TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol.14, No.1, Marc
h 2016, pp. 1~
3
ISSN: 1693-6
930,
accredited
A
by DIKTI, De
cree No: 58/DIK
T
I/Kep/2013
DOI
:
10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v14i1.3110
1
Re
cei
v
ed
De
cem
ber 3, 20
15; Re
vised
Febr
uary 10,
2016; Accept
ed Feb
r
ua
ry
22, 2016
Editorial
High-Speed Computation using FPGA for Excellent
Performance of Direct Torque Control of Induction
Machin
es
Tole Sutikno
*
1
, Nik Rum
z
i
Nik Idris
2
, Auzani Jidin
3
1
Departme
n
t of Electrical En
gi
neer
ing,
F
a
cult
y of Industri
a
l
T
e
chnolog
y,
Univers
i
tas Ah
mad Da
hla
n
(U
AD), Yog
y
akart
a
, Indon
esia
2
UT
M Proton Future Driv
e La
borator
y, F
a
cul
t
y
of Electrica
l
Engi
neer
in
g,
Univers
i
ti T
e
knolo
g
i Mal
a
ysia
(UT
M
), Johor, Mala
ysi
a
3
Departme
n
t of Po
w
e
r Electro
n
ics an
d Drive
s
, F
a
cult
y
of El
ectrical En
gin
e
e
rin
g
,
Univers
i
ti T
e
knikal Mal
a
ysi
a
Melak
a
(UT
e
M), Malacca, Mal
a
y
s
ia
*Co
rre
sp
ondi
ng autho
r, email: tole@e
e
.
uad.ac.id
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
he major
pro
b
le
ms i
n
hyst
eresis-b
ase
d
DT
C are hi
gh
torque ri
ppl
e
and var
i
ab
le
sw
itching
freque
ncy. In order to mini
mi
ze the torqu
e
ri
ppl
e, hig
h
sa
mplin
g ti
me a
nd
fast digital r
eal
i
z
a
t
i
on sh
ou
ld
be
app
lie
d. T
he
hig
h
sa
mp
lin
g
and fast d
i
git
a
l re
ali
z
at
ion t
i
me ca
n be
a
c
hiev
ed by
uti
l
i
z
i
n
g h
i
gh-s
p
e
e
d
process
o
r w
h
e
r
e the
o
perati
o
n of t
h
e
discr
ete hyster
esis
re
gul
ator is
b
e
co
mi
ng
si
mi
lar to
the
op
erati
on
o
f
ana
log-
bas
ed
compar
ator. T
h
is ca
n be
ach
i
eve
d
by ut
i
l
i
z
i
ng fie
l
d pr
ogra
m
ma
ble
gate
a
rray (F
PGA) whic
h
can
perfor
m
a
sa
mp
lin
g
at
a very
hi
gh
s
pee
d, co
m
par
ed to
the
fact
that d
e
ve
lop
i
ng
an
ASIC c
h
ip
is
expe
nsive and lab
o
rio
u
s.
Keyw
ords: ASIC, direct torqu
e
control, F
P
GA, torque ripp
le
, variabl
e sw
itchin
g frequ
ency
Copy
right
©
2016 Un
ive
r
sita
s Ah
mad
Dah
l
an
. All rig
h
t
s r
ese
rved
.
The sig
n
ifica
n
ce
s of having a high co
ntrol ban
dwi
d
th with high sampli
ng freq
uen
cy in
algorith
m
co
mputation a
r
e to provid
e
a qui
ck
in
sta
n
taneo
us
re
spon
se, imp
r
o
v
ed linea
rity and
ac
cur
a
cy
of
c
ont
rol sy
st
em
s.
I
n
the ca
se
of the hysteresi
s
torq
ue
controlle
r for t
he Di
re
ct Torque
Control (DT
C
) drive
syste
m
, the suffici
ent num
b
e
r
of sampli
ng i
s
nee
ded fo
r controlling t
h
e
torque in a hy
stere
s
i
s
ban
d
.
This is to ensure pr
o
p
e
r
restri
ction an
d
regulatio
n of torque
with the
hystere
s
i
s
ba
ndwi
d
th [1]. Ideally, the output to
rque
ripple
can be
minimized b
y
reduci
ng the
width of
the hystere
s
i
s
ba
nd
of
th
e
co
mparator.
Ho
wever,
in
pra
c
tice
with
the
use of
Digit
a
l
Signal Pro
c
e
s
sor (DSP), this cannot b
e
accomp
li
sh
ed due to in
sufficie
n
t sa
mpling freq
u
ency.
One
way to
o
v
erco
me thi
s
probl
em i
s
to
apply a Fi
eld
Programma
bl
e Gate A
r
ray (FPGA)
whi
c
h
can p
e
rfo
r
m the com
putati
on of cont
rol algorith
m
at high rate [2-4].
The potential
of poor linea
rity and accu
racy, par
ti
cula
rly in compl
e
x calcul
ation
s
can be
minimized u
s
ing a high
-sp
eed digital
signal proc
essor (DSP) or fi
eld pro
g
ram
m
able gate a
rray
(FPGA).
DS
P and FP
G
A
are t
w
o
comm
on
con
t
roller
boa
rd
s u
s
ed
in e
x
ecuting
co
n
t
rol
algorith
m
s of
electri
c
al a
n
d
power el
e
c
troni
c
d
r
ives. DSP is pre
f
erable to b
e
employed f
o
r
executin
g co
ntrol algo
rith
m which involves
trigo
n
o
m
etric fun
c
ti
ons, comple
x numbers and
v
e
ct
or
s.
FP
G
A
is kno
w
n
as lo
wer
co
s
t
cont
ro
ll
er b
oard, h
o
wev
e
r the exe
c
u
t
ion of control
algorith
m
whi
c
h
i
s
written
usin
g
a ma
chine cod
e
(
i
.e
. VH
DL
an
d Ve
r
ilog
)
is
hig
h
l
y co
mp
lex
.
FPGA is
also
kn
own a
s
a
n
integrated
ci
rcuit
wh
i
c
h
is ele
c
troni
cally
field-p
r
og
ra
mmed
hardware
to execute a
n
y functio
n
.
Unli
ke
DSP, FPGA
sup
p
o
rts pa
rallel
comp
uting,
so differe
nt ta
sk
operation
s
d
o
not have t
o
com
pete fo
r the
same
reso
urce
s. Ea
ch o
peration
is a
ssi
gne
d to a
devoted
se
cti
on a
nd
can
functio
n
ind
e
p
ende
ntly, wi
thout a
n
y influ
ence fro
m
ot
her l
ogi
c bl
ocks.
Thus, the pe
rforman
c
e of one pa
rt of the applicati
on
is not affecte
d
when oth
e
r
task o
peratio
n is
adde
d. In co
ntrast,
DSP follows the
pa
radig
m
of
se
quential execution,
sh
are the resource
and
hen
ce the pe
rforman
c
e of o
ne task ope
ra
tion affects ot
her op
eration
too [5-6].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2
016 : 1 – 3
2
In such
operation, FPGA
prov
ides some
advantages such
as f
l
exibility in arranging
comp
one
nts and additio
n
a
l
functio
n
s. T
he cu
rre
nt
FP
GA technol
og
ies
allo
w fo
r t
he inte
gratio
n
of
s
o
ft-c
o
re
pr
oc
es
so
rs
, as
w
e
ll as
r
e
a
l
iza
t
io
n
o
f
seve
ral p
r
o
c
e
s
sors si
multan
eo
usly. Furth
e
rmore,
the de
sign
er can
apply
many re
ady-t
o-u
s
e
com
p
o
nents whi
c
h are well
-kno
wn
a
s
intell
e
c
tual
prop
ertie
s
(IP
)
. The usage
of IP-cores re
duces
the d
e
v
elopment works an
d thus may contrib
u
t
e
for reduc
i
ng cos
t
s
[5-7].
Figure 1 ill
ust
r
ates the
occurren
ce
of un
der
sho
o
ts
fo
r
two different sampli
ng peri
ods
T
s1
and
T
s2
(w
here
T
s1
<
T
s2
). If the sam
p
lin
g is too
large
the torq
ue e
r
ror may tou
c
h
the lower
ban
d
and
cau
s
ing
the reve
rse
voltage vect
ors to
be
se
lected [8
-12].
Selection
of these
reve
rse
voltage vect
ors
ca
uses t
he unn
ecessary increm
en
t in the torq
ue rip
p
le. To
rque
hystere
s
is
comparator
switchi
ng usually gov
erns
the VSI switching frequenc
y. This
can
be illust
rated by
the discretized ele
c
tro
m
a
gnetic to
rqu
e
wavefo
rms
that operate
unde
r di
fferent stea
dy-st
a
te
c
o
nd
itio
ns
a
s
s
h
ow
n
in
F
i
gu
r
e
2
.
Figure 1. The
occurren
ce o
f
undersho
o
ts for two different sampli
ng
perio
ds
T
s1
a
nd
T
s2
(wh
e
re
T
s1
<
T
s2
).
Figure 2. An illustratio
n
of pro
c
e
s
sor
with variable
sp
eed, that is, (a) low,
(b) mid
d
le an
d (c) high
spe
e
d
This fig
u
re
sh
ows the to
rqu
e
wa
veforms
with
the s
a
mpling
time,
∆
T, at three
different
operating spe
eds, i.e. low-,
middle- an
d high-sp
eed. The
voltage vectors
ar
e selecte
d
at every
sampli
ng p
e
ri
od
∆
T b
a
sed
on the
com
pari
s
on
between the
refe
rence an
d cal
c
ulate
d
torqu
e
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
High-Speed Comput
ation
us
ing FPGA for Exc
e
llent
Performanc
e
of Direc
t... (
Tole Sutik
n
o
)
3
whi
c
h i
s
al
so
cal
c
ulate
d
for every sampli
ng pe
riod. If t
he samplin
g
perio
d i
s
too l
a
rge, th
e torq
ue
waveform excee
d
s the
ba
nd and thu
s
cau
s
e
s
the
selectio
ns of i
napp
rop
r
iate
voltage vecto
r
s.
Since th
e p
o
s
itive sl
ope
o
f
the torque i
s
too
ste
ep, t
he
sampli
ng
perio
d i
s
n
o
t
small
eno
ugh
to
avoid the torque waveform from touching the u
p
p
e
r hyste
r
e
s
is band. Thi
s
incid
ent ca
n be
avoided by re
duci
ng the sa
mpling pe
riod
.
The small sampling peri
o
d
can
be achieved
by
utilizing high-speed
processor where
the
operation of
the discrete
hystere
s
i
s
re
gulator
i
s
b
e
c
omin
g si
mil
a
r to the
ope
ration of
anal
og-
based comp
a
r
ator. Th
e hig
h
-spee
d processor i
s
al
wa
ys refe
rre
d to the use of F
P
GA, in which
the comp
utation of control
algorith
m
can
be perfo
rm
ed at very min
i
mum sam
p
li
ng time, i.e. i
n
nano
-second.
From Figu
re
2, it is
clear that the rapid torque red
u
ction du
e to the selectio
n
of
reverse volta
ge vector
can
be avoided if
the
samplin
g
time is greatl
y
reduced u
s
i
ng FPGA.
Referen
ces
[1]
D Casa
dei, G Grandi, G Serra,
et al.
Sw
itching strate
gies i
n
dir
e
ct torque co
ntrol
of inducti
o
n
mac
h
i
nes
. In ICEM 94. F
r
anc
e. 1994: 2
04-2
09.
[2]
T Sutikno, N Nik Idris, A Jidin,
et al.
An
Improved F
P
GA Implem
entatio
n o
f
Direct
T
o
rque
Control for
Inductio
n
Mach
ines.
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.
2013; 9(
3): 1280-
12
90.
[3]
IM Alsof
y
ani, NRN Idris. Simp
l
e
F
l
u
x
Re
gul
ati
on for Improvi
n
g State Estimation at Ver
y
Lo
w
a
nd Z
e
r
o
Spee
d of a S
p
eed S
ens
orles
s
Direct T
o
rque Co
ntrol of a
n
Inductio
n
Mot
o
r.
Power Elec
tronics, IEEE
T
r
ansactio
n
s o
n
.
2016; 3
1
(4): 302
7-30
35.
[4]
T
Sutikno, AZ Jidi
n, A Jid
i
n
,
et al.
F
P
GA Based
Hi
gh
Performanc
e
T
o
rque an
d F
l
ux Estimator.
Internatio
na
l R
e
view
of Electri
c
al Eng
i
ne
eri
n
g.
2011; 6(
1): 207-2
14.
[5]
R Joost, R Sal
o
mon. Adva
nta
ges of F
P
GA-based mu
ltiproc
e
ssor s
y
st
ems in in
dustria
l ap
plicati
ons. 6
[6]
E Monm
asson,
L Idk
haj
ine,
MW
Naou
ar. F
P
GA-based
C
ontrol
l
ers.
In
dustri
a
l
Ele
c
tro
n
ics Ma
ga
z
i
ne
,
IEEE.
2011; 5(
1): 14-26.
[7]
E Monmasso
n, MN Cirstea. F
P
GA Design Method
olo
g
y
f
o
r Industria
l C
ontrol S
y
stems
:
A Revie
w
.
Industria
l Elect
r
onics, IEEE Transacti
ons o
n
.
200
7; 54(4): 18
24-1
842.
[8]
D C
a
sad
e
i, G
Serra, A T
ani.
Ana
l
y
t
ical
i
n
v
e
stigati
o
n
of to
rque
a
nd fl
u
x
r
i
ppl
e
in
DT
C schemes
fo
r
ind
u
ction mot
o
rs. 2: 552-55
6.
[9]
NRN Idr
i
s. Improve
d
D
i
rect
T
o
rque Co
nt
rol of In
ducti
o
n
Motor.
En
er
gy Co
nversi
on
. Univers
i
ti
T
e
knologi Ma
la
ysi
a
, Johor Ba
hru. 200
0.
[10]
A Jidin. Impro
v
ed D
y
n
a
mic
Performanc
e
o
f
Direct T
o
rque Contro
l of Inducti
on Mac
h
ines.
En
ergy
Conv
ersio
n
. Universiti T
e
knol
ogi Ma
la
ysi
a
, Johor Ba
hru. 20
10.
[11]
T
Noguch
i
, M Yamamoto, S Kond
o,
et al.
High fre
que
nc
y s
w
itch
in
g op
er
atio
n of PW
M inverter for
direct torqu
e
control of in
ducti
on motor. 1: 77
5-78
0.
[12]
T Chuen L
i
ng,
NRN Idris, AHM Yatim.
T
o
rque ri
ppl
e red
u
ction i
n
direct
torque contro
l
of inductio
n
motor drives. 8
8
-94.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.