit desi
g
n
The sy
stem o
peratio
ns a
r
e
done ma
nual
ly and req
u
ire
s
a u
s
er to b
e
able to fun
c
tion as
desi
r
ed. Th
e controls
whe
r
ein the use
r
may in
tera
ct with the outp
u
t device
s
ca
n be ope
rate
d
throug
h the t
ouchscreen
d
i
splay o
r
com
puter
GUI. T
h
is tou
c
h
s
cre
en mo
dule
a
nd G
U
I en
abl
es
the u
s
e
r
to t
r
i
gger the
rel
a
ys a
nd
switch
t
he
sup
p
ly o
r
l
oad
ci
rcuit a
s
de
sired. Fig
u
r
e
3
sho
w
s th
e
logic for b
o
th sup
p
ly and lo
ad relay
s
.
Figure 3. Rel
a
y circuit logi
c
Both relay have the sam
e
logic but h
a
s diffe
re
nt circuits to re
config
ure. When the
system ha
s i
dentified that
the us
er tri
g
gere
d
the rel
a
y, for the supply, it will tr
ansfe
r load from
rene
wa
ble en
ergy syste
m
to the grid. When trigg
e
re
d
again, it will return to its previou
s
ci
rcui
t.
For the load
relay, if
triggere
d
, from the loade
d circuit it will be reco
nfigured
to the no lo
ad
circuit. The
figure
shown b
e
low
displays the logi
c of t
he g
r
aphi
cal
use
r
inte
rface
pro
g
ra
mmed
in
the comp
uter
usin
g pro
c
e
s
sing
softwa
r
e. It
is
a java-bas
ed program.
As sho
w
n in
Figure 4, the
GUI p
r
ompt
s
the user fo
r it
s u
s
e
r
nam
e a
nd pa
ssword.
It won’t
pro
c
ee
d to the co
ntrol an
d monitorin
g
system
unl
ess the user provide
the co
rrect regi
stere
d
details. Initial
l
y, when th
e
system
boot
s it is in
itially in
mod
e
0. Mode ch
ang
es ca
n
be
d
one
throug
h a but
ton in the GUI.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TEL
K
pow
e
mak
e
com
p
GUI,
prog
r
data
in a
touc
h
The
i
may
a
to k
e
loggi
n
whi
c
h
micr
o
com
p
touc
h
impl
e
ca
si
n
cha
r
a
rates
give
n
sy
m
b
micr
o
of 10
K
OM
NIKA
Micro
c
The com
e
r a
naly
z
e
rs
e
the
s
e
data
p
one
nts.
Da
t
de
pen
d
i
ng
r
am
ming
the
co
ming f
r
o
m
memory ca
r
h
shield
mod
i
nte
r
face
wa
also b
e
vie
w
ep
tra
c
k of
t
n
g more
acc
The Ard
u
h
is
the to
o
controll
er
w
p
uter. Using
h
sc
r
e
en c
o
n
e
me
nted,
is
e
n
g. Thi
s
ma
k
a
ct
eri
s
t
i
c
.
A
l
s
. R
a
t
e
s
fo
r
b
n
by the
sup
p
b
o
l
c
a
nno
t
b
o
controll
er r
a
0. This e
n
a
b
c
ontroll
er-ba
s
F
pon
ents re
s
rea
d
diffe
re
n
useful, the
t
a retri
e
ved
on
w
h
ich
Arduino usi
m
othe
r
co
m
p
r
d o
n
th
e e
x
ule. Data
st
o
s prog
ra
m
m
w
ed via to
uc
h
t
ime
even
if
urate and
p
r
u
in
o w
a
s
pr
o
uch shiel
d
w
a
s
used
s
o
this mo
dul
e
n
trols
.
A
r
e
e
xpo
s
ed. Th
e
k
es
th
e
du
s
t
s
o, a
4x4
k
e
b
oth g
r
id
a
nd
p
lier. T
h
is c
a
b
e ente
r
e
d
a
m, there
f
or
e
b
le
s the u
s
er
I
S
s
ed Con
t
rol
a
igure 4. Gra
p
s
po
ns
ib
le
fo
r
n
t paramete
r
microcontrol
is di
splay
e
d
devi
c
e i
s
p
n
g c
++
co
d
e
p
one
nts co
n
n
x
ternal touc
h
o
red
may
b
e
m
ed to
store
h
scre
en di
s
p
t
he sy
st
e
m
e
ecise in acc
o
o
gr
amme
d
t
r
e
si
st
iv
e t
o
o
that ope
r
a
e
, data is
m
e
si
st
iv
e t
o
u
e
main
bo
dy
and wate
r
r
e
e
yp
ad i
s
li
n
k
RES are
m
a
a
n
be
acce
s
s
to the int
e
r
f
e
t
he sy
st
e
m
to input de
c
S
SN: 1693-6
9
a
nd Data Ac
phical User
I
r
the
m
easu
rs su
ch as
v
ler is progr
a
d
throu
gh e
i
t
p
re
se
ntly
a
c
e
. Both inter
f
n
ec
ted to th
e
h
s
c
r
e
en
de
vi
e
tran
sferre
d
data h
ourly
,
p
lay. A real
t
i
expe
rien
ce
s
o
rda
n
c
e
wit
h
t
o a
c
cept i
n
uchscreen.
a
tions
may
m
onito
red
re
u
ch
s
c
re
en
w
y
of the touc
h
e
sist
a
n
c
e
q
u
k
ed to the t
o
a
nually ent
e
r
se
d
thr
o
ug
h
r
face via ke
m
is program
imal nu
mbe
r
9
30
qui
sition S
y
s
I
n
t
erface Lo
g
re
ment
s ar
e
v
oltage, pow
a
mmed to re
t
t
her the tou
c
c
tive. Data
a
ce a
r
e pro
g
e
sy
st
em.
T
h
ce.
A
m
e
m
o
an
d read
in
,
daily, wee
k
i
me clo
ck m
o
power inte
r
h
time.
put co
mma
n
A touch
s
h
be execute
d
al time
and
w
as u
s
ed
h
scre
en, ho
w
u
ality of the
o
uch shiel
d
r
ed
via
keyp
a
the setting
s
ypad sin
c
e
med to divi
d
r
s.
s
tem for a ...
.
g
ic
e
the power
e
r, and
cu
rr
e
t
rieve data
c
c
hscre
en di
s
retriev
a
l
w
a
g
rammed to
h
e data a
r
e
s
o
ry
c
a
rd
sl
o
t
a com
p
uter
k
l
y
, and mo
n
o
dule i
s
pre
s
ru
ptions. Th
i
n
ds
from a
n
h
ie
l
d
c
o
mp
a
d
without t
h
relay
s
m
a
y
since the
w
ever, is en
c
r
es
is
tive tou
m
odule
for
n
a
d. Rate a
r
e
s
tab in the i
it eats up
e the ente
r
e
.
(Kevin D.
D
analy
z
ers.
T
e
nt. To be
a
c
omin
g
fr
o
m
s
pl
ay or co
m
a
s develo
p
e
organi
z
e an
d
s
t
o
red and
l
o
t
is
pr
es
e
n
t
via memor
y
n
thly. Data l
o
s
ent in the s
is
m
a
k
e
s
th
e
n
extern
al
m
a
tible for A
r
h
e presen
c
e
y
be
trig
ge
r
e
prototype,
c
losed in
a d
u
ch
sc
ree
n
a
n
umeri
c
al
in
not
comput
e
nterface. A
p
t
oo mu
ch
o
e
d rate by a
D
uga
y)
1485
T
he
se
a
bl
e to
thes
e
m
put
e
r
e
d b
y
d
filter
o
g
ged
in the
y
car
d
.
o
gg
ed
ystem
e
da
ta
m
odul
e
r
du
in
o
e
of a
e
d via
w
h
en
u
rable
u
s
eful
pu
t of
e
d
but
p
er
iod
o
f t
h
e
fac
t
or
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 16, No. 4, August 2018: 148
1-1489
1486
3. Results and An
aly
s
is
3.1. DPDT Rela
y
Respon
se to G
U
I Co
mmand
The
DPDT relay re
sp
on
se through
th
e inte
rface was dete
r
mine
d.
The
test condu
cted
determi
ned
whether th
e
system i
s
fun
c
tioning
as
pro
g
r
amme
d. The
relay was switched
betwe
en
LOGIC
HIG
H
and LO
GIC
LOW
usin
g the interfa
c
e f
o
r
a seri
es of
trials to dete
r
mine the
act
ual
respon
se
of t
he
system. T
he d
a
ta gath
e
red
sh
o
w
s that the
GUI
develop
ed o
n
the
comp
ute
r
is
comm
uni
cati
ng with
the microcontroll
er
p
r
o
perly wi
th its 1
00%
accuracy
and
pre
c
i
s
ion
for all
thirt (30
)
trials. On the other hand, DPDT
relay actu
atio
n is dep
end
e
n
t on the use
r
.
3.2. DPDT Rela
y
Respon
se to Extern
al Touchsc
r
een Display
Command
The
DPDT
relay re
sp
on
se in
acco
rda
n
ce
wi
th
the interface wa
s
determine
d. The
te
st
con
d
u
c
ted d
e
termin
ed
whether the
system is fun
c
tionin
g
a
s
prog
ram
m
ed.
The
relay
wa
s
swit
che
d
bet
wee
n
LOGI
C HIGH an
d L
OGIC LO
W
usin
g the interface for a
seri
es of trial
s
to
determi
ne the
actual re
sp
o
n
se of the sy
stem simil
a
r t
o
the first test
.
The data g
a
there
d
sh
o
w
s that the
touc
h shie
ld touch
s
cre
en com
pon
ent is
comm
uni
cati
ng with th
e
microcontroll
er p
r
op
erly.
This
also me
ans th
at the
microcontroll
er i
s
prog
ram
m
ed
according to
the de
sig
n
whi
l
e DP
DT rela
y triggeri
ng i
s
also
dep
end
ent on the
u
s
er.
It was ob
se
rv
ed that the re
spo
n
se of the DPDT
re
la
y with respe
c
t to the interface
comm
an
d is
100% accu
rat
e
and preci
s
e
.
3.3. Load Pow
e
r
Re
ading
in Respons
e to Load
Co
nfigura
t
ion
This te
st wa
s con
d
u
c
ted to
determi
ne
whether
th
e ou
tput of the sy
stem is as
de
sign
ed.
The po
we
r re
ading
s at the
load wa
s u
s
ed to determi
ne wh
ether t
here i
s
po
we
r su
pplied to
the
load whi
c
h
e
ver co
nfiguration it may be.
The load
u
s
e
d
for the test wa
s a 24 wat
t
bulb. A 24 watt
bulb wa
s u
s
ed to have greate
r
po
we
r con
s
um
ptio
n in a short
amount of time. With this,
variation
s
ca
n be ea
sily seen on th
e p
a
ram
e
ters be
ing ob
se
rved.
In this test, the DP
DT rel
a
y
wa
s trigg
e
re
d
from LOGI
C LOW to L
O
GIC HIG
H
a
nd vice versa
to determin
e
if the desig
n
is
being exe
c
ut
ed.
3.4. Sy
stem
Accu
racy
Test
In this te
st, the mo
nitorin
g
sy
stem a
c
curacy
wa
s t
e
sted.
With t
he hel
p of
a
digital
multimeter,
actual val
u
e
s
a
r
e d
e
termined
and
comp
ared to
that of the
system val
ues.
Paramete
rs such a
s
voltag
e, current, an
d real p
o
we
r
are me
asure
d
and comp
a
r
ed to that of the
system readi
ngs. Th
e load
used fo
r this
test is rate
d 3
0
W.
Usi
ng the
d
a
ta accu
mul
a
ted in T
abl
e 1, compa
r
i
s
on f
r
om t
w
o differe
nt m
easurin
g
method
s
wa
s co
ndu
cted. T
he null
hypot
hesi
s
fo
r thi
s
test is th
at bo
th method
s
of mea
s
uri
ng
re
al
power
have
the sam
e
re
sults while
the
alternative h
y
pothesi
s
i
s
that two
different meth
od
s
give
different resu
lts. Statistical
l
y compa
r
in
g
both meth
o
d
s, the m
e
a
n
equ
ation 1
and
stand
ard
deviation e
q
u
a
tion 2 fo
r b
o
th metho
d
s
were
cal
c
ulat
ed. Also, th
e
poole
d
e
s
ti
mate of
stan
dard
deviation eq
uation 3 wa
s calculated t
o
get the t
value in equ
ation 4. This t value is then
comp
ared to the criti
c
al t value with a con
f
idence level of 95%.
∑
(1
)
∑
(2
)
(3
)
|
|
(4
)
2
(5
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Microcontroll
er-based
Control and Data Acqui
si
tion S
ystem
for a .... (Kevin D. Dugay)
1487
Table 1. RES
to Load co
nn
ection: Comp
ar
ison bet
we
en System an
d Measured
Value
T
r
ial No.
Real Po
w
e
r
S
y
stem Values
Measured Value
s
1 29.93
28.60
2 30.63
28.70
3 30.61
28.50
4 60.65
28.52
5 29.98
28.80
6 30.59
28.63
7 30.60
28.66
8 30.31
28.88
9 30.08
28.50
10 29.98
28.61
11 30.15
28.70
12 30.63
28.71
13 30.57
28.65
14 30.24
28.61
15 30.07
28.57
Re
sults sho
w
n in
Tabl
e 2
were
cal
c
ulat
ed u
s
in
g e
q
u
a
tions 1 to
5.
The
s
e
value
s
we
re
use
d
to determine wh
ether to reje
ct or
accept the n
u
ll hypothesi
s
. Reje
ction
or acce
ptan
ce of
null hypothe
sis is dep
end
e
n
t on the con
d
ition that
the comp
uted t is greate
r
than the criti
c
al
t
value given o
n
the t table.
Table 2. T test Result
s on
RES to Load
con
n
e
c
tion
S
y
stem Values
Measured Value
s
30.334
8.642667
0.285577
0.106131
0.215428
28
21.500993
The cal
c
ul
ate
d
t value was compute
d
to be
21.50
099
3 while the critical t value given on
the t table with a degree
s of freedom of
28 at 95%
confiden
ce lev
e
l wa
s 2.048.
Therefo
r
e, n
u
ll
hypothe
sis was
reje
cted.
This
ha
s p
r
o
v
en that th
e
r
e was a
sign
ificant differe
nce
in te
rm
s of
result and th
e system wa
s not 100%
accurate. A
different ci
rcuit conn
ectio
n
wa
s tested
but
having the
same p
r
o
c
e
s
s and hyp
o
the
s
is
as th
e RES to load conne
ction.
Data gathe
red
are
s
h
ow
n in
T
a
b
l
e
3
.
Us
in
g th
e
s
e
va
lu
es
, th
e t te
s
t
w
a
s
c
o
nd
uc
te
d
an
d r
e
s
u
lts
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n o
n
Table 4.
Table 3. Gri
d
to Load conn
ection:
Comp
ari
s
o
n
betwe
en System and
Measured Va
lues
T
r
ial No.
Real Po
w
e
r
Sy
s
t
e
m
Values
Measured
Values
1 30.15
28.50
2 30.08
28.51
3 30.12
28.50
4 30.02
28.53
5 29.98
28.47
6 30.21
28.63
7 30.33
28.57
8 30.25
28.50
9 30.03
28.66
10 29.96
28.54
11 30.12
28.70
12 30.36
28.60
13 30.42
28.55
14 30.22
28.62
15 30.09
28.50
Table 4. T test Result
s on
RES to Load
c
o
nn
ec
tio
n
S
y
stem Values
Measured Value
s
30.156
28.558667
0.139887
0.068751
0.110216
28
39.689955
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ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 16, No. 4, August 2018: 148
1-1489
1488
The critical t
value for this
configuration
wa
s still 2.048 since the d
egree of freedom was
still the same.
It can also b
e
see
n
in this test that
the t value was g
r
eater than th
e critical t value.
Thus, null h
y
pothesi
s
wa
s reje
cted. T
he last
confi
guratio
n test
ed wa
s the
RES to CO
O
P
con
n
e
c
tion. Data gathered
are sho
w
n in
Table 5.
Table 5. Gri
d
to Load conn
ection: Comp
ar
ison bet
we
en System an
d Measured
Values
T
r
ial No.
Real Pow
e
r
S
y
stem Values
Measured Value
s
1 29.98
28.50
2 30.67
28.51
3 30.55
28.40
4 30.66
28.55
5 30.48
28.42
6 30.33
28.64
7 30.05
28.68
8 29.97
28.52
9 30.15
28.45
10 29.96
28.61
11 30.43
28.50
12 30.55
28.60
13 30.67
28.40
14 30.33
28.51
15 29.98
28.60
Table 6. T test Result
s on
RES to Load
con
n
e
c
tion
S
y
stem Values
Measured Value
s
30.317333
28.526
0.278938
0.086998
0.206609
28
23.744119
The sa
me re
sult occu
rre
d even with different
configurations
. With th
is, it was concluded
that the system was not
10
0% accurate
and there is a deviation b
e
twee
n the system value and
the true value
.
4. Conclusio
n
The syste
m
wa
s determin
ed to be abl
e to exec
ute
all of the fu
nction
s of the desi
gn.
Switchin
g me
cha
n
ism
and
monitori
ng a
r
e fully oper
ati
onal a
s
dete
r
mined throug
h tests. Ba
se
d
on the outco
mes of the rese
arch, the
control
syst
em effectively executed its prog
ram
m
ed
function. Initi
a
lly, the co
ntrol
system li
nke
d
t
he
ren
e
wa
ble e
nergy system
(RES) to the
load.
Circuit reconf
iguratio
n only
occu
rre
d wh
en ma
nually
t
r
igge
re
d thro
ugh eith
er
of the interfa
c
e
as
observed. T
h
e system
ha
d three
mod
e
s: RES to
l
oad, RES to
coo
perative, and g
r
id to l
oad.
A double
-
pol
e doubl
e-th
ro
w (DPDT
)
rel
a
y wa
s re
sp
o
n
sibl
e for b
o
th load a
nd
supply switchi
ng.
The monito
rin
g
system ran
contin
uou
sly 24/7.
The d
a
ta fro
m
the po
we
r
analyzer
we
re logg
ed h
o
u
r
ly, daily, wee
k
ly, and m
ont
hly whi
c
h
can be a
c
ce
ssed di
re
ctly throu
gh the in
terface of
the
prototype or be tran
sferre
d to a perso
n
a
l
comp
uter via
an SD card. These can be
read a
nd
an
alyzed th
rou
g
h
Microsoft excel. The sy
stem
wa
s also a
b
l
e
to filter data received a
nd disp
l
a
y on
ly the require
d para
m
eters which inclu
d
e
d
voltage, curre
n
t, real powe
r
, appa
rent p
o
we
r, rea
c
tive power, and
kilowatt-hou
r. Rates at wh
ich
electri
c
ity wa
s bein
g
charged an
d/or
sold we
re
m
a
nually ente
r
e
d
via keypa
d
as de
sig
ned.
The
last ente
r
e
d
rate wa
s
stored even if th
ere
wa
s
p
o
wer inte
rruptio
n. The
real ti
me cl
ock m
o
dule
installe
d ena
bled the
syst
em to ke
ep t
r
ack of
time
even wh
en p
o
we
r interru
p
t
ions o
c
cur.
The
system wa
s desi
gne
d
to be
self-su
s
tai
n
ing.
Thi
s
e
n
abled th
e
system to ru
n 2
4
/7 even if th
ere
are p
o
wer int
e
rruption
s
in t
he gri
d
. La
stly, the
system
wa
s able to
provide
a reli
able
summ
ary of
the con
s
um
p
t
ion from
g
r
i
d
an
d
RES. Thi
s
sy
ste
m
en
abled
keep
s u
s
e
r
s i
n
tra
c
k of
their
con
s
um
ption
and sold en
ergy to the electric coope
rati
ve.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Microcontroll
er-based
Control and Data Acqui
si
tion S
ystem
for a .... (Kevin D. Dugay)
1489
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ces
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iq
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u
b
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u
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me
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nag
e
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ent
. 20
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n
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.