T
E
L
KO
M
N
I
KA
T
e
lec
om
m
u
n
icat
ion
,
Com
p
u
t
i
n
g,
E
lec
t
r
on
ics
an
d
Cont
r
ol
Vol.
18
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
,
pp.
2
40
~
2
50
I
S
S
N:
1693
-
6930,
a
c
c
r
e
dit
e
d
F
ir
s
t
G
r
a
de
by
Ke
me
nr
is
tekdikti
,
De
c
r
e
e
No:
21/E
/KP
T
/2018
DO
I
:
10.
12928/
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
.
v18i1.
12730
240
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
jour
nal.
uad
.
ac
.
id/
index
.
php/T
E
L
K
OM
N
I
K
A
Pe
r
ip
h
e
r
al
i
n
t
e
r
f
ac
e
c
o
n
t
r
ol
l
e
r
-
b
as
e
d
m
axi
m
u
m
p
ow
e
r
p
oi
n
t
t
r
ac
k
in
g al
gor
i
t
h
m
f
or
p
h
o
t
o
vol
t
ai
c
D
C
t
o D
C
b
oost
c
on
t
r
ol
le
r
Z.
A.
Gh
an
i
1
,
E
.
On
n
2
,
M.
Y.
Z
e
ain
3
,
Aprian
a
T
od
in
g
4
,
F
.
A.
Az
id
in
5
,
H.
O
t
h
m
an
6
,
Z
.
Z
ak
ar
ia
7
,
H
.
L
ago
8
1,
3,
5,
7
C
en
t
er
fo
r
T
e
l
eco
mm
u
n
i
cat
i
o
n
Res
earc
h
an
d
I
n
n
o
v
at
i
o
n
(CeT
RI),
Facu
l
t
y
o
f
E
l
ec
t
ro
n
i
c
an
d
Co
m
p
u
t
er
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
rs
i
t
i
T
e
k
n
i
k
a
l
Mal
a
y
s
i
a
Mel
ak
a,
Mal
a
y
s
i
a
2
Facu
l
t
y
o
f
E
l
ec
t
ri
ca
l
an
d
E
l
ec
t
ro
n
i
c
E
n
g
i
n
eeri
n
g
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
U
n
i
v
er
s
i
t
i
T
e
k
n
i
k
a
l
Mal
a
y
s
i
a
Mel
ak
a,
M
al
a
y
s
i
a
4
U
n
i
v
er
s
i
t
as
K
r
i
s
t
en
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
Pau
l
u
s
Mak
a
s
s
ar,
In
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
6
Cen
t
er
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
eeri
n
g
an
d
Bu
i
l
t
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
E
d
u
cat
i
o
n
Res
earch
(Pe
K
A
),
Facu
l
t
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
eeri
n
g
an
d
Bu
i
l
t
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
,
U
n
i
v
ers
i
t
i
K
e
b
an
g
s
aa
n
Mal
a
y
s
i
a,
Mal
ay
s
i
a
8
Facu
l
t
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
eeri
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
er
s
i
t
i
Mal
ay
s
i
a
Sa
b
ah
,
Ma
l
ay
s
i
a
Ar
t
icle
I
n
f
o
AB
S
T
RA
CT
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
tor
y
:
R
e
c
e
ived
M
a
r
23
,
2019
R
e
vis
e
d
Nov
5
,
20
19
Ac
c
e
pted
Nov
30
,
20
19
A
met
h
o
d
o
f
d
ev
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
a
max
i
mu
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
i
n
t
t
rack
i
n
g
(MPPT
)
al
g
o
ri
t
h
m
fo
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
ai
c
(PV
)
u
t
i
l
i
z
i
n
g
a
p
eri
p
h
era
l
i
n
t
erface
co
n
t
r
o
l
l
er
(PIC)
i
s
p
res
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er.
T
h
e
eff
i
ci
e
n
cy
a
n
d
a
d
eq
u
acy
o
f
a
PV
d
e
p
en
d
o
n
t
h
e
t
emp
era
t
u
re
an
d
t
h
e
e
x
p
o
s
e
d
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
s
u
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
ere
i
s
a
n
o
p
t
i
mu
m
p
o
i
n
t
a
t
w
h
i
c
h
t
h
e
o
p
erat
i
n
g
p
o
w
er
i
s
at
max
i
m
u
m.
T
h
e
g
o
a
l
i
s
t
o
o
p
erat
e
t
h
e
PV
mo
d
u
l
e
at
t
h
i
s
p
o
i
n
t
(MPP).
It
can
b
e
acco
mp
l
i
s
h
e
d
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
MPPT
al
g
o
ri
t
h
m
d
es
i
g
n
ed
w
i
t
h
a
D
C
-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
ert
er.
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
t
er,
MPPT
ci
rcu
i
t
,
PIC
1
8
F
4
5
5
0
m
i
cro
c
o
n
t
ro
l
l
er
a
n
d
P
V
p
an
el
ar
e
t
h
e
ma
i
n
co
mp
o
n
e
n
t
s
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
d
e
s
i
g
n
.
T
h
e
c
u
rren
t
an
d
v
o
l
t
ag
e
p
ro
d
u
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
s
o
l
ar
p
an
e
l
are
o
b
s
erv
e
d
co
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
b
y
a
cl
o
s
e
d
-
l
o
o
p
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
y
s
t
em.
T
h
e
m
i
cro
c
o
n
t
ro
l
l
er
-
b
as
e
d
c
o
n
t
ro
l
s
y
s
t
em
ad
j
u
s
t
s
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
t
er
t
o
ex
t
rac
t
t
h
e
max
i
mu
m
p
o
w
er.
W
i
t
h
a
D
C
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
f
15
V
,
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
ert
er
i
s
ca
p
ab
l
e
o
f
g
e
n
erat
i
n
g
an
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
f
an
ap
p
r
o
x
i
mat
e
l
y
6
0
V
d
c
at
a
max
i
mu
m
p
o
w
er
o
f
2
1
3
.
4
2
W
w
i
t
h
mi
n
i
m
u
m
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
ri
p
p
l
e
as
co
m
p
ared
t
o
8
4
W
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
MPPT
.
It
p
ro
v
ed
t
h
e
effect
i
v
e
n
es
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
v
el
o
p
e
d
al
g
o
r
i
t
h
m.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
M
P
P
T
P
hotovol
taic
R
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
S
olar
e
ne
r
gy
S
tep
-
up
c
onve
r
ter
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e
.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
Apr
iana
T
oding
,
Unive
r
s
it
a
s
Kr
is
ten
I
ndone
s
ia
P
a
ulus
M
a
ka
s
s
a
r
,
M
a
ka
s
s
a
r
,
S
ulaw
e
s
i
S
e
lata
n
90245
,
I
ndone
s
ia
.
E
mail:
a
pr
iana
.
todi
ng@ukipaulus
.
a
c
.
id
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
L
a
tely,
the
e
xplor
a
tor
y
a
nd
ope
n
mi
ndf
ulnes
s
on
e
c
ologi
c
a
l
a
nd
e
ne
r
gy
pr
oblems
ha
s
a
c
quir
e
d
r
e
a
l
a
tt
e
nti
on
to
the
e
xa
mi
na
ti
on
of
c
utt
ing
-
e
dge
innovations
,
e
s
pe
c
ially
in
ve
r
y
us
e
f
ul
innovation
[
1]
.
E
ne
r
gy
is
a
n
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
c
omponent
f
or
the
s
oc
iety
a
nd
moneta
r
y
a
dva
nc
e
ment
of
s
oc
ial
or
de
r
s
.
T
he
us
a
ge
s
c
a
le
of
e
ne
r
gy
mea
ns
that
the
f
inanc
ial
f
lour
is
hing
o
f
a
c
ountr
y.
I
n
M
a
lays
ia,
the
de
ve
lopi
ng
indus
tr
ializa
ti
on
a
nd
e
xpa
nding
wa
y
of
l
if
e
ha
ve
e
xtens
ively
e
xpa
nde
d
the
us
e
of
e
ne
r
gy.
M
a
lays
ian
e
ne
r
gy
u
ti
li
z
a
ti
on
ha
s
r
is
e
n
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
in
r
e
c
e
nt
ye
a
r
s
due
to
the
joi
ne
d
r
e
que
s
ts
of
indus
tr
ializa
ti
on
a
nd
ur
ba
niza
ti
on
[
1]
.
Due
to
the
e
xpa
ns
ion
of
e
ne
r
gy
uti
li
z
a
ti
on,
the
r
e
a
r
e
gr
owing
c
onc
e
r
ns
a
bout
e
ne
r
gy
us
e
a
nd
it
s
e
f
f
e
c
ts
that
a
r
e
not
f
r
iendl
y
to
the
e
a
r
th
.
Nor
mal
a
nd
p
r
oduc
ti
ve
us
e
of
e
ne
r
g
y
a
s
s
e
ts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
P
e
r
ipher
al
int
e
r
face
c
ontr
oll
e
r
-
bas
e
d
max
imum
pow
e
r
point
tr
ac
k
ing
algor
it
hm
.
.
.
(
Z.
A.
Ghani
)
241
be
a
r
s
e
xc
e
pti
ona
l
s
igni
f
ica
nc
e
too.
T
he
po
int
o
f
the
e
xplor
a
ti
on
is
to
e
xa
mi
ne
the
e
ne
r
gy
r
e
que
s
t,
s
upply,
uti
li
z
a
ti
on,
e
c
ologi
c
a
l
e
f
f
e
c
t
a
nd
a
ls
o
a
udit
the
f
utu
r
e
e
ne
r
gy
a
s
s
e
ts
.
E
ne
r
gy
is
a
f
unda
menta
l
r
e
quir
e
ment
f
or
the
de
ve
l
opment,
c
omm
e
r
c
ial
de
ve
lopm
e
nt,
moder
niza
ti
on
a
nd
mec
ha
niza
ti
on
[
2]
.
T
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
e
ne
r
gy
de
mand
thr
oughout
the
wo
r
ld
is
e
xpa
nding
r
a
pidl
y
,
a
nd
thi
s
global
de
mand
mus
t
be
c
ons
ider
e
d
to
mee
t
e
ne
r
gy
c
onc
e
r
ns
f
or
the
f
utur
e
.
T
he
wor
ld
pr
o
mot
e
d
powe
r
r
e
que
s
t
is
de
mons
tr
a
ted
in
F
igur
e
1
.
P
o
li
ti
c
a
ll
y
in
f
luential
na
ti
on
r
e
que
s
t
a
s
c
e
nds
f
r
om
145
bil
li
on
M
W
in
2007
a
nd
e
xpe
c
ted
to
be
218
bil
li
on
M
W
in
2035,
whic
h
me
a
ns
49
pe
r
c
e
nt
incr
e
ment.
T
ha
t
lea
ds
to
mor
e
i
ns
ta
ll
a
ti
on
of
powe
r
plants
[
3]
.
T
he
I
nter
gove
r
nmenta
l
C
li
mate
C
ha
nge
P
a
ne
l
ha
s
r
e
por
ted
that
the
main
ha
z
a
r
dous
is
s
ue
is
global
wa
r
mi
ng
[
4
]
.
S
ince
then,
many
gove
r
nments
,
in
s
ti
tut
ions
a
nd
the
r
e
s
pons
ive
publi
c
in
ge
ne
r
a
l,
ha
ve
s
e
t
a
c
lea
r
mi
s
s
ion
to
s
a
v
e
the
e
a
r
th
f
r
om
a
ll
s
e
ve
r
e
is
s
ue
s
c
a
u
s
e
d
by
the
c
onve
nti
ona
l
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
s
tations
[
5
-
9]
.
S
ince
e
mana
ti
ons
a
r
e
de
pe
nding
on
the
uti
li
z
a
ti
on
of
f
os
s
il
f
ue
l,
s
o
the
e
f
f
o
r
ts
a
r
e
f
oc
us
e
d
on
the
pr
ojec
ts
of
de
ve
lopi
ng
e
f
f
icie
nt
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
ge
ne
r
a
ti
o
n
s
tations
s
uc
h
a
s
s
olar
f
ields
[
10
]
.
F
igur
e
1
.
W
or
ld
powe
r
de
mand
[
1]
a
.
R
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
p
otentialit
y
in
M
a
lays
ia
T
he
c
onve
nti
ona
l
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
s
a
r
e
be
ing
de
plete
d
a
ggr
e
s
s
ively
be
c
a
u
s
e
of
the
high
c
ons
umpt
ion
of
e
ne
r
gy
f
or
the
va
r
ious
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
s
in
our
da
il
y
li
f
e
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
a
lt
e
r
na
ti
ve
r
e
ne
wa
ble
s
our
c
e
s
a
r
e
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
f
or
f
utu
r
e
e
ne
r
gy
r
e
que
s
ts
.
At
the
s
a
me
ti
me,
the
gove
r
n
ments
a
nd
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ins
ti
tut
e
s
a
r
e
unde
r
pr
e
s
s
ur
e
to
mee
t
the
goa
l
of
s
upplyi
ng
a
ll
humanit
y
de
mands
with
the
a
l
ter
na
ti
ve
s
our
c
e
s
.
R
e
c
e
ntl
y,
uti
li
z
ing
a
r
e
ne
wa
ble
s
our
c
e
o
f
e
ne
r
gy
is
ge
tt
ing
mo
r
e
popular
,
e
s
pe
c
ially
s
olar
e
ne
r
gy,
whic
h
is
the
mos
t
potent
s
our
c
e
o
f
a
lt
e
r
na
ti
ve
e
ne
r
g
y
in
thi
s
c
ountr
y
a
nd
a
ls
o
in
s
ome
other
c
ountr
ies
.
C
a
tching
s
unli
ght
a
nd
tr
a
ns
f
or
mi
ng
it
int
o
e
lec
tr
icit
y
f
o
r
e
ve
r
yda
y
uti
li
z
a
ti
on
is
a
s
mar
t
plan
,
a
nd
the
phot
ovolt
a
ic
s
ys
tems
ha
ve
be
e
n
us
e
d
in
M
a
lays
ia
s
ince
the
19
80s
[
10]
.
P
V
tec
hnology
is
de
ve
lopi
ng
quickly
be
c
a
us
e
of
the
incr
e
a
s
e
d
a
tt
e
nti
on
a
nd
a
wa
r
e
ne
s
s
to
c
li
mate
c
ha
nge
s
,
thi
nne
r
oz
one
laye
r
a
nd
c
a
r
bon
poll
uti
on.
T
he
a
ve
r
a
ge
s
olar
r
a
diation
is
400
to
600
M
J
/m
2
in
M
a
lays
ia
[
11]
.
I
t
wa
s
a
im
e
d
by
the
M
a
lays
ian
gov
e
r
nment
f
r
om
the
tenth
p
lan
f
r
om
2011
-
2015
to
ha
ve
f
ield
s
that
c
ontr
ibut
e
by
5
.
5
pe
r
c
e
nt
o
f
the
to
tal
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
mi
x
[
12
]
.
As
indi
c
a
ted
by
the
M
a
lays
ian
gove
r
nme
nt
r
e
por
t
.
T
he
r
e
will
be
e
n
a
r
ound
50
-
80
pe
r
c
e
nt
in
the
f
ir
s
t
pr
ojec
t
(
r
e
s
idential
a
r
e
a
s
)
wi
ll
be
e
n
p
r
ovided
by
s
olar
P
V
[
13]
.
b.
C
ha
ll
e
nge
s
of
us
ing
M
P
P
T
a
lgor
it
hm
f
or
P
V
g
e
ne
r
a
tor
s
As
pe
ople
a
r
e
a
nxious
a
bout
the
f
os
s
il
f
ue
l
c
on
taminations
a
nd
the
f
unda
menta
l
is
s
ue
s
br
ought
by
us
ing
it
f
o
r
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
,
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
s
,
e
s
pe
c
ially
photovol
taic
(
P
V)
a
r
e
c
ur
r
e
ntl
y
uti
li
z
e
d.
T
he
s
olar
boa
r
d
is
uti
li
z
e
d,
whic
h
c
ompr
is
e
s
P
V
c
e
ll
s
.
T
he
s
e
c
e
ll
s
r
e
tain
the
e
ne
r
gy
f
r
om
s
un
li
ght.
P
V
ge
ne
r
a
tor
s
a
r
e
be
ing
us
e
d
a
s
a
pa
r
t
of
numer
ous
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
,
f
or
e
xa
mpl
e
,
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ha
r
ging
,
li
ght
s
our
c
e
s
,
wa
ter
pumpi
ng,
s
pa
c
e
s
tations
powe
r
ing.
T
he
s
olar
boa
r
d
ha
s
the
a
dva
ntage
s
of
r
e
qui
r
ing
les
s
maintena
nc
e
a
nd
be
ing
c
ontamination
f
r
e
e
.
How
e
ve
r
,
they
ha
ve
s
ome
dr
a
wba
c
ks
a
s
they
a
r
e
manuf
a
c
tur
e
d
wi
th
the
high
c
os
t
a
nd
low
e
ne
r
gy
c
onve
r
s
ion
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
[
14
-
16]
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
t
he
P
V
s
ys
tem
mus
t
de
li
ve
r
the
maximum
a
va
il
a
ble
powe
r
to
the
load,
thus
incr
e
a
s
ing
the
P
V
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
[
17
-
21]
.
S
ince
the
P
V
modul
e
s
s
ti
ll
ha
ve
ge
ne
r
a
ll
y
low
c
h
a
nge
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
,
the
ove
r
a
ll
s
ys
tem
c
os
t
c
a
n
be
les
s
e
ne
d
by
uti
li
z
ing
high
p
r
oduc
ti
vit
y
powe
r
t
r
a
c
ke
r
s
that
a
r
e
int
e
nde
d
to
e
xtr
a
c
t
th
e
mos
t
e
xtr
e
me
c
o
nc
e
ivable
powe
r
f
r
om
the
P
V
modul
e
.
T
he
p
r
oc
e
s
s
of
e
xtr
a
c
ti
ng
the
mos
t
powe
r
point
it
s
e
lf
is
c
ha
ll
e
nging
a
nd
a
lwa
ys
r
e
mains
a
s
igni
f
ica
nt
c
ha
ll
e
nge
in
the
li
ter
a
tu
r
e
[
22]
.
Dif
f
e
r
e
nt
M
P
P
T
a
lgo
r
it
hms
ha
ve
be
e
n
pr
o
pos
e
d
to
maximi
z
e
P
V
powe
r
.
D
e
s
igni
ng
P
V
s
ys
tems
ne
e
d
t
o
c
ons
ider
the
powe
r
f
low
s
uc
h
that
the
powe
r
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
f
r
om
the
s
our
c
e
to
the
load
is
of
the
highes
t
pos
s
ibl
e
a
nd
mos
t
s
table
[
23]
.
One
mus
t
take
in
to
a
c
c
ount
that
th
e
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ted
by
thes
e
pa
ne
ls
de
pe
nds
on
the
we
a
ther
c
ondit
i
ons
s
uc
h
a
s
i
r
r
a
dianc
e
a
nd
tempe
r
a
tur
e
[
2
3]
.
A
P
V
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
:
2
40
-
2
50
242
s
ys
tem
without
the
int
e
gr
a
ti
on
of
a
n
M
P
P
T
f
unc
t
ion
e
xpos
e
s
the
c
onne
c
ted
load
a
t
r
is
k
due
to
the
volt
a
ge
f
luctua
ti
on
[
24]
.
I
t
a
ls
o
lea
ds
to
wa
s
te
in
P
V
powe
r
a
s
the
P
V
s
ys
tem
i
s
una
ble
to
e
xtr
a
c
t
maximum
po
we
r
f
r
om
the
P
V
modul
e
.
He
nc
e
,
the
ne
e
d
f
o
r
the
M
P
P
T
c
on
tr
oll
e
r
is
de
e
med
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
[
24
-
25]
.
C
onti
nuous
e
s
ti
mations
of
P
V
boa
r
d
ope
n
-
c
ir
c
uit
volt
a
ge
a
r
e
uti
li
z
e
d
to
r
e
c
ognize
the
mos
t
e
xtr
e
me
powe
r
outcome
of
the
s
olar
boa
r
d
.
T
he
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
h
a
r
ge
r
a
te
is
pe
r
s
is
tently
ba
lanc
e
d
in
a
wa
y
that
th
e
s
ys
tem
wor
king
point
is
powe
r
e
d
c
los
e
to
the
identi
f
ied
m
os
t
e
xtr
e
me
powe
r
outcome
of
the
s
olar
boa
r
d.
Hyp
othetica
l
a
nd
e
xplor
a
tor
y
inves
ti
ga
ti
ons
a
r
e
uti
li
z
e
d
to
s
how
the
s
tea
dy
qua
li
ty
a
nd
f
e
a
s
ibi
li
ty
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
method.
2.
M
P
P
T
M
E
T
HO
DS
As
mentioned
e
a
r
li
e
r
,
us
ing
s
olar
e
ne
r
gy
is
a
n
a
c
ti
ve
topi
c
whic
h
ha
s
be
e
n
dis
c
us
s
e
d
by
many
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
thr
oughout
the
wo
r
ld.
I
n
-
s
tate
of
the
a
r
t,
i
t
is
a
gr
e
e
d
upon
that
the
s
olar
c
e
ll
s
ope
r
a
te
with
low
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
T
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
the
c
h
a
ll
e
nge
is
to
f
ind
the
be
s
t
pos
s
ibl
e
tec
hnique
to
im
p
r
ove
the
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
of
thos
e
c
e
ll
s
.
A
maximu
m
powe
r
point
t
r
a
c
king
(
M
P
P
T
)
i
s
a
n
a
ppr
e
c
iate
d
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
in
thi
s
f
ield.
M
a
ny
methods
ha
ve
be
e
n
uti
li
z
e
d
f
or
M
P
P
tr
a
c
king.
S
e
ve
r
a
l
meth
ods
a
r
e
dis
c
us
s
e
d
in
d
e
tails
a
nd
be
nc
hmar
ke
d
in
thi
s
s
e
c
ti
on.
F
or
e
xa
mpl
e
,
pe
r
tur
b
a
nd
obs
e
r
ve
method
[
26]
,
incr
e
menta
l
c
onduc
tanc
e
method
[
27
]
,
c
ons
tant
volt
a
ge
method
[
28]
a
nd
s
hor
t
-
c
ur
r
e
nt
puls
e
method
[
29]
.
An
a
lt
e
r
na
ti
ve
method
in
the
e
xtr
a
c
ti
ng
of
the
m
a
xim
um
pos
s
ibl
e
po
we
r
f
r
om
the
P
V
pa
ne
l
is
th
r
ough
the
in
tegr
a
ti
on
of
the
M
P
P
T
c
ir
c
uit
in
to
the
s
ys
tem.
T
he
c
onc
e
pt
of
the
c
ir
c
uit
s
im
pli
c
it
y
whic
h
int
e
gr
a
tes
the
pr
ogr
a
mm
a
ble
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
c
ontr
oll
e
r
(
P
I
C
)
mi
c
r
oc
on
tr
oll
e
r
is
the
main
s
ign
of
thi
s
method
.
2.
1.
P
e
r
t
u
r
b
an
d
ob
s
e
r
ve
m
e
t
h
o
d
T
his
method
is
wide
ly
us
e
d
f
or
M
P
P
T
a
s
it
r
e
quir
e
s
les
s
number
of
s
e
ns
or
s
a
nd
ha
s
be
e
n
dis
c
us
s
e
d
by
many
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
.
T
he
idea
be
hind
thi
s
method
is
t
o
modi
f
y
the
c
onve
r
ter
's
duty
c
yc
le.
I
t
wil
l
be
ing
i
ndica
te
a
c
ha
nge
in
the
pa
n
e
l
volt
a
ge
.
I
n
thi
s
method,
the
vo
lt
a
ge
on
both
s
ides
of
the
maximum
powe
r
point
w
il
l
be
ing
de
ve
loped
incr
e
a
s
ingl
y
a
nd
de
c
r
e
a
s
ingl
y
with
obs
e
r
ving
the
ge
ne
r
a
ted
powe
r
unti
l
the
opti
mu
m
va
lue
is
ga
ined
with
r
e
pe
a
ti
ng
thi
s
p
r
oc
e
s
s
e
a
c
h
tr
a
c
king
s
tep
ti
ll
t
he
M
P
P
is
r
e
a
c
he
d.
Onc
e
the
M
P
P
is
r
e
a
c
he
d,
the
a
lgor
it
hm
os
c
il
late
s
a
bout
the
r
ight
va
lue.
T
he
s
tep
us
e
d
f
or
incr
e
a
s
ing
a
nd
de
c
r
e
a
s
ing
the
volt
a
ge
is
a
f
ixed
s
tep
a
s
it
s
h
ould
not
be
s
mall
s
o
that
the
tr
a
c
king
pr
oc
e
s
s
is
not
s
low,
a
lbeit
it
he
lps
to
r
e
duc
e
os
c
il
lation.
On
the
other
h
a
nd,
it
a
ls
o
s
hould
not
be
a
big
s
tep
to
r
e
duc
e
pow
e
r
los
s
e
s
,
a
lbeit
doing
that
f
a
s
tens
r
e
a
c
hing
M
P
P
.
I
t
ha
s
be
e
n
s
tate
d
that
thi
s
method
is
not
s
uit
a
ble
i
f
the
va
r
i
a
ti
on
in
s
olar
ir
r
a
diation
is
high
[
26]
.
2.
2.
I
n
c
r
e
m
e
n
t
al
c
on
d
u
c
t
an
c
e
m
e
t
h
od
T
his
a
lgor
it
hm
us
e
s
the
f
a
c
t
that
the
volt
a
ge
is
z
e
r
o
a
t
maximum
powe
r
point
(
M
P
P
)
in
pa
ne
l
powe
r
s
lope.
Unlike
the
pr
e
vious
method,
the
ope
r
a
ti
n
g
volt
a
ge
is
e
it
he
r
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
or
incr
e
a
s
e
d
a
nd
s
t
op
whe
n
the
M
P
P
is
r
e
a
c
he
d
.
M
P
P
tr
a
c
king
is
r
e
s
tar
te
d
a
c
c
or
ding
to
the
c
ha
nge
in
pa
ne
l
c
ur
r
e
nt
de
pe
nding
on
the
s
ur
r
ounding
c
ondit
ions
.
Als
o,
in
thi
s
method,
two
s
e
ns
or
s
a
r
e
r
e
quir
e
d
to
ge
t
vo
lt
a
ge
a
nd
c
ur
r
e
n
t
va
lues
.
S
a
me
a
s
in
the
p
r
e
vious
a
lgor
it
hm
,
the
s
ize
of
the
s
tep
is
f
ixed
[
27]
.
2.
3.
Cons
t
an
t
volt
age
m
e
t
h
o
d
T
his
a
lgor
it
hm
is
not
wide
ly
us
e
d
due
to
s
ome
d
is
a
dva
ntage
s
.
T
he
r
e
lation
is
s
hown
in
(
1)
whe
r
e
the
maximum
powe
r
point
volt
a
ge
VM
P
P
is
di
r
e
c
tl
y
pr
opo
r
ti
ona
l
to
the
ope
n
-
c
ir
c
uit
vo
lt
a
ge
VO
C
.
VO
C
is
obtaine
d
e
xpe
r
im
e
ntally,
a
nd
VM
P
P
is
obtaine
d
b
y
mul
ti
plyi
ng
it
with
the
s
olar
c
e
ll
c
ons
tant
KV
,
whic
h
is
a
bout
0.
76.
=
(
1)
T
his
a
lgor
it
hm
is
r
obus
t
a
nd
s
im
ple
,
but
it
ha
s
dis
a
dva
ntage
s
of
los
ing
powe
r
whe
n
the
s
ys
tem
dis
c
onne
c
ts
tempor
a
r
il
y
to
mea
s
ur
e
the
ope
n
-
c
ir
c
uit
volt
a
ge
a
n
d
c
a
lcula
te
the
ope
r
a
ti
ng
vo
lt
a
ge
[
28]
.
2.
4.
S
h
or
t
-
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
p
u
ls
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
T
his
method
ha
s
the
s
a
me
c
onc
e
pt
a
s
in
the
c
o
ns
tant
volt
a
ge
method.
T
he
M
P
P
is
obtaine
d
by
us
ing
(
2)
.
T
he
M
P
P
c
ur
r
e
nt
I
M
P
P
is
di
r
e
c
tl
y
pr
op
or
ti
ona
l
to
the
s
hor
t
c
ir
c
uit
c
ur
r
e
nt
I
s
c
.
T
he
c
ons
t
a
nt
KI
is
r
oughly
a
r
ound
0
.
95.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
the
ope
r
a
ti
ng
c
u
r
r
e
nt
is
95%
o
f
the
e
xpe
r
im
e
ntally
obtaine
d
s
hor
t
-
c
ir
c
uit
c
ur
r
e
nt.
B
ut
in
th
is
method
,
de
ter
mi
ning
the
va
lue
of
I
s
c
is
mo
r
e
d
if
f
icult
a
s
it
ne
e
ds
a
ddit
ional
c
u
r
r
e
nt
s
e
ns
or
a
nd
s
witch.
B
e
s
ides
,
obtaining
it
s
va
lue
f
r
om
ti
me
to
ti
me
inc
r
e
a
s
e
he
a
t
dis
s
ipation
a
nd
powe
r
los
s
e
s
[
29]
.
I
M
P
P
=
K
I
I
sc
(
2)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
P
e
r
ipher
al
int
e
r
face
c
ontr
oll
e
r
-
bas
e
d
max
imum
pow
e
r
point
tr
ac
k
ing
algor
it
hm
.
.
.
(
Z.
A.
Ghani
)
243
2.
5.
P
r
op
os
e
d
m
e
t
h
od
T
he
main
idea
is
to
us
e
a
boos
t
c
onve
r
te
r
f
or
the
M
P
P
T
with
a
c
ontr
oll
e
r
c
ir
c
uit
that
c
ontains
the
P
I
C
18F
4550
mi
c
r
oc
ont
r
oll
e
r
,
whic
h
a
djus
ts
a
nd
c
ontr
ol
the
duty
c
yc
le
of
the
c
onve
r
t
e
r
.
P
I
C
mi
c
r
oc
ontr
oll
e
r
s
a
r
e
e
lec
tr
onic
c
ir
c
uit
s
that
c
a
n
be
modi
f
ied
to
do
a
li
mi
tl
e
s
s
s
c
ope
of
tas
k
s
.
I
n
thi
s
s
tudy,
the
DC
-
DC
boos
t
c
onve
r
ter
c
ir
c
ui
t
is
s
im
ulate
d,
a
s
it
is
a
mor
e
na
tur
a
l
wa
y
to
uti
li
z
e
the
P
V
pa
ne
l
f
o
r
powe
r
s
upply
a
de
qua
tely.
A
DC
-
DC
c
onve
r
ter
is
uti
li
z
e
d
to
s
tep
up
f
r
om
15
V
to
60
V.
T
he
P
V
pa
ne
l
s
uppli
e
s
the
15
V
input
volt
a
ge
,
a
nd
the
60
V
is
the
ou
tput
volt
a
ge
of
the
c
onve
r
ter
.
T
he
r
e
lations
hip
of
the
g
e
ne
r
a
ted
output
volt
a
ge
,
duty
c
yc
le
a
nd
the
input
volt
a
ge
is
e
xplaine
d
in
(
3)
.
Vout
=
V
in
1
−
D
(
3)
3.
S
YST
E
M
CONF
I
GURA
T
I
ON
T
he
objec
ti
ve
of
the
s
ys
tem
is
to
de
ve
lop
a
n
a
lgor
it
hm
that
incr
e
a
s
e
s
the
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
of
the
P
V
pa
ne
ls
in
va
r
ious
c
ondit
ions
by
us
ing
a
boos
t
c
onve
r
te
r
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
s
ys
tem's
c
ir
c
uit
is
s
im
ulate
d
in
P
r
oteus
e
nvir
onment.
T
his
s
ys
tem
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on
is
s
hown
i
n
F
igur
e
2,
c
ompr
is
e
s
of
a
n
M
P
P
T
c
ontr
oll
e
r
,
s
ol
a
r
pa
ne
l,
load
a
nd
DC
-
DC
powe
r
c
onve
r
ter
.
F
igur
e
3
s
hows
the
s
ys
tem
s
im
ulation.
T
he
inpu
t
volt
a
ge
s
upply
pr
ovides
a
volt
a
ge
s
ignal
to
the
mi
c
r
oc
ontr
oll
e
r
.
As
a
r
e
s
ult
,
the
DC
-
DC
mana
ge
s
to
boos
t
the
volt
a
ge
f
r
om
15
Vdc
to
60
Vdc
.
T
he
P
V
output
vo
lt
a
ge
f
luctua
tes
be
c
a
us
e
of
the
c
ha
nge
s
in
c
li
mate
c
ondit
ion
.
He
nc
e
,
the
DC
output
c
ha
nge
s
c
ons
tantly.
T
he
mi
c
r
oc
ontr
oll
e
r
moni
to
r
s
the
output
of
P
V
modul
e
,
then
pr
ovides
the
be
s
t
p
owe
r
s
o
that
P
V
pa
ne
l
de
li
ve
r
s
a
nd
k
e
e
p
a
djus
ti
ng
unti
l
th
e
maximum
c
ur
r
e
nt
va
lue
is
obtaine
d.
T
he
c
ir
c
uit
invol
ve
s
the
volt
a
ge
mea
s
ur
e
ment
s
ignal
to
be
us
e
d
by
the
P
I
C
18F
4550
mi
c
r
oc
ontr
oll
e
r
.
T
he
c
ha
nge
s
of
vol
tage
a
r
e
s
uit
a
ble
to
be
nour
is
he
d
int
o
a
na
log
to
digi
tal
c
onve
r
ter
(
AD
C
)
po
r
t
o
f
the
P
I
C
18F
4550
mi
c
r
oc
on
tr
oll
e
r
to
c
r
e
a
te
a
r
e
lative
duty
pe
r
c
e
ntage
of
P
W
M
s
ignal
r
e
a
c
ti
on.
F
igur
e
2
.
S
ys
tem
c
onf
igu
r
a
ti
on
[
30]
4.
S
I
M
UL
AT
I
ON
RE
S
UL
T
S
AN
D
DI
S
CU
S
S
I
ON
F
or
the
DC
to
DC
boos
t
c
onve
r
te
r
s
im
ulation
,
the
i
nput
of
15
Vdc
wa
s
s
uppli
e
d,
a
nd
it
wa
s
f
ound
ou
t
that
the
output
volt
a
ge
a
t
the
load
is
ove
r
s
ho
ot
unt
il
maximum
75
Vdc
,
then
it
d
r
oppe
d
unti
l
52
Vdc
a
nd
then
f
luctua
ted
a
nd
r
e
maine
d
c
ons
tant
a
t
58
.
62
Vdc
a
f
t
e
r
23.
420
ms
,
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
4
.
T
he
magnif
ica
ti
on
of
thi
s
output
volt
a
ge
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
in
F
igur
e
5
.
A
vol
tage
r
ippl
e
of
0
.
438
V
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
in
the
f
igur
e
,
whic
h
is
e
qua
l
to
0.
75%
volt
a
ge
r
ippl
e
.
T
he
output
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
lows
th
r
ough
R
4
r
e
a
c
h
s
tea
dy
s
tate
a
f
ter
32.
66
mi
ll
is
e
c
onds
is
e
qua
l
to
1.
468
A,
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
6.
T
he
a
ve
r
a
ge
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
lowing
thr
ough
R
4
is
1
.
4621
A
,
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
7
.
I
n
ter
ms
of
the
volt
a
ge
in
diode
D1,
it
r
e
a
c
he
s
a
s
tea
dy
-
s
t
a
te
a
f
ter
23.
42
mi
ll
is
e
c
onds
with
a
magnitude
of
59.
45
V,
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
8
.
T
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
lows
thr
ough
the
I
nduc
tor
L
1
r
e
a
c
he
d
s
tea
dy
s
tate
a
f
ter
31.
074
mi
l
li
s
e
c
onds
with
a
maximum
va
lue
of
5.
9134
A
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
9.
T
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
in
D1
r
e
a
c
he
d
s
tea
dy
s
t
a
te
a
f
ter
31.
0748
mi
ll
is
e
c
onds
with
a
maximum
va
lue
of
5
.
9134
A
a
s
il
lus
tr
a
ted
in
F
igur
e
10
.
F
o
r
the
c
a
pa
c
it
or
C
3,
the
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
a
c
he
s
s
tea
dy
s
tate
a
f
ter
34.
9748
m
il
li
s
e
c
onds
with
a
magnif
ic
a
ti
on
e
qua
l
to
4.
461
A
a
nd
4.
324
A
maximum
a
nd
mi
nim
u
m
a
r
e
s
hown
in
F
igu
r
e
11
a
nd
F
igur
e
12
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
:
2
40
-
2
50
244
F
igur
e
13
s
hows
the
plot
ti
ng
of
bo
th
the
input
a
nd
output
volt
a
ge
a
nd
c
u
r
r
e
nt
a
t
the
load.
F
igur
e
14
c
ompar
e
s
the
output
of
the
s
tep
-
up
c
onve
r
ter
to
it
s
input
powe
r
.
I
n
the
o
ther
pa
r
t
o
f
the
c
ir
c
uit
f
or
t
he
60
V
output
,
the
ou
tput
volt
a
ge
a
t
r
e
s
is
tor
R
2
a
nd
c
a
pa
c
it
or
C
4
is
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
15
a
nd
F
igu
r
e
16.
T
he
load
c
ur
r
e
nt
in
R
2
is
1.
778
A,
whic
h
r
e
a
c
he
s
s
tea
dy
s
tate
a
t
51.
94
ms
,
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
17
.
T
he
f
i
na
l
plot
that
c
ompar
e
s
the
powe
r
whe
n
us
ing
th
is
tec
hnique
to
nor
mal
s
it
ua
ti
ons
is
s
hown
in
F
igu
r
e
1
8.
W
it
h
M
P
P
T
,
the
s
ys
tem
is
a
ble
to
a
c
hieve
a
maximum
powe
r
of
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
213.
42
W
a
s
c
ompar
e
d
to
84
W
without
M
P
P
T
.
F
igur
e
3
.
S
ys
tem
s
im
ulation
F
igur
e
4
.
Output
volt
a
ge
a
c
r
os
s
the
load
r
e
s
is
tor
R
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
P
e
r
ipher
al
int
e
r
face
c
ontr
oll
e
r
-
bas
e
d
max
imum
pow
e
r
point
tr
ac
k
ing
algor
it
hm
.
.
.
(
Z.
A.
Ghani
)
245
F
igur
e
5
.
M
a
gnif
ica
ti
on
o
f
output
volt
a
ge
a
c
r
os
s
lo
a
d
r
e
s
is
tor
R4
F
igur
e
6
.
Output
c
ur
r
e
nt
F
igur
e
7
.
T
he
a
ve
r
a
ge
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
lowing
thr
ough
R
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
:
2
40
-
2
50
246
F
igur
e
8
.
Voltage
a
t
d
iode
D1
F
igur
e
9
.
C
ur
r
e
nt
a
t
i
nduc
to
r
(
L
1)
F
igur
e
10
.
C
ur
r
e
nt
a
t
diode
D1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
P
e
r
ipher
al
int
e
r
face
c
ontr
oll
e
r
-
bas
e
d
max
imum
pow
e
r
point
tr
ac
k
ing
algor
it
hm
.
.
.
(
Z.
A.
Ghani
)
247
F
igur
e
11
.
C
ur
r
e
nt
a
t
c
a
pa
c
it
or
C
3
F
igur
e
12
.
C
ur
r
e
nt
magnif
ica
ti
on
a
t
c
a
pa
c
it
or
C
3
F
igur
e
13
.
Voltage
a
nd
c
u
r
r
e
nt
magnif
ica
ti
on
a
t
th
e
l
oa
d
R
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
:
2
40
-
2
50
248
F
igur
e
14
.
I
nput
a
nd
output
powe
r
o
f
DC
to
DC
bo
os
t
c
onve
r
ter
F
igur
e
15.
Output
volt
a
ge
a
t
R
2
a
nd
C
4
F
igur
e
16
.
M
a
gnif
ica
ti
on
o
f
volt
a
ge
a
t
R
2
a
nd
C
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
P
e
r
ipher
al
int
e
r
face
c
ontr
oll
e
r
-
bas
e
d
max
imum
pow
e
r
point
tr
ac
k
ing
algor
it
hm
.
.
.
(
Z.
A.
Ghani
)
249
F
igur
e
17
.
L
oa
d
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
t
R
2
F
igur
e
18
.
Output
powe
r
with
a
nd
without
M
P
P
T
5.
CONC
L
USI
ON
I
n
thi
s
wor
k,
the
method
o
f
de
ve
lopi
ng
the
M
P
P
T
a
lgor
it
hm
f
or
P
V
uti
li
z
ing
the
P
e
r
iphe
r
a
l
I
nter
f
a
c
e
C
ontr
oll
e
r
ha
s
be
e
n
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ull
y
im
pleme
nted
with
the
in
tegr
a
ti
on
o
f
the
DC
-
DC
boos
t
c
onve
r
ter
.
T
he
de
ve
loped
c
ontr
ol
s
ys
tem
a
djus
ts
the
duty
c
yc
le
of
the
c
onve
r
ter
to
e
xtr
a
c
t
the
maximu
m
powe
r
.
W
it
h
a
DC
input
volt
a
ge
o
f
15
V,
the
boos
t
c
o
nve
r
ter
is
c
a
pa
ble
of
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ng
a
n
output
volt
a
ge
of
a
n
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
60
Vdc
a
t
a
maximum
powe
r
o
f
21
3.
42
W
with
m
ini
mum
vo
lt
a
ge
r
ipp
le
a
s
c
ompar
e
d
to
84
W
without
the
M
P
P
T
.
T
his
pr
ove
d
the
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
a
nd
a
de
qua
c
y
of
the
de
ve
loped
a
lgor
it
hm
.
RE
F
E
RE
NC
E
S
[1
]
N
E
BM
,
“
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
E
n
er
g
y
Ba
l
an
ce
Mal
a
y
s
i
a
,
”
Mal
a
y
s
i
a
n
G
reen
T
ech
n
o
l
o
g
y
Co
r
p
o
ra
t
i
o
n
,
pp
.
1
-
54
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
]
M
.
H
as
an
u
zzama
n
,
N
.
A
.
Ra
h
i
m
,
M
.
H
o
s
en
u
zzaman
,
R
.
Sai
d
u
r
,
I
.
M
.
Mah
b
u
b
u
l
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
.
Ra
s
h
i
d
,
“
E
n
er
g
y
s
av
i
n
g
s
i
n
t
h
e
co
m
b
u
s
t
i
o
n
-
b
a
s
ed
p
ro
ce
s
s
h
ea
t
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
s
t
ri
al
s
ect
o
r
,
”
R
en
ewa
b
l
e
a
n
d
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
er
g
y
R
evi
e
ws
,
vol
.
16
,
n
o
.
7
,
pp
.
4
5
2
7
–
4
5
3
6
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
]
U
.
S.
E
n
erg
y
In
f
o
rmat
i
o
n
A
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
rat
i
o
n
(E
I
A
)
,
“
In
t
er
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
E
n
er
g
y
O
u
t
l
o
o
k
2
0
1
0
,
”
2
0
1
0
.
[4
]
In
t
er
g
o
v
ern
me
n
t
a
l
Pan
e
l
o
n
Cl
i
mat
e
C
h
an
g
e
(I
PCC
)
,
“
Cl
i
ma
t
e
C
h
a
n
g
e
2
0
0
7
,”
M
i
t
i
g
at
i
o
n
.
Camb
ri
d
g
e
,
N
ew
Y
o
rk
:
Camb
ri
d
g
e
U
n
i
v
ers
i
t
y
,
2
0
0
7
.
[5
]
A
.
R
.
Mo
h
amed
,
K
.
T
.
L
ee
,
“
E
n
erg
y
fo
r
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
ab
l
e
d
ev
e
l
o
p
m
en
t
i
n
Mal
ay
s
i
a:
E
n
erg
y
p
o
l
i
c
y
an
d
al
t
ern
a
t
i
v
e
en
er
g
y
,”
E
n
e
r
g
y
P
o
l
i
cy
,
v
o
l
.
34
,
n
o
.
15
,
pp
.
2
3
8
8
–
2
3
9
7
,
2
0
0
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.