T
E
L
K
O
M
N
I
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
un
ica
t
io
n Co
m
pu
t
ing
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Co
ntr
o
l
Vo
l.
20
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
,
p
p
.
1
66
~1
72
I
SS
N:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
2
9
2
8
/TE
L
KOM
NI
KA.
v
20
i
1
.
2
2
4
6
0
166
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//telko
mn
ika
.
u
a
d
.
a
c.
i
d
Enha
ncing
t
he
e
f
f
iciency
of
p
ho
tov
o
ltaic
p
o
wer
s
y
ste
m by
s
ubmerg
ing
it
i
n t
he
r
iv
ers
M
a
j
id Va
liza
deh
1
,
Ibti
h
a
l
Ra
z
a
q
Nia
m
a
ALR
u
b
e
e
i
2
,
H
a
id
e
r
TH
.
S
a
li
m
ALR
ik
a
b
i
3
,
F
a
isa
l
T
h
e
y
a
b
Abed
4
1
,2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
I
l
a
m U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
I
l
a
m,
I
r
a
n
2,
3,
4
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
W
a
s
i
t
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
Al
K
u
t
,
I
r
a
q
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Au
g
19
,
2
0
2
1
R
ev
is
ed
Dec
17
,
2
0
2
1
Acc
ep
ted
Dec
28
,
2
0
2
1
In
li
g
h
t
o
f
t
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
wo
rl
d
,
t
h
is
stu
d
y
a
ims
to
u
se
a
lt
e
rn
a
t
iv
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
f
o
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
n
g
e
lec
tri
c
e
n
e
rg
y
a
t
th
e
lo
we
s
t
c
o
st.
S
o
lar
c
e
ll
s
a
re
d
e
v
ice
s
th
a
t
h
a
v
e
sp
e
c
ial
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s
.
Th
e
m
o
st
imp
o
rtan
t
o
f
t
h
e
se
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s
a
re
th
e
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
o
f
c
e
ll
s
a
n
d
th
e
i
n
ten
sity
o
f
so
lar
ra
d
iatio
n
.
S
o
m
e
ti
m
e
s
th
e
c
li
m
a
te
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
m
a
tch
th
e
id
e
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s
u
se
d
f
o
r
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
so
l
a
r
c
e
ll
s
in
m
a
n
y
re
g
i
o
n
s
a
r
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
wo
rld
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
M
id
d
le
Eas
t
a
n
d
I
ra
q
in
p
a
rti
c
u
lar,
is
c
o
n
sid
e
re
d
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
su
n
n
ies
t
a
re
a
s
in
t
h
e
wo
rl
d
,
s
o
lar
e
n
e
rg
y
c
a
n
n
o
t
b
e
re
li
e
d
u
p
o
n
t
o
g
e
n
e
ra
te
e
lec
tri
c
e
n
e
rg
y
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
ly
b
e
c
a
u
se
o
f
th
e
p
ro
b
lem
o
f
h
ig
h
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
in
so
lar
c
e
ll
s
in
th
e
su
m
m
e
r
a
s
we
ll
a
s
th
e
p
ro
b
lem
o
f
d
u
st.
In
th
i
s
p
a
p
e
r,
a
sim
p
le
a
n
d
e
c
o
n
o
m
ica
l
m
e
th
o
d
wa
s
d
e
sig
n
e
d
to
o
v
e
rc
o
m
e
th
e
m
a
in
p
ro
b
lem
s
in
th
e
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
ll
s
re
p
re
s
e
n
ted
b
y
h
ig
h
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
in
so
lar
c
e
ll
s
a
s
we
ll
a
s
th
e
p
ro
b
lem
o
f
d
u
st
a
c
c
u
m
u
late
d
o
n
th
e
su
rfa
c
e
o
f
so
lar
c
e
ll
s
wh
ich
imp
e
d
e
s
th
e
e
n
try
o
f
su
n
li
g
h
t
i
n
to
th
o
se
c
e
ll
s.
Th
e
m
e
th
o
d
is
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
b
y
imm
e
rsin
g
th
e
so
l
a
r
c
e
ll
s
in
ru
n
n
i
n
g
wa
ter
a
t
a
d
i
sta
n
c
e
th
a
t
sh
o
u
l
d
b
e
c
lo
se
to
th
e
s
u
rfa
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
wa
ter.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
ell
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
L
o
w
co
s
t
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
So
lar
ce
ll d
esig
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Haid
er
T
H.
Salim
AL
R
ik
ab
i
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
W
asit
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Al
Ku
t,
W
asit
,
I
r
aq
E
m
ail: h
d
h
iy
ab
@
u
o
wasit.ed
u
.
iq
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
elec
tr
ical
en
e
r
g
y
in
I
r
aq
in
cr
ea
s
es
d
r
am
atic
ally
in
th
e
s
u
m
m
e
r
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
h
o
t
d
ay
lig
h
t
h
o
u
r
s
,
wh
en
th
e
m
ain
u
s
e
o
f
elec
tr
ic
en
er
g
y
is
t
o
co
o
l
air
in
s
id
e
h
o
m
es
an
d
b
u
ild
in
g
s
.
I
r
aq
is
cu
r
r
en
tly
s
u
f
f
er
in
g
f
r
o
m
a
d
e
f
icit
in
th
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
d
u
e
to
in
cr
e
ased
d
em
an
d
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
al
en
er
g
y
m
a
k
es
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
an
id
ea
l
s
o
u
r
ce
to
f
ill
th
e
d
ef
i
cit.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
r
is
in
g
s
u
m
m
er
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
u
p
to
4
7
d
e
g
r
ee
s
c
elsi
u
s
lead
s
to
a
r
is
e
in
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
to
h
ig
h
le
v
els
wh
ich
lead
s
to
lo
w
er
in
g
t
h
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
t
o
g
en
er
at
e
elec
tr
icity
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
an
d
a
d
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
ca
n
s
o
lv
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
s
ev
er
e
elec
tr
ic
ity
s
h
o
r
tag
e.
T
h
u
s
,
u
s
in
g
s
o
lar
ce
lls
to
g
e
n
er
ate
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
d
e
v
ices
th
at
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
e
ac
u
te
s
h
o
r
tag
e
o
f
elec
tr
ic
en
e
r
g
y
in
I
r
aq
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
f
ac
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
is
th
e
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
an
els
,
th
u
s
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
ag
e
o
f
th
e
ce
ll.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
l
ev
els o
f
p
an
els th
u
s
af
f
ec
t
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
ag
e
o
f
th
e
ce
ll.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
t
em
p
er
atu
r
es
in
I
r
aq
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
th
e
y
ea
r
[
1
]
.
W
e
ca
n
s
ee
clea
r
ly
f
r
o
m
th
e
tab
le
th
at
th
e
s
u
m
m
e
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
ar
e
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
id
ea
l
lim
its
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
s
o
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
will
b
e
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
w
ea
th
er
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
d
a
r
k
b
o
d
ies.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
if
th
e
air
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
is
4
5
d
eg
r
ee
s
c
elsi
u
s
,
t
h
e
ce
ll
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
will
b
e
ab
o
u
t
7
0
d
eg
r
ee
s
c
elsi
u
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
it
s
h
o
ws
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
m
ax
im
u
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
all
m
o
n
t
h
s
o
f
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
th
e
efficien
cy
o
f p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
p
o
w
er sys
tem
b
y
s
u
b
merg
in
g
it in
th
e
r
ivers
(
Ma
jid
V
a
liz
a
d
eh
)
167
y
ea
r
.
I
t
is
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
m
ay
r
ea
c
h
4
8
.
3
°C
in
Au
g
u
s
t
wh
ich
m
u
s
t
b
e
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t in
t
h
e
d
esig
n
ca
lc
u
latio
n
s
.
A
lar
g
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
f
allin
g
o
n
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
p
an
els
is
co
n
v
er
ted
to
h
ea
t.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
ll
wo
u
ld
b
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
0
.
5
%
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
h
e
at
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
el
f
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
o
n
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
d
eg
r
ee
,
a
n
d
it
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
ty
p
e
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
ll
u
s
ed
an
d
its
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
m
ain
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
s
o
lar
ce
lls
an
d
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
lated
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
wh
ich
o
b
s
tr
u
cts
t
h
e
en
tr
y
o
f
s
u
n
lig
h
t
in
to
th
o
s
e
ce
lls
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
h
elp
i
n
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
th
is
p
r
o
ject
is
th
at
all
I
r
aq
i
c
ities
ar
e
lo
ca
ted
o
n
r
o
ws
o
f
r
iv
er
s
.
I
t
m
ak
es
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
clo
s
e
to
th
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
r
ea
s
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
aim
,
we
n
ee
d
to
d
o
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
:
we
n
ee
d
a
s
o
lar
ce
l
l
th
at
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
as
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
y
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
ilico
n
e
m
ater
ial
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
p
r
o
te
ctin
g
th
e
el
ec
tr
ical
cir
cu
its
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
f
ix
ed
s
u
b
s
tr
ates
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
in
s
tall
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
wh
ich
allo
ws
im
m
er
s
in
g
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
s
o
lar
c
ells
f
o
r
ab
o
u
t
1
0
cm
.
T
o
k
ee
p
1
0
cm
,
it
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
in
s
talled
b
y
a
s
o
lid
ir
o
n
f
r
am
e
.
Als
o
,
th
e
r
u
n
wate
r
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t a
lg
ae
f
r
o
m
g
ath
e
r
in
g
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
ce
ll.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
th
is
p
ap
er
is
u
s
in
g
an
ec
o
n
o
m
i
ca
l
m
eth
o
d
wh
ich
is
th
e
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
o
f
av
ailab
le
r
u
n
n
in
g
wate
r
to
c
o
o
l
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
with
o
u
t
an
y
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
with
th
e
lo
west
co
s
t.
An
o
th
er
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
is
g
ettin
g
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ci
n
g
elec
tr
ic
al
en
er
g
y
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
wea
th
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
y
ea
r
in
t
h
e
s
o
u
th
o
f
I
r
a
q
El
e
m
e
n
t
:
me
a
n
ma
x
.
t
e
mp
.
(
°
C)
Y
e
a
r
Jan
.
F
e
b
.
M
a
r
.
A
p
r
.
M
a
y
Ju
n
.
Ju
l
.
A
u
g
.
S
e
p
.
O
c
t
.
N
o
v
.
D
e
c
.
2
0
1
1
_
2
2
.
1
2
9
.
5
3
1
.
7
3
8
.
8
4
3
.
9
4
6
.
9
4
5
.
4
4
1
.
9
3
8
.
2
2
6
.
9
1
9
.
2
2
0
1
2
1
8
.
0
1
9
.
9
2
6
.
3
3
3
.
9
3
9
.
8
4
3
.
7
4
6
.
6
4
6
.
0
4
2
.
0
3
6
.
2
2
4
.
9
2
2
.
7
2
0
1
3
1
8
.
2
2
0
.
4
2
8
.
0
3
3
.
6
4
0
.
1
4
6
.
0
4
5
.
3
4
8
.
3
4
2
.
4
3
6
.
8
2
4
.
1
1
5
.
0
2
0
1
4
1
5
.
7
2
1
.
8
2
5
.
7
3
1
.
6
4
1
.
1
4
4
.
4
4
5
.
7
4
6
.
2
4
3
.
2
3
8
.
0
2
7
.
9
1
9
.
5
2
0
1
5
1
4
.
2
2
0
.
7
3
1
.
2
3
6
.
0
4
0
.
0
4
3
.
8
4
6
.
5
4
7
.
1
4
3
.
1
3
4
.
9
2
5
.
3
2
0
.
2
2
0
1
6
1
8
.
2
2
3
.
0
2
6
.
9
3
1
.
5
4
0
.
0
4
3
.
2
4
4
.
7
4
5
.
9
4
1
.
4
3
6
.
9
2
5
.
9
2
1
.
9
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
A
ND
P
RO
B
L
E
M
ST
AT
E
M
E
NT
At
a
Un
ited
Natio
n
s
C
o
n
f
er
e
n
ce
ab
o
u
t
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
i
n
2
0
1
3
h
eld
in
Nair
o
b
i,
Ke
n
y
a,
Ma
r
tin
Ko
b
ler
th
e
s
p
ec
ial
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
o
f
th
e
U
n
ited
Natio
n
s
Secr
etar
y
-
Gen
er
al
f
o
r
I
r
aq
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
I
r
aq
f
ac
e
d
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
o
n
e
h
u
n
d
r
ed
an
d
t
wen
ty
s
an
d
-
d
u
s
t
s
to
r
m
s
p
er
y
e
ar
an
d
it
is
ex
p
ec
ted
th
at
I
r
aq
will
f
ac
e
th
r
ee
h
u
n
d
r
ed
s
to
r
m
s
p
er
y
ea
r
s
o
o
n
[
4
]
.
I
n
[5
]
,
[
6
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
in
d
icate
d
a
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
3
0
%
i
n
f
lat
p
late
co
llecto
r
s
af
ter
th
r
ee
wo
r
k
i
n
g
d
ay
s
with
o
u
t
clea
n
in
g.
I
n
[6
]
,
[
7
]
,
a
1
7
%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
was
f
o
u
n
d
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
les
ef
f
icien
cy
af
ter
s
ix
d
ay
s
with
o
u
t
clea
n
in
g
.
I
n
Sau
d
i
Ar
a
b
ia,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
f
o
u
n
d
a
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
7
%
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[8
]
,
[
9
]
.
I
n
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
,
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
r
ep
o
r
te
d
a
4
0
%
r
ed
u
c
tio
n
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els
ef
f
icien
cy
i
n
s
ix
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
th
e
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ian
an
d
Q
atar
wea
th
er
.
I
n
Mo
zu
m
d
er
et
a
l
.
[
1
2
]
,
Alam
o
u
d
ad
d
u
ce
d
a
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
d
ec
r
e
m
en
t
f
r
o
m
5
.
7
3
%
to
1
9
.
8
%.
T
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
d
ep
en
d
ed
o
n
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
m
o
d
u
le
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
th
e
Sau
d
i
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Hasan
an
d
Say
ig
h
e
x
a
m
in
ed
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
tr
a
n
s
m
ittan
ce
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
tilt
an
g
le
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
p
an
els
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
d
u
r
in
g
th
ir
ty
-
eig
h
t
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
ay
s
in
th
e
Ku
wait
r
eg
io
n
.
Als
o
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
s
u
g
g
ested
u
s
in
g
an
au
to
-
clea
n
in
g
r
o
b
o
t
to
a
v
o
id
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
ac
cu
m
u
lated
d
u
s
t
o
n
s
o
lar
p
an
el
tr
an
s
m
ittan
ce
[
1
4
]
.
C
h
an
d
ela
an
d
Ag
ar
wal
ex
a
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
in
o
r
g
an
ic
p
h
ase
ch
an
g
e
m
ater
ials
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
co
o
lin
g
.
A
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ested
t
h
at
in
o
r
g
an
ic
p
h
ase
ch
an
g
e
m
ater
ials
h
av
e
a
g
o
o
d
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
co
o
lin
g
[
1
5
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
a
r
k
et
r
ev
iew
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
m
ater
ials
-
b
ased
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
co
o
lin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
n
o
t
y
et
co
m
m
e
r
cialize
d
d
u
e
to
its
in
efficien
cy
p
r
im
ar
ily
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ch
allen
g
es,
h
ig
h
s
y
s
tem
co
s
ts
,
an
d
n
o
n
-
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
r
el
iab
le
o
p
er
atin
g
d
esig
n
s
[
1
6
]
-
[
1
9
]
.
I
t
is
n
o
ted
in
th
e
b
elo
w
m
a
p
th
at
th
e
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
s
o
u
th
er
n
I
r
aq
ar
e
lo
ca
ted
o
n
th
e
s
am
e
l
atitu
d
e
as
th
e
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
N
o
r
t
h
Af
r
ica,
wh
ich
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
b
est
r
eg
io
n
s
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
f
o
r
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
b
u
t
th
e
I
r
aq
r
e
g
io
n
is
n
o
t
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
b
a
d
d
eser
t
clim
ate
in
s
o
u
th
er
n
I
r
aq
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
Me
d
iter
r
a
n
ea
n
clim
ate
af
f
ec
ts
p
o
s
itiv
ely
th
e
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
N
o
r
t
h
Af
r
ica
[
2
0
]
-
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
r
eg
io
n
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
i
s
lo
ca
ted
in
I
r
a
q
,
i
n
th
e
Mid
d
le
E
ast
co
n
tin
en
t.
De
g
r
ee
s
m
in
u
tes
s
ec
o
n
d
s
(
DM
S
)
latitu
d
e
lo
n
g
itu
d
e
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
ates
f
o
r
Al
-
B
asra
ar
e:
3
0
°3
1
'
5
8
.
8
7
"N,
4
7
°4
7
'
5
0
.
8
9
"
E
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
f
o
u
n
d
m
an
y
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
s
o
lv
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
h
ig
h
-
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
an
d
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
ca
n
b
e
class
if
ied
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
o
b
s
tacle
s
wh
ich
m
ak
e
it
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
im
p
lem
en
t
th
ese
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
First,
s
o
m
e
r
esea
r
ch
er
s
u
s
e
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
m
ater
i
als
o
r
co
m
p
licated
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
as
in
[
1
2
]
-
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
h
er
e
is
th
e
h
i
g
h
co
s
ts
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
c
o
m
p
ati
b
ilit
y
;
u
s
u
ally
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
m
ak
e
ce
lls
v
e
r
y
ex
p
e
n
s
iv
e,
as
is
th
e
ca
s
e
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
C
h
an
d
e
.
Seco
n
d
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
;
in
th
ese
s
tu
d
ie
s
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ad
d
ed
d
ev
i
ce
s
to
co
o
l
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els
l
ik
e
f
an
s
,
b
u
t
th
ese
d
ev
ices a
r
e
a
b
u
r
d
en
o
n
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
co
n
s
u
m
e
p
ar
t o
f
t
h
eir
en
er
g
y
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
So
m
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
r
elied
o
n
n
atu
r
al
v
en
tilatio
n
,
an
d
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
g
iv
e
a
lim
ited
co
o
lin
g
ef
f
ec
t,
wh
ic
h
m
a
y
n
o
t
ev
en
e
x
is
t
o
n
s
o
m
e
h
o
t
d
ay
s
.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
h
ig
h
co
s
ts
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
co
m
p
atib
il
ity
;
u
s
u
ally
t
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
m
ak
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
TEL
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
20
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
1
66
-
1
72
168
ce
lls
v
er
y
ex
p
en
s
iv
e,
as
is
t
h
e
ca
s
e
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
C
h
an
d
e
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
wea
th
e
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
as
well
as
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
p
a
n
el
an
d
,
co
m
p
ar
es
it
with
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
tim
e
f
o
r
w
o
r
k
in
g
s
o
lar
c
ells
.
I
t
is
d
r
aw
n
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
n
E
x
ce
l sh
ee
t.
T
ab
le
2
.
Sh
o
win
g
th
e
tem
p
er
a
tu
r
e
o
f
wea
th
e
r
an
d
s
o
lar
p
an
e
l
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
y
ea
r
Y
e
a
r
Jan
.
F
e
b
.
M
a
r
.
A
p
r
.
M
a
y
Ju
n
.
Ju
l
.
A
u
g
.
S
e
p
.
O
c
t
.
N
o
v
.
D
e
c
.
M
e
a
n
ma
x
.
t
e
m
p
.
(C
°
)
17
20
29
32
40
44
46
47
42
38
26
20
Te
mp
.
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
(
C°
)
22
28
42
47
56
64
68
70
63
57
42
35
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
t
e
m
p
.
o
f
so
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
(
C
°
)
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
It
is
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
tim
e
f
o
r
wo
r
k
in
g
s
o
la
r
ce
lls
in
th
e
s
o
u
th
o
f
I
r
a
q
C
u
r
v
e
A
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
th
e
y
ea
r
;
wh
ile
cu
r
v
e
B
r
ep
r
esen
ts
wea
th
er
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
th
e
y
ea
r
.
I
n
a
d
d
it
io
n
,
s
tr
aig
h
t
-
lin
e
C
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
lar
ce
ll
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
o
v
er
th
e
y
ea
r
.
T
h
e
in
te
r
s
ec
tio
n
p
o
i
n
ts
o
f
cu
r
v
e
A
with
C
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
tim
e
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
W
h
en
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
A
a
n
d
C
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
cy
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
will
d
ec
r
ea
s
e.
W
e
c
an
s
ee
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
th
at
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
d
u
r
in
g
J
u
ly
an
d
Au
g
u
s
t
will
b
e
at
th
e
lo
west
lev
els.
T
h
e
two
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
r
o
b
lem
s
f
ac
in
g
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
i
n
v
estme
n
t a
r
e
h
ig
h
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es a
n
d
d
u
s
t.
3.
T
H
E
P
RO
B
L
E
M
O
F
O
VE
R
H
E
AT
I
NG
O
F
T
H
E
SO
L
A
R
CE
L
L
P
AN
E
L
,
AND
WA
Y
T
O
RE
DUC
E
I
T
(
CO
O
L
I
NG
S
O
L
AR
CE
L
L
P
ANE
L
S)
3
.
1
.
Air
co
o
lin
g
T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
m
ain
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
air
co
o
lin
g
n
atu
r
al
v
e
n
tilatio
n
an
d
f
o
r
ce
d
v
en
tilatio
n
.
Firstl
y
,
th
e
n
atu
r
al
v
en
tilatio
n
m
eth
o
d
u
s
e
s
th
e
wate
r
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
to
r
ed
u
ce
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
.
T
h
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
d
esig
n
in
g
t
h
e
ce
ll
f
in
s
.
O
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ajo
r
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
th
is
m
eth
o
d
i
s
th
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
f
l
o
win
g
wate
r
in
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
an
d
b
ac
k
o
f
th
e
ce
l
l.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
ca
u
s
es
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
b
y
8
%,
b
u
t it
ca
u
s
es a
lar
g
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
f
a
n
en
er
g
y
[
2
3
]
.
3
.
2
.
Wa
t
er
-
ba
s
ed
co
o
lin
g
Firstl
y
,
p
ass
iv
e
co
o
lin
g
m
ain
l
y
r
elies
o
n
wate
r
t
o
co
o
l
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
with
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
elec
tr
i
c
p
u
m
p
s
.
I
t
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
if
th
e
co
n
tact
b
et
wee
n
th
e
ce
ll
an
d
th
e
c
o
llecto
r
s
y
s
tem
is
g
o
o
d
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
e
x
ce
s
s
h
ea
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
em
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
wate
r
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
A
ctiv
e
co
o
lin
g
m
ain
ly
r
elies
in
c
o
o
lin
g
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
p
an
els
will
b
e
g
o
o
d
wh
en
th
e
wate
r
f
lo
w
in
cr
ea
s
es.
Als
o
,
t
h
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
f
lo
w
lead
s
to
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
p
late
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
u
p
to
9
%
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Fin
ally
,
l
iq
u
i
d
im
m
er
s
io
n
co
o
lin
g
wh
ich
m
ak
e
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
p
an
els
will
m
ain
tain
th
eir
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
at
3
0
-
4
5
°
C
,
th
e
ex
ce
s
s
h
ea
t
in
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
p
an
els will b
e
elim
in
ated
b
y
im
m
er
s
in
g
th
em
i
n
a
d
ielec
tr
ic
liq
u
id
in
an
elo
n
g
ate
d
tu
b
e
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
th
e
efficien
cy
o
f p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
p
o
w
er sys
tem
b
y
s
u
b
merg
in
g
it in
th
e
r
ivers
(
Ma
jid
V
a
liz
a
d
eh
)
169
3
.
3
.
T
herm
o
elec
t
ric
c
o
o
lin
g
I
n
th
is
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
ex
tr
a
h
ea
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
ce
ll
p
late
is
co
n
v
er
ted
to
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
.
Usi
n
g
th
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
lead
s
to
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
ce
ll
ef
f
icien
cy
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
b
y
8
%
-
2
3
%
[
2
8
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
er
e
is
a
lo
t
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
u
s
ed
co
o
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
ce
ll.
I
n
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
,
a
n
an
o
-
liq
u
id
was
u
s
ed
to
co
o
l
th
e
ce
ll,
an
d
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
ca
u
s
e
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
er
m
al
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
1
2
.
8
%.
I
n
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
n
an
o
g
r
am
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
wate
r
/m
ag
n
esiu
m
was
s
tu
d
ied
b
y
co
n
ce
n
tr
atin
g
m
ag
n
esiu
m
in
wate
r
.
4.
T
H
E
P
RO
B
L
E
M
O
F
DU
ST
AND
S
AND
S
T
O
RM
S
AND
T
H
E
W
AY
T
O
RE
DUC
E
I
T
(
CL
E
AN
I
NG
SO
L
AR
CE
L
L
P
ANE
L
S)
San
d
s
to
r
m
s
an
d
d
u
s
t
ar
e
m
ajo
r
ch
allen
g
es
in
in
v
esti
n
g
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
b
y
ce
lls
in
th
e
Mid
d
le
E
ast
r
eg
io
n
g
e
n
er
ally
an
d
in
I
r
aq
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
.
Du
s
t r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
s
u
n
lig
h
t e
n
ter
in
g
th
e
ce
lls
,
s
o
a
p
er
m
an
en
t c
lean
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
,
h
e
n
ce
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
s
ts
.
I
t
m
ak
es
th
e
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
co
s
tly
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
u
s
ele
s
s
[
3
2
]
-
[
3
4
]
.
−
T
h
e
n
atu
r
al
m
eth
o
d
(
win
d
lift,
win
d
-
in
d
u
ce
d
v
i
b
r
atio
n
)
.
−
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
m
eth
o
d
(
s
h
ak
in
g
b
y
s
o
u
n
d
o
u
r
m
ec
h
an
ical
ac
tu
ato
r
s
)
.
−
T
h
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
m
eth
o
d
(
clea
n
in
g
to
o
ls
,
clea
n
in
g
r
o
b
o
t sy
s
t
em
s
)
.
−
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
m
eth
o
d
(
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
an
d
elec
tr
o
d
y
n
a
m
ics)
.
−
T
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
-
ch
em
ical
m
eth
o
d
(
s
elf
-
clea
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
)
.
4
.
1
.
M
AT
E
RIA
L
S AN
D
M
E
T
H
O
DS
T
O
I
M
P
RO
VE
T
H
E
E
F
F
I
C
I
E
N
CY
O
F
T
H
E
SO
L
AR
C
E
L
L
4
.
1
.
1
.
M
a
t
er
ia
ls
a
nd
equip
m
ent
us
ed
in t
he
ex
perim
ent
T
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
u
s
ed
in
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
ex
p
er
im
en
t
was
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
a
c
o
m
p
an
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
p
an
el.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
u
s
ed
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
a
d
atash
ee
t
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
p
an
el
f
o
r
s
tan
d
ar
d
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
t
h
as
m
o
d
el
n
o
:
S/P
-
2
5
0
W
,
Pm
ax
2
5
0
W
p
,
T
o
ler
an
ce
±
3
%
,
Vm
p
3
0
.
8
V,
I
m
p
8
.
1
2
A,
Vo
c
3
7
.
6
V,
I
s
c
8
.
9
4
,
m
ax
im
u
m
s
y
s
tem
v
o
ltag
e
1
0
0
V,
s
ize
1
6
4
0
m
m
×
992
mm
×
35
mm
.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
is
f
o
r
e
v
er
y
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
to
g
et
test
ed
with
a
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
eq
u
al
to
2
5
°C
,
1
0
0
0
watt/s
q
u
ar
e
m
eter
lig
h
t in
ten
s
ity
,
an
d
s
u
n
an
g
le
d
ir
ec
tly
p
er
p
e
n
d
icu
lar
t
o
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el,
an
d
1
.
5
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
d
e
n
s
ity
.
4
.
1
.
2
.
T
he
t
ec
hn
iqu
e
f
o
r
s
o
la
r
ce
lls
ef
f
iciency
im
pro
v
em
e
nt
T
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll wa
s
s
u
b
m
er
g
ed
in
th
e
wate
r
s
o
f
th
e
T
ig
r
is
R
iv
er
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
a
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
r
iv
e
r
wate
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
ea
s
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
y
ea
r
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
wate
r
q
u
ality
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
wate
r
p
o
o
l
f
illed
wi
th
wate
r
as
s
h
o
wn
in
t
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
p
r
o
tectio
n
h
as b
ee
n
m
a
d
e
f
o
r
th
e
elec
tr
ical
cir
cu
its
b
eh
in
d
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els b
y
u
s
in
g
a
s
ilico
n
e
m
ater
ial
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t w
ater
f
r
o
m
en
ter
in
g
in
to
th
e
ce
ll’s e
lectr
ical
cir
cu
i
ts
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
t sh
o
ws th
at
th
e
p
r
a
ctica
l e
x
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
s
u
b
m
er
g
i
n
g
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll in
th
e
wate
r
s
:
(
a)
at
th
e
T
ig
r
is
R
iv
er
in
s
o
u
th
er
n
I
r
a
q
an
d
(
b
)
at
a
wate
r
p
o
o
l
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S O
F
CO
M
P
AR
I
N
G
T
H
E
I
ND
I
CA
T
O
RS O
F
T
H
E
SO
L
AR
C
E
L
L
I
N
T
W
O
CASE
S
T
h
e
d
ata
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
an
d
th
e
m
eth
o
d
u
s
ed
in
th
is
p
ap
e
r
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
wer
e
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
T
ab
le
3
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
s
wh
en
it
is
im
m
er
s
ed
u
n
d
er
th
e
wate
r
.
Fro
m
th
e
tab
le,
we
n
o
tice
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
is
alm
o
s
t
co
n
s
tan
t
wh
e
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
ile
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
e
f
f
icien
cy
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
TEL
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
20
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
1
66
-
1
72
170
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
an
d
u
n
s
tab
le
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
m
eth
o
d
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
in
air
an
d
im
m
er
s
io
n
.
Fro
m
th
e
T
ab
le
3
,
we
n
o
tic
e
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
is
alm
o
s
t
co
n
s
tan
t
wh
en
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
ile
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
is
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
an
d
u
n
s
tab
le
i
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es a
r
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
es o
f
th
e
p
an
el'
s
s
tan
d
ar
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll in
air
an
d
i
m
m
er
s
io
n
Y
e
a
r
Jan
.
F
e
b
.
M
a
r
.
A
p
r
.
M
a
y
Ju
n
.
Ju
l
.
A
u
g
.
S
e
p
.
O
c
t
.
N
o
v
.
D
e
c
.
M
e
a
n
ma
x
.
t
e
m
p
.
(
C
°
)
17
20
29
32
40
44
46
47
42
38
26
20
Te
mp
.
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
(
C
°
)
22
28
42
47
56
64
68
70
63
57
42
35
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
so
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
i
n
a
i
r
%
96
97
81
76
67
61
54
48
60
63
80
89
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
so
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
u
n
d
e
r
w
a
t
e
r
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
%
93
95
96
97
94
96
97
97
94
95
92
91
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll in
air
an
d
im
m
er
s
io
n
6.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
OF
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
N
T
A
L
RE
SU
L
T
S
I
n
th
is
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
th
e
e
n
tr
y
o
f
s
u
n
lig
h
t
in
to
th
e
s
o
la
r
ce
lls
will
b
e
s
m
o
o
th
an
d
th
e
ce
ll
will
m
ain
tain
its
id
ea
l
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
s
am
e
as
th
e
r
iv
er
wate
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
2
0
-
3
0
)
d
eg
r
ee
s
c
elsi
u
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
d
o
es
n
o
t
n
ee
d
clea
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
d
u
s
t
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
s
u
b
m
er
g
ed
u
n
d
er
wate
r
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
it
lead
s
to
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
o
f
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
,
a
n
d
th
u
s
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
O
b
s
tacle
s
th
at
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
en
c
o
u
n
ter
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
im
p
lem
en
t
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
ject
wer
e
i
n
in
s
tallin
g
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ates
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
els
in
th
e
r
i
v
er
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
o
b
s
tacle
s
o
f
th
is
m
eth
o
d
is
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
al
g
ae
in
p
o
o
ls
an
d
leak
s
an
d
th
is
ca
n
b
e
o
v
er
co
m
e
b
y
s
ettin
g
u
p
th
e
s
o
la
r
p
an
els
in
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
wate
r
.
7.
CO
NCLU
S
I
O
N
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
u
s
ed
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
b
est
s
o
lu
tio
n
wh
ich
is
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
an
d
ec
o
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
e
two
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
o
f
h
ig
h
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es,
an
d
d
u
s
ty
wea
th
er
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
t
h
s
o
f
th
e
y
ea
r
.
Firstl
y
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
is
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
es
s
,
s
im
p
licity
,
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
u
s
in
g
co
m
m
e
r
cial
s
o
lar
ce
lls
wh
ich
ar
e
c
u
r
r
en
tly
av
ailab
le
at
th
e
n
atio
n
al
m
ar
k
et
with
o
u
t
n
ee
d
in
g
to
c
h
an
g
e
th
e
d
esig
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
ce
lls
o
r
u
s
in
g
n
ew
m
ater
ials
in
th
eir
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
i
n
v
estme
n
t
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
in
elec
tr
icity
g
e
n
er
atio
n
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
f
ea
s
ib
le
af
ter
it
h
ad
b
ee
n
v
er
y
d
if
f
icu
lt
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
h
ig
h
tem
p
e
r
at
u
r
es,
an
d
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
u
s
t
t
h
at
ac
cu
m
u
lates
o
n
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el.
Seco
n
d
l
y
,
all
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
co
o
lin
g
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll a
n
d
clea
n
in
g
it f
r
o
m
th
e
d
u
s
t.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
is
m
et
h
o
d
h
as
h
ig
h
s
u
itab
ilit
y
with
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
em
an
d
o
n
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
I
r
aq
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
u
m
m
er
d
a
y
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
s
o
lar
u
n
its
ca
n
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
ir
ec
tly
to
th
e
Natio
n
al
E
lectr
icity
Netwo
r
k
with
o
u
t
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
to
r
ag
e.
Fin
ally
,
th
is
m
et
h
o
d
is
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ized
b
y
l
o
w
co
s
ts
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
b
ec
au
s
e
all
I
r
a
q
i c
ities
ar
e
lo
ca
ted
at
th
e
s
ea
s
id
e
o
f
r
iv
er
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
th
e
efficien
cy
o
f p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
p
o
w
er sys
tem
b
y
s
u
b
merg
in
g
it in
th
e
r
ivers
(
Ma
jid
V
a
liz
a
d
eh
)
171
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
H
.
F
.
K
h
a
z
a
a
l
,
H
.
T.
A
l
r
i
k
a
b
i
,
F
.
T
.
A
b
e
d
,
a
n
d
S
.
I
.
K
a
d
h
m,
"
W
a
t
e
r
d
e
s
a
l
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
p
u
r
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
u
si
n
g
d
e
sa
l
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
u
n
i
t
s
p
o
w
e
r
e
d
b
y
s
o
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
s
,
"
P
e
ri
o
d
i
c
a
l
s
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
N
a
t
u
r
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
3
7
3
-
1
3
8
2
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
5
3
3
/
p
e
n
.
v
7
i
3
.
7
4
8
.
[
2
]
S
.
C
h
a
n
d
e
l
a
n
d
T.
J
.
A
g
a
r
w
a
l
,
"
R
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
u
si
n
g
p
h
a
se
c
h
a
n
g
e
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
f
o
r
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
st
e
ms,"
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
Re
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
3
,
p
p
.
1
3
4
2
-
1
3
5
1
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
10
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
ser.
2
0
1
7
.
0
2
.
0
0
1
.
[
3
]
H
.
T
u
a
m
a
,
H
.
A
b
b
a
s
,
N
.
S
.
A
l
s
e
e
l
a
w
i
,
a
n
d
H
.
T
.
S
a
l
i
m
,
"
B
o
r
d
e
r
i
n
g
a
s
e
t
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
t
o
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
I
r
a
q
i
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
s
,
"
P
e
r
i
o
d
i
c
a
l
s
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
N
a
t
u
r
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
1
6
-
5
2
5
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
5
3
3
/
p
e
n
.
v
8
i
1
.
1
1
8
3
.
g
5
3
3
.
[
4
]
A
.
A
.
K
a
z
e
m,
M
.
T
.
C
h
a
i
c
h
a
n
,
a
n
d
H
.
K
a
z
e
m
,
"
D
u
s
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
n
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
u
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
I
r
a
q
,
"
Re
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
rev
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
7
,
p
p
.
7
3
4
-
7
4
9
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
ser.
2
0
1
4
.
0
5
.
0
7
3
.
[
5
]
A
.
S
a
y
i
g
h
,
"
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
d
u
st
o
n
f
l
a
t
p
l
a
t
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
s,"
i
n
S
u
n
:
M
a
n
k
i
n
d
'
s
F
u
t
u
re
S
o
u
rce
o
f
E
n
e
r
g
y
:
El
se
v
i
e
r
,
1
9
7
8
,
p
p
.
9
6
0
-
9
6
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
B
9
7
8
-
1
-
4
8
3
2
-
8
4
0
7
-
1
.
5
0
1
9
0
-
2
.
[
6
]
S
.
K
a
r
k
i
,
K
.
R
.
H
a
a
p
a
l
a
,
a
n
d
B
.
F
r
o
n
k
,
"
Te
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
c
o
n
o
mi
c
f
e
a
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
so
l
a
r
f
l
a
t
-
p
l
a
t
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
t
h
e
r
mal
e
n
e
r
g
y
sy
s
t
e
ms f
o
r
smal
l
a
n
d
m
e
d
i
u
m
ma
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
e
r
s,"
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
4
,
p
p
.
1
1
3
6
4
9
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
p
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
1
3
6
4
9
.
[
7
]
F
.
J.
W
a
k
i
m,
"
I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
P
V
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
K
u
w
a
i
t
,
"
K
u
w
a
i
t
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e
f
o
r
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
R
e
se
a
rc
h
e
rs
,
1
9
8
1
[
8
]
S.
A
.
M
.
S
a
i
d
,
"
Ef
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
d
u
s
t
a
c
c
u
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
ma
l
a
n
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
f
l
a
t
-
p
l
a
t
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
s
,
"
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
3
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
3
-
8
4
,
1
9
9
0
,
do
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
0
3
0
6
-
2
6
1
9
(
9
0
)
9
0
0
1
9
-
A
.
[
9
]
Y
.
F
i
r
d
a
u
s
,
V
.
M
.
C
o
r
r
e
,
J.
I
.
K
h
a
n
,
Z.
K
a
n
,
F
.
L
a
q
u
a
i
,
P
.
M
.
B
e
a
u
j
u
g
e
,
a
n
d
T.
A
n
t
h
o
p
o
u
l
o
s,
"
K
e
y
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
R
e
q
u
i
r
e
me
n
t
s
f
o
r
N
o
n
‐
F
u
l
l
e
r
e
n
e
‐
B
a
se
d
O
r
g
a
n
i
c
S
o
l
a
r
C
e
l
l
s
w
i
t
h
P
o
w
e
r
C
o
n
v
e
r
si
o
n
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
>
2
0
%,
"
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
8
0
2
0
2
8
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
a
d
v
s
.
2
0
1
8
0
2
0
2
8
.
[
1
0
]
S
.
G
h
a
z
i
a
n
d
A
.
S
a
y
i
g
h
,
"
D
u
s
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
n
f
l
a
t
su
r
f
a
c
e
s
–
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
p
a
p
e
r
,
"
Re
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
Re
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
3
,
p
p
.
7
4
2
-
7
5
1
,
2
0
1
4
,
doi
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
ser
.
2
0
1
4
.
0
2
.
0
1
6
.
[
1
1
]
A
.
A
.
H
a
c
h
i
c
h
a
,
I
.
A
l
-
S
a
w
a
f
t
a
,
a
n
d
Z
.
S
a
i
d
,
"
I
mp
a
c
t
o
f
d
u
s
t
o
n
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
o
f
so
l
a
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
(
P
V
)
sy
s
t
e
ms
u
n
d
e
r
U
n
i
t
e
d
A
r
a
b
Em
i
r
a
t
e
s w
e
a
t
h
e
r
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s,"
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
En
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
1
,
p
p
.
2
8
7
-
2
9
7
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
e
n
e
n
e
.
2
0
1
9
.
0
4
.
0
0
4
.
[
1
2
]
M
.
S
.
M
o
z
u
m
d
e
r
,
A
.
-
H
.
I
.
M
o
u
r
a
d
,
H
.
P
e
r
v
e
z
,
a
n
d
R
.
S
u
r
k
a
t
t
i
,
"
R
e
c
e
n
t
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
m
u
l
t
i
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
a
t
i
n
g
s
f
o
r
s
o
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s:
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
"
S
o
l
a
r
E
n
e
r
g
y
Ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
n
d
S
o
l
a
r
C
e
l
l
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
9
,
p
p
.
7
5
-
1
0
2
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
s
o
l
m
a
t
.
2
0
1
8
.
0
9
.
0
1
5
.
[1
3]
A
.
H
a
s
a
n
a
n
d
A
.
S
a
y
i
g
h
,
"
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
s
a
n
d
d
u
s
t
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
t
h
e
l
i
g
h
t
t
r
a
n
smi
t
t
a
n
c
e
,
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
a
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
a
b
s
o
r
b
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
g
l
a
z
i
n
g
,
"
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
E
n
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
t
,
P
e
rg
a
m
o
n
Pre
ss
,
O
x
f
o
rd
,
p
p
.
4
6
1
-
4
6
6
,
1
9
9
2
.
[
1
4
]
H
.
T.
S
a
l
i
m.
M
.
F
a
r
h
a
n
,
a
n
d
D
.
H
a
sa
n
,
"
I
mp
a
c
t
o
f
Te
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
D
u
st
D
e
p
o
si
t
i
o
n
o
n
P
V
P
a
n
e
l
P
e
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
,
"
i
n
AI
P
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
p
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
,
2
0
2
1
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
9
4
,
n
o
.
S
I
C
P
S
2
0
2
1
:
A
I
P
P
u
b
l
i
sh
i
n
g
L
LC
.
[
1
5
]
M.
M.
I
sl
a
m
,
A
.
K.
P
a
n
d
e
y
,
M
.
H
a
s
a
n
u
z
z
a
m
a
n
,
a
n
d
N
.
A
R
a
h
i
m,
"
R
e
c
e
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
e
sses
a
n
d
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
me
n
t
s
i
n
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
-
p
h
a
se
c
h
a
n
g
e
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
:
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
w
i
t
h
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
t
r
e
a
t
me
n
t
o
n
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
t
h
e
r
ma
l
-
p
h
a
se
c
h
a
n
g
e
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
sy
st
e
ms,"
En
e
rg
y
C
o
n
v
e
rsi
o
n
a
n
d
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
6
,
p
p
.
1
7
7
-
2
0
4
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
n
c
o
n
ma
n
.
2
0
1
6
.
0
7
.
0
7
5
.
[
1
6
]
S
.
M
a
n
j
u
a
n
d
N
.
J.
S
a
g
a
r
,
"
P
r
o
g
r
e
ss
i
n
g
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
su
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
:
A
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
n
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
st
a
t
u
s
,
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
a
l
b
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
s
p
e
c
t
s
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
y
st
e
ms
i
n
I
n
d
i
a
,
"
Re
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
Re
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
0
,
p
p
.
2
9
8
-
3
1
3
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
ser
.
2
0
1
6
.
1
1
.
2
2
6
.
[
1
7
]
S
.
H
.
A
l
a
w
a
j
i
,
"
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
i
t
s
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s i
n
S
a
u
d
i
A
r
a
b
i
a
—
2
0
y
e
a
r
s
o
f
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
,
"
Re
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
rg
y
R
e
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
9
-
7
7
,
2
0
0
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
S
1
3
6
4
-
0
3
2
1
(
0
0
)
0
0
0
0
6
-
X
.
[
1
8
]
H
.
A
l
r
i
k
a
b
i
,
M
.
F
a
r
h
a
n
,
a
n
d
T.
N
.
S
u
l
t
a
n
,
"
I
n
v
e
st
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
A
f
f
e
c
t
i
n
g
o
n
Th
e
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
o
f
P
V
S
y
st
e
m,"
i
n
AI
P
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
p
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
,
2
0
2
1
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
9
4
,
n
o
.
S
I
C
P
S
2
0
2
1
:
A
I
P
P
u
b
l
i
sh
i
n
g
L
LC
.
[
1
9
]
F
.
T.
A
b
e
d
,
H
.
T
.
S
.
A
L
R
i
k
a
b
i
,
a
n
d
I
.
A
.
I
b
r
a
h
i
m
,
"
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
E
n
e
r
g
y
o
f
S
m
a
r
t
G
r
i
d
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
M
o
d
e
l
s
f
o
r
M
o
d
e
r
n
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
st
e
m
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
i
n
I
r
a
q
,
"
i
n
I
O
P
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
S
e
r
i
e
s:
Ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
2
0
2
0
,
v
o
l
.
8
7
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
0
1
2
0
4
9
:
I
O
P
P
u
b
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
5
7
-
8
9
9
X
/
8
7
0
/
1
/
0
1
2
0
4
9
.
[
2
0
]
K
.
Zw
e
i
b
e
l
,
H
a
rn
e
ssi
n
g
so
l
a
r
p
o
w
e
r:
T
h
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
,
B
o
s
t
o
n
,
M
A
,
U
S
A
:
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
1
-
4
8
9
9
-
6
1
1
0
-
5.
[
2
1
]
N
.
A
.
H
u
ssi
e
n
,
A
.
A
.
D.
Al
-
M
a
g
s
o
o
si
,
H
.
T.
S
.
A
l
R
i
k
a
b
i
,
a
n
d
F
.
T.
A
b
e
d
,
"
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
o
n
s
u
mp
t
i
o
n
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
e
r
g
y
B
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
o
f
T
h
i
n
g
s A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,"
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
ra
c
t
i
v
e
M
o
b
i
l
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
7
-
2
9
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
9
9
1
/
i
j
i
m
.
v
1
5
i
0
7
.
2
0
1
8
3
.
[
2
2
]
J.
A
r
c
e
,
M
.
J.
Ji
m
é
n
e
z
,
J
.
D.
G
u
z
má
n
,
M
.
R
.
H
e
r
a
s,
G
.
A
l
v
a
r
e
z
,
a
n
d
J
.
X
a
má
n
,
"
Ex
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
s
t
u
d
y
f
o
r
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
v
e
n
t
i
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
a
so
l
a
r
c
h
i
m
n
e
y
,
"
Re
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
3
4
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
9
2
8
-
2
9
3
4
,
2
0
0
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
e
n
e
n
e
.
2
0
0
9
.
0
4
.
0
2
6
.
[
2
3
]
K
.
R
i
s
h
i
,
M
.
B
a
l
a
c
h
a
n
d
r
a
n
,
G
.
R
a
a
g
u
l
,
A
.
S
r
i
n
i
v
a
sa
g
o
p
a
l
a
n
,
B
.
R
a
mk
i
r
a
n
a
n
d
P
.
N
e
e
l
a
me
g
a
m,
"
S
o
l
a
r
C
o
o
l
i
n
g
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
-
A
R
e
v
i
e
w
,
"
2
0
1
8
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
P
o
w
e
r,
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
I
C
C
P
EI
C
)
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
7
4
-
1
7
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
C
C
P
EI
C
.
2
0
1
8
.
8
5
2
5
1
6
2
.
[
2
4
]
M
.
A
.
A
l
M
o
h
se
n
,
S
.
I
smai
l
,
a
n
d
I
.
S
.
I
smai
l
,
"
I
mp
r
o
v
i
n
g
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
C
o
mf
o
r
t
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
N
a
t
u
r
a
l
V
e
n
t
i
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
P
a
ss
i
v
e
S
o
l
a
r
S
y
st
e
ms
i
n
R
e
si
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
B
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
s i
n
I
r
a
q
,
"
i
n
I
C
AC
E
2
0
1
9
:
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
,
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
2
0
7
-
2
1
6
.
[
2
5
]
A
.
E.
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
,
"
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
st
u
d
y
o
f
f
o
u
r
s
u
p
e
r
v
i
se
d
mac
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
f
o
r
c
l
a
ssi
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
"
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
1
7
.
[
2
6
]
D
.
D
u
,
J.
D
a
r
k
w
a
,
a
n
d
G
.
J.
K
o
k
o
g
i
a
n
n
a
k
i
s
,
"
Th
e
r
mal
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
s
y
st
e
ms
f
o
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
(
P
V
)
i
n
st
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
s:
a
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
"
S
o
l
a
r E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
9
7
,
p
p
.
2
3
8
-
2
5
4
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
so
l
e
n
e
r
.
2
0
1
3
.
0
8
.
0
1
8
.
[
2
7
]
S
.
K
r
a
u
t
e
r
,
"
I
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
y
i
e
l
d
v
i
a
w
a
t
e
r
f
l
o
w
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
p
a
n
e
l
s,"
S
o
l
a
r
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
t
e
ri
a
l
s
a
n
d
so
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
2
,
n
o
.
1
-
2
,
p
p
.
1
3
1
-
1
3
7
,
2
0
0
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
s
o
l
mat
.
2
0
0
4
.
0
1
.
0
1
1
.
[
2
8
]
W
.
V
a
n
S
a
r
k
,
"
F
e
a
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
–
t
h
e
r
m
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
h
y
b
r
i
d
m
o
d
u
l
e
s,"
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
En
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
8
8
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
2
7
8
5
-
2
7
9
0
,
2
0
1
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
p
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
2
0
1
1
.
0
2
.
0
0
8
.
[
2
9
]
Q
.
Zh
a
n
g
a
n
d
J
.
Li
u
,
"
N
a
n
o
l
i
q
u
i
d
met
a
l
a
s
a
n
e
mer
g
i
n
g
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
i
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
c
o
n
v
e
r
si
o
n
a
n
d
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
,
"
N
a
n
o
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
8
6
3
-
8
7
2
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
n
a
n
o
e
n
.
2
0
1
3
.
0
3
.
0
0
2
.
[
3
0
]
O.
C
.
O
l
a
w
o
l
e
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
o
f
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
s
o
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
:
A
c
o
n
c
i
se
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
"
i
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
s
i
c
s:
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
S
e
r
i
e
s
,
2
0
1
9
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
9
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
0
1
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
4
2
-
6
5
9
6
/
1
2
9
9
/
1
/
0
1
2
0
2
0
.
[
3
1
]
T.
N
.
S
u
l
t
a
n
,
M
.
S
.
F
a
r
h
a
n
,
a
n
d
H
.
T.
A
LR
i
k
a
b
i
,
"
U
si
n
g
C
o
o
l
i
n
g
S
y
st
e
m
f
o
r
I
n
c
r
e
a
si
n
g
t
h
e
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
S
o
l
a
r
C
e
l
l
,
"
i
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ph
y
s
i
c
s:
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
S
e
ri
e
s
,
2
0
2
1
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
7
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
0
1
2
1
2
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
4
2
-
6
5
9
6
/
1
9
7
3
/
1
/
0
1
2
1
2
9
.
[
3
2
]
T.
S
a
r
v
e
r
,
A
.
A
l
-
Q
a
r
a
g
h
u
l
i
,
a
n
d
L
.
K
a
z
mers
k
i
,
"
A
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
v
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
d
u
s
t
o
n
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
:
H
i
st
o
r
y
,
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
s,
r
e
su
l
t
s
,
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
a
n
d
mi
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s,"
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
s
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
Re
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
p
p
.
6
9
8
-
7
3
3
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
ser.
2
0
1
2
.
1
2
.
0
6
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
TEL
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
20
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
1
66
-
1
72
172
[
3
3
]
H
.
Zu
o
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
C
a
t
a
s
t
r
o
p
h
i
c
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
n
t
h
e
st
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
a
l
a
r
g
e
d
i
s
h
so
l
a
r
t
h
e
r
mal
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
w
i
n
d
-
i
n
d
u
c
e
d
v
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
"
S
o
l
a
r
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
3
,
p
p
.
4
0
-
4
9
,
2
0
1
9
,
doi
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
s
o
l
e
n
e
r
.
2
0
1
9
.
0
3
.
0
0
3
.
[
3
4
]
H
.
K
h
o
n
k
a
r
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
I
mp
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
c
l
e
a
n
i
n
g
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
e
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
a
r
r
a
y
s
i
n
a
d
e
s
e
r
t
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
,
"
S
o
l
a
r
En
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
0
,
p
p
.
2
6
8
-
2
7
5
,
2
0
1
4
,
doi
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
s
o
l
e
n
e
r
.
2
0
1
4
.
0
8
.
0
0
1
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Ma
jid
Va
l
iza
d
e
h
re
c
e
iv
e
d
t
h
e
B
E
n
g
.
De
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
t
h
e
Ka
sh
a
n
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Ka
sh
a
n
,
Ira
n
in
2
0
0
3
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
M
S
c
a
n
d
P
h
D
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Tab
riz,
Tab
riz,
Ira
n
in
2
0
0
7
a
n
d
2
0
1
3
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
t
ly
a
n
a
ss
istan
t
p
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Ilam
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
He
is
a
u
th
o
r
a
n
d
c
o
a
u
t
h
o
r
o
f
so
m
e
tec
h
n
ica
l
jo
u
rn
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
p
a
p
e
rs.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
i
n
c
lu
d
e
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
ies
,
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
v
e
rters
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
a
n
d
d
r
iv
e
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
.
v
a
li
z
a
d
e
h
@ilam
.
a
c
.
ir
Ibti
h
a
l
R
a
z
a
q
Ni
a
m
a
ALR
u
b
e
e
i
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B
.
S
c
En
g
.
D
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
th
e
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Ira
q
in
2
0
1
0
.
S
h
e
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
a
n
En
g
in
e
e
r
in
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t,
W
a
sit
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
i
n
Al
Ku
t,
Was
it
,
Ira
q
,
a
n
d
m
a
ste
r
stu
d
e
n
t
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
I
lam
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
He
r
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
ies
,
c
o
n
tr
o
l
sy
ste
m
,
a
n
d
S
m
a
rt
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
.
Sh
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
ib
ti
h
a
lalr
u
b
e
e
i
8
2
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
H
a
id
e
r
TH
.
S
a
li
m
ALR
ik
a
b
i
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
As
st.
P
ro
f
a
n
d
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
fa
c
u
lt
y
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t,
W
a
sit
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
i
n
Al
Ku
t,
Was
it
,
Ira
q
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
i
n
2
0
0
6
fr
o
m
th
e
Al
M
u
sta
n
siri
y
a
Un
i
v
e
rsity
in
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
,
Ira
q
.
His M
.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
o
c
u
si
n
g
o
n
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
S
y
ste
m
s
fro
m
Ca
li
fo
rn
ia
sta
te
u
n
i
v
e
rsity
/F
u
l
lerto
n
,
USA
in
2
0
1
4
.
He
is
a
u
th
o
r
,
c
o
a
u
th
o
r,
a
n
d
E
d
it
o
r
o
f
so
m
e
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
rn
a
ls
a
n
d
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
p
a
p
e
rs.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
sy
ste
m
s
with
th
e
m
o
b
il
e
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
Co
n
tro
l
s
y
ste
m
s,
in
te
ll
ig
e
n
t
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
,
sm
a
rt
c
it
ies
,
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
ies
,
a
n
d
th
e
In
tern
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
(I
o
T).
Al
Ku
t
c
it
y
–
Ha
y
ALRa
b
e
e
,
Was
it
,
Ira
q
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
a
rti
c
les
in
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
d
a
tab
a
se
s
–
1
0
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
a
rti
c
les
in
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
d
a
tab
a
se
s
–
42
.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
h
d
h
iy
a
b
@
u
o
wa
sit.
e
d
u
.
i
q
Fa
isa
l
Th
e
y
a
b
Abed
is
a
l
e
c
tu
re
r
in
th
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
C
o
ll
e
g
e
,
a
t
t
h
e
Was
it
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Ira
q
.
His
a
re
a
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s
a
n
d
th
e
ir
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
2
0
0
6
fro
m
th
e
Al
M
u
sta
n
siriy
a
Un
iv
e
rsity
in
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
,
Ir
a
q
.
His
M
.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fo
c
u
si
n
g
o
n
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s
fro
m
Ru
ss
ia
i
n
2
0
1
7
.
Al
Ku
t
c
it
y
–
Ha
y
ALRa
b
e
e
,
Was
it
,
Ira
q
.
Th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
a
rti
c
les
in
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
d
a
tab
a
se
s
–
4
,
a
n
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
a
rti
c
les
i
n
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
d
a
tab
a
se
s
–
1
0
.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
ft
h
e
y
a
b
@
u
o
wa
sit.
e
d
u
.
i
q
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.