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J
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Su
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wh
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d
r
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r
esear
ch
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ev
elo
p
m
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t [
1
-
3
]
.
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g
en
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en
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g
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[
4
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.
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to
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5
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6
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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3117
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b
y
th
e
astro
n
au
ts
an
d
b
y
th
e
v
eh
icle
its
elf
as p
ar
t o
f
its
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
o
d
a
y
its
u
s
e
h
as n
o
t b
ec
o
m
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
d
u
e
to
its
co
s
t,
wh
ich
is
h
ig
h
er
th
an
o
th
er
s
u
s
tain
ab
l
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
E
v
en
s
o
,
its
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
,
an
d
h
as
in
th
e
m
ar
k
et
p
r
o
d
u
cts
o
f
g
r
ea
t
im
p
ac
t
[
8
]
.
Ho
n
d
a,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
h
a
s
a
p
p
r
o
v
al
in
th
e
Un
ited
States
an
d
J
ap
an
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
f
u
el
ce
lls
in
its
v
eh
icles.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
also
co
m
m
e
r
cial
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
d
o
m
esti
c
u
s
e
(
t
h
e
h
o
m
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
tatio
n
(
HE
S
)
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le)
th
at
p
r
o
d
u
ce
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
f
r
o
m
n
atu
r
al
g
as f
o
r
ele
ctr
ic
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
r
o
to
ty
p
es
o
f
f
u
el
ce
lls
d
ate
b
ac
k
to
1
8
3
8
with
th
e
wo
r
k
o
f
C
h
r
is
tian
Frie
d
r
ich
Sch
ö
n
b
ein
an
d
Sir
W
illi
am
Gr
o
v
e
with
g
aseo
u
s
b
atter
ies
[
9
-
1
1
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
in
ter
est
in
th
eir
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
ess
u
r
ed
b
y
th
e
s
h
o
r
tag
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
wh
ich
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
co
m
m
o
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
es
e
last
two
ce
n
tu
r
ies.
T
o
d
ay
t
h
er
e
is
a
g
r
ea
t
in
ter
est
in
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
also
d
r
i
v
en
b
y
s
tr
o
n
g
id
ea
s
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
less
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
n
p
etr
o
leu
m
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
p
r
o
to
ty
p
es
a
r
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
two
ca
teg
o
r
ies:
b
atter
ies
f
o
r
p
o
r
tab
le
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
b
atter
ies
f
o
r
n
o
n
p
o
r
ta
b
le
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
izes
an
d
u
s
es
ar
e
wid
e,
an
d
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
s
m
all
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
es o
r
h
ig
h
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
s
o
r
ev
en
s
u
b
m
a
r
in
es.
O
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
c
o
m
m
o
n
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
a
r
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h
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te
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t
u
r
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p
r
o
to
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e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
(
P
E
M
)
[
1
2
,
1
3
]
.
T
h
i
s
b
at
t
e
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y
u
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s
a
w
a
t
e
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c
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n
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l
ec
t
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h
o
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
r
e
ac
t
i
o
n
is
s
l
o
w
,
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o
a
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is
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n
t
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t
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t
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1
0
0
d
e
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s
c
e
ls
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)
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T
h
e
s
c
h
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m
e
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h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
c
o
r
r
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s
p
o
n
d
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t
o
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l
,
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5
0
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e
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n
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/
o
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p
a
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s
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h
e
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p
o
w
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r
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t
p
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t
v
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l
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e
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Simp
lifie
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
a
p
r
o
to
n
ex
ch
a
n
g
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em
b
r
a
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(
PEM
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ce
ll
An
en
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s
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p
p
ly
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tem
b
ased
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lls
r
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ir
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in
a
d
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to
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e
b
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,
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o
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d
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e
f
in
al
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tr
ical
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er
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as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
ese
elem
en
ts
ar
e
k
n
o
wn
as
b
alan
ce
o
f
p
lan
t
(
B
OP)
[
1
4
,
1
5
]
.
I
n
a
f
i
r
s
t
s
tag
e
th
er
e
is
t
h
e
r
ef
o
r
m
er
,
in
c
h
ar
g
e
o
f
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
in
p
u
t
f
u
el
(
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
,
a
nd
n
atu
r
al
g
as)
in
to
a
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
-
r
ich
g
as
with
tr
ac
es
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
m
o
n
o
x
i
d
e.
Af
ter
th
e
r
e
f
o
r
m
e
r
,
th
e
g
as
is
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
a
p
u
r
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f
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
f
in
ally
it
is
in
jecte
d
in
to
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll.
T
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
g
en
er
at
es
th
e
elec
tr
ical
en
e
r
g
y
,
an
d
t
h
is
en
er
g
y
is
in
jecte
d
in
to
an
en
er
g
y
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
r
eg
u
lates
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
o
wer
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
f
in
al
ap
p
licatio
n
[
1
6
,
1
7
]
.
T
h
is
en
er
g
y
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
ts
m
ain
ly
o
f
a
p
o
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co
n
v
er
te
r
,
wh
ich
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
tak
in
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
b
o
th
t
h
e
o
p
er
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n
o
f
th
e
f
u
el
c
ell
an
d
th
e
p
o
wer
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
co
s
t
o
f
a
f
u
el
ce
ll
is
u
s
u
a
lly
h
ig
h
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
h
ig
h
co
s
t
o
f
th
e
ca
taly
s
t
[
1
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
i
n
is
o
lated
an
d
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
ac
ce
s
s
p
lace
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u
ch
as
wea
th
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s
,
n
atu
r
a
l
p
ar
k
s
an
d
r
u
r
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to
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s
n
o
t
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
,
th
ey
ar
e
a
v
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le
a
n
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
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o
lu
tio
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c
o
m
p
ar
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to
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t
h
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alter
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ati
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I
n
m
a
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y
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s
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it
is
ev
en
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
in
co
g
en
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s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
-
b
ased
s
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tem
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co
m
p
ac
t,
ca
n
b
e
f
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d
with
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u
els
f
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th
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,
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eq
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p
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im
p
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p
r
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icles,
b
u
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f
o
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m
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b
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d
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air
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b
o
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b
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in
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[
2
0
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
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r
it is
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till
a
d
ev
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p
in
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tech
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m
p
etes w
ith
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th
er
m
o
r
e
m
atu
r
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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u
ch
as
lap
to
p
c
o
m
p
u
ter
s
)
as
well
as
lar
g
er
f
ix
ed
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
s
m
all
v
eh
icles,
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
h
ig
h
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
lo
w
co
s
t
[
2
1
-
2
3
]
.
DFAFC
s
ar
e
a
v
er
y
attr
ac
tiv
e
alter
n
ativ
e
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
s
y
s
tem
s
g
iv
en
th
eir
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
s
u
c
h
as
h
i
g
h
in
el
ec
tr
o
m
o
tiv
e
f
o
r
ce
an
d
lo
w
f
u
e
l
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
[
2
4
-
2
6
]
.
I
n
t
h
at
s
e
n
s
e,
we
u
s
e
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
atin
g
in
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
C
C
M)
as
p
o
wer
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
a
d
ig
it
al
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
it
b
ased
o
n
th
e
AR
M
C
o
r
tex
-
M3
C
P
U
[
2
7
,
2
8
]
.
A
s
tatic
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
tr
ain
ed
with
th
e
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
b
eh
av
io
u
r
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
was u
s
ed
as
a
co
n
tr
o
l stra
teg
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
lem
e
n
ts
th
at
co
m
p
o
s
e
a
b
alan
ce
o
f
p
lan
t
(
B
OP)
2.
M
AT
E
R
I
AL
S AN
D
M
E
T
H
O
DS
2
.
1
.
P
r
o
blem
F
o
r
m
ula
t
io
n
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
at
t
h
e
ter
m
in
als
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
DC
)
.
Ou
r
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
is
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
5
DFAFC
ce
ll
s
o
f
2
1
x
3
0
cm
ea
c
h
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies.
T
h
is
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
ter
m
in
al
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
3
.
6
V
d
c.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
esti
m
ated
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
wer
is
2
5
W
,
an
d
th
e
f
in
al
lo
ad
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
s
m
all
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices,
s
o
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
s
et
at
5
Vd
c.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
c
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
bo
o
s
t
r
eg
u
lato
r
is
s
elec
ted
as
th
e
p
o
wer
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
bo
o
s
t
r
eg
u
lato
r
is
a
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
d
eliv
er
in
g
a
DC
v
o
ltag
e
alwa
y
s
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
in
p
u
t
DC
v
o
ltag
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
t
is
a
h
ig
h
-
ef
f
icien
cy
ci
r
cu
it
th
at
wo
r
k
s
b
y
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
witch
in
g
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
er
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
r
is
e
in
an
in
d
u
ctiv
e
elem
en
t
ca
lled
ch
o
k
e
(
L
)
.
T
h
e
s
witch
in
g
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
witch
(
tr
an
s
is
to
r
,
d
en
o
t
ed
b
y
Q
)
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
an
u
n
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
witch
(
d
io
d
e
,
d
en
o
ted
b
y
D
)
.
Als
o
,
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
tin
u
ity
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
th
e
cir
cu
it
n
o
r
m
ally
u
s
es a
ca
p
ac
ito
r
as a
f
ilter
(
C
0
)
.
Sin
ce
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
h
as
a
d
i
o
d
e,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
d
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
(
a
n
d
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e
th
e
v
o
l
tag
e
o
n
th
e
lo
ad
)
if
th
is
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
n
o
t
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
lin
k
ed
t
o
th
e
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
ed
b
y
th
e
lo
a
d
an
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
allo
wed
o
n
it.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
,
s
elec
ted
p
o
wer
to
p
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
Du
e
to
th
e
s
witch
in
g
,
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
te
r
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
two
s
tat
es,
an
d
its
d
y
n
am
ics
is
o
f
a
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
ty
p
e.
I
f
th
e
lo
ad
is
r
esis
tiv
e
(
i.e
.
l
i
n
ea
r
,
wh
ich
ev
en
in
ca
s
e
it
is
n
o
t,
ca
n
b
e
em
u
late
d
b
y
h
a
n
d
lin
g
th
e
Q
s
witch
in
g
)
,
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
ea
ch
o
f
t
h
ese
two
s
tates,
o
r
ig
in
ated
b
y
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
o
r
ON
s
tate
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
,
an
d
th
e
n
o
n
-
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
e
o
r
OFF
s
tate
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
,
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
ily
an
aly
ze
d
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
W
h
en
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
Q
is
clo
s
ed
(
ON
-
s
tat
e)
,
an
d
ass
u
m
in
g
th
at
id
ea
lly
,
it
b
eh
av
es
as
a
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it,
th
e
en
er
g
y
d
eliv
e
r
ed
b
y
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
is
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
ch
o
k
e
(
wh
ich
is
d
esig
n
ed
n
o
t
to
g
et
s
atu
r
ated
with
DC
)
,
wh
ile
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
a
p
ac
ito
r
is
d
is
ch
ar
g
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
lo
ad
(
th
i
s
is
th
e
d
esig
n
p
ar
am
eter
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
)
.
W
h
en
th
e
Q
tr
an
s
is
to
r
i
s
OF
F
-
s
tate,
t
h
e
o
n
ly
av
ailab
le
p
ath
f
o
r
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
is
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
io
d
e,
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
f
ee
d
i
n
g
th
e
l
o
ad
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
Lo
w
co
s
t,
h
ig
h
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
fu
el
ce
ll e
n
erg
y
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
s
is
tem
co
n
tr
o
lled
...
(F
r
ed
y
H.
Ma
r
tin
ez S
.
)
3119
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Switch
in
g
s
tates o
f
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
;
(
a)
o
n
-
Sta
te:
T
h
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
is
ac
tiv
ated
an
d
en
er
g
y
is
s
to
r
ed
i
n
th
e
c
h
o
k
e
,
(
b
)
o
ff
-
s
tate:
t
h
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
is
d
ea
ctiv
ated
an
d
th
e
en
er
g
y
o
f
t
h
e
ch
o
k
e
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
to
th
e
lo
ad
T
h
e
co
m
p
lex
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
is
cir
cu
it
is
its
co
n
tr
o
l
d
u
e
to
its
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tic,
an
d
th
e
n
ee
d
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
tab
ilit
y
[
2
9
]
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
b
o
th
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
g
u
latio
n
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
b
o
th
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
Als
o
,
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
in
th
e
ch
o
k
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
i.e
.
th
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
cir
c
u
it
ch
an
g
es
co
m
p
le
tely
if
th
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
th
e
c
h
o
k
e
is
v
er
y
s
m
all,
ca
u
s
in
g
it
to
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
co
m
p
letely
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
OFF
-
s
tate
b
ef
o
r
e
s
tar
tin
g
th
e
ON
-
s
tate.
I
f
th
e
latter
ca
s
e
o
cc
u
r
s
,
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
o
p
e
r
ates
in
d
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
D
C
M)
,
h
o
wev
er
,
we
d
esig
n
th
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
v
al
u
e
s
o
th
at
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
c
o
m
p
letely
,
an
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
C
C
M)
.
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a
)
,
as sh
o
wn
in
(
1
)
:
(
)
=
(
)
a
n
d
0
(
)
=
−
(
)
(
1
)
T
h
e
s
witch
in
g
o
n
an
d
o
f
f
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
p
u
ls
e
-
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M)
.
Fo
r
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
s
witch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
,
f
s
(
an
d
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
o
f
th
e
tim
e
v
ar
iab
le)
,
th
e
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
d
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
r
atio
o
f
th
e
s
witch
in
g
tim
e
(
t
ON
)
to
th
e
s
witch
in
g
p
er
i
o
d
T
(
t
=
1
/
f
s
)
,
i.e
.
d
=
t
ON
/
T
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
o
n
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
,
u
(
t
)
,
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
th
e
av
er
ag
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
,
as
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
th
e
PW
M
d
u
ty
cy
cle.
I
n
th
is
way
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
s
witch
in
g
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
is
g
i
v
en
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
2
)
:
(
)
=
−
[
+
[
1
−
(
)
]
2
+
]
(
)
−
[
1
−
(
)
]
+
(
)
+
(
)
0
(
)
=
[
1
−
(
)
]
+
(
)
−
(
)
+
(
2
)
wh
er
e
r
L
an
d
r
C
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
e
p
ar
asit
ic
r
esis
tan
ce
s
in
s
er
ies
o
f
t
h
e
c
h
o
k
e
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
a
n
d
v
C
(
t
)
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
v
er
th
e
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
,
with
o
u
t
in
clu
d
i
n
g
its
p
ar
asit
ic
r
esis
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
3
)
:
0
(
)
=
+
(
)
+
[
1
−
(
)
]
+
(
)
(
3
)
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
av
er
ag
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
an
d
th
e
in
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
p
ar
asit
ic
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
lim
its
th
e
a
b
il
ity
to
r
aise
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
d
y
n
am
i
c
is
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
with
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
ch
an
g
in
g
v
ar
iab
l
es.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
u
s
t
m
o
n
ito
r
b
o
th
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
g
u
la
tio
n
an
d
th
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
b
eh
av
io
r
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
.
2
.
2
.
M
et
ho
do
lo
g
y
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
was
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
o
p
er
ate
in
C
C
M,
th
e
cr
itical
in
d
u
ctan
ce
v
alu
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
cir
cu
it
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
2
5
W
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
we
r
,
5
Vd
c
n
o
m
i
n
al
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
2
0
k
Hz
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
)
was
3
.
6
3
u
H,
s
o
th
e
ch
o
k
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
was
ch
o
s
en
to
b
e
5
u
H.
Fo
r
an
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
i
p
p
le
o
f
1
%
(
0
.
0
5
V)
,
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
v
al
u
e
is
2
8
0
u
F,
w
e
u
s
e
a
3
0
0
u
F
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
co
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
to
o
u
tp
u
t
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
(
4
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
with
o
u
t f
e
ed
b
ac
k
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l.
0
(
)
(
)
=
[
1
−
0
]
2
1
+
[
1
−
0
]
2
1
+
[
1
−
0
]
2
+
2
0
[
1
−
0
]
2
(
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
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m
u
n
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o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
8
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
31
1
6
-
312
2
3120
T
ab
le
1
.
Desig
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
V
in
3
.
6
V
d
c
V
0
5
V
d
c
P
0
2
5
W
V
r
0
.
0
5
V
f
s
2
0
k
H
z
C
0
3
0
0
u
F
L
5
u
H
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Fre
q
u
en
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
u
n
co
m
p
e
n
s
ated
W
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
u
(
t
)
c
o
n
tr
o
l
v
alu
es
d
u
e
to
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
lear
n
an
d
g
en
er
alis
e
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ca
s
es.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
its
h
ig
h
f
au
lt
to
ler
an
ce
,
af
ter
b
ein
g
tr
ai
n
ed
,
its
o
p
er
atio
n
b
y
p
r
o
p
a
g
atin
g
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
its
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
f
ast
r
esp
o
n
s
e
v
alu
e
(
th
e
d
elay
s
ar
e
c
o
n
ce
n
t
r
ated
i
n
th
e
s
am
p
lin
g
tim
es
o
f
th
e
A/
D
co
n
v
er
ter
s
)
.
T
h
e
tr
ain
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
was
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
d
ata
s
im
u
lated
with
th
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
.
W
eig
h
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
a
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
I
n
th
e
g
en
e
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
all
th
e
weig
h
ts
wer
e
co
d
ed
as
a
s
in
g
le
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
with
r
ea
l
v
alu
es,
th
e
g
en
es
we
r
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
a
n
d
th
e
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
f
lo
atin
g
-
p
o
i
n
t
m
u
tat
io
n
was
ap
p
lied
to
th
em
,
an
d
we
u
s
ed
a
s
in
g
le
cr
o
s
s
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
was
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
with
th
e
s
tep
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
tab
ilizat
io
n
tim
e
(
t
s
)
an
d
th
e
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
OS
)
.
All
tr
ain
in
g
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
o
f
f
-
lin
e
u
s
in
g
Py
th
o
n
3
a
n
d
Ker
as.
W
e
u
s
ed
a
f
ee
d
-
f
o
r
war
d
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
s
ize
3
-
20
-
20
-
1
(
two
h
id
d
en
lay
er
s
)
.
T
o
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
v
o
ltag
e
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l
(
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
g
u
lati
o
n
)
,
th
e
in
s
ta
n
tan
e
o
u
s
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
es
wer
e
f
ed
b
ac
k
to
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
it.
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
ch
em
e
an
d
p
o
wer
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t,
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t,
i.e
.
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
in
th
e
ch
o
k
e,
was
also
f
ed
b
ac
k
.
T
h
ese
th
r
ee
p
ar
am
eter
s
wer
e
n
o
r
m
alize
d
to
th
eir
m
ax
im
u
m
a
n
d
m
in
im
u
m
v
al
u
es
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
[
0
,
1
]
(
th
eir
av
er
ag
e
v
alu
es
ar
e
alwa
y
s
p
o
s
itiv
e)
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
e
was
im
p
lem
en
te
d
o
n
a
3
2
-
b
it
AR
M®
C
o
r
tex
®
-
M3
P
So
C
®
5
L
P.
Fo
r
th
e
co
m
p
u
tati
o
n
o
f
t
h
ese
s
ig
n
als
we
u
s
e
th
r
ee
1
2
-
b
it c
h
an
n
els o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Stru
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
l u
n
it.
T
h
e
b
lu
e
d
o
tted
lin
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
PS
o
C
5
L
P b
o
ar
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
Lo
w
co
s
t,
h
ig
h
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
fu
el
ce
ll e
n
erg
y
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
s
is
tem
co
n
tr
o
lled
...
(F
r
ed
y
H.
Ma
r
tin
ez S
.
)
3121
T
h
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
d
ig
ital
b
lo
ck
s
o
f
t
h
e
PS
o
C
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
(
r
ea
d
in
g
o
f
an
al
o
g
s
ig
n
als
an
d
ca
lcu
la
tio
n
o
f
th
e
PW
M
d
u
ty
cy
cle)
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
in
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
t
r
o
ller
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
wa
s
m
ad
e
as
s
im
p
le
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
b
o
th
th
e
lo
west
co
s
t
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
es
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
W
ith
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
i
n
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
ig
n
als
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
ca
lcu
lates
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
er
r
o
r
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
(
5
V)
,
an
d
s
en
d
s
t
h
e
v
alu
e
to
th
e
C
PLD
u
n
it
c
o
n
tain
in
g
th
e
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
c
le
ap
p
lied
to
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
tr
an
s
is
to
r
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
tito
p
e
was
ev
alu
ate
d
in
th
e
la
b
o
r
ato
r
y
o
n
a
p
o
wer
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
a
d
wit
h
a
v
alu
e
o
f
1
Ω
,
u
s
in
g
a
h
an
d
-
h
eld
ch
o
k
e,
an
d
a
l
o
w
v
al
u
e
p
o
wer
r
esis
to
r
as
cu
r
r
en
t sen
s
o
r
.
3.
F
I
NDING
S
T
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
ag
ain
s
t c
h
an
g
es in
lo
ad
,
af
ter
th
e
s
y
s
tem
h
as
r
ea
ch
ed
a
s
tead
y
s
tate,
we
ap
p
ly
a
ch
an
g
e
in
lo
a
d
to
em
u
late
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
ch
an
g
es
in
lo
ad
,
k
ee
p
in
g
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
o
th
er
ci
r
cu
it
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
co
n
s
tan
t.
T
h
is
ef
f
ec
t
was
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
v
ar
y
in
g
th
e
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
1
Ω
t
o
0
.
5
Ω
(
an
o
th
er
o
n
e
was
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
a
r
allel
with
th
e
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e)
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
b
eh
av
io
r
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7.
W
h
en
th
e
s
ev
e
r
e
lo
a
d
ch
a
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e
o
cc
u
r
s
,
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
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r
o
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s
ap
p
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o
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ately
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7
V
(
1
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%
o
f
its
v
alu
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,
a
n
d
th
en
r
ec
o
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q
u
ic
k
ly
(
in
ap
p
r
o
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ately
4
5
m
s
)
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
g
u
latio
n
with
th
e
n
ew
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
.
T
h
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
h
ig
h
s
p
e
ed
o
f
r
esp
o
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e
an
d
r
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b
u
s
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g
ain
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t
ab
r
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in
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o
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al
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.
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t
v
o
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tab
ilit
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m
ain
tain
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d
u
r
in
g
test
in
g
,
ev
e
n
wh
en
in
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
v
ar
ied
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Ou
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
5
V/
d
iv
)
.
T
h
e
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
is
ch
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
1
Ω
to
0
.
5
Ω
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
NS
T
h
is
ar
ticle
p
r
esen
ts
a
p
o
wer
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
s
ch
em
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
l
o
w
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d
m
e
d
iu
m
p
o
wer
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
b
ased
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n
DFAFC
s
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ass
u
m
ed
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
5
DFAFC
ce
lls
o
f
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1
cm
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3
0
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a
n
o
m
in
al
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o
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d
en
s
ity
o
f
4
1
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W
p
er
cm
2
.
Pre
s
u
m
in
g
its
u
s
e
in
s
m
all
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tr
o
n
ic
eq
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ip
m
en
t,
s
u
ch
as
th
at
f
o
u
n
d
in
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
eq
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ip
m
e
n
t,
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
p
r
o
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ile
o
f
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
g
u
lato
r
was
d
ef
in
ed
(
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
v
alu
es).
W
ith
th
e
in
te
n
tio
n
o
f
d
e
v
elo
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in
g
a
lo
w
co
s
t
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
y
s
tem
,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
d
ir
ec
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
e
o
v
e
r
th
e
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
b
ased
o
n
a
s
tatic
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
is
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
was
tr
ain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
v
al
u
es
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
b
y
its
av
e
r
ag
e
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
h
as
a
co
m
p
lex
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
d
y
n
am
ics,
s
o
to
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
r
eg
u
latio
n
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
,
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
o
n
b
o
th
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
in
ter
n
al
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
lo
o
p
)
.
T
h
e
w
h
o
le
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
e
was
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ed
in
s
id
e
a
3
2
-
b
it
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M®
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o
r
tex
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o
C
®
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h
e
3
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it
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
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s
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s
ed
f
o
r
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
a
n
d
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
t
h
e
PW
M
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al,
wh
ile
d
ig
ital
b
l
o
ck
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
im
p
lem
en
t
th
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
.
Du
r
in
g
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
test
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
,
ex
ce
llen
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
r
e
g
u
latio
n
to
ch
an
g
es
in
lo
ad
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
th
ese
test
s
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
d
o
u
b
lin
g
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
as
a
lo
a
d
s
tep
(
5
A
to
1
0
A)
.
ACK
NO
WL
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DG
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M
E
NT
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h
is
wo
r
k
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
id
ad
Dis
tr
ital
Fra
n
cisco
J
o
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é
d
e
C
ald
as,
in
p
a
r
t
th
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o
u
g
h
C
I
DC
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an
d
p
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r
tly
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y
th
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Facu
ltad
T
e
cn
o
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ica.
T
h
e
v
iews
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
t
h
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p
ap
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o
t
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ess
ar
ily
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y
Un
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id
ad
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ital.
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
th
an
k
th
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r
esear
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u
p
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o
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th
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alu
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r
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u
t
o
n
p
r
o
to
ty
p
es o
f
id
ea
s
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
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T
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KOM
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KA
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m
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,
Vo
l.
1
8
,
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.
6
,
Dec
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b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
31
1
6
-
312
2
3122
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
P
.
Ed
wa
rd
s,
V
.
Ku
z
n
e
tso
v
,
W.
Da
v
id
,
a
n
d
N.
Bra
n
d
o
n
,
“
Hy
d
r
o
g
e
n
a
n
d
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
s:
To
wa
rd
s
a
su
sta
in
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
fu
tu
re
,
”
E
n
e
rg
y
Po
li
c
y
,
v
o
l.
3
6
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
4
3
5
6
-
4
3
6
2
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
0
8
.
[2
]
N.
Re
e
s
a
n
d
R.
C
o
m
p
to
n
,
“
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
:
a
re
v
iew
o
f
f
o
rm
ic
a
c
id
e
lec
tro
c
h
e
m
ica
l
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
li
d
S
ta
te E
lec
tro
c
h
e
mistry
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
0
9
5
-
2
1
0
0
,
Oc
to
b
e
r
2
0
1
1
.
[3
]
W.
Li
,
H.
Yu
,
a
n
d
Z.
He
,
“
To
wa
rd
s
su
sta
in
a
b
le
wa
ste
wa
ter
tr
e
a
tme
n
t
b
y
u
si
n
g
m
icro
b
ial
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
s
-
c
e
n
tere
d
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
”
E
n
e
rg
y
&
En
v
ir
o
n
me
n
ta
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
9
1
1
–
9
2
4
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
4
.
[4
]
R.
Niti
so
ra
v
u
t
a
n
d
R.
Re
g
m
i,
“
P
lan
t
m
icro
b
ial
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
s:
A
p
r
o
m
isin
g
b
i
o
sy
ste
m
s
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
7
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
1
–
8
9
,
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
1
7
.
[5
]
L.
An
a
n
d
T
.
Zh
a
o
,
“
Tran
sp
o
rt
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
in
a
l
k
a
li
n
e
d
irec
t
e
th
a
n
o
l
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
s
fo
r
su
sta
in
a
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r S
o
u
rc
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
4
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
9
9
-
2
1
1
,
F
e
b
r
u
a
ry
2
0
1
7
.
[6
]
A.
Ab
d
a
ll
a
,
S
.
H
o
ss
a
in
,
A
.
Az
a
d
,
P
.
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
,
F
.
Be
g
u
m
,
S
.
Eri
k
ss
o
n
,
a
n
d
A.
Az
a
d
,
“
Na
n
o
m
a
teria
l
s
fo
r
so
l
i
d
o
x
id
e
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
s: A
re
v
iew
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
8
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
5
3
–
3
6
8
,
F
e
b
ru
a
ry
2
0
1
8
.
[7
]
D.
Nia
k
o
las
,
M
.
Da
let
o
u
,
a
n
d
S
.
Ne
o
p
h
y
ti
d
e
s,
“
F
u
e
l
c
e
ll
s a
re
a
c
o
m
m
e
rc
ially
v
iab
le
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
fo
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
c
lea
n
e
n
e
rg
y
,
”
Am
b
io
A
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
th
e
Hu
m
a
n
En
v
iro
n
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
4
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
2
-
3
7
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
5
.
[8
]
Z.
Ca
n
o
,
D.
Ba
n
h
a
m
,
a
n
d
S
.
Ye
,
“
Ba
tt
e
ries
a
n
d
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
s
fo
r
e
m
e
rg
in
g
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
m
a
rk
e
ts,”
Na
tu
re
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
7
9
-
2
8
9
,
Ap
r
il
2
0
1
8
.
[9
]
C.
S
a
n
t
o
ro
,
C.
Ar
b
izz
a
n
i,
B.
Era
b
le,
a
n
d
I.
Ie
ro
p
o
u
lo
s,
“
M
icro
b
ial
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
s:
F
r
o
m
fu
n
d
a
m
e
n
tals
t
o
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
a
re
v
iew
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r S
o
u
rc
e
s
,
v
o
l.
3
5
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
2
5
-
2
4
4
,
J
u
ly
2
0
1
7
.
[1
0
]
S
.
J
o
sh
i
a
n
d
D.
Ra
i,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
sim
u
latio
n
s
o
f
so
l
id
o
x
id
e
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
to
3
-
p
h
a
se
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
we
r
s
y
ste
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
7
5
–
7
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
1
]
M
.
Yu
ru
k
c
u
,
E
.
Ba
d
ra
d
e
e
n
,
S
.
B
il
n
o
s
k
i,
F
.
Y
u
rtse
v
e
r,
a
n
d
M
.
Be
g
u
m
,
“
Th
e
e
ffe
c
t
o
f
th
e
c
o
re
/sh
e
l
l
n
a
n
o
str
u
c
tu
re
a
rra
y
s
o
n
P
EM
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
s:
a
sh
o
r
t
re
v
iew
,
”
M
a
ter
ia
l
S
c
ien
c
e
&
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
8
–
6
4
,
A
p
ril
2
0
1
8
.
[1
2
]
A.
G
a
g
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
ro
tec
ti
v
e
c
o
a
ti
n
g
s
o
n
sta
i
n
les
s
ste
e
l
b
ip
o
lar
p
late
s
fo
r
p
ro
t
o
n
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
m
e
m
b
ra
n
e
(P
EM
)
e
lec
tro
ly
se
rs,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r S
o
u
rc
e
s
,
v
o
l.
3
0
7
,
p
p
.
8
1
5
–
8
2
5
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
6
.
[1
3
]
M
.
S
a
u
e
rm
o
se
r,
N
.
Kiz
il
o
v
a
,
B
.
P
o
ll
e
t,
a
n
d
S
.
Kje
lstr
u
p
,
“
F
lo
w
fiel
d
p
a
tt
e
r
n
s fo
r
p
r
o
to
n
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
m
e
m
b
ra
n
e
(P
EM
)
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
s,”
Fro
n
ti
e
rs
in
E
n
e
rg
y
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
1
3
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
0
,
F
e
b
ru
a
ry
2
0
2
0
.
[1
4
]
C.
M
e
rin
o
a
n
d
D.
Hi
d
a
lg
o
,
“
Op
e
n
so
u
rc
e
h
a
rd
wa
re
fo
r
p
e
m
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
s
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
”
El
e
c
trica
l
&
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Op
e
n
Acc
e
ss
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
9
-
3
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
5
]
R.
Wi
n
ter,
P
.
S
in
g
h
,
M
.
Kin
g
,
M
.
M
a
h
a
p
a
tra,
a
n
d
U.
S
a
m
p
a
th
k
u
m
a
ra
n
,
“
P
ro
tec
ti
v
e
c
e
ra
m
ic co
a
ti
n
g
s fo
r
so
li
d
o
x
i
d
e
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
(S
OFC)
b
a
lan
c
e
-
of
-
p
lan
t
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts,”
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s i
n
M
a
ter
ia
ls S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
1
8
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
6
]
G
.
Av
g
o
u
r
o
p
o
u
l
o
s,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
e
rfo
r
m
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
p
ro
o
f
-
of
-
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
7
0
w i
n
ter
n
a
l
re
fo
rm
in
g
m
e
th
a
n
o
l
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
sy
ste
m
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
S
o
u
rc
e
s
,
v
o
l.
3
0
7
,
p
p
.
8
7
5
–
8
8
2
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
6
.
[1
7
]
A.
F
e
rriz,
A.
Be
rn
a
d
,
M
.
M
o
ri,
a
n
d
S
.
F
i
o
ro
t,
“
En
d
-
of
-
li
fe
o
f
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
a
n
d
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
p
ro
d
u
c
ts:
A
s
tate
o
f
th
e
a
rt,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Hy
d
r
o
g
e
n
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
n
o
.
2
5
,
p
p
.
1
2
8
7
2
–
1
2
8
7
9
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
9
.
[1
8
]
J.
Ch
o
u
l
d
e
r,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ex
p
lo
ri
n
g
th
e
u
se
o
f
c
o
st
-
ef
fe
c
ti
v
e
m
e
m
b
ra
n
e
m
a
teria
ls
fo
r
m
icro
b
ial
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
b
a
se
d
se
n
so
rs,”
El
e
c
tro
c
h
imica
Act
a
,
v
o
l.
2
3
1
,
p
p
.
3
1
9
–
3
2
6
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
7
.
[1
9
]
V.
Dh
u
li
p
a
la,
R.
G
u
rjar,
a
n
d
M
.
Be
h
e
ra
,
“
Bio
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
fro
m
k
it
c
h
e
n
wa
ste
in
a
lo
w
-
c
o
st
e
a
rth
e
n
wa
re
m
icro
b
ial
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
,
”
L
e
c
tu
re
No
te
s in
Civil
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
0
9
-
3
2
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
0
]
A.
Ala
sw
a
d
,
A.
Ba
ro
u
taji
,
H.
Ac
h
o
u
r,
J.
Ca
rt
o
n
,
A.
M
a
k
k
y
,
a
n
d
A.
Ola
b
i,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
ts
i
n
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
in
th
e
tran
sp
o
rt
se
c
to
r,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Hy
d
r
o
g
e
n
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
4
1
,
n
o
.
3
7
,
p
p
.
1
6
4
9
9
-
1
6
5
0
8
,
O
c
to
b
e
r
2
0
1
6
.
[2
1
]
C.
Rice
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Dire
c
t
f
o
r
m
ic
a
c
id
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
s,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
S
o
u
rc
e
s
,
v
o
l.
1
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
3
–
8
9
,
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
0
2
.
[2
2
]
X.
Yu
a
n
d
P
.
P
ick
u
p
,
“
Re
c
e
n
t
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
d
irec
t
fo
rm
ic
a
c
id
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
s
(DFAF
C),
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
S
o
u
rc
e
s
,
v
o
l.
1
8
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
-
1
3
2
,
Ju
ly
2
0
0
8
.
[2
3
]
S
.
Ha
,
R.
Lars
e
n
,
Y.
Zh
u
,
a
n
d
R.
M
a
se
l,
“
Dire
c
t
fo
rm
ic
a
c
id
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
s with
6
0
0
m
A cm
-
2
a
t
0
.
4
V an
d
2
2
o
C,
”
F
u
e
l
Ce
ll
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
3
7
–
3
4
3
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2004
.
[2
4
]
N.
As
lam
,
M
.
M
a
sd
a
r,
S
.
Ka
m
a
ru
d
i
n
,
a
n
d
W.
Da
u
d
,
“
Ov
e
rv
iew
o
n
d
irec
t
fo
rm
ic
a
c
id
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
s
(DFAF
Cs)
a
s
a
n
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s,”
AP
CBE
E
Pro
c
e
d
ia
,
v
o
l.
3
,
p
p
.
3
3
–
3
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
5
]
I.
Al
-
Ak
ra
a
,
A.
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
,
M
.
E
l
-
De
a
b
,
a
n
d
B.
El
A
n
a
d
o
u
li
,
“
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
d
irec
t
fo
rm
ic
a
c
id
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
s:
F
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
o
f
e
fficie
n
t
Ir/P
d
n
a
n
o
c
a
taly
sts
fo
r
fo
rm
ic
a
c
id
e
lec
tro
-
o
x
id
a
ti
o
n
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tro
c
h
e
mic
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
2
8
2
–
3
2
9
0
,
F
e
b
ru
a
ry
2
0
1
5
.
[2
6
]
G
.
Na
g
a
r,
M
.
Ha
ss
a
n
,
a
n
d
I.
Lau
e
rm
a
n
n
,
“
Eff
icie
n
t
d
irec
t
f
o
rm
ic
a
c
id
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
s
(DFAF
Cs)
a
n
o
d
e
d
e
riv
e
d
fr
o
m
se
a
fo
o
d
wa
ste
:
M
i
g
ra
ti
o
n
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
,
”
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
Rep
o
rts
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
1
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
7
.
[2
7
]
F
.
M
a
rt
ı
́
n
e
z
,
C.
He
rn
á
n
d
e
z
,
a
n
d
E
.
Ja
c
in
to
,
“
Re
c
ti
fica
d
o
r
d
e
a
l
to
d
e
se
m
p
e
ñ
o
p
a
ra
a
p
li
c
a
c
io
n
e
s
d
e
m
e
d
ia
p
o
ten
c
ia
e
n
e
q
u
ip
o
s c
o
n
a
li
m
e
n
tac
ió
n
u
n
iv
e
rs
a
l,
”
Rev
ista
T
e
k
h
n
ê
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
9
–
2
7
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
8
]
Y.
Oc
h
o
a
,
J.
Ro
d
r
ı
́
g
u
e
z
,
a
n
d
F
.
M
a
rt
ı
́
n
e
z
,
“
Lo
w
c
o
st
re
g
u
latio
n
a
n
d
lo
a
d
c
o
n
tro
l
sy
s
tem
fo
r
l
o
w
p
o
we
r
win
d
t
u
rb
in
e
,
”
Co
n
tem
p
o
ra
ry
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
8
,
p
p
.
1
3
9
1
–
1
3
9
9
,
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2
0
1
7
.
[2
9
]
F
.
M
a
rtí
n
e
z
,
F
.
M
a
rtí
n
e
z
,
a
n
d
E.
Ja
c
in
to
.
“
S
trate
g
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
S
e
lec
ti
o
n
o
f
Re
a
c
ti
v
e
P
o
we
r
i
n
a
n
In
d
u
st
rial
In
sta
ll
a
ti
o
n
Us
in
g
K
-
M
e
a
n
s
Cl
u
ste
rin
g
,
”
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
i
n
Co
m
p
u
ter
a
n
d
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
7
1
,
p
p
.
1
4
6
-
1
5
3
,
Ju
ly
2
0
1
9
.
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