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tallic
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with
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wav
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[
1
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3
]
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S
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p
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ated
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ased
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6
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,
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id
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[
7
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,
tu
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f
ilter
s
[
8
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,
n
a
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ten
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f
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h
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m
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[
9
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,
n
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ev
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1
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,
a
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s
[
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.
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A
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p
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[
13
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].
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[
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]
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an
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[
2
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2
2
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I
n
th
is
p
ap
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Al
p
lasmo
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s
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DNAs,
as
s
h
o
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Fig
u
r
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b
ased
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fin
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in
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r
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tech
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q
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[
23
].
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sch
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illu
s
tr
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f
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DNA
with
s
u
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C
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2.
RE
S
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2
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(
1
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[
8
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.
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cy
.
T
h
e
p
la
s
m
o
n
ic
m
etals
Au
,
Ag
,
an
d
Al
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
as
n
an
o
an
te
n
n
as
wh
er
e
th
ese
m
et
als
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
tr
o
n
g
f
ield
co
n
f
i
n
em
en
t
d
u
e
to
th
e
lar
g
e
n
eg
ati
v
e
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
th
at
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
less
f
ield
p
en
etr
atio
n
an
d
lo
wer
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
lo
s
s
[
3
]
.
Al
p
lasmo
n
ic
m
etal
h
as
b
etter
p
lasmo
n
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
th
an
Au
an
d
Ag
at
s
h
o
r
t w
av
elen
g
th
s
s
u
ch
as
UV
an
d
th
e
b
lu
e,
d
u
e
to
its
lo
w
im
ag
in
ar
y
p
ar
t a
n
d
a
h
ig
h
n
e
g
ativ
e
r
ea
l
p
ar
t
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
[
10
,
20
]
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
Al
s
h
o
ws
lar
g
e
lo
s
s
es
at
th
e
in
ter
b
an
d
wav
elen
g
th
a
r
o
u
n
d
8
0
0
n
m
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
n
o
t
s
u
itab
le
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
n
an
o
an
ten
n
as
in
th
is
r
eg
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
I
n
in
f
r
ar
e
d
wa
v
elen
g
th
s
r
eg
io
n
,
it
is
tr
u
e
th
at
Al
h
as
a
h
ig
h
er
im
ag
in
ar
y
p
ar
t
t
h
a
n
Au
an
d
Ag
,
b
u
t
th
e
lar
g
e
v
alu
e
o
f
n
eg
ati
v
e
r
ea
l
p
ar
t
o
f
p
er
m
itti
v
ity
o
f
Al
r
ed
u
c
es
th
e
f
ield
p
en
etr
atio
n
in
to
th
e
p
lasmo
n
ic
m
etal,
wh
ich
g
iv
es r
is
e
to
lo
wer
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
lo
s
s
in
m
etal
an
d
th
en
h
ig
h
f
iel
d
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
at
th
e
v
icin
ity
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
n
an
o
an
te
n
n
a.
Als
o
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
Au
o
f
f
e
r
s
h
ig
h
er
lo
s
s
th
an
Ag
at
wav
elen
g
th
s
b
el
o
w
6
0
0
n
m
th
at
m
ak
es
Ag
b
etter
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
lasmo
n
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
wit
h
in
th
is
r
eg
io
n
.
W
h
er
ea
s
Au
is
s
ti
ll
m
o
s
tly
u
s
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
it is
ch
em
ically
v
er
y
s
tab
le
[
2
-
4
].
2
.
2
.
A
bs
o
rpt
io
n a
nd
s
ca
t
t
er
i
ng
ca
lcula
t
io
n m
o
del
DNA
h
as
b
ee
n
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
lo
ca
lized
f
ield
.
Var
io
u
s
p
lasmo
n
ic
m
ater
ials
wer
e
s
elec
ted
s
u
ch
as
Au
,
Ag
,
a
n
d
Al
.
DNA
was
ex
cited
b
y
a
p
lan
e
wa
v
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atin
g
i
n
n
e
g
ativ
e
z
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
th
at
is
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
d
ir
ec
tio
n
to
th
e
p
lan
e
wh
ich
i
n
clu
d
in
g
th
e
DNA.
T
h
e
s
y
m
m
etr
y
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
lar
f
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
DNA
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
n
o
af
f
ec
tiv
ity
to
th
e
p
o
lar
izatio
n
o
f
in
ci
d
en
t
lig
h
t.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
im
u
latio
n
,
t
h
e
DNA
was a
cc
o
m
p
lis
h
ed
in
th
e
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
with
o
u
t a
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
g
en
er
ated
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
(
R
C
S
-
r
ef
lectio
n
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
)
an
d
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
(
AC
S).
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
a
n
aly
ze
h
o
w
m
u
ch
o
f
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
a
n
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
Au
DNAs,
Ag
DNAs,
an
d
Al
DNA
s
wi
th
v
ar
y
in
g
th
e
DNA
r
ad
iu
s
with
a
co
n
s
tan
t
DNA
th
ick
n
ess
(
h
=2
0
n
m
)
.
T
h
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
was
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
o
n
th
e
r
es
o
n
an
ce
wav
elen
g
th
attitu
d
e,
f
o
r
th
ese
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
l
asm
o
n
ic
m
etals,
wit
h
th
e
s
ize
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
DNAs.
T
h
e
r
eso
n
an
ce
wav
elen
g
th
o
f
DNA
in
th
e
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
r
elies
o
n
th
e
r
ea
l
a
n
d
im
a
g
in
ar
y
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
lasmo
n
ic
m
etal
an
d
th
e
DNAs
s
ize.
T
h
e
s
ize
o
f
DNA
ca
n
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
w
h
er
ea
s
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t
o
f
m
etal
is
an
in
h
e
r
en
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
th
e
m
etal
in
s
h
wo
n
in
(
2
)
an
d
(
3
)
,
s
h
o
w
th
e
r
elatio
n
o
f
th
e
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
an
d
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
with
th
e
p
ar
ticle
o
f
p
lasmo
n
ic
m
eta
l th
at
h
as a
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
[
2
1
,
22
]:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
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p
u
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A
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min
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m
b
a
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ed
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a
n
o
s
tr
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ctu
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lica
tio
n
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(
M
o
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Ta
r
iq
Ya
s
ee
n
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685
(
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=
2
4
[
2
]
[
−
+
2
]
(
2
)
(
)
=
2
8
3
[
2
]
4
|
−
+
2
|
2
(
3
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w
h
er
e
n
m
is
th
e
r
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
i
n
d
e
x
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
m
e
d
iu
m
,
is
th
e
m
etal
s
p
h
er
e
r
a
d
iu
s
,
ε
i
s
th
e
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ielec
tr
ic
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
m
ed
iu
m
,
a
n
d
ε
m
is
th
e
p
lasmo
n
ic
m
etal
d
iel
ec
tr
ic.
I
t
is
clea
r
f
r
o
m
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
(
2
)
an
d
(
3
)
th
at
th
e
AC
S
an
d
R
C
S
r
ely
o
n
th
e
s
ize
an
d
m
etal
ty
p
e
o
f
DNA
s
,
wh
er
e
th
e
AC
S
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
a
3
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
R
C
S
r
elate
d
to
th
e
a
6
[
1
7
,
1
8
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Per
m
itti
v
ity
o
f
m
etal
s
u
s
in
g
L
o
r
en
tz
-
Dr
u
d
e
m
o
d
el
;
(
a)
r
ea
l p
a
r
t
,
(
b
)
im
ag
in
ar
y
p
a
r
t [
20
]
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
3
.
1
.
C
ha
ra
c
t
er
is
t
ics s
t
ud
y
o
f
a
s
ing
le
DNA
i
n
f
re
e
s
pa
ce
T
h
e
DNA
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
was
s
im
u
lated
as
a
s
in
g
le
DN
A
in
th
e
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
,
s
ca
tter
in
g
a
n
d
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
with
r
ep
ec
t
to
th
e
DNA
r
ad
iu
s
ch
a
n
g
e
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
etals.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3.
I
t
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
R
C
S
an
d
A
C
S
with
t
h
e
DNA
r
ad
iu
s
f
o
r
p
lasmo
n
ic
m
ater
ials
o
f
Au
,
A
g
,
an
d
Al.
F
o
r
s
m
all
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
DNAs
, w
h
en
th
e
AC
S >
>RC
S
,
it wa
s
to
ticed
th
at
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
in
th
e
DNA
will
b
e
d
o
m
in
an
t
an
d
th
e
in
d
u
ce
d
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
in
s
id
e
th
e
m
etal
wil
l
b
e
h
ig
h
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
is
ca
s
e
is
n
o
t
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
d
u
e
to
th
e
lo
w
f
ield
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
w
h
e
n
th
e
R
C
S
>>
AC
S,
wh
ich
o
cc
u
r
s
at
lar
g
e
D
NAs
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
th
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
d
u
ce
d
b
y
DNA
is
a
s
tr
o
n
g
f
o
r
war
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
o
f
i
n
cid
en
t
r
a
d
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
f
o
r
war
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
also
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
,
wh
er
e
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
e
is
h
ig
h
e
r
t
h
an
o
n
e,
wh
ich
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
h
ig
h
co
n
f
in
e
d
f
ield
n
ea
r
th
e
DNA.
T
o
o
b
tain
b
est
lo
ca
l
ized
f
iel
d
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
DNA,
wh
ich
r
esu
lts
in
h
ig
h
f
i
eld
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t,
it
is
lik
ely
to
b
e
d
esira
b
le
to
o
p
er
ate
in
a
ce
r
tain
s
ize
r
e
g
im
e
an
d
with
ce
r
tain
m
ater
ials
f
o
r
wh
ich
th
e
R
C
S
is
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
t
o
o
r
s
lig
h
tly
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
AC
S.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
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1
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I
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
,
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
u
s
in
g
Ag
DNA
was
s
h
o
wn
.
I
t
is
clea
r
th
at
w
h
en
th
e
r
ad
iu
s
was
lar
g
er
t
h
an
4
0
n
m
,
th
e
R
C
S/AC
S
r
atio
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
r
ap
id
ly
with
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
th
e
DNA.
T
h
e
R
C
S
wil
l
b
e
d
o
m
in
an
t
at
r
ad
ii
lar
g
er
th
a
n
6
0
n
m
.
F
ig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
R
C
S/AC
S
r
atio
f
o
r
Au
DNA
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
r
atio
o
f
R
C
S/AC
S
with
th
e
DNA
r
ad
i
u
s
is
less
th
an
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ca
s
e
o
f
u
s
in
g
Ag
DNA
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
,
t
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
Au
DNA
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
lar
g
er
d
iam
eter
th
an
Ag
DNA
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
.
Au
h
as
a
h
i
g
h
er
im
ag
in
ar
y
p
ar
t
th
an
Ag
th
at
ca
u
s
es
th
e
p
lasmo
n
ic
d
eter
io
r
ated
at
a
lar
g
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
p
ar
ticles
.
T
h
is
p
o
in
t
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
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en
u
s
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g
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m
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ter
ial
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I
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
c
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,
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
u
s
in
g
A
l
DNA
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s
h
o
w
n
.
Un
lik
e
Au
DNA
an
d
Ag
DNA,
Al
DNA
o
f
f
er
s
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im
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o
r
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t
f
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tu
r
e
wh
er
e
t
h
e
R
C
S/A
C
S
r
atio
n
ea
r
ly
r
em
ain
s
co
n
s
tan
t
at
t
h
e
DNAs r
ad
ii lar
g
er
th
a
n
5
5
n
m
.
No
t o
n
l
y
th
at,
it
ev
en
ten
d
s
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
at
DNAs r
ad
ii lar
g
er
th
an
1
0
0
n
m
.
T
h
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
m
atter
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
id
ea
th
at
Al
ca
n
g
et
o
v
er
A
u
an
d
Ag
in
th
is
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elen
g
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r
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io
n
u
s
in
g
ce
r
tain
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im
en
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io
n
s
o
f
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T
h
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
R
C
S
th
at
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o
es
n
o
t
in
c
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ea
s
e
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ly
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th
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m
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ar
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le
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r
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h
tly
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ig
h
er
th
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th
e
AC
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h
is
f
ac
t
i
s
co
n
s
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er
ed
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im
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o
r
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t
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ea
tu
r
e
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e
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er
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n
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3.
2
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ha
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t
er
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t
ics s
t
ud
y
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f
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s
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le
DNA
o
n a
-
S
i su
bs
t
r
a
t
e
Her
e
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
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h
e
DNA
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
was
s
im
u
lated
ag
ain
as
a
s
in
g
le
DNA
o
n
a
-
S
i
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
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o
r
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er
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tu
d
y
th
e
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n
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c
e
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elen
g
th
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with
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ec
t
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h
e
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i
u
s
ch
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g
e
f
o
r
d
if
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er
en
t
m
etals.
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h
e
o
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tain
ed
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esu
lts
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
DNA
r
ad
iu
s
an
d
th
e
r
es
o
n
an
ce
wav
elen
g
th
f
o
r
Au
DNA
,
Ag
DNA
,
an
d
Al
DNA
.
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e,
t
h
e
DNAs
wer
e
m
o
u
n
ted
o
n
th
e
a
-
Si
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
o
f
a
6
0
n
m
th
ick
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ess
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d
an
in
d
i
u
m
tin
o
x
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e
la
y
er
o
f
3
0
n
m
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n
th
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im
u
latio
n
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h
e
p
er
io
d
ic
u
n
it
ce
ll
in
th
e
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-
y
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r
ec
tio
n
)
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ep
lo
y
ed
with
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6
0
0
n
m
p
itch
d
is
tan
ce
(
P),
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
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t
was
n
o
ticed
th
at
t
h
e
r
eso
n
an
ce
wav
elen
g
t
h
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
(
r
ed
s
h
if
ted
)
with
th
e
DNA
r
ad
iu
s
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
.
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o
,
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h
e
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ten
d
in
g
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n
g
e
o
f
r
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n
an
ce
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elen
g
th
s
f
o
r
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ich
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er
s
th
e
r
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
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0
0
0
n
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t
o
3
5
0
0
n
m
b
y
r
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d
i
u
s
ch
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g
in
g
f
r
o
m
20
n
m
to
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0
n
m
,
is
lo
wer
th
a
n
Ag
an
d
Al.
Fo
r
Ag
,
t
h
e
g
ai
n
ed
r
esp
o
n
s
e
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
r
es
o
n
an
ce
wav
elen
g
th
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
0
n
m
to
6
5
0
0
n
m
with
r
a
d
iu
s
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
2
0
n
m
to
9
5
n
m
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
Al
DNA,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
tice
th
e
s
lo
w
ch
an
g
e
o
f
r
eso
n
an
ce
wav
elen
g
th
with
r
esp
ct
to
th
e
Al
DN
A
r
ad
iu
s
ch
a
n
g
e.
T
h
e
r
eso
n
an
e
wav
elen
g
th
ex
te
n
d
ed
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
0
n
m
t
o
5
0
0
0
nm
wh
en
th
e
A
l D
NA
r
ad
iu
s
ch
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
2
0
n
m
to
1
8
0
n
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
DNA
r
ad
iu
s
an
d
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
i
n
th
e
a
-
Si
lay
er
f
o
r
v
ar
i
o
u
s
m
etals
.
As
s
h
o
wn
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Fig
u
r
e
5
,
t
h
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
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o
r
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alize
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e
m
ax
im
u
m
v
al
u
e
th
at
o
c
cu
r
r
ed
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t
h
e
A
g
DNA
n
ea
r
ly
at
5
5
n
m
r
ad
iu
s
.
Fo
r
Au
an
d
Ag
,
th
e
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
in
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
less
th
a
n
5
0
%
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
a
t
80
n
m
an
d
7
5
n
m
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
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W
h
er
ea
s
f
o
r
Al,
th
e
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
in
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
at
a
r
ad
iu
s
ab
o
u
t
1
4
0
n
m
.
Als
o
,
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
in
t
h
e
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DNA
ca
s
e
was
a
b
it
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
at
A
g
DNA
ca
s
e.
W
h
ile
in
th
e
Au
DNA
ca
s
e,
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
is
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
less
th
an
o
th
er
test
ed
m
etals.
(
a)
(
b
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(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
R
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
DNA
r
ad
iu
s
an
d
R
C
S
/
AC
S
r
atio
f
o
r
(
a
)
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(
b
)
Au
a
n
d
(
c
)
Al
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ically
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
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m
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ltip
le
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ly
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n
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r
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eso
n
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ce
"
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
en
t
h
e
is
s
u
e
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
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e
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is
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th
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ield
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ce
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en
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d
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y
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ir
s
t
-
o
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x
citin
g
[
9
]
.
W
h
en
th
e
DNA
s
ize
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
th
e
h
ig
h
er
o
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ill
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ield
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g
with
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en
th
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s
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tter
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g
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l
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e
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n
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ield
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ar
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ir
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tain
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e
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lized
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ield
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ir
s
t
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o
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.
Fig
u
r
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s
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o
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e
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ield
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ib
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tio
n
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n
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with
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h
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ab
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a
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d
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ate
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ib
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th
e
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ic
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ield
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e
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ex
am
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ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
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o
f
th
e
elec
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ic
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ield
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eg
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p
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itiv
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h
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ic
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ield
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is
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ield
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en
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Al
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elen
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t p
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r
r
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h
a
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ce
m
en
t
[
2
4
,
25
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
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.
T
h
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ield
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est DNA
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
E
n
er
g
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
l
ig
h
t
h
ar
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g
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r
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t
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icien
t
m
ater
ilas
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o
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p
liatio
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etals
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ch
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a
n
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d
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p
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o
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p
lasmo
n
ic
m
ater
ia
ls
f
o
r
th
e
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o
f
m
etallic
n
a
n
o
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ticles
at
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wev
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ased
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ic
p
r
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p
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f
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h
t
h
ar
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n
g
.
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n
th
is
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r
k
,
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
Al
p
lasmo
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m
e
tal
o
f
DNAs
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
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tr
o
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s
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esti
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ated
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d
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o
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ated
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e
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eh
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r
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ca
tter
in
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d
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
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c
r
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s
s
-
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n
with
a
DNA
r
ad
iu
s
.
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h
e
aim
o
f
u
s
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g
d
is
c
f
o
r
m
is
to
o
b
tain
a
s
i
m
ilar
ity
r
esp
o
n
s
e
t
o
th
e
a
p
p
li
ed
E
-
f
ield
d
u
e
to
its
cir
cu
lar
s
h
ap
e.
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h
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
ti
o
n
o
f
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
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d
s
ca
tter
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g
o
f
Al
DNAs
ar
e
co
m
p
a
r
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wit
h
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an
d
Ag
DNAs
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
am
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
m
ak
e
Al
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
in
L
SP
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an
d
g
o
o
d
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
in
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
at
wav
elen
g
th
s
lo
n
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an
8
0
0
n
m
an
d
NI
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s
p
ec
tr
al
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ten
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o
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1
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0
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n
m
,
wh
ich
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iv
es
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alter
n
ativ
e
to
o
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er
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lasmo
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ic
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o
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le
m
etals.
Ultim
ately
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it
ca
n
jo
in
th
e
NI
R
r
eg
io
n
t
o
ex
ten
d
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
lasmo
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ic
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g
e
o
f
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f
r
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UV,
v
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to
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e
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s
p
ec
tr
u
m
r
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g
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n
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en
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s
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tailo
r
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latf
o
r
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o
f
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on
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en
h
a
n
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h
t h
ar
v
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n
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p
licatio
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s
.
ACK
NO
WL
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DG
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M
E
NT
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T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ar
e
v
er
y
g
r
atef
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l
to
th
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Un
iv
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s
ity
o
f
M
o
s
u
l,
C
o
lleg
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o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
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in
g
f
o
r
th
ei
r
p
r
o
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id
ed
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ies,
wh
ich
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elp
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p
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o
v
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
D.
F
ra
n
k
li
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
e
lf
-
a
ss
e
m
b
led
p
las
m
o
n
ics
f
o
r
a
n
g
le
-
in
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
stru
c
t
u
ra
l
c
o
l
o
r
d
isp
lay
s
with
a
c
ti
v
e
l
y
a
d
d
re
ss
e
d
b
lac
k
sta
tes
,
”
PNA
S
,
v
o
l.
1
1
7
,
n
o
.
2
4
,
p
p
.
1
3
3
5
-
1
3
3
5
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
2
0
.
[2
]
Ju
n
x
i
Zh
a
n
g
,
Li
d
e
Zh
a
n
g
,
“
Na
n
o
stru
c
tu
re
s fo
r
su
rfa
c
e
p
las
m
o
n
s,
”
A
d
v
.
Op
t.
P
h
o
t
o
n
,
v
o
l.
4
,
p
p
.
1
5
7
-
3
2
1
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
1
2
.
[3
]
P
.
R.
Wes
t
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
e
a
rc
h
i
n
g
fo
r
b
e
tt
e
r
p
las
m
o
n
ic
m
a
teria
ls,”
L
a
se
r
Ph
o
to
n
ics
Rev
.
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
7
9
5
-
8
0
8
,
2
0
1
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
A
lu
min
u
m
b
a
s
ed
n
a
n
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es fo
r
en
erg
y
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
(
M
o
h
a
mma
d
Ta
r
iq
Ya
s
ee
n
)
689
[4
]
S
.
Ba
b
a
r
a
n
d
J.
H.
Wea
v
e
r,
“
Op
ti
c
a
l
c
o
n
sta
n
ts o
f
Cu
,
A
g
,
a
n
d
A
u
re
v
isit
e
d
,
”
Ap
p
l
.
Op
t.
,
v
o
l.
5
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
7
7
-
4
8
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[5
]
Y.
Li
a
n
d
Y.
L
i,
“
Op
ti
c
a
l
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s o
f
p
las
m
o
n
ic m
a
teria
ls
,
”
Pl
a
sm
o
n
ic Op
t.
T
h
e
o
ry
A
p
p
l
.
,
2
0
1
7
.
[6
]
J.
C.
Re
e
d
,
H.
Zh
u
,
A.
Y.
Z
h
u
,
C
.
Li
,
a
n
d
E.
Cu
b
u
k
c
u
,
“
G
ra
p
h
e
n
e
-
e
n
a
b
led
silv
e
r
n
a
n
o
a
n
ten
n
a
se
n
s
o
rs,”
Na
n
o
L
e
t
.
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
4
0
9
0
–
4
0
9
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[7
]
A.
V
.
Kra
sa
v
in
a
n
d
A.
V
.
Za
y
a
ts,
“
S
il
ico
n
-
b
a
se
d
p
las
m
o
n
ic
wa
v
e
g
u
id
e
s,”
Op
t.
Ex
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
1
7
9
1
-
1
1
7
9
9
,
2
0
1
0
.
[8
]
A.
S
e
tay
e
sh
,
S
.
R.
M
ir
n
a
z
iry
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
A
b
rish
a
m
ian
,
“
Nu
m
e
rica
l
I
n
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
tu
n
a
b
le
b
a
n
d
-
p
a
ss
b
a
n
d
-
sto
p
p
las
m
o
n
ic
fil
ters
with
h
o
ll
o
w
-
c
o
r
e
c
ircu
lar
rin
g
re
so
n
a
to
r
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
th
e
Op
ti
c
a
l
S
o
c
iety
o
f
Ko
re
a
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
2
-
8
9
,
2
0
1
1
.
[9
]
B.
S
.
Arc
h
a
n
j
o
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
las
m
o
n
3
D
e
lec
tro
n
t
o
m
o
g
ra
p
h
y
a
n
d
lo
c
a
l
e
lec
tri
c
-
field
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
e
n
g
in
e
e
re
d
p
las
m
o
n
ic n
a
n
o
a
n
ten
n
a
s
,
”
AC
S
P
h
o
t
o
n
ics
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
2
8
3
4
-
2
8
4
2
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
8
.
[1
0
]
O.
Re
c
ti
fica
ti
o
n
,
F
.
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
X.
Lei,
“
No
n
li
n
e
a
r
m
e
tal
-
in
s
u
lato
r
-
m
e
tal
(M
IM
)
n
a
n
o
p
las
m
o
n
ic
wa
v
e
g
u
i
d
e
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
e
lec
tro
n
tu
n
n
e
li
n
g
f
o
r
o
p
ti
c
a
l
re
c
ti
fica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
”
M
S
c
.
t
h
e
sis,
Un
iv.
A
l
b
e
rta
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
1
]
L.
Tsa
k
a
lak
o
s,
Na
n
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ics
,
”
CRC
P
re
ss
Ta
y
lo
r
&
F
ra
n
c
is
G
ro
u
p
,
1
st
e
d
.
,
Oc
to
b
e
r
2
0
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
.
4
5
8
.
[1
2
]
M
.
T
.
Ya
se
e
n
,
F
.
Y.
Ab
d
u
l
lah
a
n
d
M
.
H.
Alm
a
ll
a
h
,
“
S
m
a
rt
G
re
e
n
F
a
rm
,
”
2
0
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0
7
t
h
In
ter
n
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ti
o
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l
Co
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fer
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e
o
n
El
e
c
trica
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a
n
d
E
lec
tro
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ics
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g
(ICEE
E
)
,
p
p
.
2
9
9
-
3
0
2
,
Ap
r
.
2
0
2
0
.
[1
3
]
M
.
W.
Kn
ig
h
t,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Al
u
m
in
u
m
fo
r
p
las
m
o
n
ics
,
”
ACS
Na
n
o
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
3
4
–
8
4
0
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
4
]
R.
M
.
Altu
wir
q
i,
B.
Ba
a
ti
y
a
h
,
E.
Nu
g
a
li
,
Z.
Ha
sh
im,
H.
Al
-
Ja
wh
a
ri,
“
S
y
n
t
h
e
sis
a
n
d
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
lu
m
in
u
m
n
a
n
o
p
a
rti
c
les
p
re
p
a
re
d
i
n
v
in
e
g
a
r
u
sin
g
a
p
u
lse
d
las
e
r
a
b
lati
o
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
N
a
n
o
ma
ter
i
a
ls
,
p
p
.
5
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
5
]
O.
Lec
a
rm
e
,
Q.
S
u
n
,
K.
Ue
n
o
,
a
n
d
H.
M
isa
wa
,
“
Ro
b
u
st
a
n
d
v
e
rsa
ti
le
li
g
h
t
a
b
s
o
rp
ti
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a
t
n
e
a
r
-
i
n
fra
r
e
d
wa
v
e
len
g
t
h
s
b
y
p
las
m
o
n
ic al
u
m
in
u
m
n
a
n
o
r
o
d
s
,
”
ACS
P
h
o
t
o
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
5
3
8
–
5
4
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
6
]
L.
Tan
g
,
S
.
Latif,
a
n
d
D.
A.
B.
M
il
ler,
“
P
las
m
o
n
ic
d
e
v
ice
in
si
li
c
o
n
C
M
OS,
”
El
e
c
tro
n
.
Let.
,
v
o
l.
4
5
,
n
o
.
1
3
,
p
p
.
7
0
6
-
7
0
8
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
7
]
C.
F
.
Bo
h
re
n
a
n
d
D.
R.
H
u
ffm
a
n
,
“
Ab
so
rp
ti
o
n
a
n
d
sc
a
tt
e
rin
g
o
f
li
g
h
t
b
y
sm
a
ll
p
a
rti
c
les
,
”
J
o
h
n
W
il
e
y
&
S
o
n
s,
Ne
w
Y
o
rk
:
J
o
h
n
W
il
e
y
&
S
o
n
s
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
8
]
Ko
n
d
o
rsk
i
y
,
A.
D.,
Lam
,
N.
T.
&
Leb
e
d
e
v
,
V.
S.
, “
Ab
so
r
p
ti
o
n
a
n
d
S
c
a
tt
e
rin
g
o
f
Li
g
h
t
b
y
S
il
v
e
r
a
n
d
G
o
ld
Na
n
o
d
isk
s
a
n
d
Na
n
o
p
rism
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ru
s
sia
n
L
a
se
r R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
3
9
,
p
p
.
5
6
-
6
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
9
]
P
e
to
u
k
h
o
ff,
C.
,
O’Ca
rro
ll
,
D.,
“
Ab
so
rp
ti
o
n
-
in
d
u
c
e
d
sc
a
tt
e
rin
g
a
n
d
su
rfa
c
e
p
las
m
o
n
o
u
t
-
c
o
u
p
li
n
g
fro
m
a
b
so
r
b
e
r
-
c
o
a
ted
p
las
m
o
n
ic m
e
tas
u
rfa
c
e
s
,
”
Na
tu
re
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
7
8
9
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
0
]
G
.
A.
E.
Va
n
d
e
n
b
o
sc
h
a
n
d
Z.
M
a
,
“
Up
p
e
r
b
o
u
n
d
s
fo
r
th
e
so
lar
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
sti
n
g
e
fficie
n
c
y
o
f
n
a
n
o
-
a
n
ten
n
a
s,”
Na
n
o
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
9
4
-
5
0
2
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
2
.
[2
1
]
S.
-
W.
Ba
e
k
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
las
m
o
n
ic
fo
rwa
rd
sc
a
tt
e
rin
g
e
ffe
c
t
i
n
o
r
g
a
n
ic
so
lar
c
e
ll
s:
a
p
o
we
rfu
l
o
p
ti
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
,
”
S
c
ien
ti
fic Rep
o
rts,
v
o
l
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
7
2
6
-
1
7
3
3
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
2
]
D.
De
rk
a
c
s,
S
.
H.
Li
m
,
P
.
M
a
th
e
u
,
W.
M
a
r,
a
n
d
E.
T.
Yu
,
“
Im
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
a
m
o
rp
h
o
u
s
si
li
c
o
n
so
lar
c
e
ll
s
v
ia
sc
a
tt
e
rin
g
fro
m
su
rfa
c
e
p
las
m
o
n
p
o
larit
o
n
s
in
n
e
a
rb
y
m
e
talli
c
n
a
n
o
p
a
rti
c
les
,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
P
h
y
sic
s
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
p
p
.
2
3
9
–
2
4
1
,
Au
g
.
2
0
0
6
.
[2
3
]
CS
T
S
tu
d
i
o
S
u
it
e
3
D
EM
si
mu
la
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
lys
is
s
o
ft
wa
re
,
3
DS
S
imu
la
[On
li
n
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
3
d
s.c
o
m
/p
ro
d
u
c
ts
-
se
rv
ice
s/sim
u
li
a
/p
ro
d
u
c
ts/cs
t
-
stu
d
i
o
-
su
it
e
/?u
tm_
so
u
rc
e
=
c
st.co
m
&
u
tm_
m
e
d
iu
m
=
3
0
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&
u
tm_
c
a
m
p
a
ig
n
=
c
st
.
[2
4
]
Wan
g
L
.
,
Ya
n
Y.
,
Ji
X.,
“
Im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
e
fficie
n
c
y
o
f
a
las
e
r
-
d
ri
v
e
n
fl
y
e
r
b
y
a
n
i
n
situ
-
fa
b
rica
ted
n
a
n
o
-
a
b
s
o
rp
t
i
o
n
lay
e
r
,
”
Na
n
o
sc
a
le Res
Lett
,
v
o
l.
15,
n
o
.
1
,
De
c
.
2
0
2
0
.
[2
5
]
M
e
h
rn
o
o
sh
S
a
lem
iza
d
e
h
,
F
a
tem
e
h
F
o
u
lad
i
M
a
h
a
n
i,
a
n
d
Ara
sh
M
o
k
h
tari,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
a
lu
m
in
u
m
-
b
a
se
d
n
a
n
o
ri
n
g
a
rra
y
s
fo
r
re
a
li
z
i
n
g
e
fficie
n
t
p
la
sm
o
n
ic
se
n
so
rs,
”
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
t
h
e
Op
ti
c
a
l
S
o
c
iety
o
f
Am
e
rica
B
,
v
o
l.
3
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
8
6
-
7
9
3
,
M
a
r.
2
0
1
9
.
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