T
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ol
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14
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by
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T
I,
Decr
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No:
58
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K
T
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ep
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13
DOI:
10.12928/TE
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r
.
Key
w
ords
:
An
t
e
n
n
a
,
Ap
e
rt
u
re
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
,
Harm
o
n
i
c
r
e
j
e
c
ti
o
n
,
c
i
rc
u
l
a
r
p
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l
a
ri
z
a
ti
o
n
,
Re
c
te
n
n
a
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
Copy
righ
t
©
2
0
1
6
Uni
v
e
rs
ita
s
Ahm
a
d
D
a
hl
a
n.
All
rig
ht
s
r
e
s
e
rve
d
.
1.
Int
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
Rec
ten
n
a i
s
a
d
ev
i
c
e u
s
ed
t
o
c
ap
t
ure am
bi
en
t e
l
ec
tr
om
ag
ne
ti
c
s
i
gn
al
s
an
d
c
on
v
ert
the
m
i
nto
a
DC
v
ol
t
ag
e
t
o
po
wer
l
o
w
po
wer
de
v
i
c
es
s
uc
h
as
wi
r
el
es
s
s
en
s
or.
It
c
on
s
i
s
ts
of
an
an
ten
na
,
ha
r
m
on
i
c
s
up
pres
s
i
on
f
i
l
te
r
,
r
ec
ti
f
y
i
ng
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
an
d
r
es
i
s
ti
v
e
l
o
ad
[1,
2].
T
he
m
os
t
i
m
po
r
tan
t
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
i
n
r
ec
ten
n
a
d
es
i
gn
are
the
t
ota
l
c
on
v
er
s
i
on
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
,
as
s
oc
i
ate
d
c
os
t
an
d
the
ph
y
s
i
c
al
s
i
z
e.
T
he
r
e
ha
v
e
b
ee
n
m
an
y
ef
f
orts
on
i
m
prov
i
ng
t
he
r
ec
ten
na
d
es
i
g
n
b
y
i
nc
r
ea
s
i
ng
i
ts
c
on
v
ers
i
on
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
as
th
e
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
r
e
du
c
ti
on
i
s
du
e
to
t
he
no
n
l
i
ne
ar
be
h
av
i
or
of
the
d
i
od
es
tha
t
c
au
s
e
ge
n
erat
i
on
of
u
n
w
an
t
ed
ha
r
m
on
i
c
of
th
e
f
un
da
m
en
ta
l
f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
.
T
o
ov
erc
om
e
thi
s
i
s
s
ue
,
m
an
y
r
es
ea
r
c
he
r
s
h
av
e
pro
po
s
ed
a
dd
i
ng
a
l
o
w
pa
s
s
f
i
l
t
er
b
et
w
e
en
the
a
n
ten
n
a
a
nd
the
r
ec
ti
f
y
i
ng
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
[3
-
9]
t
o
s
u
pp
r
es
s
un
w
a
nte
d
ha
r
m
on
i
c
s
s
o
tha
t
the
r
ec
ten
na
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
w
o
ul
d
be
i
nc
r
ea
s
ed
.
Ho
we
v
er,
t
he
ad
ap
ti
on
of
the
Lo
w
P
as
s
F
i
l
t
e
r
(
LP
F
)
i
nc
r
ea
s
es
th
e
s
i
z
e
a
nd
c
os
t o
f
the
r
ec
ten
na
an
d c
au
s
e
i
s
ol
ati
o
n l
os
s
w
h
i
c
h
l
i
m
i
t th
e
prac
ti
c
al
i
m
pl
em
en
tat
i
o
ns
of
th
e r
ec
ten
n
a.
In
[
10
],
th
e
ha
r
m
on
i
c
r
ej
ec
ti
on
pro
pe
r
t
y
i
s
a
dd
e
d
to
th
e
a
nte
nn
a
b
y
em
be
dd
i
ng
un
ba
l
a
nc
ed
s
l
ots
s
tr
uc
t
ure
s
o
the
i
s
ol
a
ti
o
n
l
os
s
as
s
oc
i
ate
d
w
i
th
the
L
P
F
i
s
el
i
m
i
na
ted
.
A
nte
nn
a
wi
th
tr
i
a
ng
ul
ar
s
ha
p
e
c
a
n
s
up
pres
s
ge
ne
r
at
ed
ha
r
m
on
i
c
s
b
y
no
n
l
i
ne
ar
di
od
es
a
s
pres
en
te
d
i
n
[11
].
I
n
[1
2]
a
tec
hn
i
q
ue
of
f
ou
r
r
i
gh
t
-
an
gl
e
s
l
i
ts
ap
pl
i
ed
to
the
pa
tc
h
an
t
en
n
a
d
es
i
gn
c
a
n
b
l
oc
k
s
ec
on
d
an
d
th
i
r
d
ha
r
m
on
i
c
s
i
gn
a
l
s
.
I
n
pri
or
l
i
terat
ure
[1
0
-
15
],
th
e
an
ten
na
d
es
i
gn
s
c
an
r
ej
ec
t
the
un
w
a
nte
d
h
arm
on
i
c
s
wi
th
n
o
n
ee
d
f
or
th
e
ha
r
m
on
i
c
r
ej
e
c
ti
on
F
i
l
ter
(
H
RF
)
.
H
o
w
e
v
er,
m
os
t
of
the
s
e
de
s
i
g
ns
s
uf
f
er
f
r
o
m
l
ow
g
ai
n
w
h
i
c
h d
e
grad
es
th
e
ov
er
al
l
r
ec
ten
nn
a c
o
nv
ers
i
on
ef
fi
c
i
en
c
y
.
A
c
i
r
c
u
l
ar
po
l
ari
z
a
ti
o
n
prop
ert
y
i
s
an
oth
er
i
m
po
r
tan
t
f
e
atu
r
e
of
the
r
ec
ten
n
a
de
s
i
g
n
tha
t
c
an
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
t
he
c
a
ptu
r
e
d
a
m
bi
en
t
s
i
gn
al
s
an
d
r
ed
uc
e
t
he
p
ol
ari
z
at
i
on
l
os
s
as
s
oc
i
a
ted
wi
th
l
i
n
ea
r
po
l
ari
z
at
i
on
a
nte
nn
as
.
M
an
y
tec
hn
i
q
ue
s
c
an
be
us
ed
to
ac
hi
ev
e
the
c
i
r
c
u
l
ar
po
l
ari
z
ati
on
s
uc
h
orthog
on
a
l
f
ee
d
l
i
ne
s
t
ec
hn
i
qu
e
[
16
-
18
].
T
hi
s
t
ec
hn
i
qu
e
c
an
pro
v
i
de
du
al
po
l
ar
i
z
ati
o
n
m
od
e
b
y
de
l
a
y
i
n
ex
c
i
tat
i
on
b
ut
the
r
e
i
s
tr
ad
e
-
of
f
be
t
ween
t
he
i
s
o
l
at
i
on
l
os
s
an
d
t
he
r
etu
r
n
l
o
s
s
w
h
i
c
h
m
a
k
e
the
de
s
i
gn
c
om
pl
ex
.
S
i
n
gl
e
f
ee
d
m
i
c
r
os
tr
i
p
w
i
t
h
c
i
r
c
ul
ar
po
l
ari
z
a
ti
o
n
i
s
propos
ed
i
n
[1
9
-
21
]
to
r
ed
uc
e
c
om
pl
ex
i
t
y
.
Ho
wev
er,
th
e
ax
i
a
l
r
at
i
o
ba
nd
wi
dth
s
ac
h
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e
v
e
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are
1
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19
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2
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r
es
pe
c
ti
v
el
y
,
whi
c
h
are
qu
i
t
e n
arr
o
w
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
E
nh
an
c
ed
A
n
ten
na
D
es
i
g
n
for Rec
ten
na
A
p
pl
i
c
ati
on
i
n
the
2
.45
G
H
z
I
S
M B
a
nd
(
S
ha
r
i
f
A
h
me
d
)
1339
In
th
i
s
pa
pe
r
,
a
t
w
o
l
a
y
ers
hi
g
h
g
ai
n
h
i
gh
order
ha
r
m
on
i
c
r
ej
ec
ti
on
c
i
r
c
ul
arl
y
po
l
ari
z
ed
an
te
nn
a
d
es
i
gn
i
s
pro
po
s
e
d.
T
he
ga
i
n
of
th
e
an
te
nn
a
i
s
e
nh
a
nc
ed
b
y
us
i
n
g
a
n
ai
r
ga
p
b
et
w
e
e
n
two
l
a
y
er
s
u
bs
tr
ate
s
.
T
hi
s
an
t
en
n
a
de
s
i
g
n
us
es
d
i
f
ferent
ap
ert
ure
c
o
up
l
i
n
g
s
l
ots
etc
h
on
th
e
groun
d
p
l
a
ne
to
s
up
pr
es
s
u
n
w
an
t
ed
ha
r
m
on
i
c
s
.
Har
m
on
i
c
r
ej
ec
ti
on
f
i
l
ter
i
s
r
ep
l
ac
e
d
b
y
an
i
nte
r
n
al
f
i
l
ter
w
i
t
hi
n t
h
e a
nte
n
na
whi
c
h redu
c
es
th
e s
i
z
e.
2.
A
n
t
enn
a
Des
ign
P
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
T
he
propos
ed
s
tac
k
ed
m
i
c
r
os
tr
i
p
an
t
en
na
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
ure
1(a)
.
A
s
qu
are
p
atc
h
i
s
etc
he
d
o
n
the
to
p
l
a
y
er
as
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
ure
1(b)
.
A
s
i
n
gl
e
f
ee
d
l
i
n
e
of
50
Ω
i
m
pe
da
n
c
e
i
s
de
s
i
gn
ed
on
th
e
b
ott
om
l
a
y
e
r
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
f
i
gu
r
e
1(c
)
.
T
he
a
pe
r
ture
c
o
up
l
i
n
g
s
l
o
ts
s
uc
h
as
r
i
gh
t
an
gl
e
tr
i
an
g
ul
ar
a
nd
r
ec
tan
gu
l
ar
c
ou
pl
i
ng
s
l
ots
are
d
es
i
gn
e
d
wi
th
45
°
r
ot
ati
on
an
gl
e,
t
o
ac
h
i
e
v
e
th
e
c
i
r
c
ul
a
r
p
ol
ari
z
at
i
on
prop
er
t
y
,
on
the
s
ec
on
d
l
a
y
e
r
a
s
s
ho
w
n
i
n
f
i
gu
r
e
1(d)
an
d
f
i
gu
r
e
1(e)
,
r
es
pe
c
ti
v
el
y
.
T
he
t
w
o
l
a
y
er
s
ub
s
tr
ate
s
are
s
ep
ar
ate
d
b
y
s
pa
c
er
or
p
l
as
t
i
c
ho
l
de
r
of
5
m
m
w
hi
c
h
en
ha
nc
es
th
e
an
t
en
na
g
ai
n
.
T
he
de
s
i
g
n
us
es
R
og
er
5
8
80
s
u
bs
tr
ate
wi
th
r
el
ati
v
e
p
erm
i
tti
v
i
t
y
of
2.2
,
0.0
00
9
ta
ng
en
t
l
os
s
,
an
d
0.
03
5m
m
c
op
pe
r
thi
c
k
ne
s
s
.
E
qu
ati
on
s
are
ap
p
l
i
e
d
to
ob
tai
n
the
pr
op
os
ed
an
t
en
n
a
di
m
en
s
i
on
[
22
,
23
]
as
f
ol
l
o
wi
ng
:
T
he
w
i
dth
of
th
e s
q
ua
r
e p
at
c
h c
an
be
ob
t
ai
ne
d
us
i
n
g e
qu
at
i
on
(
1):
=
√
2
+
1
(
1)
T
he
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
l
en
gth
,
i
s
c
al
c
ul
ate
d u
s
i
ng
eq
u
ati
on
(
2)
=
2
√
(
2)
T
he
ex
ten
s
i
o
n l
en
gt
h i
n t
h
e
pa
tc
h,
∆
c
an
b
e c
al
c
u
l
at
ed
u
s
i
ng
e
qu
a
ti
o
n (3)
.
∆
=
0
.
412
ℎ
(
+
0
.
3
)
(
ℎ
+
0
.
264
)
(
−
0
.
258
)
(
ℎ
+
0
.
8
)
(
3)
T
he
pa
tc
h a
c
tu
al
l
e
ng
th
, L
p
i
s
c
al
c
u
l
ate
d u
s
i
ng
eq
u
ati
o
n (4)
.
=
−
2
∆
(
4)
T
o f
i
nd
th
e
wi
dth
an
d l
en
g
t
h o
f
th
e
50
Ω
f
ee
d
-
l
i
n
e e
qu
a
ti
on
s
(
5)
–
(
8) ar
e
us
ed
:
F
or c
on
di
ti
o
n
w
h
en
,
ℎ
>
2
.
ℎ
=
8
℮
(
℮
2
−
2
)
(
5)
F
or c
on
di
ti
o
n
w
h
en
,
ℎ
<
2
ℎ
=
2
[
−
1
−
(
2
−
1
)
]
+
−
1
2
[
(
−
1
)
+
0
.
3
−
(
0
.
61
)
]
(
6)
W
h
ere,
=
(
60
)
[
+
1
2
]
1
2
+
[
−
1
(
+
1
)
(
0
.
23
+
(
0
.
11
)
)
]
(
7)
=
377
(
2
√
)
(
8)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
14
,
No
.
4,
D
ec
em
be
r
20
16
:
13
38
–
13
44
1340
F
i
gu
r
e
1.
G
e
om
etr
y
of
th
e p
r
op
os
ed
s
tac
k
ed
an
ten
na
wi
th
t
he
di
m
en
s
i
on
s
of
W
p =
Lp
=
46
m
m
,
Ls
=
W
s
=
10
0m
m
, g
=
5m
m
,
h1
=
h
2 =
0.
7
87
m
m
, L
f
=
50
m
m
,
w
f
=
2.
34
2m
m
, R1
=
27
.2
5m
m
, R2
=
1
4m
m
,
T
=
25
.45
m
m
,
T
1 =
1
8m
m
.
(
a) An
ten
na
s
i
de
v
i
e
w
, (b)
T
op
v
i
e
w of
th
e s
q
ua
r
e p
atc
h,
(
c
)
bo
tto
m
v
i
e
w
of
th
e f
ee
d
l
i
ne
(
d) S
ec
on
d l
a
y
er
wi
t
h ri
g
ht
an
gl
e t
r
i
a
ng
l
e s
l
ot
v
i
e
w
(
d) Se
c
o
nd
l
a
y
er
w
i
th
r
ec
ta
ng
u
l
ar s
l
ot
v
i
e
w
3.
Resu
lt
s
and
Dis
cussion
s
In
thi
s
s
e
c
ti
on
,
the
an
ten
n
a
pa
r
a
m
ete
r
s
s
uc
h
as
r
e
t
urn
l
o
s
s
an
d
ha
r
m
on
i
c
r
e
j
ec
ti
on
prope
r
ty
, b
an
dw
i
dth
, g
ai
n,
an
d a
x
i
al
r
ati
o
are
di
s
c
u
s
s
ed
an
d a
na
l
y
z
ed
.
3.1.
R
etu
r
n
Lo
ss
and
Ha
r
mo
n
ic
Rej
ec
t
ion
P
r
o
p
er
t
y
3.1
.1
.
R
etu
r
n
L
o
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
A
n
t
enn
a
w
it
h
Rectan
g
u
lar
and
T
r
iang
u
la
r
A
p
er
t
u
r
e
Co
u
p
ling
S
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
T
he
s
i
m
ul
ati
o
n
i
s
c
arr
i
ed
o
v
er
a
r
an
ge
of
0
-
10
G
H
z
.
T
he
r
es
on
an
c
e
f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
of
2.4
5
G
H
z
of
the
an
t
en
n
a
w
i
t
h
r
e
c
tan
gu
l
ar
ap
ertur
e
c
ou
pl
i
ng
s
l
ot
c
an
ac
hi
ev
e
r
etu
r
n
l
os
s
of
l
es
s
tha
n
-
15
d
B
.
H
o
wev
er,
ha
r
m
on
i
c
s
are
ge
ne
r
ate
d
a
t
5
G
H
z
a
nd
8
G
H
z
,
as
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
2,
w
h
i
c
h
r
ed
uc
es
t
he
an
t
en
na
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
.
T
he
a
nte
nn
a
wi
th
r
i
g
ht
a
ng
l
e
tr
i
a
ng
ul
ar
ap
ertur
e
c
ou
pl
i
ng
s
l
ot
ac
hi
e
v
es
l
es
s
th
an
-
23
d
B
r
etu
r
n
l
os
s
a
t
2
.45
G
H
z
r
es
on
an
c
e
f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
wi
th
no
ha
r
m
on
i
c
s
ge
ne
r
ate
d
, a
s
s
ho
wn i
n Fi
g
ure 3.
F
i
gu
r
e
2.
A
nte
nn
a return
l
o
s
s
w
i
t
h t
h
e
r
ec
tan
gu
l
ar
ap
ert
ure
a
pe
r
ture c
ou
p
l
i
ng
s
l
ot
F
i
gu
r
e
3.
A
nte
nn
a return
l
o
s
s
w
i
t
h t
h
e
tr
i
an
g
ul
ar ap
ertur
e
c
o
up
l
i
n
g s
l
ot
3.1
.2
.
H
ar
mo
n
ic
R
eje
ctio
n
Co
mp
ar
ison
o
f
Rect
ang
u
lar
and
T
r
iang
u
la
r
A
p
e
r
t
u
r
e
Co
u
p
ling
S
lot
s
(c)
Lf
Wf
(e)
R1
R2
(d)
T
T1
Sp
acer
h1
h2
Ai
r Gap
(g)
(
a)
Sq
u
are P
atch
(b)
Wp
Ls
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
E
nh
an
c
ed
A
n
ten
na
D
es
i
g
n
for Rec
ten
na
A
p
pl
i
c
ati
on
i
n
the
2
.45
G
H
z
I
S
M B
a
nd
(
S
ha
r
i
f
A
h
me
d
)
1341
T
he
an
te
nn
a
wi
th
r
ec
ta
ng
u
l
ar
ap
ertur
e
c
ou
p
l
i
ng
s
l
o
t
g
en
erat
es
2
nd
an
d
3
rd
h
arm
o
ni
c
s
at
5
G
H
z
an
d
8
G
H
z
r
es
pe
c
ti
v
el
y
.
Ho
we
v
er,
t
he
an
t
en
n
a
wi
th
tr
i
a
ng
u
l
ar
ap
ertur
e
c
ou
pl
i
ng
s
l
ot
r
ej
ec
ts
the
s
es
ha
r
m
on
i
c
s
r
es
ul
ti
ng
i
n
v
er
y
l
o
w
r
etu
r
n
l
os
s
of
-
23
.68
dB
at
th
e
f
un
da
m
en
tal
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
c
o
m
pa
r
ed
to
th
at
ob
tai
ne
d
wi
th
t
he
an
ten
na
wi
th
r
ec
ta
ng
u
l
ar
ap
ertur
e
c
ou
pl
i
ng
s
l
ot,
as
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
4.
T
he
an
t
en
n
a
wi
th
tr
i
an
g
ul
ar
a
pe
r
ture
c
ou
p
l
i
ng
s
l
ot
i
s
a
bl
e
to
r
ej
ec
t
h
i
gh
or
de
r
h
arm
on
i
c
s
du
e
t
o
th
e
r
ef
l
ec
ti
on
of
s
ec
on
d
an
d
th
i
r
d
h
arm
on
i
c
s
no
i
s
es
w
he
n
f
ee
di
n
g
i
nto
the
s
l
ot
as
t
he
y
f
ai
l
t
o
c
r
ea
te
a
c
urr
en
t
r
es
o
na
nc
e
aroun
d
t
he
s
l
ot
s
o
t
he
p
o
w
er
r
a
di
ate
d
a
t
2
nd
a
nd
3
rd
h
arm
on
i
c
s
i
s
r
ed
uc
ed
,
where
as
the
po
wer
r
ad
i
ate
d
at
t
he
1
st
ha
r
m
on
i
c
or
at
t
he
f
un
d
am
en
tal
f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
i
s
i
nc
r
e
as
ed
whi
c
h
i
m
prov
es
th
e
o
v
era
l
l
an
t
en
n
a
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
at
2.4
5
G
H
z
.
F
i
gu
r
e
4.
R
etu
r
n
l
os
s
c
om
p
aris
on
of
th
e rec
tan
gu
l
ar a
n
d t
r
i
a
ng
u
l
ar a
pe
r
tur
e c
ou
p
l
i
ng
s
l
o
ts
T
ab
l
e
1.
R
etu
r
n
L
os
s
of
C
o
m
pa
r
i
s
on
A
p
e
r
t
u
r
e
s
lot
Fun
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
2
.
4
5
GH
z
)
2
n
d
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
(
5
GH
z
)
3
rd
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
(
8
GH
z
)
R
e
c
t
a
n
g
u
lar
s
lot
-
1
5
.
4
d
B
-
4
.
2
2
d
B
-
2
6
.
4
d
B
Tr
ian
g
u
lar
s
lo
t
-
2
3
.
6
d
B
-
1
.
4
d
B
-
1
.
7
4
d
B
3.2.
A
n
t
enn
a Gain
T
he
an
ten
na
w
i
th
r
e
c
tan
gu
l
ar
ap
er
ture
c
ou
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l
ot
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an
ac
hi
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e
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r
ea
l
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z
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of
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d
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i
c
i
en
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y
of
-
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ea
s
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ten
na
w
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th
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i
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l
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r
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pe
r
ture
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gu
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a
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5
(
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,
r
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ha
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r
i
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s
t
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e
ffi
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tr
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c
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g
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c
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l
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o
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h
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ai
n
r
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tion
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s
to
the
f
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on
t
o
f
the
an
tenna
pat
c
h
w
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c
h
m
a
k
e
s
i
t
s
ui
table
f
o
r
r
ec
ei
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ng
the
w
av
e s
i
gn
al
s
i
n
r
e
c
ten
na
ap
pl
i
c
ati
on
.
3.3
.
A
n
t
enn
a
A
xi
al
R
atio
A
x
i
al
r
ati
o
i
s
a
m
ea
s
ure
o
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th
e
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ten
na
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l
a
r
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z
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on
t
y
pe
.
T
he
an
ten
n
a
i
s
s
ai
d
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c
i
r
c
ul
a
r
l
y
po
l
ariz
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i
f
i
t
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x
i
al
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ti
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3d
B
o
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. How
ev
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an
ten
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i
al
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e t
ha
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ed
a
s
l
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r
l
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ti
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ed
.
T
he
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ten
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th
r
e
c
tan
gu
l
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r
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e
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th
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i
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g
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r
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r
e
c
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l
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x
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ati
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f
1.2
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d
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i
a
l
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ti
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n
d
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2
~
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G
H
z
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,
as
s
ho
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i
n
F
i
gu
r
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A
l
tho
ug
h,
al
l
the
an
ten
na
s
w
i
th
r
e
c
t
an
gu
l
ar
an
d
t
r
i
an
gu
l
a
r
ap
e
r
tu
r
e
c
ou
pl
i
ng
s
l
o
ts
a
c
hi
ev
es
the
c
i
r
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ul
a
r
po
l
ariz
ati
on
prope
r
ty
,
the
an
ten
na
w
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th
t
r
i
an
gu
l
a
r
ap
ertu
r
e
c
ou
pl
i
ng
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l
o
t
ha
s
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be
tte
r
c
i
r
c
ul
a
r
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1342
po
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5.
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nte
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a
i
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a) G
ai
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of
th
e a
nte
n
na
wi
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r
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c
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l
ar a
pe
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ture
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a
i
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of
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e a
n
ten
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a
ng
u
l
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ert
ure c
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l
ot
In
the
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de
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ai
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s
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c
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a
s
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ha
s
v
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gn
i
f
i
c
an
t
e
ff
e
c
t
on
the
an
ten
na
ga
i
n
.
B
y
v
a
r
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i
ng
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ai
r
ga
p
h
ei
gh
t,
th
e
an
ten
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n
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arie
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a
s
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el
l
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P
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e
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ai
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, g
, a
s
s
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n F
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r
e 7
,
fr
o
m
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to
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m
m
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t i
s
ob
s
e
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t
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t
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m
a
ti
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to
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1d
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at
5
m
m
ai
r
ga
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How
ev
er,
the
a
nte
nn
a
ga
i
n
drop
s
a
t
ai
r
ga
p
hi
gh
er
tha
n
5
mm
.
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he
ai
r
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p
he
i
gh
t
i
s
op
ti
m
i
z
ed
to
a
c
hi
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e
hi
gh
ga
i
n
w
i
th
r
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s
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ab
l
e
a
nte
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s
i
z
e.
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he
ai
r
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et
to
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mm
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m
ai
nta
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n
s
m
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l
s
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o
f
th
e
a
nte
nn
a
de
s
i
gn
w
i
th
a h
i
gh
ga
i
n.
F
i
gu
r
e
6
.
A
x
i
al
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ati
o o
f a
nte
nn
as
w
i
th
r
ec
tan
gu
l
a
r
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tr
i
an
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l
a
r
a
pe
r
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r
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c
ou
pl
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s
l
ot
s
F
i
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.
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tud
y
of
th
e
a
i
r
g
ap
e
f
f
ec
t o
n t
h
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a
nte
nn
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g
a
i
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3.4.
R
es
u
lt
s
Co
mp
ar
i
son
Co
m
pa
r
i
s
on
be
tw
ee
n
T
r
i
an
gu
l
ar
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d
r
e
c
tan
gu
l
a
r
c
ou
p
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ng
s
l
ot
s
r
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s
ul
t
s
i
s
pe
r
for
me
d
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
an
ten
na
r
etu
r
n
l
o
s
s
,
ga
i
n,
ba
nd
w
i
dth
,
a
x
i
al
r
ati
o
an
d
ha
r
m
o
ni
c
r
e
j
e
c
ti
on
p
r
o
pe
r
ty
as
s
ho
w
n
i
n
T
ab
l
e
2
be
l
ow
.
F
r
o
m
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o
m
pa
r
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s
on
,
i
t
c
an
be
ob
s
e
r
v
ed
tha
t
the
an
t
en
na
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th
tr
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gu
l
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c
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s
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tte
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pe
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o
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ter
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ete
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t
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on
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ap
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r
r
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Hz
.
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s
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r
on
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i
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be
tw
ee
n
the
pa
t
c
h
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d
tr
i
an
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l
a
r
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ot
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e f
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i
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pe
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for
m
an
c
e
o
f th
e
antenna.
T
hi
s
antenn
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c
an
be
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e
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tenna
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.
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R
e
t
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Co
n
clusion
In
t
hi
s
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p
er,
a
t
wo
l
a
y
er
m
i
c
r
os
tr
i
p
an
ten
na
de
s
i
gn
at
2
.45
G
H
z
wi
th
d
i
f
f
erent
ap
ertur
e
c
ou
pl
i
ng
s
l
o
ts
s
uc
h
as
r
ec
t
an
gu
l
ar
an
d
tr
i
an
g
ul
ar
a
pe
r
ture
c
ou
pl
i
ng
s
l
ots
ha
s
be
en
pres
en
t
ed
.
F
r
o
m
c
o
m
pa
r
i
s
on
c
arr
i
ed
,
i
t
i
s
f
ou
nd
t
ha
t
an
t
en
n
a
wi
th
tr
i
an
gu
l
ar
a
pe
r
ture
c
ou
pl
i
ng
s
l
ot
c
a
n
s
up
pres
s
2
nd
a
nd
3
rd
ha
r
m
on
i
c
s
at
5
G
H
z
a
nd
8
G
H
z
,
r
es
pe
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
B
es
i
de
s
t
ha
t,
t
hi
s
an
t
en
na
c
a
n
ac
hi
e
v
e
9
dB
ga
i
n,
-
23
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dB
r
etu
r
n
l
os
s
,
2
04
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3
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z
ba
nd
wi
dt
h,
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B
ax
i
al
r
ati
o
(
A
R)
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d
ax
i
al
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r
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i
o
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d
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of
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as
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l
ts
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a
l
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i
f
ferent
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t
en
n
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pa
r
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r
s
,
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s
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te
nn
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c
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l
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t
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e
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ten
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ec
ten
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en
c
y
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l
o
w
c
os
t
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d
s
m
al
l
s
i
z
e
.
In
f
utu
r
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th
e
f
ab
r
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c
ati
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proc
es
s
o
f
the
propos
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te
nn
a c
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c
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c
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e
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t
s
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gratef
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Ce
ntre
f
or
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o
m
m
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c
ati
on
R
es
ea
r
c
h
an
d
In
no
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at
i
o
n
(
C
eT
RI)
,
F
ac
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t
y
of
E
l
ec
tr
on
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c
&
Com
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ter
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.
1991;
27
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