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m
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r
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imu
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m
CM
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p
ro
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ss
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K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
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p
lifie
r
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
-
tim
e
(
C
T
)
Delta
-
s
ig
m
a
(
Δ
Σ
)
L
o
o
p
f
ilter
Switch
ca
p
ac
ito
r
cir
cu
its
Vo
ltag
e
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
o
s
cillato
r
(
VC
O)
-
b
ased
ADCs
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
CC B
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-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
D.
S.
Sh
y
lu
,
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
o
n
ics an
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
Kar
u
n
y
a
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
Scien
ce
s
,
Kar
u
n
y
a
Nag
a
r
,
C
o
im
b
ato
r
e
-
6
4
1
1
1
4
,
T
am
il Na
d
u
,
I
n
d
ia.
E
m
ail: m
ail2
s
h
y
lu
@
y
ah
o
o
.
c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
Delta
-
s
ig
m
a
(
Δ
Σ
)
ADC
wer
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
ig
n
al
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
an
d
p
r
o
c
ess
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Hen
ce
s
u
ch
ty
p
es o
f
ADCs
wer
e
u
s
ed
as
co
d
ec
a
n
d
h
ea
r
in
g
aid
s
wh
ich
r
eq
u
ir
e
lar
g
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
an
g
e
f
o
r
s
ig
n
al
p
ath
s
[
1
-
4
]
.
W
h
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
ith
th
e
Ny
q
u
is
t
r
ate
co
n
v
er
t
er
s
,
Δ
Σ
ADC
is
ea
s
ier
to
d
esig
n
as
th
ey
d
o
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
an
alo
g
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
with
s
tr
in
g
en
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
Ov
er
s
am
p
lin
g
co
n
v
er
ter
s
am
p
les
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
i
g
n
al
b
a
n
d
wid
th
a
n
d
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
an
a
n
ti
-
aliasin
g
f
i
lter
is
elim
in
ated
.
W
ith
m
ed
iu
m
o
v
er
s
am
p
lin
g
r
atio
an
d
b
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
s
am
p
lin
g
r
ate
h
ig
h
-
r
eso
lu
tio
n
ADC
ca
n
b
e
d
esig
n
e
d
.
T
h
is
ef
f
icien
t
ly
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
en
tire
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
r
eso
lu
tio
n
[
5
]
.
Scalin
g
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
i
s
ap
p
licab
le
to
d
ig
ital
cir
cu
it
d
esig
n
in
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
h
ea
t
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
at
th
e
t
r
ad
e
-
o
f
f
o
f
s
p
ee
d
f
ac
to
r
.
Sev
er
al
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
s
u
ch
as
b
o
d
y
-
d
r
iv
en
cir
cu
its
,
SAR
o
p
er
atio
n
,
s
u
b
-
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
p
e
r
atio
n
[
6
-
9
]
an
d
ze
r
o
cr
o
s
s
in
g
cir
cu
its
[
1
0
,
1
1
]
a
n
d
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
ese
cir
cu
its
wer
e
v
er
y
less
.
T
h
e
d
elta
-
s
ig
m
a
ADC
is
a
v
er
y
ef
f
icien
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
o
v
e
r
s
am
p
lin
g
an
d
n
o
is
e
s
h
ap
in
g
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
ca
lin
g
f
ac
to
r
a
n
d
b
a
n
d
wid
th
h
as
b
ee
n
im
p
r
o
v
ed
in
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
Δ
Σ
ADC.
Hig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
an
alo
g
cir
c
u
its
in
clu
d
e
op
-
am
p
less
p
ip
elin
ed
ADC
[
1
2
,
1
3
]
,
e
n
e
r
g
y
ef
f
icien
t
s
u
cc
ess
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
r
e
g
is
ter
(
SAR
)
ADC
[
1
4
,
1
5
]
an
d
d
ig
ital
ca
lib
r
ated
tech
n
iq
u
e
[
1
6
,
1
7
]
.
T
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
e
s
ig
n
al
in
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
v
o
ltag
e
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
o
s
cillato
r
s
(
VC
O)
p
lay
a
m
ajo
r
r
o
le
[
1
8
-
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
VC
O
o
u
tp
u
t
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
q
u
an
tizatio
n
e
r
r
o
r
in
VC
O
wh
en
th
e
f
lip
-
f
lo
p
s
ar
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
A
p
o
w
er e
fficien
t d
elta
-
s
ig
ma
A
DC
w
ith
s
e
r
ies
-
b
ilin
ea
r
s
w
it
ch
ca
p
a
cito
r
…
(
D.
S
.
S
h
ylu
)
2619
Sev
er
al
ex
is
tin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
Δ
Σ
ADC
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
r
ed
u
c
e
th
e
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
at
t
h
e
co
s
t
o
f
s
p
ee
d
[
2
5
-
2
9
]
.
Hen
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
ADC
ca
n
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
r
in
g
th
e
s
ig
n
a
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
task
to
d
ig
ital
d
o
m
ain
an
d
b
y
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
e
r
s
ca
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
,
s
er
ies
-
b
ilin
ea
r
s
witch
ca
p
ac
ito
r
b
ased
VC
O
Qu
an
tiz
er
is
u
s
ed
to
elim
in
ate
t
h
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
an
d
n
o
n
-
lin
e
ar
ity
b
y
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
to
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
-
b
ased
lin
e
ar
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
.
T
h
e
n
o
n
-
l
in
ea
r
ity
o
f
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
an
d
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
VC
O
b
ased
q
u
an
tizer
s
is
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
to
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
is
p
ap
e
r
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws.
T
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
Δ
Σ
ADC
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
cir
cu
it
d
esig
n
s
with
its
lay
o
u
t
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
an
d
e
x
p
lain
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
Sectio
n
3
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
o
f
s
er
ies
-
b
ilin
ea
r
b
ased
VC
O.
Sectio
n
4
d
escr
i
b
e
th
e
4
r
esu
lt
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
Sectio
n
5
d
escr
ib
e
s
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
.
2.
CIRCU
I
T
D
E
S
I
G
N
O
F
CO
NVEN
T
I
O
NA
L
D
E
L
T
A
-
SI
G
M
A
ADC
2
.
1
.
T
wo
s
t
a
g
e
diff
er
ent
ia
l o
pera
t
io
na
l a
m
pli
f
ier
Op
-
am
p
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
lo
ck
o
f
ADC
an
d
in
C
MO
S
tech
n
o
lo
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[
2
5
]
.
T
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Fi
g
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r
e
1.
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h
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in
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tag
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6
tr
an
s
is
to
r
[
2
6
]
.
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ased
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[
2
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3
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o
b
tain
e
d
ar
ea
is
1
5
0
.
0
2
*
2
2
9
.
0
3
µm
²
wh
ich
h
as a
to
tal
ar
ea
o
f
ab
o
u
t
3
4
3
5
9
µm
².
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
VC
O
Qu
an
tizer
b
ase
d
o
n
m
u
ltis
tag
e
r
in
g
o
s
cillato
r
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
L
a
y
o
u
t
o
f
VC
O
q
u
a
n
tizer
2
.
5
.
Dig
it
a
l t
o
a
na
lo
g
c
o
nv
er
t
er
(
DAC)
T
h
e
ess
en
tial
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
DAC
is
to
ca
u
s
e
th
e
d
ig
ital
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
ADC
b
alan
ce
d
to
th
e
an
al
o
g
in
p
u
t.
Delta
-
s
ig
m
a
ADC
u
s
es
m
u
lti
-
b
it
q
u
a
n
tizer
an
d
m
u
lti
-
b
it
d
i
g
ital
-
to
-
an
alo
g
(
DAC)
b
lo
ck
t
o
f
ix
u
p
th
e
an
alo
g
s
ig
n
al
[
3
5
,
36]
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
th
e
lay
o
u
t o
f
th
e
Dig
ital
to
An
alo
g
C
o
n
v
er
ter
(
DAC).
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
ar
ea
is
1
5
.
2
8
*
3
3
.
5
8
µ
m
²
o
f
wh
ich
th
e
to
tal
ar
ea
is
ab
o
u
t
5
1
3
.
1
0
2
4
µ
m
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
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,
No
.
5
,
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b
e
r
2
0
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0
:
261
8
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7
2622
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
L
a
y
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
DAC
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
S
E
RI
E
S
-
B
I
L
I
NE
AR
S
WI
T
CH
CAP
AC
I
T
O
R
VCO
B
AS
E
D
Q
UAN
T
I
Z
E
R
S
witch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
cir
cu
its
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
d
is
cr
ete
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
witch
ca
p
ac
ito
r
cir
c
u
it
is
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
f
c
h
ar
g
es in
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
witch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
em
u
lates
th
e
r
esis
to
r
an
d
class
if
ied
in
to
t
h
r
ee
ty
p
es
n
am
ed
as
p
a
r
allel,
s
er
ies,
an
d
b
ilin
ea
r
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Switch
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
ar
e
m
ain
ly
u
s
ed
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
c
h
ip
ar
e
a
[
3
8
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
er
ies
-
b
ilin
ea
r
s
witch
ca
p
ac
ito
r
cir
cu
i
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
wo
r
k
u
s
ed
is
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
a
s
er
ies
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
witch
an
d
b
ilin
ea
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
witch
to
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
ity
an
d
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
e
s
witch
ca
p
ac
ito
r
tech
n
i
q
u
e
is
to
h
av
e
a
g
o
o
d
d
y
n
am
ic
r
an
g
e
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
.
Ac
cu
r
ac
y
is
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
f
ilter
co
ef
f
icien
ts
wh
ich
ar
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
r
atio
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
ity
,
clo
ck
p
h
ases
ar
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
f
o
r
ch
a
r
g
e
tr
an
s
f
er
an
d
n
o
n
-
o
v
e
r
lap
p
in
g
clo
ck
p
h
ases
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
l
y
r
ep
o
r
ted
wo
r
k
,
th
e
VC
O
Qu
an
tizer
is
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
lin
ea
r
ity
is
s
u
es
an
d
n
o
is
e
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
n
o
is
e
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
s
er
ies
-
b
ilin
ea
r
s
witch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e
m
a
in
d
if
f
ic
u
lty
in
VC
O
-
b
ased
Qu
an
tizer
is
th
e
n
o
n
lin
e
ar
ity
.
L
in
ea
r
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
in
th
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
is
FC
C
tech
n
iq
u
e
[
3
9
]
(
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
to
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
)
in
wh
ich
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
ar
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
VC
O
-
b
ased
Qu
an
tizer
u
s
es
two
p
ar
asit
i
c
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
an
d
two
s
witch
es
an
d
it
is
in
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
th
e
ap
p
li
ed
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t.
Switch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
ity
is
s
u
es
u
s
in
g
th
e
lin
ea
r
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
4
s
witch
es.
S
1
,
S
4
ar
e
o
d
d
Swit
ch
an
d
S
2
,
S
3
e
v
en
s
witch
es.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
it
d
iag
r
am
o
f
s
er
ies
-
b
ilin
ea
r
s
witch
ca
p
ac
ito
r
b
ased
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
in
teg
r
at
o
r
.
T
h
e
s
er
ies
-
b
ilin
ea
r
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
wh
ich
is
th
e
s
im
p
le
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
m
a
p
p
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
S
-
p
la
n
e
to
th
e
Z
-
p
lan
e
b
y
th
e
(
1
)
.
=
2
(
1
−
−
1
)
/
(
1
+
−
1
)
(
1
)
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
X
2
an
d
X
3
ar
e
r
esis
to
r
s
;
u
n
s
witch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
X
5
,
X
4
,
X
1
p
er
f
o
r
m
as
c
ap
ac
itiv
e
elem
en
t
s
.
Du
r
in
g
Փ2
,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
X
2
,
X
3
ar
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
d
.
Du
r
in
g
Փ1
,
X
5
,
X
4
,
X
1
ar
e
ch
ar
g
e
d
an
d
n
o
t
lo
s
in
g
th
e
ch
a
r
g
e
d
u
r
in
g
Փ2
.
T
h
e
eq
u
i
v
alen
t r
es
is
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
s
er
ies
-
b
ilin
ea
r
s
witch
ca
p
ac
ito
r
cir
cu
it is
(
2
)
.
=
4
1
+
2
(
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
A
p
o
w
er e
fficien
t d
elta
-
s
ig
ma
A
DC
w
ith
s
e
r
ies
-
b
ilin
ea
r
s
w
it
ch
ca
p
a
cito
r
…
(
D.
S
.
S
h
ylu
)
2623
W
h
er
e
R
is
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
C
1
an
d
C
2
is
th
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
f
th
e
Ser
ies
-
B
ilin
ea
r
s
wit
ch
ca
p
ac
ito
r
cir
cu
it
.
T
h
e
f
lip
-
f
lo
p
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
VC
O
q
u
an
tizer
ch
an
g
es
th
e
VC
O
o
u
tp
u
t
at
ev
er
y
clo
ck
ed
g
es.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
th
e
VC
O
is
s
am
p
l
ed
an
d
i
s
co
n
v
er
ted
to
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ted
cu
r
r
en
t
is
in
teg
r
ated
to
th
e
lo
o
p
f
ilter
.
T
h
e
lay
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
1
2
-
b
it
Delta
-
s
ig
m
a
ADC
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
ar
ea
is
1
3
6
.
7
*
1
4
3
.
2
µm
²
o
f
wh
ich
t
h
e
to
tal
ar
ea
is
1
9
5
7
5
µ
m
².
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
h
e
s
er
ies
-
b
ilin
ea
r
s
witch
ca
p
ac
ito
r
cir
cu
it
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
s
er
ies
-
b
ilin
ea
r
s
witch
ca
p
ac
ito
r
u
s
in
g
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
in
teg
r
at
o
r
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
L
ay
o
u
t o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
1
2
-
b
it d
elta
-
s
ig
m
a
ADC
4.
RE
SU
L
T
AND
DI
SS
CU
SS
I
O
N
A
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
d
elta
-
s
ig
m
a
a
n
alo
g
to
d
ig
ital
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
s
im
u
lated
in
a
9
0
n
m
C
MO
S
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
in
g
a
ca
d
en
ce
to
o
l.
T
h
e
o
p
e
n
lo
o
p
g
ain
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
o
p
-
am
p
is
4
1
d
B
.
A
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
VC
O
q
u
an
tizer
is
d
esig
n
ed
u
s
in
g
5
-
s
tag
e
R
in
g
o
s
cillato
r
with
ar
r
ay
s
o
f
DFF
s
a
n
d
X
OR
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
VC
O
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
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L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
18
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
261
8
-
262
7
2624
q
u
an
tizer
is
4
0
8
.
7
µW
with
a
s
am
p
lin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
1
0
0
k
Hz
an
d
a
V
p
-
p
o
f
1
.
2
V.
T
h
e
ADC
is
d
esig
n
ed
in
a
9
0
n
m
C
MO
S
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
ac
h
iev
es
7
1
.
5
4
d
B
SF
DR
,
8
0
.
6
3
SNR
,
1
1
.
5
6
E
NOB,
2
.
6
8
m
W
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
a
0
.
6
V
p
-
p
d
if
f
er
en
tial
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
a
1
.
2
V
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
b
tai
n
ed
f
o
r
1
2
-
b
it
Delta
-
s
ig
m
a
A
DC
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
is
io
n
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
elta
-
s
ig
m
a
ADC
w
ith
p
r
io
r
wo
r
k
s
[
3
9
-
44]
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
o
f
1
2
-
b
it
in
c
r
em
en
tal
d
elta
-
s
ig
m
a
ADC
i
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
u
p
to
6
5
% wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
A
DC
s
[
4
5
-
4
7
]
.
Tab
le 1
.
P
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
c
o
m
p
a
risio
n
o
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
G
ra
y
M
e
y
e
R.
G
.
,
“
M
OS
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
a
m
p
li
f
ier
d
e
sig
n
—
A
t
u
to
r
ial
o
v
e
r
v
iew
,”
IEE
E
J
.
S
o
li
d
-
S
t
a
te
Circ
u
it
,
vol
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
9
6
9
-
9
8
2
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
1
9
7
8
.
[2
]
M
in
Tan
,
Qia
n
n
e
n
g
Zh
o
u
.
,
“
A
tw
o
-
sta
g
e
a
m
p
li
fier
with
a
c
ti
v
e
m
il
l
e
r
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
ti
o
n
,”
IE
EE
J
.
S
o
li
d
-
S
ta
te
Circ
u
it
s
.,
v
o
l.
59
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
0
1
-
2
0
4
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
1
.
[3
]
S
h
e
d
g
e
D.
K.,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
CM
OS
tel
e
sc
o
p
ic
c
a
sc
o
d
e
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
a
m
p
li
fier
,
”
2
0
1
3
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fe
re
n
c
e
o
n
Gr
e
e
n
Co
mp
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t
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g
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C
o
mm
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ti
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n
a
n
d
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n
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
o
f
E
n
e
rg
y
(ICGCE)
,
2
0
1
3
[4
]
Ch
o
n
g
S
.
,
C
h
a
n
P
.
K
.
,
“
Cro
ss
fe
e
d
fo
rwa
rd
c
a
sc
o
d
e
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
ti
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fo
r
lo
w
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p
o
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t
h
re
e
-
sta
g
e
a
m
p
li
fier
with
larg
e
c
a
p
a
c
it
iv
e
lo
a
d
,
”
I
EE
E
J
.
S
o
li
d
-
S
t
a
te Ci
rc
u
it
s
,
v
o
l.
47
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
2
2
2
7
-
2
2
3
4
,
S
e
p
tem
e
r
2
0
1
2
.
[5
]
Ba
k
e
r
R.
J
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
CM
OS
Circu
i
t
De
sig
n
,
Lay
o
u
t,
a
n
d
S
imu
latio
n
,
Ch
a
p
ter
2
6
,
”
P
isc
a
ta
w
a
y
,
NJ
:
IE
EE
Pre
ss
,
1
9
9
8
.
[6
]
S
h
ik
a
ta
A
.
,
e
t
a
l
.,
"
A
0
.
5
V
1
.
1
M
S
/se
c
6
.
3
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o
n
v
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rsio
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-
ste
p
S
AR
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AD
C
with
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-
lev
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l
c
o
m
p
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ra
to
r
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n
4
0
n
m
CM
OS
,
"
IEE
E
J
.
S
o
li
d
-
S
ta
te Ci
rc
u
i
ts
,
v
o
l.
47
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
0
2
2
-
1
0
3
0
,
Ap
ri
l
2
0
1
2
.
[7
]
Ha
rp
e
P
.
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
A
2
.
2
/2
.
7
fJ/c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
-
ste
p
1
0
/1
2
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4
0
k
S
/s
S
A
R
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C
with
d
a
ta
-
d
riv
e
n
n
o
ise
Re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
,
”
IEE
E
In
t.
S
o
li
d
-
S
ta
te Ci
rc
u
it
s
,
v
o
l.
4
8
,
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o
.
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2
,
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p
.
3
0
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1
-
3
0
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8
,
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c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
3
.
[8
]
Li
o
u
C
.
Y
.
,
Hs
ieh
C.
C
.
,
“
A
2
.
4
-
to
-
5
.
2
fJ/c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
-
ste
p
1
0
b
0
.
5
-
to
-
4
M
S
/s
S
AR
AD
C
with
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h
a
rg
e
-
a
v
e
ra
g
e
sw
it
c
h
in
g
DA
C
in
9
0
n
m
CM
OS
,
”
IEE
E
I
n
t.
S
o
li
d
-
S
t
a
te
Circ
u
it
s
C
o
n
f.
(I
S
S
CC)
Dig
.
T
e
c
h
.
P
a
p
e
rs
,
p
p
.
2
8
0
–
2
8
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[9
]
Tai,
Hu
Y
.
S
.
,
C
h
e
n
H.
W.
C
h
e
n
H.
S
.,
“
A
0
.
8
5
fJ/c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
-
ste
p
1
0
b
2
0
0
k
S
/s
su
b
ra
n
g
in
g
S
AR
AD
C
in
4
0
n
m
CM
OS
,
”
IEE
E
I
n
t.
S
o
li
d
-
S
t
a
te Ci
rc
u
it
s Co
n
f.
(I
S
S
CC)
Di
g
.
T
e
c
h
.
P
a
p
e
rs
,
p
p
.
1
9
6
–
1
9
7
,
F
e
b
ru
a
ry
2
0
1
4
.
[1
0
]
F
io
re
n
z
a
J.
K.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
to
r
-
b
a
se
d
sw
it
c
h
e
d
-
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
c
ir
c
u
it
s
fo
r
sc
a
led
CM
OS
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ie
s,”
IEE
E
J
.
S
o
li
d
-
S
t
a
te Ci
rc
u
i
ts
,
v
o
l.
4
1
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
6
5
8
-
2
6
6
8
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
0
6
.
[1
1
]
Lee
S
.
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
A
1
2
b
5
-
to
-
5
0
M
S
/s
0
.
5
-
to
-
1
V
v
o
lt
a
g
e
sc
a
lab
le
z
e
ro
-
c
ro
ss
in
g
b
a
se
d
p
ip
e
li
n
e
d
AD
C
,”
IE
EE
S
o
li
d
-
S
t
a
te Ci
rc
u
i
ts
,
v
o
l.
47
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
6
0
3
-
1
6
1
4
,
J
u
ly
2
0
1
2
.
[1
2
]
M
u
rm
a
n
n
B.
,
Bo
se
r
B
.
E
.
,
“
A 1
2
b
7
5
M
S
/s p
ip
e
li
n
e
d
AD
C
u
si
n
g
o
p
e
n
-
lo
o
p
re
sid
u
e
a
m
p
li
fica
ti
o
n
,
”
Pro
c
.
IEE
E
I
n
t
.
S
o
li
d
-
S
t
a
te Ci
rc
u
i
ts
Co
n
f.
Di
g
.
T
e
c
h
.
Pa
p
e
rs
,
p
p
.
3
2
8
-
4
9
7
,
F
e
b
r
u
a
ry
2
0
0
3
.
[1
3
]
Hu
J.,
D
o
lev
N.,
M
u
rm
a
n
n
B
.
,
“
A
9
.
4
-
b
it
,
5
0
-
M
S
/s,
1
.
4
4
-
m
W
p
ip
e
li
n
e
d
AD
C
u
sin
g
d
y
n
a
m
ic
re
sid
u
e
a
m
p
li
fica
ti
o
n
,”
2
0
0
8
IE
EE
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m o
n
VL
S
I
C
irc
u
it
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
0
8
.
[1
4
]
W.
He
g
o
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
0
.
0
2
4
m
m
8
b
4
0
0
M
S
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ter
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ti
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l
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5
]
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M
.
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h
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n
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n
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.
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6
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l
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.
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7
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.
[1
8
]
Kim
J.,
Ch
o
S
.
H
,
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c
.
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t.
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ts S
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9
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s
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T
ra
n
s
.
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u
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.
[2
0
]
Kim
J.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
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[2
2
]
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.
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,
”
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J
.
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.
[2
3
]
Ca
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.
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t
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l
.
,
“
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ti
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e
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it
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E
In
t
e
rn
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ti
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.
S
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r
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1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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5
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Hu
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t
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[2
6
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i
Xh
a
k
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8
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s
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n
e
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t
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l
.
,
“
On
th
e
sig
n
a
l
fil
terin
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ro
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rty
o
f
CT
in
c
r
e
m
e
n
tal
sig
m
a
–
d
e
lt
a
AD
Cs
,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Circ
u
it
s a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
II
:
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p
re
ss
Briefs
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l
.
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p
.
1
7
8
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.
[2
9
]
M
o
h
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m
e
d
A.
M
o
k
h
tar,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
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-
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n
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iffere
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ti
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0
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.
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0
]
S
h
y
l
u
D.
S
.
,
Ja
c
k
u
li
n
e
M
o
n
i
D,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
lo
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p
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m
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ra
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ise
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n
g
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lo
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k
e
d
P
M
OS
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(JEE
),
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o
l.
1
6
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n
o
.
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p
p
.
1
-
1
0
,
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n
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a
ry
2
0
1
6
.
[3
1
]
S
h
y
l
u
D.
S
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
p
o
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ti
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iza
ti
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o
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g
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s
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e
e
d
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ip
e
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n
e
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ra
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a
in
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m
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fier
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r
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les
s rec
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e
r
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p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,”
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ire
les
s P
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r
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n
a
l
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o
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n
,
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l.
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o
.
2
,
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p
.
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5
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7
8
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n
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ry
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0
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.
[3
2
]
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h
y
l
u
D.
S
.
,
Ja
c
k
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in
e
M
o
n
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D,
"
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1
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p
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4
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5
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ry
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4
.
[3
3
]
G
ra
y
P
.
R
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
An
a
ly
sis a
n
d
d
e
sig
n
o
f
a
n
a
lo
g
i
n
teg
ra
ted
c
ircu
it
s
,”
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o
rt
h
E
d
it
i
o
n
.
J
o
h
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W
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e
y
&
S
o
n
s,
In
c
,
2
0
0
1
.
[3
4
]
An
c
h
a
l
Ve
rm
a
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
two
-
sta
g
e
C
M
OS
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
a
m
p
li
fier
,
”
In
ter
n
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ti
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n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Eme
rg
in
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T
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n
d
A
d
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l.
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.
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,
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p
.
1
0
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-
1
0
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
5
]
Les
li
e
T.
C
.
,
S
in
g
h
B
.
,
“
Im
p
ro
v
e
d
sig
m
a
-
d
e
lt
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m
o
d
u
lato
r
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
,
”
IEE
E
In
t
.
S
y
mp
.
Circ
u
i
ts
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
(IS
CAS
),
v
o
l.
1,
p
p
.
3
7
2
-
3
7
5
,
M
a
y
1
9
9
0
.
[3
6
]
Zh
a
o
h
u
i
Hu
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
An
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
a
n
a
lo
g
-
to
-
d
ig
i
tal
c
o
n
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rter
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a
se
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o
n
lo
w
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9
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5
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6
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7
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n
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Wag
n
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,
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On
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