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f
ec
ts
o
p
ti
ca
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
ar
e
al
s
o
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
co
lo
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
in
d
ex
(
C
R
I
)
an
d
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
s
ca
le
(
C
QS)
h
as
b
ee
n
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
im
p
r
o
v
ed
wh
en
we
ad
d
a
lay
er
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
L
iLa
O
2
:Eu
3+
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
ch
o
o
s
e
s
u
itab
le
co
n
ce
n
tr
ati
o
n
o
f
L
iLa
O
2
:Eu
3+
an
d
YPO
4
:C
e
3+
,
Tb
3+
to
av
o
id
d
am
ag
in
g
t
h
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
tie
s
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
wh
en
th
e
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
o
f
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
an
d
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
e
x
ce
ed
.
Ad
d
in
g
a
g
r
ee
n
o
r
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
o
v
er
a
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
YAG:
Ce
3+
wi
ll
cr
ea
t
e
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
.
First,
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
e
en
lig
h
t
o
r
r
e
d
lig
h
t
will
in
c
r
ea
s
e,
wh
ic
h
lea
d
to
an
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
em
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
wh
ite
lig
h
t
an
d
th
e
ch
r
o
m
atic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
ca
tter
ed
lig
h
t
an
d
lig
h
t
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
in
W
L
E
Ds
o
p
p
o
s
e
to
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
a
d
d
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
ch
o
o
s
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
p
r
eser
v
in
g
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
.
2.
P
RE
P
ARA
T
I
O
N
AN
D
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
W
L
E
Ds
with
9
L
E
D
ch
ip
s
in
s
id
e.
E
v
er
y
c
h
i
p
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
1
.
1
6
W
wh
en
th
e
wav
elen
g
th
is
at
4
5
3
n
m
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
YPO
4
:C
e
3
+
,
Tb
3+
an
d
L
iLa
O
2
:Eu
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
f
lu
en
c
es
ca
n
b
eg
in
o
n
ce
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
o
d
el
is
co
m
p
leted
.
T
w
o
d
u
al
-
lay
er
m
o
d
els,
g
r
ee
n
-
y
e
llo
w
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
(
GYC)
an
d
r
ed
-
y
ello
w
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
(
R
YC
)
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
as
s
u
b
jects
f
o
r
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
GYC
in
clu
d
es
2
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
s
p
u
t
o
n
th
e
b
l
u
e
ch
ip
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
YPO
4
:
C
e
3+
,Tb
3+
p
u
t
o
n
th
e
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
YAG:Ce
3+
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
.
R
Y
C
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
s
im
i
lar
to
GYC
in
ter
m
s
o
f
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
b
u
t
h
as
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
L
iLa
O
2
:Eu
3+
o
n
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
Y
AG:
Ce
3+
in
s
tead
as
illu
s
tr
ates
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
GYC
an
d
R
YC
ar
e
th
e
to
o
l
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
b
etter
r
esu
lts
in
W
L
E
Ds
ch
r
o
m
atic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
p
e
ctr
u
m
,
wh
ich
is
an
ac
h
iev
a
b
le
o
u
tco
m
e
f
r
o
m
m
an
ag
i
n
g
th
e
s
ca
tter
ed
g
r
ee
n
lig
h
t
a
n
d
r
ed
lig
h
t
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
ati
o
n
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
ad
v
a
n
tag
eo
u
s
,
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
YPO
4
:
C
e
3+
,Tb
3+
an
d
L
iLa
O
2
:
E
u
3+
n
ee
d
to
b
e
m
o
d
i
f
ied
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
d
am
ag
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
18
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
321
6
-
322
1
3218
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
(
a
)
I
llu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
G
YC
,
an
d
(
b
)
R
YC
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
am
o
n
g
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
ater
ials
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
co
r
r
elate
d
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
CCT
)
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
h
as
two
m
ea
n
in
g
s
:
th
e
f
ir
s
t
m
ea
n
in
g
is
to
m
ain
tain
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
C
C
T
s
an
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
n
e
is
th
at
it
af
f
ec
ts
to
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
d
ab
s
o
r
b
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
two
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
s
in
W
L
E
Ds,
wh
ich
d
ef
i
n
itely
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
ch
r
o
m
atic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
l
u
m
en
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
lig
h
tin
g
d
e
v
ic
e.
Hen
ce
,
c
h
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
YPO
4
:C
e
3+
,
Tb
3+
an
d
L
iLa
O
2
:Eu
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
ati
o
n
b
e
n
ef
its
th
e
co
l
o
r
q
u
ality
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
W
h
en
th
e
YPO
4
:C
e
3+
,
Tb
3+
an
d
L
i
L
aO
2
:Eu
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
in
cr
ea
s
e
f
r
o
m
2
-
2
0
%
wt.
,
YAG:
Ce
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
es to
m
a
in
tain
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
o
f
C
C
T
s
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
we
ca
n
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
t
h
e
a
d
d
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
n
th
e
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
o
f
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
.
W
L
E
Ds
r
eq
u
ir
e
th
e
h
ig
h
co
l
o
r
q
u
ality
,
s
o
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
a
li
tte
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
.
T
h
e
in
t
en
s
ity
ten
d
en
cy
at
two
lig
h
t
s
p
ec
t
r
u
m
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
420
-
480
to
5
0
0
-
6
4
0
n
m
ten
d
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
with
YPO
4
:C
e
3+
,
Tb
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
em
itted
in
th
is
r
an
g
e
p
r
o
v
es
f
o
r
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
em
is
s
io
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
em
itted
b
l
u
e
lig
h
t
in
W
L
E
Ds
in
cr
ea
s
e
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
s
ca
tter
ed
lig
h
t
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
in
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
lea
d
s
to
s
o
m
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
f
o
r
th
e
co
r
r
elate
d
co
lo
r
.
T
h
is
is
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
esu
lt
ap
p
l
y
in
g
YP
O
4
:C
e
3+
,
Tb
3+
.
I
t
is
ea
s
y
to
r
ea
li
ze
th
at
th
e
ten
d
en
cy
o
f
r
e
d
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
6
4
8
to
7
3
8
n
m
in
cr
ea
s
es
with
L
iLa
O
2
:Eu
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
ea
n
in
g
if
lac
k
in
g
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
two
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
r
an
g
es
lef
t:
4
2
0
-
4
8
0
n
m
an
d
5
0
0
-
6
4
0
n
m
.
Sp
ec
tr
u
m
ex
p
an
s
io
n
at
t
h
e
wav
elen
g
t
h
s
r
an
g
es
4
2
0
-
4
8
0
n
m
h
elp
s
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
b
lu
e
-
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
ex
p
r
ess
es
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
em
itted
,
a
n
d
th
e
r
esu
lt
is
th
e
h
ig
h
er
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
a
n
d
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
.
T
h
is
is
an
ess
en
tial
r
esu
lt
ap
p
ly
in
g
L
iL
aO
2
:Eu
3+
.
E
s
p
ec
ially
,
th
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
h
av
in
g
h
ig
h
team
p
er
atu
r
e
is
a
ch
allen
g
e.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
claim
s
th
at
L
iLa
O
2
:Eu
3+
is
an
ad
d
itio
n
th
at
b
en
ef
its
ch
r
o
m
atic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
W
L
E
Ds at
an
y
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
ch
a
n
g
e
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
GYC (
ab
o
v
e)
an
d
R
YC
(
b
elo
w)
f
o
r
k
ee
p
in
g
th
e
av
er
ag
e
C
C
T
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
d
u
al
-
lay
er
ph
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
C
o
lo
r
r
en
d
e
r
in
g
i
n
d
ex
tr
u
th
f
u
l
ly
ac
ce
s
s
es
th
e
d
ev
ice’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
ex
p
r
ess
co
lo
r
o
f
a
n
o
b
ject
wh
en
its
lig
h
t
illu
m
in
ates
th
at
o
b
ject.
T
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
g
r
ee
n
-
lig
h
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
v
er
wh
elm
in
g
l
y
ca
u
s
es
th
e
co
lo
r
im
b
alan
c
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
ch
r
o
m
atic
lig
h
ts
co
n
s
titu
te
to
t
h
e
cr
ea
t
io
n
o
f
wh
ite
lig
h
t.
T
h
is
also
a
f
f
ec
ts
to
th
e
c
o
lo
r
q
u
ality
an
d
lead
s
to
p
o
o
r
co
lo
r
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
th
e
lig
h
tin
g
d
ev
ices.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
th
e
C
R
I
is
s
h
o
wn
to
b
e
s
lig
h
tly
d
ec
lin
e
wh
en
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
o
f
YPO
4
:C
e
3+
,
Tb
3+
ex
i
s
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
ac
ce
p
ta
b
le
b
ec
au
s
e
C
R
I
is
ju
s
t
an
elem
en
t
o
f
C
QS,
wh
ich
m
e
an
s
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
is
s
till
a
s
u
itab
le
o
p
tio
n
if
th
e
W
L
E
Ds
with
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
h
av
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
v
al
u
e
o
f
C
QS.
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
b
etwe
en
C
R
I
an
d
C
QS,
th
e
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
s
ca
le
is
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
licat
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
T
h
e
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
o
f g
r
ee
n
YPO
4
:
C
e
3+
,
Tb
3+
a
n
d
r
ed
LiL
a
O
2
:Eu
3+
la
ye
r
s
to
...
(
My
Ha
n
h
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
i
)
3219
an
d
b
r
o
ad
er
q
u
ality
in
d
icato
r
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ab
o
v
e
C
R
I
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
C
QS
r
etain
s
v
alu
e
if
YPO
4
:
C
e
3+
,
Tb
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
less
th
an
8
%.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
8
%
YPO
4
:C
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3+
,
Tb
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ca
n
b
e
ch
o
o
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en
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ap
p
ly
a
f
ter
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n
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er
in
g
t
h
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
em
is
s
io
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
co
lo
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
in
d
ex
as a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
YPO
4
:C
e
3+
,
Tb
3+
an
d
L
iLa
O
2
:Eu
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
s
ca
le
as a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
YPO
4
:C
e
3+
,
Tb
3+
an
d
L
iLa
O
2
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3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
T
h
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
e
q
u
atio
n
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
b
lu
e
a
n
d
y
ello
w
lig
h
t
y
ield
e
d
f
r
o
m
W
L
E
Ds
with
two
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
th
is
p
ar
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
b
et
ter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
W
L
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Ds
m
ec
h
an
is
m
an
d
e
n
h
a
n
cin
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
m
itted
b
l
u
e
lig
h
t
an
d
m
o
d
i
f
ied
y
ello
w
l
ig
h
t
in
s
in
g
le
p
h
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p
h
o
r
p
ac
k
ag
e
with
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h
p
h
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s
p
h
o
r
d
en
s
ity
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
,
1
=
0
×
−
2
1
ℎ
(
1
)
1
=
1
2
1
×
0
1
−
1
(
−
2
1
ℎ
−
−
2
1
ℎ
)
(
2
)
I
n
d
u
al
-
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
r
e
m
o
te
W
L
E
Ds
with
an
h
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
e
r
d
en
s
ity
,
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
m
itted
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
a
n
d
m
o
d
if
ied
y
ello
w
lig
h
t a
r
e
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
as:
2
=
0
×
−
2
2
ℎ
(
3
)
2
=
1
2
2
×
0
2
−
2
(
−
2
2
ℎ
−
−
2
2
ℎ
)
(
4
)
T
h
e
h
d
en
o
tes
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
d
e
n
s
ity
(
m
m
)
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
cr
ip
t
“
1
”
i
n
d
icate
s
W
L
E
D
s
with
s
in
g
le
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
“2
”
i
n
d
icate
s
W
L
E
Ds
with
d
u
al
-
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
r
em
o
te
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
β
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
r
ate
o
f
in
ter
n
al
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
b
lu
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
s
to
y
ello
w
lig
h
t.
T
h
e
r
ef
lec
tio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
th
e
y
ello
w
li
g
h
t
is
illu
s
tr
ated
by
γ
.
T
h
e
r
ad
iatio
n
in
te
n
s
ities
o
f
L
E
D
ch
ip
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
b
l
u
e
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
(
PB
)
a
n
d
y
e
llo
w
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
(
PY
)
ar
e
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
PB
0
.
T
h
e
b
lu
e
a
n
d
y
ello
w
lig
h
t
en
er
g
y
lo
s
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
ar
e
i
n
d
icate
d
b
y
α
B
;
α
Y
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
W
L
E
Ds
in
d
o
u
b
le
-
lay
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
h
av
e
th
eir
lu
m
in
o
u
s
ef
f
icac
y
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
th
e
s
in
g
le
lay
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
n
es:
(
2
+
2
)
−
(
1
+
1
)
1
+
1
>
0
(
5
)
T
h
e
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
th
eo
r
y
was
ap
p
lied
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
o
f
L
iLa
O
2
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3+
[
2
2
,
2
3
]
.
B
esi
d
es,
th
e
Mie
th
eo
r
y
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
ca
lcu
lat
io
n
o
f
s
ca
tter
in
g
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
C
sca
f
o
r
s
p
h
er
ical
p
ar
ticles.
T
h
e
L
am
b
er
t
-
B
ee
r
law
m
ea
s
u
r
es th
e
lig
h
t p
o
we
r
em
it
t
ed
[
2
4
,
2
5
]
:
I
= I
0
ex
p
(
-
µ
ext
L)
(
6
)
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
ab
o
v
e,
I
0
is
th
e
o
p
tical
p
o
wer
o
f
in
cid
en
t
lig
h
t
an
d
L
is
th
e
d
en
s
ity
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
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atin
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µ
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icate
s
th
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tin
ctio
n
co
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f
ic
ien
t
th
at
is
co
m
p
u
ted
b
y
th
is
eq
u
atio
n
:
µ
ext
=
N
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
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L
KOM
NI
KA
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m
m
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n
C
o
m
p
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t E
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n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
18
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
321
6
-
322
1
3220
C
ext
,
wh
er
e
N
r
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
d
en
s
ity
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticles
(
m
m
-
3
)
an
d
C
ext
(
m
m
2
)
is
th
e
ex
tin
ctio
n
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
t
icles
.
Fro
m
(
5
)
,
it
is
co
m
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
m
o
r
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
s
m
ea
n
s
b
etter
W
L
E
D
s
lu
m
in
o
u
s
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
p
ap
er
h
as
p
r
o
v
en
th
at
a
p
p
l
y
in
g
two
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
s
in
th
e
r
em
o
te
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
r
esu
lts
in
h
ig
h
er
lu
m
e
n
o
u
tp
u
t
in
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
to
s
in
g
le
-
lay
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
at
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
wh
en
e
v
er
YPO
4
:
C
e
3+
,
Tb
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
r
is
es.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
o
f
R
YC
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
e
p
o
n
s
e
th
e
s
am
e
to
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
L
iLa
O
2
:Eu
3+
.
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h
i
s
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
B
e
er
’
s
L
aw
th
at
s
in
ce
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
f
ac
to
r
µ
ext
in
cr
ea
s
es
wi
th
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
L
iLa
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2
:Eu
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b
u
t
th
e
lig
h
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
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n
p
r
o
f
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cy
d
ec
r
ea
s
es wh
en
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es.
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h
er
ef
o
r
e,
wh
e
n
th
e
lay
er
th
i
ck
n
ess
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
ater
ials
in
r
em
o
te
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
f
ix
ed
,
t
h
e
em
itted
lig
h
t
m
ay
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
wh
en
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
L
iLa
O
2
:Eu
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i
n
cr
ea
s
es.
W
h
en
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
L
iLa
O
2
:Eu
3+
at
2
0
%
wt
o
p
tics
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
o
f
th
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
class
L
iLa
O
2
:Eu
3+
to
o
th
er
asp
ec
ts
o
f
W
L
E
Ds,
esp
ec
iall
y
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
in
d
icato
r
s
,
is
v
er
y
co
n
s
id
er
a
b
le.
B
esid
es,
lig
h
t
em
is
s
io
n
in
R
YC
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
b
etter
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
r
em
o
te
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
th
at
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
av
e
L
iLa
O
2
:Eu
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
a
s
m
all
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
is
s
till
to
ler
ab
le
if
W
L
E
Ds
r
eq
u
ir
e
h
ig
h
c
o
lo
r
q
u
ality
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
d
ec
is
io
n
r
elies
o
n
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
to
c
h
o
o
s
e
th
e
ap
p
r
o
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r
iate
ty
p
e
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
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d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
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,
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.
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2
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l
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.
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.
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3
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e
m
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.
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lu
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.
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.
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.
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5
]
Da
v
id
A
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
Wei
M
,
“
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8
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9
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[
1
0
]
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o
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
,
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4
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g
Y
.
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t
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l
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1
5
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H
.
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t
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1
6
]
Yu
S
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8
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ll
C
.
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.
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1
9
]
Lee
G
Y,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
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0
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C
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C
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2
2
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g
W
.
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P
.
,
"
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[
2
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T,
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t
a
l.
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4
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Ba
k
h
m
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t’ev
VV
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t
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5
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o
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.
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a
n
g
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.
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.
W.
,
“
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s
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5
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p
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1
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-
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0
.
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