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p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
t
ical
am
p
lifie
r
ty
p
es
wer
e
co
m
b
in
ed
th
e
n
two
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
ly
h
y
b
r
id
am
p
lifie
r
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
t
h
at
ca
n
o
f
f
er
b
etter
ac
tio
n
:
an
er
b
i
u
m
d
o
p
ed
f
ib
e
r
am
p
lifie
r
(
E
DFA)
,
an
d
a
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
o
p
ti
ca
l
am
p
lifie
r
(
SOA)
,
b
o
t
h
in
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
to
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
R
am
an
am
p
lifie
r
(
DR
A)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
d
u
ce
less
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
am
p
lifie
d
s
ig
n
al
[
6
]
.
I
n
v
esti
g
at
io
n
also
m
a
d
e
f
o
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
h
y
b
r
id
o
p
tical
am
p
lifie
r
s
(
R
am
an
-
E
DFA,
R
am
an
-
SOA
,
SOA
-
E
D
FA,
E
DFA
-
R
am
an
E
DFA)
.
I
n
a
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
3
2
an
d
1
6
ch
an
n
els
with
1
0
Gb
p
s
s
p
ee
d
.
Au
th
o
r
s
h
av
e
d
o
c
u
m
en
ted
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
h
y
b
r
id
am
p
lifie
r
s
an
d
th
eir
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
q
u
ality
,
Ma
x
ey
e
o
p
en
in
g
,
B
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
wh
en
ch
an
g
in
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
a
n
n
els
[
7
]
.
A
s
u
g
g
ested
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
m
an
y
ch
a
n
n
els
(
1
6
,
3
2
an
d
6
4
)
wer
e
ex
am
in
e
d
b
y
a
u
th
o
r
s
f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t h
y
b
r
id
am
p
lifie
r
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
th
eir
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
s
y
s
tem
s
at
s
p
ee
d
o
f
1
0
Gb
p
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
f
ac
to
r
,
B
E
R
,
ey
e
o
p
en
in
g
an
d
jitt
er
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
a
n
n
els
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
.
SOA
-
E
DFA
s
h
o
ws
a
Q
F
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
as
it c
an
r
ea
ch
m
ax
im
u
m
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
2
6
0
k
m
at
6
4
ch
an
n
els
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
6
4
ch
a
n
n
els
o
f
1
0
Gb
p
s
W
DM
s
y
s
tem
s
was
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
[
9
]
with
b
ac
k
war
d
m
u
ltip
u
m
p
R
am
an
am
p
lif
ier
to
m
in
im
ize
its
g
ain
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
with
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
an
y
g
ain
f
latten
in
g
p
r
ac
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
ey
p
r
esen
t
s
y
s
tem
co
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
with
o
n
ly
f
o
u
r
u
tili
ze
d
p
u
m
p
s
.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
f
lat
g
ai
n
is
8
.
6
d
B
.
T
h
e
n
o
is
e
f
ig
u
r
e
was
g
r
e
ater
th
an
8
d
B
wer
e
r
ea
ch
ed
f
o
r
th
is
wid
e
b
a
n
d
wid
th
with
o
u
t u
s
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
o
f
g
ain
f
latten
in
g
.
Ou
r
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ize
d
in
to
f
iv
e
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
W
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
a
s
im
u
latio
n
s
tu
d
y
o
f
o
p
tical
am
p
lifie
r
s
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
s
ec
tio
n
2
g
iv
es a
n
o
v
er
v
iew
o
n
o
p
tical
a
m
p
lifie
r
s
u
s
ed
in
th
is
wo
r
k
,
m
o
r
eo
v
e
r
s
ec
tio
n
3
d
escr
ib
e
d
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
etu
p
o
f
o
p
tical
am
p
lifie
r
s
.
Sectio
n
4
g
i
v
es
an
aly
s
is
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
r
esu
lts
af
ter
s
im
u
latio
n
.
Sectio
n
5
g
iv
es
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
QF,
to
tal
g
ain
,
an
d
ey
e
o
p
en
in
g
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
1
6
ch
an
n
els
W
DM
s
y
s
tem
.
I
t w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
u
latio
n
th
at
E
DFA
p
r
o
v
id
ed
th
e
b
est p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
to
tal
g
ain
,
QF,
B
E
R
an
d
ey
e
-
o
p
en
i
n
g
f
ac
to
r
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
Op
tical
am
p
lifie
r
s
ar
e
co
r
e
d
e
v
ices
in
o
p
tical
am
p
lific
atio
n
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
[
1
0
,
11]
,
s
in
ce
th
ey
am
p
lify
an
o
p
tic
al
s
ig
n
al
d
ir
e
ctly
,
th
er
ef
o
r
n
o
n
ee
d
to
an
el
ec
tr
ical
s
ig
n
al
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
two
ty
p
es
o
f
o
p
tical
am
p
lifie
r
ar
e
u
s
ed
a
s
illu
s
tr
ated
in
s
ec
tio
n
s
b
elo
w:
2
.
1
.
Ra
m
a
n
a
m
pli
f
ier
-
a
v
er
a
g
e
po
wer
m
o
del
R
am
an
am
p
lifie
r
s
(
R
A)
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
f
o
r
t
h
e
n
ex
t
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
f
ib
e
r
am
p
lifie
r
s
,
m
o
s
tly
d
u
e
to
t
h
eir
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
in
b
an
d
wid
th
d
esig
n
[
12
].
Ne
v
er
th
e
less
,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
th
at
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
R
A
'
s
h
av
e
d
em
an
d
ed
ex
h
au
s
tiv
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
tim
e,
d
u
e
to
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
u
p
led
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial
eq
u
ati
o
n
s
th
at
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
R
A
b
eh
a
v
io
r
[
1
3
,
14]
.
T
h
e
c
o
u
p
le
d
d
if
f
er
en
tial
e
q
u
atio
n
s
h
av
e
t
h
e
s
h
ap
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
(
1
)
.
A
s
i
m
ilar
s
et
o
f
eq
u
atio
n
s
,
d
escr
i
b
in
g
th
e
b
ac
k
war
d
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
,
is
s
o
lv
ed
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
we
s
o
lv
e
th
e
f
o
r
war
d
eq
u
atio
n
s
wr
itten
b
elo
w
[1
5
-
1
7
].
Mo
r
e
d
etails
ab
o
u
t
in
(
1
)
with
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
ef
f
ec
ts
tak
en
in
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
f
o
r
t
h
is
am
p
lifie
r
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
[
1
6
]
,
(
,
)
=
(
)
(
,
)
+
(
)
(
,
)
+
(
,
)
∑
(
−
)
<
[
(
,
)
+
(
,
)
]
ℎ
∆
∑
(
−
)
<
[
+
]
[
1
+
e
x
p
(
[
ℎ
(
−
)
]
1
)
−
1
]
−
(
,
)
∑
(
−
)
<
[
(
,
)
+
(
,
)
]
−
2ℎ
∆
(
,
)
∑
(
−
)
<
[
1
+
e
x
p
(
[
ℎ
(
−
)
]
1
)
−
1
]
(
1
)
T
h
e
id
ea
b
eh
in
d
th
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
f
ir
s
t
to
s
p
li
t
th
e
am
p
lifie
r
in
to
a
s
er
ies
o
f
s
m
all
s
eg
m
en
t
s
,
an
d
th
en
to
u
s
e
th
e
m
in
o
r
s
ig
n
al
wav
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
in
ea
ch
s
ec
tio
n
in
(
3
)
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
elim
in
ate
th
e
d
e
p
en
d
en
ce
in
a
s
m
all
s
eg
m
en
t
len
g
th
,
av
e
r
ag
e
p
o
wer
s
in
ea
ch
s
ec
tio
n
ar
e
in
tr
o
d
u
c
ed
in
(
4
)
.
So
,
b
asically
,
we
r
ea
r
r
an
g
e
d
s
o
m
e
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
in
(
1
)
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
c
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
to
a
s
im
p
lest
f
o
r
m
,
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
o
u
r
a
n
aly
s
is
,
ca
n
b
e
wr
itten
as [
1
8
]:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
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t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
o
f
o
p
tica
l
a
mp
lifi
ers
:
R
a
ma
n
a
n
d
E
DF
A
(
K
h
a
lis
A
.
Mo
h
a
mme
d
)
1703
(
,
)
=
(
,
)
(
,
)
+
(
,
)
(
2
)
wh
er
e
(
,
)
=
−
(
)
+
∑
g
(
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ζ
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[
(
,
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,
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1
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1
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p
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[
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(
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ζ
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]
−
1
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−
1
]
(
2
a)
(
,
)
=
(
)
(
,
)
+
ℎ
∆
∑
g
(
−
ζ
)
[
(
,
)
+
(
,
)
]
<
[
1
+
1
ex
p
(
[
ℎ
(
−
ζ
)
]
−
1
)
−
1
]
(
2
b
)
s
u
b
s
titu
tin
g
P
f
(
z
,
ζ
)
,
P
b
(
z
,
ζ
)
,
in
(
2
a)
,
(
2
b
)
in
ea
ch
lu
m
p
b
y
av
er
ag
e
p
o
wer
s
in
th
e
l
u
m
p
,
co
e
f
f
i
cien
ts
A
(
z
,
v)
,
B
(
z
,
v)
ar
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
o
f
z
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
(
2
)
ca
n
b
e
wr
itten
as
[
1
8
]
:
(
+
,
)
=
(
,
)
e
xp
(
(
)
)
+
(
)
(
)
[
e
x
p
(
(
(
)
)
−
1
)
]
(
3
)
wh
er
e
H
is
len
g
th
o
f
th
e
lu
m
p
s
.
W
ith
in
ea
ch
lu
m
p
,
p
o
wer
s
P
f
(
z
,
ζ
)
,
P
b
(
z
,
ζ
)
m
u
s
t b
e
r
ep
lace
d
b
y
a
v
er
ag
e
p
o
wer
s
[
1
8
]
,
〈
,
(
)
〉
=
,
−
1
1
+
(
)
(
)
[
−
1
1
−
1
]
(
4
)
wh
er
e
,
ar
e
f
o
r
wa
r
d
an
d
b
a
ck
war
d
p
r
o
p
a
g
atin
g
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
s
to
th
e
lu
m
p
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
g
ain
is
g
iv
e
n
by:
=
e
xp
(
(
)
)
.
T
h
e
u
s
er
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
to
g
u
ar
an
tee
t
h
at
th
e
ter
m
A
(
v)
d
o
es
n
o
t
b
ec
o
m
e
ze
r
o
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
it
is
im
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
im
u
late
th
e
c
h
r
o
m
atic
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
o
f
ju
s
t
o
n
e
s
ig
n
al
if
t
h
e
atten
u
atio
n
is
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
h
en
ce
th
e
ter
m
A
(
v)
will b
ec
o
m
e
ze
r
o
.
2
.
2
.
E
rbium
do
ped f
iber
a
mp
lifie
r
(
E
DF
A)
T
h
is
o
p
tical
am
p
lifie
r
r
e
p
ea
te
r
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
am
p
lify
th
e
o
p
tical
s
ig
n
als.
T
h
e
m
ain
d
if
f
er
en
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
o
n
is
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
am
p
lifie
r
p
u
m
p
s
ch
em
e
s
elec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
u
s
ed
E
DFA
r
o
u
ti
n
es
ar
e
n
u
m
er
ically
s
o
lv
ed
u
n
d
er
s
tatio
n
ar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
9
]
,
th
ese
eq
u
atio
n
s
ar
e:
2
(
,
)
₌
2
(
,
)
1
∑
{
[
(
+
)
2
(
,
)
−
]
}
[
+
(
,
)
+
−
(
,
)
]
=
1
(
5
)
1
+
2
=
1
(
6
)
±
(
,
)
=
{
[
(
+
)
2
(
,
)
−
−
]
}
±
(
,
)
+
2
∆
2
(
7)
T
h
e
co
n
f
in
em
en
t f
ac
t
o
r
Γ
n
(
w
h
ich
is
u
s
ed
in
s
im
u
latio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
in
th
is
p
a
p
er
)
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
[
1
9
]
:
(
)
=
∫
|
(
,
)
|
2
0
∫
|
(
,
)
|
2
0
(
8
)
s
o
lv
in
g
(
5
-
7
)
u
n
d
er
s
tatio
n
ar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
allo
ws
d
esig
n
er
s
to
co
n
clu
d
e
th
e
am
p
lifie
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
ea
tu
r
es.
T
h
e
f
ib
er
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
s
u
ch
as
co
r
e
an
d
E
r
d
o
p
i
n
g
r
ad
i
u
s
,
E
r
m
etastab
le
life
tim
e,
n
u
m
er
ical
ap
er
tu
r
e,
E
r
io
n
d
en
s
ity
,
lo
s
s
at
9
8
0
n
m
an
d
1
5
5
0
n
m
,
a
n
d
th
e
f
ib
er
len
g
th
ar
e
all
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
as
in
p
u
t
v
al
u
es.
T
h
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
ar
e
m
o
r
eo
v
er
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
as in
p
u
t f
i
l
es.
3.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
M
O
D
E
L
Op
tiS
y
s
tem
[
2
0
,
2
1
]
is
u
s
ed
in
th
is
wo
r
k
s
in
ce
it
is
an
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
ac
k
a
g
e
f
o
r
o
p
tical
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
wh
ich
was
estab
lis
h
b
y
Op
tiwav
e
co
m
p
an
y
to
co
n
v
er
g
e
th
e
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
n
ec
ess
ities
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
er
s
,
en
g
i
n
ee
r
s
an
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
2
2
-
2
4
]
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Six
teen
tr
an
s
m
itter
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
a
t
a
s
p
ee
d
o
f
1
0
Gb
p
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
Op
tical
am
p
lifie
r
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
18
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
0
:
1
7
0
1
-
1
7
0
7
1704
u
n
d
er
test
.
I
n
p
u
t
s
ig
n
als
we
r
e
f
ed
f
r
o
m
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
to
th
e
laser
m
o
d
u
lato
r
.
W
h
ich
a
r
e
m
o
d
u
lated
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
ca
r
r
ier
o
p
tic
al
o
u
tp
u
t
s
ig
n
a
l
tr
an
s
m
ittan
ce
.
T
h
ese
s
ig
n
al
s
wer
e
s
p
r
ea
d
u
s
in
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
to
wh
ich
th
e
o
p
tical
an
aly
ze
r
an
d
s
p
ec
t
r
u
m
was
attac
h
ed
.
T
h
en
th
e
o
p
tical
am
p
lifie
r
is
lo
ca
ted
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
ei
th
er
R
am
an
o
r
E
DFA.
Oth
er
am
p
lifie
r
s
ca
n
also
b
e
c
h
o
s
en
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
eq
u
i
r
e
m
en
ts
.
L
ater
,
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
was
attac
h
ed
to
n
o
tice
all
s
ig
n
als
an
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
to
elec
tr
ical
s
ig
n
al.
Op
tical
am
p
lifie
r
s
wer
e
ap
p
lied
with
m
an
y
ch
an
n
els.
T
h
e
o
p
tical
s
ig
n
al
was tr
a
n
s
m
itted
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
s
ev
er
al
d
is
tan
ce
s
with
1
6
ch
a
n
n
els.
L
o
ts
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
ey
e
o
p
in
in
g
,
q
u
ality
f
ac
to
r
,
a
n
d
g
ain
wer
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
c
h
an
n
els
a
n
d
b
est
o
n
e
o
f
it
is
ca
lcu
late
d
at
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
an
n
els.
T
h
ese
s
ig
n
als
wer
e
am
p
lifie
d
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
am
p
lifie
r
s
.
T
h
e
g
ai
n
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
o
p
tical
s
p
e
ctr
u
m
an
d
W
DM
a
n
aly
ze
r
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
lated
s
ig
n
a
l
was
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
in
to
o
r
ig
in
al
s
ig
n
al
u
s
in
g
PIN
p
h
o
to
-
d
etec
to
r
in
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
.
An
o
s
cillo
s
co
p
e
an
d
ey
e
d
iag
r
am
an
aly
ze
r
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
q
u
ality
f
ac
to
r
an
d
th
e
ey
e
o
p
e
n
in
g
at
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
s
id
e.
W
h
ile
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
etailed
m
o
d
el,
w
h
ich
h
ad
b
ee
n
b
u
ild
u
s
in
g
Op
tiS
y
s
tem
s
im
u
lato
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Op
tiS
y
s
tem
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
o
f
o
p
tica
l
a
mp
lifi
ers
:
R
a
ma
n
a
n
d
E
DF
A
(
K
h
a
lis
A
.
Mo
h
a
mme
d
)
1705
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
W
e
f
o
cu
s
o
u
r
atten
tio
n
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
with
th
e
s
ch
e
m
e
d
escr
ib
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
n
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
s
tep
is
b
u
ild
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
2
u
s
in
g
Op
tiS
y
s
tem
.
Seco
n
d
,
we
s
tar
t
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
f
ib
e
r
len
g
th
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics
as
s
h
o
wn
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
ir
d
an
d
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
th
e
ey
e
d
iag
r
am
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
;
th
is
is
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
e
y
e
d
ia
g
r
am
is
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
tim
e
d
o
m
ai
n
to
o
l
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
s
ig
n
al
a
n
d
f
o
r
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
s
ig
n
al
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
.
I
t
ca
n
g
iv
e
m
u
ch
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
tim
in
g
jitt
e
r
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
is
e
tim
e,
an
d
th
e
s
ig
n
al
am
p
litu
d
e
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
[
6
]
.
Fo
u
r
th
th
e
f
ib
er
len
g
th
,
g
ain
a
n
d
Ma
x
Qu
ality
f
ac
to
r
ar
e
lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Fin
aly
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
f
ib
er
len
g
t
h
an
d
g
ain
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5.
Op
tical
am
p
lifie
r
s
R
am
an
an
d
E
DFA
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
f
o
r
1
6
×1
0
Gb
p
s
W
av
elen
g
t
h
Div
is
io
n
Mu
ltip
lex
in
g
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
wo
r
d
o
f
r
ec
eiv
ed
m
a
x
im
u
m
q
u
a
lity
f
ac
to
r
(
QF)
,
ey
e
o
p
e
n
in
g
f
ac
to
r
,
b
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate
(
B
E
R
)
an
d
to
tal
g
ain
.
T
o
in
v
e
s
tig
ate
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
es,
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ch
an
n
el
h
av
e
b
ee
n
tak
en
.
B
y
ex
am
in
in
g
Fig
u
r
e
3
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
QF
a
n
d
B
E
R
with
v
a
r
io
u
s
len
g
t
h
f
o
r
1
6
ch
a
n
n
el
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
n
o
tice.
Ma
x
im
u
m
QF
was
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
E
DFA
wh
ich
was
th
e
s
im
ilar
p
r
ac
tically
f
o
r
e
n
tire
r
an
g
e
a
n
d
b
e
g
in
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
s
af
ter
1
2
8
k
m
its
wo
r
s
t
d
is
tan
c
e
at
2
0
0
k
m
is
8
.
R
am
an
h
av
e
co
m
p
a
r
ab
ly
lo
wer
QF
s
tar
ti
n
g
f
r
o
m
1
9
to
1
2
.
7
f
o
r
d
is
tan
ce
r
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
2
0
to
8
0
k
m
a
n
d
in
last
at
1
2
8
k
m
h
as
lo
west
v
alu
e
eq
u
als
2
.
4
.
F
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lt,
it
was
s
ee
n
th
at
m
ax
im
u
m
ey
e
-
o
p
e
n
in
g
f
ac
to
r
was
o
b
ta
in
ed
f
r
o
m
E
DFA
was
9
0
.
5
5
2
7
%,
wh
ile
th
is
f
ac
to
r
was e
q
u
al
to
9
0
.
2
7
8
8
% f
o
r
R
am
an
am
p
lifie
r
f
o
r
6
0
k
m
.
Als
o
,
ey
e
d
iag
r
am
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t o
p
tical
am
p
lifie
r
s
with
6
0
k
m
f
ib
er
a
n
d
1
6
ch
a
n
n
els
a
r
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Qu
ality
f
ac
to
r
(
QF)
an
d
B
it e
r
r
o
r
r
ate
(
B
E
R
)
as a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
f
ib
e
r
len
g
th
f
o
r
1
6
ch
an
n
els
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
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y
e
d
iag
r
am
o
f
o
p
tic
al
lay
o
u
t u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
with
o
u
t o
p
tical
am
p
lifie
r
an
d
with
R
am
an
an
d
E
DFA
am
p
lifie
r
s
; (
a)
with
o
u
t
o
p
tical
am
p
lifie
r
,
(
b
)
R
am
an
an
d
(
c)
E
DFA
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
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KA
T
elec
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u
n
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p
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t E
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l
,
Vo
l.
18
,
No
.
4
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Au
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
0
:
1
7
0
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-
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7
0
7
1706
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
g
ain
in
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
is
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ce
i
s
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tain
ed
,
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at
ca
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e
ac
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m
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lis
h
ed
b
y
E
DFA
o
r
R
am
an
.
Sy
s
tem
m
ax
im
u
m
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
f
in
d
f
ir
s
t
with
o
u
t
o
p
tical
am
p
lific
atio
n
.
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
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g
th
o
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th
e
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ib
er
was
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o
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n
d
.
Simu
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r
esu
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ab
le
1
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ap
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lt
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o
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ain
is
s
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wn
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Fig
u
r
e
5
.
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h
e
s
am
e
tech
n
iq
u
es
(
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tiS
y
s
tem
)
u
s
ed
to
o
b
tain
r
esu
lts
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th
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wo
r
k
co
u
ld
b
e
also
u
s
ed
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im
p
r
o
v
e
a
n
ew
h
y
b
r
id
am
p
lifie
r
with
b
etter
q
u
ality
o
f
am
p
lific
atio
n
[6
,
8
,
2
5
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
A
mp
l
i
f
i
e
r
t
y
p
e
N
o
n
e
ED
F
A
R
a
ma
n
F
i
b
e
r
l
e
n
g
t
h
k
m
1
0
4
2
0
0
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A
mp
l
i
f
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r
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40
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a
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2
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4
8
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9
2
.
4
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
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tal
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ain
v
er
s
u
s
f
ib
er
len
g
th
f
o
r
th
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b
o
th
o
p
tical
a
m
p
lifie
r
s
,
R
am
an
an
d
E
DFA
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
o
p
tical
am
p
lifie
r
s
m
o
d
els
wer
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
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d
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
v
ia
Op
tiS
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tem
s
im
u
lato
r
.
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
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o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
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to
in
v
esti
g
ate
wh
ich
o
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tical
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p
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r
,
f
o
r
s
ev
er
a
l
tr
an
s
m
is
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io
n
d
is
tan
ce
to
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e
u
s
ed
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
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ter
m
s
o
f
its
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
o
p
tical
am
p
lifie
r
was
ca
lcu
lated
v
ia
to
tal
g
ain
,
B
E
R
am
o
u
n
t,
ey
e
o
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en
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g
an
d
q
u
ality
f
ac
to
r
.
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h
e
s
im
u
lati
o
n
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
an
in
ter
esti
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
E
DFA,
R
am
an
in
r
elatio
n
s
o
f
ey
e
an
d
g
ain
d
ia
g
r
am
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
c
o
n
s
is
ted
o
f
1
6
ch
an
n
els
with
t
h
e
s
am
e
b
it
r
ate
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
E
DFA
was e
n
ab
li
n
g
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
m
ax
im
al
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
to
b
e
b
etw
ee
n
1
2
0
to
2
0
0
k
m
,
an
d
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
to
o
l
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e.
W
h
ile
R
am
an
am
p
lifie
r
e
x
ten
d
ed
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
to
1
4
0
k
ilo
m
eter
s
.
I
t
was
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
u
latio
n
th
at
E
DFA
p
r
o
v
id
ed
t
h
e
b
est
b
eh
av
io
r
in
r
elatio
n
s
o
f
to
tal
g
ain
,
QF,
B
E
R
an
d
ey
e
-
o
p
e
n
in
g
f
ac
to
r
.
So
,
Sin
ce
th
e
E
DFA
g
en
er
ated
less
s
ig
n
al
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
,
th
en
in
f
u
tu
r
e
I
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
am
p
lific
atio
n
u
s
in
g
E
DFA
an
d
o
th
er
o
n
e
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
b
etter
q
u
ali
ty
o
f
am
p
lific
atio
n
.
R
E
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
P.
Urq
u
h
a
rt
,
“
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s in
Op
ti
c
a
l
Am
p
li
fiers
,
”
Cro
a
ti
a
:
I
n
T
e
c
h
,
2
0
1
1
.
d
o
i:
1
0
.
5
7
7
2
/
5
7
1
[2
]
Ky
riak
o
s
E
.
Z
o
iro
s,
“
S
p
e
c
ial
Iss
u
e
o
n
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
S
e
m
ico
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
Op
ti
c
a
l
Am
p
l
ifi
e
rs
,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
]
H.
Bh
a
g
wa
n
,
T.
G
u
lati
a
n
d
B.
R
a
wa
t,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Op
ti
c
a
l
A
m
p
li
fiers
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s (IJER
A),
v
o
l,
2
,
n
o
.
1,
p
p
.
6
6
3
-
6
6
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
[4
]
S.
Ku
m
a
r
,
I.
Ba
la,
a
n
d
A.
S
in
g
h
a
l,
“
Op
ti
c
a
l
F
ib
e
r
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
P
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
Us
in
g
M
ZI
S
witch
in
g
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
f
t
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
&
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
S
CE
)
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
3,
p
p
.
98
-
1
0
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
[5
]
S.
Olo
n
k
in
s
,
e
t.
a
l,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
S
e
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
Op
t
ica
l
Am
p
li
fier
a
n
d
Disc
re
te
Ra
m
a
n
Am
p
li
fier
P
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
in
DWDM
S
y
ste
m
s
,
”
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
El
e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
2
3
,
p
p
.
1
3
3
-
1
3
6
,
2
0
1
2
.
[6
]
V.
Bo
b
ro
v
s
,
e
t.
a
l
,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
Ra
m
a
n
-
S
OA
a
n
d
Ra
m
a
n
-
EDF
A
h
y
b
rid
o
p
ti
c
a
l
a
m
p
li
fier
s
in
DWDM
t
ra
n
sm
issio
n
s
y
ste
m
s
,
”
In
d
i
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
h
a
rm
a
c
e
u
ti
c
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
3
9
,
p
p
.
1
8
9
8
-
1
9
0
6
,
2
0
1
3
.
[7
]
P.
Ja
in
,
B
.
Ko
u
sh
a
l
,
a
n
d
S
.
Ja
i
n
,
“
P
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
d
if
fe
re
n
t
Hy
b
ri
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
a
m
p
li
f
ier
d
u
e
t
o
v
a
r
y
in
g
Tran
sm
issio
n
d
istan
c
e
a
t
1
0
G
b
p
s
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Eme
rg
in
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
C
o
mp
u
ta
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
p
p
.
2
4
6
-
2
5
0
,
2
0
1
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
o
f
o
p
tica
l
a
mp
lifi
ers
:
R
a
ma
n
a
n
d
E
DF
A
(
K
h
a
lis
A
.
Mo
h
a
mme
d
)
1707
[8
]
S
.
Bh
a
sk
a
r
,
M
.
a
n
d
R.
Ka
u
r
,
“
P
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
d
iffe
re
n
t
h
y
b
ri
d
a
m
p
li
fiers
f
o
r
d
iffer
e
n
t
n
u
m
b
e
rs
o
f
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
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u
ter
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n
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p
p
li
c
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ti
o
n
s
,
p
p
.
1
9
-
2
5
,
2
0
1
1
.
[9
]
Dip
ik
a
D.
P
ra
d
h
a
n
a
n
d
A
b
h
i
las
h
M
a
n
d
l
o
i,
“
P
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
An
a
ly
sis
o
f
F
lat
G
a
in
Wi
d
e
b
a
n
d
Ra
m
a
n
A
m
p
li
fier
fo
r
S
+
C
a
n
d
C+
L
Ba
n
d
DWDM
S
y
ste
m
,
”
Hin
d
a
w
i
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s in
Op
t
o
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
0
]
L.
G
a
ld
in
o
,
A.
Ed
wa
r
d
s,
M
.
I
o
n
e
sc
u
,
J.
Ja
m
e
s,
W.
P
e
lo
u
c
h
,
E.
S
il
lek
e
n
s,
D.
S
e
m
ra
u
,
D.
Lav
e
r
y
,
R
.
I.
Kill
e
y
,
S
.
Ba
rn
e
s,
P
.
Ba
y
v
e
l,
a
n
d
S
De
sb
ru
sla
is,
“
1
2
0
T
b
it
/s
Tran
sm
issio
n
o
v
e
r
S
in
g
le
M
o
d
e
F
ib
re
u
si
n
g
C
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
9
1
n
m
Hy
b
ri
d
Ra
m
a
n
-
EDF
A Am
p
li
fica
t
i
on
,
”
p
h
y
sic
s.a
p
p
-
p
h
,
a
rXiv
:
1
8
0
4
.
0
1
8
4
5
v
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
1
]
Kh
a
li
s
A.
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
,
“
M
o
le
F
ra
c
ti
o
n
Eff
e
c
t
o
n
S
e
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
Op
ti
c
a
l
Am
p
li
fier
S
p
e
c
ifi
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,”
Al
-
Ra
fi
d
a
in
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o.
6
,
p
p
.
6
1
-
6
9
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
2
]
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
N.
Isla
m
,
“
Ra
m
a
n
Am
p
li
fiers
fo
r
Tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
1
:
P
h
y
sic
a
l
P
r
in
c
ip
les
,
”
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r,
US
A
,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
3
]
Vijay
Ra
o
Ku
m
b
h
a
re
,
“
Ra
m
a
n
Am
p
li
fier
Ch
a
ra
c
teristics
with
V
a
riatio
n
o
f
S
i
g
n
a
l
P
o
we
r
a
n
d
P
u
m
p
P
o
we
r
with
a
n
d
Wi
t
h
o
u
t
Am
p
li
f
ied
S
p
o
n
tan
e
o
u
s
Emiss
io
n
,”
IJ
CA
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
n
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Rec
e
n
t
T
re
n
d
s
&
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
me
n
ts i
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
4
]
S
o
n
g
Hu
,
Ha
n
y
i
Z
h
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
Yili
G
u
o
,
"
S
ti
ff
n
e
ss
a
n
a
ly
sis
in
t
h
e
n
u
m
e
rica
l
so
lu
ti
o
n
o
f
Ra
m
a
n
a
m
p
li
f
ier
p
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
s
,”
Op
ti
c
a
l
S
o
c
iety
o
f
Am
e
ric
a
(OSA)
p
u
b
li
s
h
in
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
6
5
6
-
1
6
6
4
,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
5
]
De
su
rv
ire
,
“
Erb
i
u
m
-
d
o
p
e
d
f
ib
e
r
a
m
p
li
fiers
:
p
ri
n
c
ip
les
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
”
,
W
il
e
y
-
In
ter
sc
ien
c
e
,
1
9
9
4
.
[1
6
]
X.
Li
u
a
n
d
B.
Lee
,
“
A
fa
st
a
n
d
sta
b
le
m
e
th
o
d
fo
r
Ra
m
a
n
a
m
p
li
fier
p
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
s
,
”
Op
t
ica
l
S
o
c
iety
o
f
Ame
ric
a
(OS
A)
p
u
b
l
ish
i
n
g
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
8
,
p
p
.
2
1
6
3
-
2
1
7
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
7
]
C.
He
a
d
ley
a
n
d
G
.
P
.
A
g
ra
wa
l,
“
Ra
m
a
n
Am
p
li
fica
ti
o
n
i
n
F
i
b
e
r
Op
ti
c
a
l
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s
,
”
El
s
e
v
ier
Ac
a
d
e
m
ic
P
re
ss
,
USA,
2
0
0
5
.
[1
8
]
B.
M
i
n
,
W
.
J.
Lee
,
a
n
d
N
.
P
a
rk
,
“
Eff
icie
n
t
F
o
rm
u
latio
n
o
f
Ra
m
a
n
Am
p
li
fier
P
r
o
p
a
g
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ti
o
n
Eq
u
a
ti
o
n
s
with
Av
e
ra
g
e
P
o
we
r
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a
ly
sis
,
”
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EE
P
h
o
t
o
n
ics
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
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e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
12
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
4
8
-
1
4
8
8
,
2
0
0
0
.
[1
9
]
C.
R.
G
il
e
s
a
n
d
E.
De
su
rv
ire,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
e
rb
i
u
m
-
d
o
p
e
d
fib
e
r
a
m
p
li
fiers
,
”
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o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
L
ig
h
t
-
wa
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
7
1
-
2
8
3
,
1
9
9
1
.
[2
0
]
Op
ti
wa
v
e
Co
r
p
o
ra
ti
o
n
,
“
Op
ti
S
y
st
e
m
G
e
tt
in
g
S
tarte
d
,
”
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ti
c
a
l
Co
m
mu
n
ica
t
io
n
S
y
ste
m De
sig
n
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o
ft
wa
re
,
2
0
0
3
.
[2
1
]
S
a
ws
a
n
A.
Ab
d
u
l
-
M
a
ji
d
,
"
S
o
ftwa
re
S
imu
latio
n
F
WM
in
WD
M
Op
t
ica
l
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s
,
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Kirk
u
k
Un
ive
rs
it
y
–
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
S
t
u
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o.
1
,
p
p
.
7
4
-
9
0
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
2
]
X.Ya
n
g
,
Y.
He
c
h
a
o
,
“
Th
e
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
O
p
ti
S
y
ste
m
in
Op
t
ica
l
F
i
b
e
r
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
x
p
e
rime
n
ts
,
”
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
T
h
ird
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
o
n
C
o
mp
u
ter
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c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
t
a
ti
o
n
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
IS
C
S
CT
’
1
0
)
Ch
i
n
a
,
p
p
.
3
7
6
-
378
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
3
]
Jih
u
a
Zh
u
,
Xu
a
n
lu
Xia
o
,
Yu
a
n
L
u
o
“
An
e
x
p
e
rime
n
t
tea
c
h
i
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
b
a
se
d
o
n
th
e
Op
t
isy
ste
m
sim
u
latio
n
p
latfo
rm
,
”
Pro
c
.
S
PI
E
1
0
4
5
2
,
ET
OP
,
2
0
1
7
.
[
2
4
]
K
h
a
l
i
s
A
.
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
,
Ma
a
n
M
.
S
h
a
k
e
r
a
n
d
M
o
z
a
h
i
m
I
.
A
z
a
w
e
,
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D
y
n
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m
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c
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i
m
u
l
a
t
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f
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e
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i
c
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c
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t
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c
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l
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p
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n
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r
a
v
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g
-
W
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v
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q
u
a
t
i
o
n
,”
Al
-
R
a
f
i
d
a
i
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
17
,
n
o.
1
,
p
p
.
2
6
-
3
3
1
,
2009.
[2
5
]
Ka
ra
se
k
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Hy
b
rid
Am
p
li
fier
s De
sig
n
e
d
f
o
r
Lo
c
a
l
Are
a
Ne
two
rk
s
,
"
IE
E
Pro
c
.
-
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p
to
e
lec
tro
n
.,
2
0
0
1
.
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G
RAP
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I
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AUTH
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RS
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h
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m
m
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t
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th
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rsity
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g
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/
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p
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r
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m
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