T
E
L
KO
M
N
I
KA
T
e
lec
om
m
u
n
icat
ion
,
Com
p
u
t
i
n
g,
E
lec
t
r
on
ics
an
d
Cont
r
ol
Vol.
18
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y2020
,
pp
.
179
~
190
I
S
S
N:
1693
-
6930,
a
c
c
r
e
dit
e
d
F
ir
s
t
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r
a
de
by
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me
nr
is
tekdikti
,
De
c
r
e
e
No:
21/E
/KP
T
/2018
DO
I
:
10.
12928/
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
.
v18i1.
10120
179
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C
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a
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M
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CC
B
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SA
l
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ce
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s
e
.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
Ola
s
unka
nmi
Oje
wa
nde
,
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
E
lec
tr
ica
l
a
nd
I
nf
o
r
mation
E
nginee
r
ing,
C
ove
na
nt
Unive
r
s
it
y,
Ota
,
Nige
r
ia.
E
mail:
olas
unka
nmi
.
ojew
a
nde
@s
tu.
c
u.
e
du.
ng
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
W
ir
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
indus
tr
y
ha
s
c
onti
nue
d
to
witnes
s
e
xpone
nti
a
l
gr
owth
due
to
r
e
c
e
nt
a
dva
nc
e
s
in
moder
n
e
lec
tr
onics
a
nd
s
e
mi
c
onduc
tor
tec
hnologi
e
s
[1
-
4]
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
a
de
qua
te
c
ons
ider
a
ti
on
mus
t
be
given
to
high
qua
li
ty
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
,
low
po
we
r
c
ons
umpt
ion,
c
os
t,
a
nd
s
ize
r
e
duc
ti
on
in
the
d
e
s
ign
of
e
lec
tr
o
nic
c
ir
c
uit
s
o
f
wi
r
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tems
[
5]
.
A
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
os
c
il
lator
s
e
r
ve
s
a
s
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
in
mi
c
r
owa
ve
s
ys
tems
,
int
e
gr
a
ted
a
ntenna
s
,
R
a
dio
De
tec
ti
on
a
nd
R
a
nging
(
R
AD
AR
)
,
a
nd
s
a
telli
te
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tems
[
6]
.
Voltage
-
co
ntr
oll
e
d
os
c
il
lator
s
(
VC
Os
)
is
c
omm
only
us
e
d
be
c
a
us
e
of
the
s
igni
f
ica
nt
r
e
duc
ti
on
in
e
lec
tr
ica
l
powe
r
r
e
qui
r
e
ments
in
moder
n
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tems
[7
-
9]
.
T
he
c
onc
e
pt
o
f
ne
ga
ti
ve
dif
f
e
r
e
nti
a
l
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
(
ND
R
)
is
mos
tl
y
a
ppli
e
d
to
pr
oduc
e
os
c
il
lation
in
wir
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tems
a
t
a
de
s
ir
e
d
f
r
e
que
nc
y
[
10,
11
]
.
ND
R
is
of
ten
e
mpl
oye
d
in
l
ogic
a
nd
memor
y
c
i
r
c
uit
s
[
12
-
14]
.
T
he
r
e
s
ona
nc
e
tunneling
diode
(
R
T
D
)
ha
s
ga
ther
e
d
much
a
tt
e
nti
on
in
pr
od
u
c
ing
a
n
ND
R
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
in
whic
h
the
s
lope
is
ne
ga
ti
ve
in
the
I
-
V
c
ur
ve
[
15
]
.
T
he
c
i
r
c
uit
that
us
e
s
ne
ga
ti
ve
dif
f
e
r
e
nti
a
l
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
de
vice
c
ir
c
uit
s
ha
s
h
ig
h
s
pe
e
d
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
whe
n
R
T
D
is
int
e
gr
a
te
d
with
he
ter
o
-
junction
bipol
a
r
tr
a
ns
is
tor
s
(
HB
T
s
)
.
C
hoi
e
t
a
l
[
6]
s
howe
d
that
a
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
de
vice
that
is
e
na
bled
with
HB
T
s
will
de
li
ve
r
high
s
pe
e
d
in
mos
t
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
monol
it
hic
mi
c
r
owa
ve
int
e
gr
a
ted
c
ir
c
uit
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
ol
,
Vol.
18
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020:
179
-
190
180
(
M
M
I
C
s
)
a
s
obtaina
ble
in
VC
Os
a
nd
mos
t
c
on
ve
r
ter
s
,
whe
ther
a
na
logue
or
digi
tal.
T
he
c
ur
r
e
n
t
-
volt
a
ge
pr
ope
r
ty
of
a
n
ND
R
de
vice
c
a
n
pr
ovide
va
r
ious
s
tea
dy
s
tate
s
that
ha
ve
the
c
a
pa
c
it
y
to
incr
e
a
s
e
the
s
witching
a
nd
memor
y
f
unc
ti
ona
li
ty
pe
r
de
s
ign
a
nd
c
i
r
c
uit
r
o
bus
tnes
s
a
nd
lowe
r
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
[
16
-
18]
.
Ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
de
v
ice
s
(
NR
Ds
)
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
n
in
ter
e
s
ti
ng
s
olut
ion
by
c
ompens
a
ti
ng
f
o
r
pa
s
s
-
ba
nd
ins
e
r
ti
on
los
s
in
ga
in
e
nha
nc
e
r
s
tunabl
e
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
[
10,
19]
.
T
he
be
ne
f
it
s
of
lowe
r
c
os
t,
s
maller
s
ize
s
a
nd
we
ight
a
uthentica
te
the
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
f
ul
ly
in
tegr
a
ted
M
icr
owa
ve
s
ys
tems
a
nd
R
a
dio
F
r
e
que
nc
y
(
R
F
)
us
ing
M
M
I
C
tec
hnologi
e
s
[
20
-
22]
.
T
he
r
e
a
li
z
a
ti
on
o
f
N
R
Ds
us
ing
a
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on
of
F
E
T
a
nd
M
OSF
E
T
is
pr
opos
e
d
in
[
23,
24]
.
R
F
a
mpl
if
ier
s
a
r
e
de
s
igned
to
incr
e
a
s
e
a
low
s
ignal
to
a
pa
r
ti
c
ular
powe
r
leve
l
that
is
s
uf
f
icie
nt
in
c
omm
unica
ti
ng
f
r
om
a
t
r
a
ns
mi
tt
e
r
t
o
the
r
e
c
e
iver
thr
ough
s
pa
c
e
.
T
he
int
r
oduc
ti
on
o
f
a
lar
ge
s
ignal
int
o
a
n
a
na
logue
s
ys
tem
s
or
R
F
powe
r
a
m
pli
f
ier
is
us
ua
ll
y
a
c
c
ompanie
d
by
dis
tor
ti
on
whic
h
c
a
n
e
xhibi
t
it
s
e
lf
in
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
f
or
ms
s
uc
h
a
s
a
mpl
it
u
de
dis
tor
ti
on,
pha
s
e
dis
tor
ti
on
or
ga
in
c
omp
r
e
s
s
ion
whe
n
dr
iven
by
a
s
ingl
e
s
ignal
but
f
or
a
two
tone
o
r
mul
ti
p
le
s
ignal
it
a
ppe
a
r
s
a
s
a
n
in
-
ba
nd
f
r
e
que
nc
y
or
int
e
r
modul
a
ti
on
dis
tor
t
ion
(
I
M
D)
.
I
nter
modul
a
ti
on
dis
tor
ti
on
is
a
n
im
por
tant
met
r
i
c
s
f
or
mea
s
ur
ing
li
ne
a
r
i
ty
o
f
a
wide
r
a
nge
R
F
mi
c
r
owa
ve
c
omponents
[
25,
26]
.
I
t
de
s
c
r
ibes
the
r
a
ti
o
be
twe
e
n
the
powe
r
s
of
f
unda
menta
l
tones
in
de
c
ibel
(
dB
)
.
L
inea
r
it
y
is
c
r
uc
ial
to
a
ll
tele
c
omm
unica
ti
on
de
vice
s
a
s
it
c
a
n
e
nha
nc
e
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
a
wir
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tems
.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
a
s
ingl
e
s
ta
ge
c
onve
nti
ona
l
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
a
mpl
if
ier
is
a
ls
o
de
s
igned
us
ing
our
de
s
igned
tool
a
nd
the
c
onve
nti
ona
l
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
a
mpl
if
ier
is
a
ls
o
model
a
s
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
c
ir
c
uit
a
mpl
if
ier
by
us
ing
the
s
a
me
ga
ll
ium
a
r
s
e
nide
f
ield
-
e
f
f
e
c
t
tr
a
ns
is
tor
(
Ga
As
F
E
T
)
mo
de
l
f
or
meta
l
–
s
e
mi
c
onduc
tor
f
ield
-
e
f
f
e
c
t
T
r
a
ns
is
tor
(
M
E
S
F
E
T
)
.
T
he
ha
r
moni
c
ba
lanc
e
is
us
e
d
to
pe
r
f
o
r
m
the
r
e
quir
e
d
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
e
s
pons
e
of
both
de
vice
s
t
o
mea
s
ur
e
the
int
e
r
modul
a
ti
on
dis
tor
ti
on
a
t
a
f
r
e
q
ue
nc
y
of
4
GH
z
to
6
GH
z
a
t
a
s
tep
of
100
M
Hz
.
I
nter
modul
a
ti
on
Dis
tor
ti
on
(
I
M
D)
is
a
ve
r
y
us
e
f
ul
metr
ics
f
or
l
inea
r
it
y
of
a
wide
r
a
nge
c
omm
unica
ti
on
de
vice
s
.
T
he
ope
r
a
ti
ons
o
f
I
M
D
i
s
pe
r
f
or
med
by
the
int
r
oduc
ti
on
o
f
a
two
-
tone
s
ig
na
l
int
o
the
de
vice
s
-
unde
r
-
tes
t
(
DU
T
)
s
uc
h
a
s
a
mpl
i
f
ier
s
or
pr
e
-
a
mpl
if
ier
s
s
pe
c
if
ica
ti
ons
[
27]
.
A
li
ne
a
r
a
mpl
if
ier
a
lwa
ys
pr
oduc
e
s
a
n
output
s
ignal
that
would
be
t
wo
tones
of
the
e
xa
c
t
s
a
me
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
im
il
a
r
to
the
input
s
ignal.
I
n
thi
s
pa
pe
r
,
a
unique
wa
y
of
r
e
a
li
z
ing
a
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
is
p
r
opos
e
d
us
ing
a
s
ingl
e
meta
l
-
s
e
mi
c
ondu
c
tor
f
ield
-
e
f
f
e
c
t
tr
a
ns
is
tor
(
M
E
S
F
E
T
)
.
I
M
D
is
pe
r
f
or
med
to
e
va
luate
the
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
r
e
s
pons
e
of
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
c
ir
c
uit
a
mpl
i
f
ier
to
d
if
f
e
r
e
nt
bias
volt
a
ge
s
us
ing
the
ha
r
moni
c
ba
lanc
e
(
HB
)
of
the
a
dva
nc
e
d
de
s
igned
s
of
twa
r
e
(
AD
S
2016)
.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
s
obt
a
ined
a
r
e
c
ompar
e
d
to
th
os
e
of
a
c
onve
nti
ona
l
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
a
mpl
if
ie
r
.
2.
M
AT
E
R
I
AL
S
AN
D
M
E
T
HO
DS
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
methods
of
li
ne
a
r
izing
a
n
R
F
powe
r
a
mpl
if
ier
a
nd
the
be
s
t
method
f
o
r
li
ne
a
r
iza
ti
on
of
a
n
R
F
powe
r
a
mpl
i
f
ier
is
the
p
r
e
-
dis
tor
ti
on
method
.
T
his
method
is
mor
e
pr
omi
ne
nt
due
to
it
s
r
e
duc
ti
on
in
c
os
t
a
nd
it
a
ls
o
of
f
e
r
s
a
wide
r
r
a
n
ge
of
ba
ndwidth
s
ince
it
ha
s
a
n
ope
n
loop
s
tr
uc
tur
e
a
nd
f
ur
ther
mor
e
it
ha
s
a
low
-
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
[
28
-
30]
.
T
he
li
ne
a
r
it
y
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
a
n
R
F
powe
r
a
mpl
if
ier
a
lwa
ys
de
pe
nds
on
the
nonli
ne
a
r
pr
ope
r
ty
of
the
a
mpl
if
ier
.
T
he
nonli
ne
a
r
it
y
be
ha
vio
r
of
a
n
a
mpl
i
f
ier
f
or
a
memor
y
-
les
s
s
y
s
tem
c
a
n
be
pr
e
dicte
d
by
mea
s
ur
ing
the
a
mpl
it
ude
-
to
-
a
mpl
it
ude
modul
a
ti
on
a
nd
a
mpl
it
ude
-
to
-
pha
s
e
modul
a
ti
on.
T
he
int
r
oduc
ti
on
of
a
two
-
tone
s
ignal
int
o
a
n
R
F
-
powe
r
a
mpl
i
f
ie
r
i
s
us
ua
ll
y
mea
s
ur
e
d
dir
e
c
tl
y
by
the
de
s
igner
a
nd
the
mea
s
ur
e
d
da
ta
is
then
us
e
d
to
de
ter
mi
ne
the
li
ne
a
r
it
y
of
the
a
mpl
if
ier
.
T
he
int
e
r
modul
a
ti
on
dis
tor
ti
on
mag
nit
ude
is
mea
s
ur
e
d
by
a
s
pe
c
tr
um
a
na
lyze
r
a
nd
th
e
I
M
D’
s
c
omponent
is
us
ua
ll
y
mea
s
ur
e
d
dir
e
c
tl
y
by
t
he
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
the
pha
s
e
a
nd
the
f
und
a
menta
l
int
e
r
modul
a
ti
on
c
omponents
[
31]
.
T
a
ble
1
p
r
e
s
e
nts
the
mea
s
ur
e
of
int
e
r
modul
a
ti
on
dis
tor
ti
on
of
two
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
.
T
a
ble
1.
I
nter
modu
lation
dis
tor
ti
on
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
O
r
de
r
F
r
e
que
nc
y (
w
1)
F
r
e
que
nc
y (
w
2)
F
r
e
que
nc
y 1 (
kH
z
)
F
r
e
que
nc
y 2 (
kH
z
)
F
ir
s
t
w
1
w2
300
301
S
e
c
ond
w
1
+w
2
w2
-
w1
601
1
T
hi
r
d
2w
1
-
w
2
2w
2
-
w1
299
302
F
if
th
3w
1
-
w
2
3w
2
-
2w
1
599
303
S
e
ve
nt
h
4w
1
-
3w
2
4w
2
-
3w
1
297
304
N
in
th
5w
1
-
4w
2
5w
2
-
4w
1
296
305
L
e
t
the
tone
-
input
s
ignal
of
a
n
R
F
-
powe
r
a
mpl
i
f
ier
be
modelled
a
s
given
by
(
1
)
:
(
)
=
1
(
)
+
2
(
)
(
1)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
ol
N
e
gati
v
e
r
e
s
i
s
tance
amplif
ier
c
ir
c
uit
us
ing
GaA
s
F
E
T
mode
ll
e
d
s
ingl
e
M
E
S
F
E
T
… (
Olas
unk
anmi
Oje
w
ande
)
181
w
1
<
w2,
w
2
-
w
1
=
∆
w
(
)
=
2
(
2
−
1
)
2
.
(
2
+
1
)
2
(
2)
he
r
e
f
r
e
que
nc
y
(
w2
-
w1)
/2
is
the
modul
a
ti
ng
f
r
e
q
W
m,
whic
h
is
ha
lf
of
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
pa
c
ing
be
twe
e
n
two
tones
.
(
w2+
w1)
/2
t
is
the
R
F
c
e
nter
f
r
e
que
nc
y.
I
n
(
2
)
c
a
n
be
w
r
it
ten
in
the
f
or
m
of
(
3)
:
(
)
=
2
(
)
(
)
(
3)
thi
s
two
-
tone
s
ignal
is
r
e
c
ognize
a
s
a
double
s
ide
ba
nd
s
s
uppr
e
s
s
e
d
c
a
r
r
ier
s
ignal
ha
ving
a
c
a
r
r
ie
r
f
r
e
que
nc
y
w
c
e
n
t
a
nd
modul
a
ti
ng
f
r
e
que
nc
y
w
m
.
W
he
n
the
s
ig
na
l
is
a
ppli
e
d
to
a
powe
r
a
mpl
i
f
ier
the
output
s
ign
a
l
c
a
n
be
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
d
a
s
given
by
(
4)
:
Z
o
(
t)
=
∑
0
[
V(
t)
C
os
w
1
t
+
V(
t)
C
os
w
2
t
]
(
4
)
(
4)
s
im
p
li
f
ying
in
(
4
)
will
a
lwa
ys
r
e
s
ult
in
ne
w
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
omponents
whic
h
r
e
ve
a
ls
the
non
-
li
ne
a
r
it
y
of
the
de
vice
known
a
s
the
int
e
r
modul
a
ti
on
dis
tor
t
ion
.
F
o
r
a
two
tone
s
ignal
the
I
M
D
c
a
n
be
ob
taine
d
us
ing
(
5)
:
W
ne
w
=
[
±
1
±
2
]
whe
r
e
p
a
nd
q
a
r
e
int
e
ge
r
s
a
r
e
pos
it
ive
z
e
r
o
inclus
ive.
p
+
q
=
k
de
notes
the
o
r
de
r
o
f
the
I
M
D.
T
he
int
e
r
modul
a
ti
on
pr
oduc
t
f
or
two
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
(
w1
a
nd
w2)
f
or
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
o
r
de
r
c
a
n
be
obtaine
d
a
s
f
oll
ows
:
−
(
w1+
w2)
is
the
s
e
c
ond
or
de
r
−
(
2w1
-
w2)
is
the
thi
r
d
or
de
r
−
(
3w1
-
2w2)
is
the
f
i
f
th
o
r
de
r
given
the
two
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
(
w1
a
nd
w2
)
a
s
300
kHz
a
nd
301
kHz
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly,
whic
h
a
r
e
1
kHz
a
pa
r
t
.
T
he
odd
or
de
r
p
r
oduc
ts
a
r
e
ne
a
r
e
r
or
c
los
e
s
t
to
the
f
unda
m
e
ntal
f
r
e
que
nc
y
w1
a
nd
w2.
T
he
one
-
thi
r
d
or
de
r
i
s
1
kHz
lowe
r
a
bove
w2
a
nd
2
kHz
a
bove
w
1.
A
typi
c
a
l
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
is
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
1
.
T
he
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
c
ir
c
uit
wa
s
de
s
igned
a
nd
modelled
us
ing
a
ga
ll
iu
m
a
r
s
e
nide
f
ield
-
e
f
f
e
c
t
tr
a
ns
is
tor
(
Ga
As
F
E
T
)
on
t
he
AD
S
s
im
ulation
s
of
twa
r
e
.
T
he
dr
a
in
o
f
the
M
E
S
F
E
T
is
pr
ope
r
ly
g
r
ounde
d
while
the
s
our
c
e
a
nd
ga
te
a
r
e
lum
pe
d
with
c
omponent
of
r
e
s
is
tor
s
a
nd
c
a
pa
c
it
or
s
a
nd
in
duc
tor
,
T
he
s
our
c
e
R
2
is
us
e
d
to
bias
the
c
ir
c
uit
in
other
to
s
e
t
the
DC
ope
r
a
ti
ng
point
,
by
pr
ovidi
ng
a
n
a
utom
a
ti
c
tr
a
ns
ient
pr
otec
ti
on
a
nd
a
ls
o
to
r
e
duc
e
t
he
va
r
i
a
ti
on
of
the
e
f
f
e
c
ts
o
f
the
dr
a
in
c
ur
r
e
nt
I
ds
a
nd
the
tempe
r
a
tur
e
.
T
he
c
a
pa
c
it
or
C
2
is
us
e
d
a
s
a
c
a
pa
c
it
ive
s
e
r
ial
f
e
e
dba
c
k.
T
he
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
is
bias
e
d
with
a
volt
a
ge
of
20
.
5
Vdc
.
F
igur
e
1.
Ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
c
ir
c
uit
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
ol
,
Vol.
18
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020:
179
-
190
182
2.
1.
S
m
all
s
ign
al
an
a
lys
is
of
n
e
gat
ive
r
e
s
is
t
an
c
e
am
p
li
f
ier
c
irc
u
i
t
u
s
in
g
M
E
S
F
E
T
m
od
e
l
T
he
de
s
igned
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
wa
s
d
e
ve
loped
us
ing
M
E
S
F
E
T
model,
a
nd
the
ge
ne
r
a
l
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
a
r
e
given
a
s
li
s
ted
be
low
a
nd
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
in
th
e
F
igur
e
2.
T
he
im
pe
da
nc
e
a
na
lys
is
of
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
is
de
s
c
r
ibed
in
F
igur
e
3.
T
he
i
nput
im
pe
da
nc
e
of
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
c
ir
c
uit
is
given
by
(
13
)
.
I
in
=
I
1
+
I
2
(
5)
I
1
=
/
(
1
+
1
)
(
6)
F
igur
e
2.
M
E
S
F
E
T
model
F
igur
e
3.
Ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
c
ir
c
uit
T
he
im
pe
da
nc
e
a
c
r
os
s
L
1//
C
1
,
Z
1
=
jwL
1
1
/
(
1
−
2
1
1
)
=
1
(
7)
t
he
volt
a
ge
V
1
is
de
ve
loped
a
c
r
os
s
the
ga
te
to
s
our
c
e
c
a
pa
c
it
a
nc
e
:
1
=
2
=
−
1
+
1
(
8)
V
2
=
(
2
+
)
2
=
−
(
−
1
+
1
)
(
9)
Io
=
1
+
2
+
3
=
(
1
+
2
)
/
−
3
(
10)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
ol
N
e
gati
v
e
r
e
s
i
s
tance
amplif
ier
c
ir
c
uit
us
ing
GaA
s
F
E
T
mode
ll
e
d
s
ingl
e
M
E
S
F
E
T
… (
Olas
unk
anmi
Oje
w
ande
)
183
2
=
2
(
(
(
1
+
1
)
−
)
(
−
3
+
)
)
(
1
+
1
)
(
−
3
−
2
)
(
11)
=
(
−
1
+
1
)
(
12)
=
(
13)
2
=
(
2
−
2
2
2
)
/
(
1
−
2
C
2
2
R
2
2
)
=
R
-
jX
2
(
14)
3
=
3
(
3
−
2
2
3
3
)
3
(
1
−
^
2
3
(
2
+
3
)
=
jX
3
(
15)
Z
in
=
(
)
+
(
)
=
+
(
16)
R
s
=
Ohmic
s
our
c
e
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
R
d
=
Ohmic
dr
a
in
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
R
g
=
Ohmic
ga
te
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
R
1
=
S
e
mi
c
onduc
tor
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
C
ds
=
Dr
a
in
-
to
-
s
our
c
e
c
a
pa
c
it
a
n
c
e
C
gs
=
Ga
te
-
to
-
s
our
c
e
c
a
pa
c
it
a
nc
e
Id
=
L
inea
r
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
our
c
e
Vgs
=
E
xter
na
l
ga
te
-
to
-
s
our
c
e
volt
a
ge
.
Vx
=
I
nter
na
l
c
ha
nne
l
vol
tage
s
f
or
d
r
a
in
a
nd
s
our
c
e
Vds
=
E
xter
na
l
d
r
a
in
-
to
-
s
our
c
e
volt
a
ge
Vgd
=
E
xter
na
l
ga
te
-
to
-
dr
a
in
volt
a
ge
2.
2.
S
im
u
la
t
ion
of
n
e
gat
ive
r
e
s
is
t
an
c
e
am
p
li
f
ier
T
he
N
-
type
Ga
As
F
E
T
M
E
S
F
E
T
is
us
e
d
to
r
e
a
l
ize
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
c
ir
c
uit
,
whic
h
is
a
one
por
t
ne
twor
k
a
nd
in
or
de
r
to
s
im
ulate
the
b
e
ha
vior
of
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
a
nd
t
he
I
M
D.
T
he
f
oll
owing
s
teps
a
r
e
us
e
d
to
r
e
a
li
z
e
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
us
ing
AD
S
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
4.
F
ir
s
tl
y,
the
de
s
igned
a
mpl
if
ier
is
a
one
por
t
ne
twor
k
a
nd
in
other
to
be
a
ble
to
s
im
ulate
a
c
c
or
dingl
y
us
ing
the
AD
S
it
ha
s
to
be
c
onve
r
ted
to
a
por
t
ne
twor
k
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
5,
the
d
r
a
in
of
the
a
mpl
if
ier
is
pr
ope
r
ly
gr
ounde
d,
the
ga
te
is
a
ls
o
lum
pe
d
with
a
s
e
r
ies
inductor
a
nd
in
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
with
r
e
s
is
tor
a
nd
c
a
pa
c
it
or
wi
th
va
lue
be
e
n
s
e
lec
ted
c
a
r
e
f
ull
y.
F
igur
e
4.
Ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
de
s
ign
us
ing
AD
S
=
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
ol
,
Vol.
18
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020:
179
-
190
184
S
e
c
ondly,
F
igu
r
e
5
wa
s
c
onve
r
ted
to
a
box
type
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
NR
_1
c
oupled
with
the
c
ir
c
ulator
in
the
AD
S
s
of
twa
r
e
.
T
he
c
i
r
c
ulator
e
nha
nc
e
s
a
los
s
les
s
powe
r
matc
h
f
or
c
oupli
ng
the
s
ignal
a
nd
in
li
ke
manne
r
pr
ov
ides
a
n
input
a
nd
a
n
out
put
ter
mi
na
l
f
o
r
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
c
ir
c
uit
.
T
he
s
e
c
ond
por
t
of
the
c
ir
c
ulator
is
c
onne
c
ted
with
the
s
our
c
e
input
s
a
y
the
P
_ntone
s
ignal
c
oupl
e
d
with
a
c
ur
r
e
nt
p
r
obe
while
por
t
th
r
e
e
is
a
ls
o
c
onne
c
ted
t
o
a
nother
c
ur
r
e
nt
pr
obe
a
nd
ter
mi
na
ted
with
a
50
Ω
r
e
s
i
s
tor
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
li
ne
,
a
nd
then
gr
ounde
d
a
c
c
or
dingl
y
.
T
he
nth
-
or
de
r
de
ter
m
ine
the
numbe
r
of
the
inp
ut
s
ignal
whic
h
is
e
it
he
r
a
s
ingl
e
tone
s
ignal
or
a
two
-
tone
s
i
gna
l
.
F
igur
e
5.
P
or
t
c
onve
r
s
ion
I
ntr
oduc
ing
a
p_ntone
s
ignal
int
o
the
de
s
igned
os
c
il
lator
or
a
mpl
if
ier
whic
h
s
e
r
ve
s
a
s
the
s
our
c
e
to
the
a
mpl
if
ier
,
a
p
r
obe
is
c
onne
c
ted
to
va
r
y
the
input
s
ignal
while
the
s
e
c
ond
ter
mi
na
l
of
the
pr
obe
is
c
onne
c
ted
to
po
r
t
one
o
f
the
c
i
r
c
ulator
to
s
e
r
ve
a
s
t
he
s
our
c
e
input
s
ign
a
l,
then
the
de
s
igned
one
por
t
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
is
c
onne
c
ted
to
the
s
e
c
ond
po
r
t
of
the
c
ir
c
ulator
.
T
he
por
t
th
r
e
e
of
the
c
i
r
c
ulator
is
us
e
d
a
s
the
output
por
t
whe
r
e
a
p
r
obe
1
is
c
onne
c
ted
a
nd
is
ter
mi
na
ted
with
a
50Ω
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
s
the
tr
a
n
s
mi
s
s
ion
li
ne
c
ons
tant,
T
he
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
i
nput
a
nd
the
output
por
t
is
labe
led
a
s
Vin
a
nd
V
out
with
r
e
s
pe
c
t
to
the
ter
mi
na
l
of
the
pr
obe
to
be
us
e
d
in
v
a
r
ying
the
input
a
nd
the
output
s
ignal.
As
f
or
the
input
s
ignal
to
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
,
n
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
the
number
of
input
s
ignal,
whe
n
n
is
s
e
t
to
one
it
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
s
ingl
e
tone
a
nd
whe
n
n
is
s
e
t
to
2
,
it
is
c
a
ll
e
d
two
tone
s
ignals
.
T
he
AD
S
ha
ve
a
s
pe
c
ial
wa
y
of
s
e
tt
ing
the
input
powe
r
whic
h
c
a
n
be
c
onve
r
ted
e
it
he
r
to
polar
f
or
m
in
d
B
m
o
r
to
W
a
tt
,
the
us
e
o
f
dbm
to
wa
tt
is
be
e
n
e
mpl
oye
d.
T
he
ha
r
moni
c
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
ntation
in
HB
that
is
e
mbedde
d
in
t
he
AD
S
tool
is
us
e
d
to
obtain
the
s
tea
dy
s
tate
r
e
s
pons
e
of
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
omponents
of
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
,
it
is
c
omm
only
us
e
d
th
a
n
the
tr
a
dit
ional
ti
me
domain
methods
.
T
he
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
teps
a
r
e
a
l
s
o
s
e
t
a
s
s
hown
in
T
a
ble
1.
T
he
HB
is
a
ls
o
us
e
d
to
mea
s
ur
e
the
int
e
r
modul
a
ti
on
dis
tor
ti
on
of
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
the
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
whic
h
de
ter
mi
ne
the
a
mpl
i
f
ier
li
ne
a
r
i
ty.
T
he
de
s
igned
c
onv
e
nti
ona
l
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
a
mpl
i
f
ier
i
s
s
hown
in
the
F
igu
r
e
6
with
the
Ga
As
M
E
S
F
E
T
model
s
im
il
a
r
to
that
of
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
ha
ving
two
d
if
f
e
r
e
nt
p
r
obe
s
to
c
ontr
ol
t
he
input
s
ignal
of
the
c
onve
nti
ona
l
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
a
mpl
i
f
ier
,
i
t
is
bias
e
d
in
a
s
ta
ble
s
tate
ha
ving
a
ter
m
ination
of
50Ω
im
pe
da
nc
e
without
whic
h
ther
e
wil
l
be
no
r
e
s
pons
e
f
or
bo
th
c
onve
nti
ona
l
a
mpl
if
ier
s
a
nd
th
e
NR
A.
A
p_ntone
s
ignal
is
a
tt
a
c
he
d
to
the
input
of
the
a
mpl
if
ier
in
or
de
r
to
de
te
r
mi
ne
the
r
e
s
pons
e
of
the
output
s
ignal
whe
n
a
s
ingl
e
tone
s
ignal
is
int
r
oduc
e
d
int
o
the
C
DA
by
s
e
tt
ing
the
va
lue
o
f
n
to
e
it
he
r
on
e
or
two
the
e
mphas
is
he
r
e
is
two
tone
s
ignals
.
T
he
n
the
o
utput
of
the
s
ignal
c
a
n
then
be
ve
r
i
f
ying
a
nd
c
om
pa
r
e
d
to
that
of
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
ol
N
e
gati
v
e
r
e
s
i
s
tance
amplif
ier
c
ir
c
uit
us
ing
GaA
s
F
E
T
mode
ll
e
d
s
ingl
e
M
E
S
F
E
T
… (
Olas
unk
anmi
Oje
w
ande
)
185
T
he
de
s
igne
d
c
onve
nti
ona
l
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
a
mpl
i
f
ier
i
s
s
hown
in
the
F
igu
r
e
6
with
the
Ga
As
M
E
S
F
E
T
model
s
im
il
a
r
to
that
of
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
ha
ving
two
d
if
f
e
r
e
nt
p
r
obe
s
to
c
ontr
ol
t
he
input
s
ignal
of
the
c
onve
nti
ona
l
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
a
mpl
i
f
ier
,
i
t
is
bias
e
d
in
a
s
table
s
tate
ha
ving
a
ter
m
ination
of
50Ω
im
pe
da
nc
e
without
whic
h
ther
e
wil
l
be
no
r
e
s
pons
e
f
or
bo
th
c
onve
nti
ona
l
a
mpl
if
ier
s
a
nd
th
e
NR
A.
A
p_ntone
s
ignal
is
a
tt
a
c
he
d
to
the
input
of
the
a
mpl
if
ier
in
or
de
r
to
de
te
r
mi
ne
the
r
e
s
pons
e
of
the
output
s
ignal
whe
n
a
s
ingl
e
tone
s
ignal
is
int
r
oduc
e
d
int
o
the
C
DA
by
s
e
tt
ing
the
va
lue
o
f
n
to
e
it
he
r
on
e
or
two
the
e
mphas
is
he
r
e
is
two
tone
s
ignals
.
T
he
n
the
o
utput
of
the
s
ignal
c
a
n
then
be
ve
r
i
f
ying
a
nd
c
om
pa
r
e
d
to
that
of
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
.
F
igur
e
6.
S
c
he
matic
de
s
ign
f
or
a
c
onve
nti
ona
l
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
a
mpl
if
ier
us
ing
ADS
3.
RE
S
UL
T
S
A
ND
DI
S
CU
S
S
I
ONS
T
he
de
s
igned
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
be
ha
v
iour
is
obtaine
d
a
nd
s
hown
in
the
F
igur
e
7
us
ing
the
AD
S
s
im
ulation
tool
,
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
tha
t
is
us
e
d
r
a
nge
s
f
r
o
m
(
4
.
0
to
6
.
0
GH
z
)
while
a
t
f
r
e
que
nc
y
a
bove
6
GH
z
is
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
8.
T
he
two
f
igur
e
s
s
how
the
r
e
a
l
a
nd
the
im
a
ginar
y
of
the
im
pe
da
nc
e
plot
to
the
s
e
lec
ted
f
r
e
que
nc
y.
T
he
Ga
As
F
E
T
M
E
S
F
E
T
is
us
ua
ll
y
r
e
quir
e
d
f
or
higher
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
a
nd
it
pe
r
f
or
ms
e
xc
e
ll
e
ntl
y
a
t
a
bove
5
GH
z
[
13]
.
F
igur
e
9
s
hows
the
ga
in
s
tabili
ty
of
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
.
T
he
ga
in
of
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
is
plot
ted
a
ga
ins
t
a
wide
r
r
a
nge
o
f
R
F
inpu
t
powe
r
in
d
B
m.
T
he
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
is
mor
e
s
table
than
that
o
f
the
c
onve
nti
ona
l
a
mpl
i
f
ier
.
T
he
c
onve
nti
ona
l
a
mpl
if
i
e
r
is
a
ls
o
de
s
igned
a
nd
modele
d
in
a
s
im
il
a
r
wa
y
a
s
that
of
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
us
ing
a
s
ingl
e
s
tage
Ga
As
F
E
T
M
E
S
F
E
T
.
F
igur
e
10
s
hows
the
be
ha
vi
or
o
f
a
c
onve
nti
ona
l
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
a
mpl
if
ier
ga
in
a
g
a
ins
t
the
R
F
input
powe
r
;
the
gr
a
ph
a
ppe
a
r
s
to
ha
ve
a
r
ip
ple
a
t
R
F
input
f
r
om
-
90.
000
to
-
100.
000
dbm
a
t
a
ga
in
of
-
18.
37857.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
ol
,
Vol.
18
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020:
179
-
190
186
F
igur
e
7.
P
lot
of
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
c
i
r
c
uit
r
e
s
pons
e
a
t
6
GH
z
F
igur
e
8.
P
lot
of
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
c
i
r
c
uit
r
e
s
pons
e
a
bove
6
GH
z
F
igur
e
9.
Ga
in
s
tabili
ty
of
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
a
ga
ins
t
R
F
input
powe
r
W
he
n
the
p_ntone
s
ignal
is
s
e
t
to
e
it
he
r
a
s
in
gle
tone
or
a
two
-
tone
s
ignal
a
nd
is
f
e
d
int
o
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
,
the
output
r
e
s
po
ns
e
is
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
11
f
or
s
ingl
e
tone
while
F
igur
e
12
s
hows
that
of
the
two
-
tone
s
ignal
ha
ving
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
f
unda
menta
l
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
a
nd
a
DC
of
f
s
e
t.
T
h
e
y
-
a
xis
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
the
powe
r
output
in
dbm
(
Vout)
while
t
he
x
-
a
xis
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
in
GH
z
o
f
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
.
T
he
ha
r
moni
c
ba
lanc
e
is
us
e
d
to
obtain
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
omponents
of
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
i
f
ier
,
e
ight
ha
r
moni
c
s
a
ppe
a
r
s
wi
th
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
s
pe
c
tr
a
l
l
ine.
AD
S
mar
ke
r
is
us
e
d
t
o
obtain
the
magnitude
of
the
output
powe
r
in
dbm
.
T
he
s
i
ngle
tone
input
s
ignal
is
a
c
hieve
d
whe
n
the
p_n
to
ne
s
ignal
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
ol
N
e
gati
v
e
r
e
s
i
s
tance
amplif
ier
c
ir
c
uit
us
ing
GaA
s
F
E
T
mode
ll
e
d
s
ingl
e
M
E
S
F
E
T
… (
Olas
unk
anmi
Oje
w
ande
)
187
is
s
e
t
to
n
va
lue
o
f
1
,
the
output
of
the
s
ignal
dis
pl
a
y
s
e
ve
n
(
7)
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
ha
r
moni
c
s
,
ha
ving
a
dc
of
f
s
e
t
of
z
e
r
o
a
nd
a
Voutput
of
35.
56
dB
m
whic
h
ha
ve
s
igni
f
ica
nt
e
f
f
e
c
t
on
the
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
of
a
ny
wir
e
les
s
or
c
omm
unica
ti
on
de
vice
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
11
.
T
he
two
tone
s
ignal
is
a
c
hieve
d
whe
n
the
p_ntone
s
ignal
is
in
tr
oduc
e
d
to
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
,
the
n
-
va
lue
of
the
s
ignal
is
s
e
t
to
2,
a
nd
the
ha
r
moni
c
ba
lanc
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
omponents
a
s
s
hown
in
t
he
diagr
a
m,
a
bout
e
ight
e
e
n
d
if
f
e
r
e
nt
ha
r
moni
c
s
a
ppe
a
r
s
in
the
T
a
ble
2
ha
ving
no
DC
of
f
s
e
t.
Fi
gur
e
10.
Ga
in
s
tabili
ty
of
c
onve
nti
ona
l
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
a
mpl
if
ier
F
igur
e
11.
S
ingl
e
tone
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
us
ing
AD
S
F
igur
e
12.
T
wo
-
tone
input
s
ignal
f
o
r
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
ol
,
Vol.
18
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020:
179
-
190
188
T
he
two
(
2
)
tone
input
s
ignal
f
or
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
ha
ve
a
f
unda
menta
l
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
500
M
Hz
the
powe
r
output
f
o
r
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
ha
s
no
DC
output
of
f
s
e
t
s
ince
the
f
unda
menta
l
f
r
e
que
nc
y
be
gins
wi
th
500
M
Hz
a
nd
the
output
powe
r
be
gins
a
t
a
powe
r
ou
tput
r
a
nging
f
r
om
-
368.
56
3
dB
m
to
the
pe
a
k
va
lue
of
10.
10
GH
z
a
t
a
powe
r
outpu
t
o
f
-
318.
689
dbm
.
T
he
th
ir
d
o
r
de
r
int
e
r
modul
a
ti
on
f
or
the
NR
A
a
ppe
a
r
s
to
ha
ve
a
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
4
.
300
GH
z
with
a
n
ou
tput
p
owe
r
of
–
330.
028
dB
m
.
T
he
f
unda
menta
l
f
r
e
que
nc
y
f
o
r
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
de
vice
is
not
wide
ly
s
pa
c
e
d
a
s
c
ompar
e
d
to
the
c
onve
nti
ona
l
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
a
mpl
if
ie
r
ha
s
thi
s
make
s
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
de
vice
to
be
mor
e
li
ne
a
r
than
the
c
onve
nti
ona
l
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
a
mpl
if
i
e
r
.
T
a
ble
2
a
ls
o
s
hows
the
output
powe
r
in
d
B
m
f
or
the
va
r
ious
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
.
F
igur
e
13
s
hows
the
two
tone
input
s
ignal
f
or
th
e
c
onve
nti
ona
l
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
a
mpl
i
f
ier
,
the
two
-
tone
s
ignal
output
ha
s
a
dc
o
f
f
s
e
t
a
s
s
hown
in
T
a
b
le
3,
the
dc
o
f
f
s
e
t
ha
s
a
powe
r
output
o
f
32
.
3
4
d
B
m,
the
f
unda
menta
l
f
r
e
que
nc
y
(
w1
)
is
a
t
500
M
Hz
a
nd
the
s
e
c
ond
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
hif
t
ha
s
a
two
tone
s
ignal
of
2.
1
GH
z
a
nd
2.
6
GH
z
both
is
ha
ving
a
mar
ke
d
powe
r
output
of
50
dbm
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
T
he
thi
r
d
or
de
r
int
e
r
modul
a
ti
on
dis
tor
ti
on
f
or
C
DA
a
t
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
4
,
300
M
Hz
ha
s
a
dB
m
outpu
t
powe
r
of
(
-
20.
0
0
dB
m)
.
T
he
s
e
dis
c
r
e
pa
nc
ies
be
twe
e
n
the
output
dB
m
o
f
t
he
C
DA
a
nd
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
is
a
s
a
r
e
s
ult
of
the
bias
volt
a
ge
s
f
o
r
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
.
T
he
dis
tanc
e
be
twe
e
n
the
f
unda
menta
l
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
f
or
c
onve
nti
ona
l
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
a
mpl
if
ie
r
a
r
e
wide
ly
s
pa
c
e
d.
T
he
powe
r
output
f
or
the
s
e
c
ond
o
r
de
r
int
e
r
mo
dulation
dis
tor
ti
on
e
xis
t
a
t
a
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
2
.
100
GH
z
a
nd
2
.
600
GH
z
ha
ppe
ns
to
ha
ve
a
powe
r
o
utput
in
50
.
000
dB
m
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
F
igur
e
13.
T
w
o
-
tone
s
ignal
f
o
r
the
c
onve
nti
ona
l
di
s
tr
ibut
e
d
a
mpl
if
ier
us
ing
AD
S
T
a
ble
2.
T
wo
-
tone
s
ignal
output
f
or
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
output
S
/No
D
e
s
c
r
ip
ti
on
F
r
e
que
nc
y (
m1)
D
bm (
V
out
)
1
F
unda
me
nt
a
l
500.0 M
H
z
-
368.563
2
F
ir
s
t
or
de
r
1
.
000 G
H
z
-
337.557
3
S
e
c
ond or
de
r
1
.
650 G
H
z
-
325.329
4
S
e
c
ond or
de
r
2
.
150 G
H
z
-
95.933
5
S
e
c
ond or
de
r
2
.
650 G
H
z
-
91.061
6
S
e
c
ond or
de
r
3
.
150 G
H
Z
-
315.144
7
T
hi
r
d or
de
r
3
.
800 G
H
z
-
318.087
8
T
hi
r
d or
de
r
4
.
300 G
H
z
-
330.028
9
T
hi
r
d or
de
r
4
.
800 G
H
z
-
320.171
10
T
hi
r
d or
de
r
5
.
300 G
H
z
-
320.538
11
T
hi
r
d or
de
r
5
.
800 G
H
z
-
320.535
12
F
our
th
or
de
r
6
.
450 G
H
z
-
312.606
13
F
our
th
or
de
r
6
.
950 G
H
z
-
322.249
14
F
our
th
or
de
r
7
.
450 G
H
z
-
308.127
15
F
our
th
or
de
r
7
.
950 G
H
z
-
324.627
16
F
if
th
or
de
r
9
.
100 G
H
z
-
317.609
17
F
if
th
or
de
r
9
.
600 G
H
z
-
306.750
18
F
if
th
or
de
r
10
.
100 G
H
z
-
318.689
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.