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t
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v
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lt
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ic
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V)
m
o
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les
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r
d
iffere
n
t
a
n
g
les
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c
li
n
a
ti
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s
a
n
d
d
iffere
n
t
i
n
ten
sit
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o
f
t
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e
s
o
lar
ra
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iatio
n
o
n
th
e
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rfa
c
e
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
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c
o
n
si
d
e
re
d
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si
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m
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iri
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a
l
c
o
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n
s
fo
r
n
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tu
ra
l
c
o
n
v
e
c
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
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se
d
a
n
a
n
a
l
y
t
ica
l
m
o
d
e
l
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
e
n
e
rg
y
b
a
lan
c
e
e
q
u
il
i
b
riu
m
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e
twe
e
n
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
a
n
d
th
e
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t.
It
h
a
s
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e
e
n
sh
o
wn
th
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t
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re
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l
c
o
n
d
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ti
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n
s
o
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e
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i
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n
,
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h
e
v
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lu
e
o
f
th
e
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lar
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o
n
v
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rsio
n
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o
e
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n
t
o
f
th
e
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lar
e
n
e
rg
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e
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te
rm
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e
d
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e
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n
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li
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o
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h
e
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n
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rd
tes
t
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o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s
(S
T
C)
fo
r
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V
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o
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le
(
2
5
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-
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0
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0
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m
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).
T
h
e
re
su
lt
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o
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tain
e
d
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d
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t
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th
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se
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sm
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ll
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m
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les
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r
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ra
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se
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d
.
T
h
e
p
ro
p
o
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e
d
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o
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re
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n
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e
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n
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h
e
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n
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e
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o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
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ly
sis
fo
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P
V
s
y
ste
m
with
u
n
iax
ial
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o
n
it
o
r
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
su
n
p
o
si
ti
o
n
a
s we
ll
a
s sta
ti
c
P
V sy
ste
m
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
f
f
icien
cy
I
n
clin
atio
n
an
g
le
Mo
d
u
le
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Sh
ah
ir
Fley
eh
Naw
af
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t,
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
C
o
lleg
e
T
ik
r
it Un
iv
er
s
ity
T
ik
r
it,
I
r
aq
E
m
ail:
s
h
ah
ir
7
3
5
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
NO
M
E
N
CL
A
T
UR
E
T
PV:
Th
e
me
a
n
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
mo
d
u
l
u
s t
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
.
[
K
]
α
S:
Th
e
so
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
a
b
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
n
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
f
o
r
u
p
p
e
r
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
.
Q:
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
n
o
r
m
a
l
o
n
t
h
e
u
p
p
e
r
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
.
[
W
/
m
2
]
h
UF
:
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
o
r
r
e
sp
o
n
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
n
v
e
c
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
u
p
p
e
r
su
r
f
a
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
i
r
.
[
W
/
(
m
2
∙
K
)
]
h
DF:
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
o
r
r
e
sp
o
n
d
i
n
g
t
o
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
n
v
e
c
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
l
o
w
e
r
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
s
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
a
n
d
a
i
r
.
[
W
/
(
m
2
∙
K
)
]
,
h
r,
U
F
:
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
o
r
r
e
sp
o
n
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
u
p
p
e
r
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
mo
d
u
l
e
a
n
d
a
mb
i
e
n
t
.
[
W
/
(
m
2
∙
K
)
]
Tg
:
Th
e
t
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
e
a
r
t
h
.
[
K
]
.
ε
UF
:
Emi
ssi
o
n
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
t
h
e
r
ma
l
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
U
p
p
e
r
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
.
σ
SB
:
S
t
e
f
a
n
-
B
o
l
t
z
m
a
n
n
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
.
[
W
/
(
m
2
∙
K
4
)
]
,
G:
I
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
(
d
i
r
e
c
t
c
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
)
.
[
W
/
m
2
]
Ψ:
A
n
g
l
e
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
i
n
c
l
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
s i
n
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
v
e
r
t
i
c
a
l
[
°
]
ε
UF
:
Emi
ssi
o
n
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
t
h
e
r
ma
l
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
u
p
p
e
r
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
.
δ:
A
n
g
l
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
S
u
n
r
a
y
s
a
n
d
n
o
r
mal
o
n
t
h
e
u
p
p
e
r
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
mo
d
u
l
e
.
[
°
]
η
T
re
f
:
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
P
V
mo
d
u
l
e
s a
t
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
t
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
T
r
e
f
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
n
si
t
y
o
f
so
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
1
0
0
0
W
/
m
2
.
[
%]
β
re
f
:
Te
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
t
h
a
t
d
e
scri
b
e
s a
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
mo
d
u
l
e
w
i
t
h
a
n
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
P
V
mo
d
u
l
e
t
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
a
b
o
v
e
t
h
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
v
a
l
u
e
T
re
f
.
[
1
/
K
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f th
e
in
flu
en
ce
o
f
th
e
a
mb
ien
t te
mp
era
tu
r
e
o
n
t
h
e
en
erg
y
efficien
cy
o
f
… (
S
h
a
h
ir
F
leye
h
N
a
w
a
f
)
541
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
i
s
th
e
lar
g
est
an
d
in
ex
h
au
s
tib
le
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
en
er
g
y
o
n
E
ar
th
av
ailab
le
o
n
all
p
ar
ts
o
f
its
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
Sin
ce
th
is
en
er
g
y
is
f
r
ee
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
af
f
ec
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
s
o
,
it
is
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
a
b
le
wh
y
h
u
g
e
atte
n
tio
n
is
p
aid
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
th
e
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
,
esp
ec
ially
in
last
two
d
ec
ad
es
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
d
ir
ec
t
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
n
in
to
elec
tr
icity
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
l
es
to
d
ay
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
m
all
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
'
s
elec
tr
icity
d
em
an
d
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
th
is
ar
e
th
e
r
elati
v
ely
h
ig
h
p
r
ices
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
les,
b
u
t
also
th
ei
r
lo
w
ef
f
icien
cy
,
w
h
ich
,
d
e
p
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
m
er
cial
PV
m
o
d
u
les
wh
ich
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
1
0
to
1
8
%.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
m
o
r
e
th
an
8
0
%
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
th
at
e
n
ter
s
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
is
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
h
ea
t,
w
h
ile
th
e
s
m
aller
p
ar
t
is
r
ef
le
cted
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
e
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
E
n
er
g
y
A
g
en
cy
(
I
E
A)
p
r
ed
icts
th
at
b
y
2
0
5
0
,
4
5
%
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
'
s
en
er
g
y
will
b
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
Su
n
'
s
en
er
g
y
[
1
]
.
I
t
is
well
k
n
o
wn
th
at
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
cy
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
is
g
r
e
atly
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
its
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
[
2
-
4
]
.
W
ith
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
i
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
d
ec
r
e
ase
in
its
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
b
lem
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
in
ar
ea
s
with
a
war
m
er
clim
ate
s
u
ch
is
o
u
r
co
u
n
tr
y
(
I
r
aq
r
ep
u
b
lic)
[
5
]
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ap
er
s
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
d
ea
lin
g
with
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
n
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
les.
I
n
th
e
r
e
is
a
co
n
s
tan
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
th
e
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
r
elativ
e
to
t
h
e
v
alu
e
p
r
escr
ib
ed
b
y
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
f
o
r
th
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
o
f
2
5
°C
,
wh
en
its
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
is
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
th
is
v
alu
e
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
a
t
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
in
s
tall
a
lar
g
er
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
les
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
p
o
wer
i
n
r
ea
l
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
i
n
r
elatio
n
to
th
e
STC
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le.
A
s
et
o
f
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
i
n
g
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
a
ce
r
tain
p
o
wer
in
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
am
b
ien
t
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
th
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
o
th
er
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
th
e
s
am
e
is
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
clim
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
[
7
]
.
Ma
ttei
et
a
l.
a
n
aly
ze
d
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t v
ar
iab
les:
am
b
ien
t
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
a
n
d
win
d
s
p
ee
d
with
o
u
t
ta
k
in
g
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
t
h
e
an
g
le
o
f
t
h
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le.
I
n
[
8
]
,
a
n
ass
ess
m
en
t
was
m
ad
e
o
f
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
th
e
i
n
ten
s
ity
o
f
th
e
Su
n
'
s
r
ad
iatio
n
,
its
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
an
d
t
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
s
ilico
n
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
o
n
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
9
]
.
Sk
o
p
lak
i
et
a
l.
s
u
g
g
ested
s
em
i
em
p
ir
ical
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
les
an
d
th
eir
p
o
we
r
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
am
b
ien
t,
th
e
i
n
ten
s
ity
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
,
th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
an
d
th
e
m
o
d
es
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
latio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
in
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
o
n
ly
f
o
r
win
d
s
p
ee
d
s
g
r
e
ater
th
an
1
m
/s
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
th
is
p
a
p
er
,
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
a
n
aly
tical
m
o
d
el
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
th
e
am
b
i
en
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
th
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
,
t
h
e
an
g
le
b
etwe
en
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
o
n
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
t
h
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
th
e
in
cid
en
t
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
,
th
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
its
co
r
r
es
p
o
n
d
in
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
[
1
1
]
.
On
th
e
b
asis
o
f
th
e
o
b
tain
e
d
r
esu
lts
,
t
h
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
a
b
o
v
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
n
d
er
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
h
ea
t
ex
ch
an
g
e
b
etwe
en
PV
m
o
d
u
l
es
an
d
am
b
ien
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
atu
r
al
co
n
v
ec
tio
n
an
d
r
a
d
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
h
ea
t
ex
ch
an
g
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
atu
r
al
co
n
v
ec
tio
n
an
d
r
a
d
iatio
n
b
etwe
en
PV
m
o
d
u
les
an
d
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
is
m
o
d
eled
b
y
em
p
ir
ical
an
aly
tical
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
th
e
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
tem
p
e
r
at
u
r
e
an
d
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
les.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
m
o
d
els
in
th
e
lite
r
atu
r
e
f
o
r
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
th
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
les
[
2
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
all
m
o
d
els
g
iv
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
s
am
e
v
alu
es
o
f
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
s
o
l
ar
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
[
12
]
.
T
h
ese
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
ar
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
n
eg
lect
o
f
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
clim
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
PV
m
o
d
u
le
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
an
d
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
an
an
aly
tical
m
o
d
el
b
ased
o
n
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
o
f
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
ec
eiv
e
d
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
,
th
e
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
is
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
ted
to
an
elec
tr
ic
in
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
th
e
ex
em
p
t
ed
th
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
atu
r
al
co
n
v
ec
tio
n
a
n
d
r
a
d
iatio
n
is
ap
p
lied
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
PV m
o
d
u
le
.
2.
T
E
ST
E
XA
M
P
L
E
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
PV
m
o
d
u
le
SUNT
E
C
H
S
T
P2
6
5
-
2
0
/W
em
is
m
ad
e
o
f
p
o
l
y
cr
y
s
tallin
e
s
ilico
n
(p
-
Si).
Sil
ico
n
So
lar
ce
lls
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
am
o
n
g
th
e
ea
r
lies
t a
n
d
m
o
s
t u
s
ed
t
o
d
ay
.
T
h
e
PV m
o
d
u
le
m
a
d
e
o
f
p
-
Si
was
ch
o
s
en
b
ec
au
s
e
to
d
ay
i
n
th
e
wo
r
ld
ab
o
u
t
6
0
%
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
icity
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
PV
m
o
d
u
les
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
p
r
ec
is
ely
i
n
m
o
d
u
l
es
f
r
o
m
p
-
Si
[
1
3
,
1
4
]
.
At
to
d
ay
'
s
lev
el
o
f
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
er
cial
Si
m
o
d
u
les
h
av
e
a
n
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
1
5
-
1
8
%
an
d
v
er
y
u
n
if
o
r
m
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
[
1
5
]
,
s
o
th
at
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV m
o
d
u
le
wh
o
s
e
d
ata
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
in
T
a
b
le
1.
3.
M
AT
H
E
M
AT
I
CA
L
M
O
DU
L
E
U
SE
D
I
N
T
H
E
ANA
L
Y
SI
S
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
in
clu
d
es
all
th
e
r
ele
v
an
t
v
alu
es
th
at
a
f
f
ec
t
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le,
wh
ich
m
ak
es
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
it
v
er
y
r
eliab
le.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
d
etail
an
d
o
n
ly
th
e
f
in
ite
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
h
ea
t
ex
ch
an
g
e
b
etwe
en
t
h
is
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t th
r
o
u
g
h
n
atu
r
al
c
o
n
v
ec
tio
n
an
d
r
ad
iatio
n
is
g
iv
en
h
er
e
[
1
6
]
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
5
4
0
-
546
542
=
(
1
+
η
⋅
(
β
⋅
−
1
)
)
α
⋅
+
(
ℎ
+
ℎ
)
⋅
+
(
ℎ
,
+
ℎ
,
)
⋅
0
,
0552
⋅
1
.
5
ℎ
+
ℎ
,
+
ℎ
+
ℎ
,
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⋅
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⋅
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(
2
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2
+
2
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(
+
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,
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2
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2
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+
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(
3)
=
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(
4
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=
=
0
,
0552
⋅
1
.
5
(
5)
η
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η
[
1
−
β
(
−
)
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(
6)
T
ab
le
1
.
I
llu
s
tr
ate
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
d
escr
ip
tio
n
in
d
icate
d
in
th
e
ab
o
v
e
e
q
u
atio
n
s
.
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r
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
t
h
is
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
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r
r
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n
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
n
atu
r
al
co
n
v
ec
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
[
1
7
]
.
W
h
en
in
th
e
iter
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
PV m
o
d
u
le
is
c
alcu
lated
b
y
(
1
)
an
d
its
co
r
r
es
p
o
n
d
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
(
6
)
,
th
en
th
e
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
PV m
o
d
u
le
at
its
en
d
s
c
an
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
as:
=
η
⋅
α
⋅
⋅
(
7
)
wh
er
e
S is
th
e
ac
tiv
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
PV m
o
d
u
le
in
[
m
2
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
SUNT
E
C
H
ST
P2
6
5
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2
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/W
em
m
o
d
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le
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i
z
e
V
a
l
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e
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z
e
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a
l
u
e
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d
t
h
[
W
]
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0
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m
A
b
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p
t
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t
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h
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p
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r
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c
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f
t
h
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l
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9
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H
e
i
g
h
t
[
L
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6
4
m
M
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i
m
u
m
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t
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f
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t
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r
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c
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h
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V
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l
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(
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F
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1
Ef
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i
c
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y
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g
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r
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c
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t
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u
r
f
a
c
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
(
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F
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0
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8
5
Te
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
[
βr
e
f
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0
.
0
0
4
1
/
K
S
TC
:
I
n
t
e
n
si
t
y
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
1
0
0
0
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/
m
2
,
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
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2
5
°
C
,
R
A
M
=
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5
R
e
f
e
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n
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p
e
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r
e
[
Tr
e
f
2
5
°
C
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
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SCU
SS
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n
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s
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n
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m
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t
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V
m
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l
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,
t
h
e
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e
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t
r
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w
e
r
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e
n
e
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a
t
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d
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y
t
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V
m
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d
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h
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d
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h
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l
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l
a
t
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s
a
r
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c
a
r
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t
f
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t
h
e
s
a
m
e
a
n
g
l
e
o
f
(
ψ
=
6
0
°
)
,
w
h
i
c
h
is
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
u
m
t
i
l
t
a
n
g
l
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
t
o
t
h
e
T
i
k
r
it
c
i
t
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
n
g
l
e
δ
c
h
a
n
g
es
i
n
t
h
e
r
a
n
g
e
0
°
≤
δ
≤
6
0
°
wi
t
h
a
s
t
e
p
o
f
1
0
°
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
ch
a
n
g
e
o
f
th
e
az
im
u
th
an
g
le
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
s
lig
h
tly
d
i
s
tu
r
b
s
its
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
(
o
n
ly
4
%
in
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
az
im
u
th
an
g
le
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
o
f
±
4
5
°
[
1
9
]
)
,
th
at
m
ea
n
s
th
e
az
im
u
th
an
g
le
o
f
PV
p
an
els
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
co
n
s
tan
t
(
az
im
u
th
=
0
°).
Su
ch
a
s
m
all
ch
an
g
e
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
is
n
o
t
o
b
tain
ed
o
n
ly
d
i
r
ec
tly
f
r
o
m
th
e
Su
n
,
b
u
t
also
b
y
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
air
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
an
d
th
e
r
ef
lectio
n
o
f
air
f
r
o
m
o
b
jects
o
n
th
e
ea
r
th
.
Fig
u
r
es
1
-
4
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
elec
tr
ical
p
o
w
er
in
th
e
p
an
el
o
u
tp
u
t
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
d
escr
ib
ed
an
al
y
tical
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
n
(
7
)
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
v
al
u
es
o
f
δ
an
d
f
o
r
th
r
ee
v
alu
es
o
f
G
(
G=
2
0
0
W
/m
2
G
=4
0
0
W
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2
an
d
G
=1
0
0
0
W
/m
2)
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
d
escr
ib
ed
an
aly
tical
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
wh
ich
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
es
1
-
4
,
a
c
o
r
r
e
latio
n
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
in
th
e
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
th
e
in
t
en
s
ity
o
f
th
e
r
ad
iat
io
n
,
d
eg
r
e
e
o
f
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
b
y
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
u
n
d
e
r
STC
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
th
e
in
clin
ed
an
g
le
o
f
th
e
p
an
el,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el
ca
n
also
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
(
8
)
[
2
0
]
:
=
0
.
0386
.
η
⋅
⋅
[
1000
]
0
.
92
.
(
(
δ
)
0
.
9
.
(
245
−
)
.
(
8
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f th
e
in
flu
en
ce
o
f
th
e
a
mb
ien
t te
mp
era
tu
r
e
o
n
t
h
e
en
erg
y
efficien
cy
o
f
… (
S
h
a
h
ir
F
leye
h
N
a
w
a
f
)
543
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
an
g
els th
at
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
p
a
n
el
p
o
s
iti
o
n
[
1
5
]
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Po
wer
v
alu
es o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
les f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t v
al
u
es o
f
δ
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Po
wer
v
alu
es o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
les f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t v
al
u
es o
f
δ
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Po
wer
v
alu
es o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
les f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t v
al
u
es o
f
δ a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
5
4
0
-
546
544
I
n
th
e
(
8
)
,
t
h
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
ef
f
ici
en
cy
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
les
u
n
d
er
ST
C
co
n
d
itio
n
s
η
T
r
ef
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
[
%],
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
G
in
[
W
/m
2
]
,
an
g
le
δ
in
[
°C
]
a
n
d
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
T
a
in
[
°C
]
.
I
n
th
is
way
,
th
e
(
8
)
g
iv
es
th
e
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
in
[
W
]
.
B
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
o
th
r
esu
lts
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
lar
g
est
d
ev
iatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
o
wer
v
alu
es o
b
tain
ed
b
y
th
e
a
n
aly
tic
al
m
o
d
el
an
d
(
8
)
is
4
.
6
%.
Usi
n
g
th
e
(
8
)
,
an
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
elec
t
r
icity
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
o
f
t
h
is
s
y
s
tem
will
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
f
o
r
th
r
ee
ca
s
es
o
f
th
e
an
g
le
o
f
in
clin
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
th
r
ee
ca
s
e
s
[
2
1
]
:
1
)
wh
en
th
e
an
g
le
o
f
i
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
is
c
o
n
s
tan
t,
2
)
wh
e
n
it
ch
an
g
es
f
o
r
ea
ch
m
o
n
t
h
;
an
d
3
)
wh
e
n
f
o
u
r
tim
es
d
ai
ly
e
v
er
y
d
ay
(
e
v
er
y
th
r
ee
h
o
u
r
s
f
o
llo
win
g
a
th
r
ee
-
p
o
i
n
t
ch
an
g
e
in
t
h
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
n
'
s
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
th
e
a
n
g
le
at
wh
ich
th
e
s
u
n
'
s
r
ay
s
f
all
o
n
th
e
h
o
r
iz
o
n
tal
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
ea
r
th
)
.
T
a
b
le
2
g
iv
es
th
e
m
ea
n
v
alu
es o
f
t
h
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
o
n
th
e
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
l
o
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
p
lac
e
[
2
2
]
,
as
well
as
th
e
m
ea
n
m
o
n
th
ly
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
an
g
le
at
wh
ich
th
e
s
u
n
r
ay
s
f
all
to
th
e
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
t
h
e
ea
r
th
f
o
r
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
T
ik
r
it
city
(
latitu
d
e:
2
9
º
5
7
'
4
7
",
l
o
n
g
itu
d
e:
4
1
º
4
9
'
5
1
")
[
2
3
]
.
Fo
r
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
th
e
m
ea
n
v
al
u
es
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
war
m
er
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
d
ay
wh
en
th
e
PV m
o
d
u
l
es a
r
e
u
s
ed
a
r
e
tak
e
n
.
All o
f
th
ese
d
ata
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
th
e
(
8
)
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
T
a
b
le
2
a
n
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
(
8
)
f
o
r
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
et
o
f
8
PV
m
o
d
u
l
es
o
f
ty
p
e
AS
-
5M
-
2
0
0
W
wh
ich
h
av
e
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
(η
T
r
ef
=1
5
.
6
7
%,
L
en
g
t
h
=1
.
5
8
m
,
W
id
th
=0
.
8
0
8
m
),
th
e
elec
tr
ic
al
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
ca
n
ca
lc
u
late
an
d
th
e
n
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
th
e
elec
tr
ica
l
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
e
d
b
y
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
d
escr
ib
ed
m
o
d
u
le
.
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
v
alu
es o
f
t
h
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
o
n
th
e
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
ea
r
th
s
u
r
f
ac
e
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
Jan
F
e
b
M
a
r
t
A
p
r
M
a
j
Ju
n
Ju
l
A
v
g
.
S
e
p
O
c
t
N
o
v
D
e
c
G
[
k
W
/
m
2
]
6
-
9
h
0
.
0
2
0
.
0
5
0
.
1
1
0
.
2
3
0
.
2
4
0
.
3
0
0
.
3
3
0
.
2
4
0
.
1
7
0
.
1
2
0
.
0
3
0
.
0
3
δ
[
°
]
7
.
7
1
1
3
.
3
5
2
2
.
4
5
3
2
.
6
3
9
.
7
2
4
3
.
0
1
3
9
.
5
7
3
4
.
9
1
2
8
.
4
2
2
0
.
6
5
1
2
.
8
9
7
.
8
5
5
G
[
k
W
/
m
2
]
9
-
1
2
h
0
.
2
1
0
.
3
0
0
.
4
2
0
.
3
6
0
.
4
5
0
.
6
3
0
.
6
7
0
.
6
1
0
.
5
3
0
.
3
6
0
.
2
2
0
.
1
9
δ
[
°
]
2
3
.
6
7
3
1
.
6
7
4
2
.
1
5
5
3
.
5
6
6
2
.
1
7
6
6
.
2
7
6
4
.
3
3
5
7
.
3
2
4
7
.
4
3
3
6
.
3
7
2
6
.
8
1
2
2
.
0
3
G
[
k
W
/
m
2
]
12
-
1
5
h
0
.
2
4
0
.
3
4
0
.
4
3
0
.
4
6
0
.
5
2
0
.
5
8
0
.
6
3
0
.
6
0
0
.
4
5
0
.
3
3
0
.
2
2
0
.
1
9
δ
[
°
]
1
7
.
2
7
2
5
.
1
3
4
.
0
5
4
2
.
1
6
4
9
.
2
1
5
2
.
9
5
2
.
2
3
4
6
.
3
3
3
6
.
5
3
2
5
.
6
7
1
6
.
2
9
1
3
.
6
6
G
[
k
W
/
m
2
]
15
-
1
8
h
0
.
0
4
0
.
0
9
0
.
1
6
0
.
2
0
0
.
2
6
0
.
3
3
0
.
2
4
0
.
6
8
0
.
0
7
0
.
0
6
0
.
0
3
0
.
0
6
δ
[
°
]
0
.
6
7
3
.
3
1
7
.
5
8
1
2
.
5
4
1
8
.
0
3
2
1
.
3
7
2
1
.
3
1
5
.
9
6
8
.
2
4
2
.
6
2
0
.
2
5
n
/
a
T
a
[
°
C
]
5
8
13
18
23
27
29
29
23
19
12
5
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
(
8
)
,
th
e
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
d
ir
ec
tly
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
t
h
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
u
ti
lizatio
n
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
les.
I
t
h
as a
ls
o
b
ee
n
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
is
in
th
e
ca
s
e
wh
en
it
is
i
n
clin
ed
at
an
o
p
tim
u
m
a
n
g
le
(
i.e
.
,
wh
en
th
e
an
g
le
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
o
lar
r
ay
s
an
d
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
to
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
is
e
q
u
al
t
o
ze
r
o
)
.
T
h
e
m
em
b
er
(
2
4
5
-
T
a)
ac
tu
ally
h
as
th
e
f
o
r
m
(
2
7
0
-
T
a
+
2
5
)
)
,
wh
e
r
e
2
5
°C
is
ad
d
ed
to
t
h
e
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
t
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
o
n
wh
ich
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
p
r
escr
ib
es
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
u
n
d
er
STC
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
is
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
b
y
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
f
o
r
th
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
is
a
b
o
u
t
2
7
0
°C
,
th
e
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
is
e
q
u
al
to
ze
r
o
[
2
4
]
.
E
x
p
o
n
en
ts
0
.
9
2
an
d
0
.
9
in
(
8
)
tak
e
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
a
r
am
et
er
s
/p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
o
n
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
PV m
o
d
u
le,
s
u
ch
as th
e
s
ep
a
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
lay
er
alo
n
g
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
in
clin
e
d
PV
m
o
d
u
le
wh
ich
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
an
g
le
o
f
in
clin
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le,
t
h
e
ch
a
n
g
e
in
th
e
em
is
s
iv
ity
o
f
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
with
th
e
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
in
cid
en
t
an
g
le
an
d
th
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
g
iv
en
in
T
ab
les
3
-
5
wh
ich
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
f
o
r
8
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
(
ty
p
e
AS
-
5M
-
2
0
0
W)
o
b
tain
e
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
(
8
)
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
(
8
)
will
n
o
w
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
a
s
er
ies
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
les
u
s
ed
to
s
u
p
p
ly
th
e
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
to
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
p
lace
.
PV
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
m
o
u
n
ted
at
an
an
g
le
o
f
4
5
° an
d
d
o
n
o
t h
av
e
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
ch
a
n
g
in
g
t
h
e
an
g
le
o
f
in
clin
atio
n
[
2
5
]
.
T
ab
le
3
.
E
x
p
ec
ted
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
8
PV m
o
d
u
les (
ty
p
e
AS
-
5M
-
2
0
0
W)
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
(
8
)
f
o
r
p
a
r
am
eter
v
al
u
es f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
2
wh
en
th
e
an
g
le
o
f
in
clu
s
io
n
(
Ψ)
o
f
t
h
e
PV m
o
d
u
le
is
co
n
s
tan
t
Ti
me
O
u
t
p
u
t
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
Jan
F
e
b
M
a
r
A
p
r
Ma
y
Ju
n
Ju
l
A
ug
S
e
p
O
c
t
N
o
v
D
e
c
Y
e
a
r
l
y
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
6
-
9
h
Ψ
=
(
5
1
°)
P
[
K
W
]
0
.
3
1
0
.
3
3
0
.
3
2
0
.
4
5
0
.
6
1
0
.
5
3
0
.
5
7
0
.
5
1
0
.
4
2
0
.
0
6
0
.
0
6
0
.
1
5
3
.
6
5
M
W
h
/
y
e
a
r
9
-
1
2
h
P
[
K
W
]
0
.
3
6
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4
2
0
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4
5
0
.
5
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0
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5
6
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6
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0
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6
7
0
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6
5
0
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5
2
0
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5
3
0
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5
0
0
.
4
2
12
-
1
5
h
P
[
K
W
]
0
.
3
1
0
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3
6
0
.
5
0
0
.
6
3
0
.
6
4
0
.
6
5
0
.
6
2
0
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5
2
0
.
5
0
0
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4
2
0
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4
8
0
.
4
5
15
-
1
8
h
P
[
K
W
]
0
.
3
3
0
.
3
5
0
.
3
8
0
.
4
5
0
.
5
1
0
.
5
3
0
.
5
7
0
.
5
1
0
.
4
3
0
.
0
5
0
.
0
3
0
.
1
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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f
th
e
a
mb
ien
t te
mp
era
tu
r
e
o
n
t
h
e
en
erg
y
efficien
cy
o
f
… (
S
h
a
h
ir
F
leye
h
N
a
w
a
f
)
545
T
ab
le
4
.
E
x
p
ec
ted
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
8
PV m
o
d
u
les (
ty
p
e
AS
-
5M
-
2
0
0
W)
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
(
8
)
f
o
r
p
a
r
am
eter
v
al
u
es f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
2
wh
en
th
e
an
g
le
o
f
in
clu
s
io
n
(Ψ
)
ch
an
g
es f
o
r
ea
c
h
m
o
n
th
Ti
me
O
u
t
p
u
t
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
Jan
F
e
b
M
a
r
A
p
r
Ma
y
Ju
n
Ju
l
y
A
ug
S
e
p
O
c
t
N
o
v
D
e
c
Y
e
a
r
l
y
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
6
-
9
h
Ψ
[
°
]
21
28
38
48
56
59
58
52
42
31
22
32
3
.
7
0
M
W
h
/
y
e
a
r
P
[
k
W
]
0
.
0
7
0
.
1
8
0
.
3
6
0
.
6
1
0
.
8
2
0
.
9
0
0
.
8
4
0
.
6
8
0
.
4
9
0
.
3
3
0
.
1
4
0
.
0
8
9
-
1
2
h
Ψ
[
°
]
21
28
38
48
56
59
58
52
42
31
22
18
P
[
k
W
]
0
.
7
3
0
.
9
6
1
.
2
5
1
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3
6
1
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5
7
1
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6
7
1
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7
3
1
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6
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1
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4
1
1
.
1
1
0
.
7
7
0
.
6
4
12
-
1
5
h
Ψ
[
°
]
21
28
38
48
56
59
58
52
42
31
22
18
P
[
k
W
]
0
.
7
9
1
.
0
8
1
.
3
1
1
.
3
6
1
.
4
9
1
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1
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7
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1
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6
1
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3
1
1
.
0
3
0
.
7
1
0
.
0
6
15
-
1
8
h
Ψ
[
°
]
21
28
38
48
56
59
58
52
42
31
22
18
P
[
k
W
]
0
.
1
4
0
.
2
9
0
.
4
6
0
.
5
3
0
.
6
4
0
.
7
4
0
.
8
1
0
.
6
8
0
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4
5
0
.
2
5
0
.
0
7
0
.
0
6
T
ab
le
5
.
E
x
p
ec
ted
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
8
PV m
o
d
u
les (
ty
p
e
AS
-
5M
-
2
0
0
W)
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
(
8
)
f
o
r
p
a
r
am
eter
v
al
u
es f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
2
wh
en
th
e
an
g
le
o
f
in
clu
s
io
n
(
Ψ
)
ch
an
g
es f
o
u
r
tim
es d
aily
ev
er
y
d
ay
(
ev
er
y
t
h
r
ee
h
o
u
r
s
)
Ti
me
O
u
t
p
u
t
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
Jan
.
F
e
b
.
M
a
r
A
p
r
Ma
y
Ju
n
Ju
l
y
A
u
g
S
e
p
O
c
t
N
o
v
D
e
c
Y
e
a
r
l
y
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
6
-
9
h
Ψ
[
°
]
8
13
22
33
40
42
40
35
28
21
13
3
3
.
8
7
M
W
h
/
y
e
a
r
P
[
k
W
]
0.
08
0.
18
0.
37
0.
63
0.
85
0.
94
0.
82
0.
71
0.
50
0.
36
0.
15
0.
08
9
-
1
2
h
Ψ
[
°
]
24
32
42
54
62
66
64
57
47
36
27
22
P
[
k
W
]
0.
73
0.
96
1.
26
1.
37
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58
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68
1.
74
1.
69
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42
1.
12
0.
77
0.
64
12
-
1
5
h
Ψ
[
°
]
17
25
34
43
49
53
52
46
36
25
17
14
P
[
k
W
]
0.
79
1.
08
1.
32
1.
37
1.
50
1.
63
1.
74
1.
66
1.
31
1.
07
0.
71
0.
64
15
-
1
8
h
Ψ
[
°
]
1
3
8
13
18
21
21
16
8
3
0
0
P
[
k
W
]
0.
15
0.
32
0.
53
0.
63
0.
79
0.
91
0.
98
0.
82
0.
53
0.
24
0.
07
0.
07
Fro
m
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
th
r
ee
ca
s
es,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
th
e
an
n
u
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
elec
tr
icity
,
in
th
e
ca
s
e
wh
er
e
PV
m
o
d
u
les
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
ch
an
g
in
g
th
e
an
g
le
o
f
in
clin
atio
n
an
d
th
e
ca
s
e
wh
en
th
is
an
g
le
is
ch
an
g
ed
f
o
r
ea
ch
m
o
n
th
,
it
is
v
er
y
s
m
all
(
o
n
ly
5
0
k
W
h
/y
ea
r
)
,
wh
ile
in
th
e
th
ir
d
ca
s
e,
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
is
e
x
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
th
e
h
ig
h
est.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
f
o
r
th
e
th
i
r
d
ca
s
e
a
co
m
p
lex
m
ec
h
an
is
m
f
o
r
u
n
ia
x
ial
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
n
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
ax
is
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
n
p
o
s
itio
n
,
2
3
2
k
W
h
o
f
en
er
g
y
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
a
y
ea
r
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
a
s
y
s
tem
th
at
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
av
e
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
th
e
a
n
g
le
o
f
in
clin
atio
n
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
m
o
n
ito
r
t
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
n
an
d
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
an
g
le
o
f
in
clin
atio
n
o
f
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le,
am
o
n
g
o
th
e
r
th
in
g
s
,
an
ac
tu
ato
r
(
m
o
t
o
r
)
an
d
a
s
o
lar
p
o
s
itio
n
er
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
th
e
u
n
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
o
f
th
e
s
u
n
p
o
s
itio
n
,
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
m
ec
h
an
is
m
f
o
r
r
o
tatin
g
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
is
n
ee
d
ed
,
a
n
d
th
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
co
s
ts
d
u
e
to
m
o
r
e
f
r
eq
u
en
t
s
y
s
tem
f
ailu
r
es
an
d
h
i
g
h
er
o
wn
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
en
g
in
e
ar
e
also
h
ig
h
er
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
,
in
th
is
ca
s
e,
i
t
is
m
u
ch
m
o
r
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
to
in
v
est
in
a
lar
g
e
r
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
les
with
co
n
s
tan
t
an
g
le
i
n
clin
at
io
n
s
th
an
in
a
u
n
id
i
r
ec
tio
n
al
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
n
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
th
at
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
am
b
ie
n
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
is
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
is
lin
ea
r
in
c
o
n
tr
ast
to
th
e
d
e
p
en
d
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
o
n
th
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
th
e
s
u
n
'
s
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
th
e
an
g
le
b
e
twee
n
th
e
s
u
n
'
s
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
o
n
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
(
8
)
f
o
r
ca
lcu
lati
n
g
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
l
es
in
f
u
n
cti
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
is
v
er
y
s
im
p
le
an
d
v
er
y
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
elec
tr
icity
an
d
th
e
tech
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
te
m
b
o
th
s
tatic
an
d
th
o
s
e
th
at
h
av
e
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
m
o
n
ito
r
t
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
n
.
Fo
r
m
u
la
a
p
p
lies
to
th
e
wo
r
s
t
c
ase
o
f
c
o
o
lin
g
PV
m
o
d
u
les
wh
en
th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
is
ze
r
o
.
T
h
e
s
am
e
was
ap
p
lied
o
n
a
s
y
s
tem
o
f
a
s
er
ies
o
f
8
PV
m
o
d
u
les
in
s
talled
in
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
T
ik
r
it
an
d
wh
ich
s
er
v
e
to
s
u
p
p
lem
en
t
th
e
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
in
th
is
p
lace
.
Fro
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
th
at
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
a
s
m
aller
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
les
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
t
o
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
n
u
m
b
e
r
f
o
r
an
av
er
ag
e
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
,
it
is
m
o
r
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
to
in
v
est
a
d
d
itio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le'
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
t
h
a
n
in
ca
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
n
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
Of
co
u
r
s
e,
th
is
ap
p
lies
to
th
e
am
b
ien
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
m
icr
o
lo
ca
tio
n
at
wh
i
ch
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
b
ein
g
e
x
p
lo
ited
o
r
p
lan
n
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
5
4
0
-
546
546
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
H.
A.
Ka
z
e
m
,
A.
Al
-
Wae
li
,
M
.
C
h
a
ich
a
n
,
A.
Al
-
M
a
m
a
ri
&
A.
H.
Al
-
Ka
b
i,
“
De
sig
n
,
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
E
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
-
v
o
lt
a
ic
P
u
m
p
i
n
g
S
y
ste
m
f
o
r
Ru
ra
l
Are
a
s
in
Om
a
n
,
"
En
v
ir
o
n
me
n
t
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
a
n
d
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
il
it
y
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
0
4
1
-
1
0
5
3
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
]
M
.
T.
Ch
a
ich
a
n
&
H.
A.
Ka
z
e
m
,
"
Ex
p
e
rime
n
tal
An
a
l
y
sis
o
f
S
o
lar
In
ten
sit
y
o
n
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
in
Ho
t
a
n
d
Hu
m
i
d
Wea
th
e
r
Co
n
d
it
i
o
n
s,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
t
if
ic &
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
91
-
96
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
]
A.
Ka
z
e
m
,
A.
H.
Al
-
Wae
li
,
A.
S
.
A.
Al
-
M
a
m
a
ri,
A.
K.
Al
-
Ka
b
i
,
M
.
Ch
a
ich
a
n
,
"
A
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
in
Ca
r
P
a
rk
in
g
Li
g
h
ts
wi
th
Re
c
y
c
led
B
a
tt
e
ries
:
A
Tec
h
n
o
-
Eco
n
o
m
ic
S
t
u
d
y
,
"
A
u
stra
li
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ba
s
ic
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
3
6
,
p
p
.
43
-
49
,
2
0
1
5
.
[4
]
Ka
z
e
m
&
M
.
Ch
a
ich
a
n
,
"
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
Hu
m
id
it
y
o
n
P
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
P
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
Ba
se
d
o
n
Ex
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tal
S
tu
d
y
,
"
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
li
e
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
(IJ
AE
R),
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
3
,
p
p
.
4
3
5
7
2
-
4
3
5
7
7
,
2
0
1
5
.
[5
]
H.
M
.
Al
-
M
a
a
m
a
ry
,
H.
Ka
z
e
m
&
M
.
Ch
a
ich
a
n
,
"
Ch
a
n
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
En
e
rg
y
P
r
o
fil
e
o
f
t
h
e
G
CC
S
tat
e
s:
A
Re
v
iew
,
"
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
li
e
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
(IJ
AE
R),
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
9
8
0
-
1
9
8
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[6
]
Kh
o
sra
v
i
A
.
,
Ko
u
r
y
R
.
N
.
N
.
,
M
a
c
h
a
d
o
L
.
a
n
d
P
a
b
o
n
J
.
J
.
G
.
,
“
En
e
rg
y
,
Ex
e
rg
y
a
n
d
Eco
n
o
m
ic
An
a
ly
sis
o
f
a
Hy
b
ri
d
Re
n
e
wa
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
with
Hy
d
r
o
g
e
n
S
t
o
ra
g
e
S
y
ste
m
,”
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
8
,
p
p
.
1
0
8
7
-
1
1
0
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[7
]
A.
Ka
z
e
m
,
M
.
Ch
a
ich
a
n
&
H.
K
a
z
e
m
,
"
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
Du
st
o
n
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
i
c
Util
iza
ti
o
n
in
Ira
q
:
Re
v
iew
Article
,
"
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
vol
.
3
7
,
p
p
.
7
3
4
-
7
4
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[8
]
Kh
a
li
d
F
.
,
Din
c
e
r
I
.,
Ro
se
n
M
.
A.
,
“
Tec
h
n
o
-
Eco
n
o
m
ic
As
se
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
B
a
se
d
In
teg
ra
ted
M
u
lt
i
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
fo
r
G
re
e
n
Bu
i
ld
i
n
g
s
,”
A
p
p
li
e
d
T
h
e
rm
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
99
,
p
p
.
1
2
8
6
-
1
2
9
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[9
]
M
.
Ch
a
ic
h
a
n
&
H.
Ka
z
e
m
,
"
Wate
r
S
o
lar
Dist
il
ler
P
r
o
d
u
c
ti
v
i
ty
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
Us
in
g
C
o
n
c
e
n
-
trati
n
g
S
o
lar
Wate
r
He
a
ter
a
n
d
P
h
a
se
C
h
a
n
g
e
M
a
teria
l
(
P
CM
),
"
Ca
se
S
t
u
d
ies
in
T
h
e
rm
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
El
se
v
ier
,
vol
.
5
,
p
p
.
151
-
1
5
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
0
]
M
.
Ch
a
ich
a
n
&
K.
Ab
a
a
s,
"
P
e
rfo
r
m
a
n
c
e
Am
e
li
o
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
a
Tro
m
b
e
Wall
b
y
Us
in
g
P
h
a
se
Ch
a
n
g
e
M
a
teria
l
(P
CM
),
"
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
J
o
u
rn
a
l
i
n
S
c
ien
c
e
,
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
1
]
Ch
e
v
iro
n
B
.
,
Ve
rv
o
o
rt
R.
W.
,
Al
b
a
sh
a
R.
,
Da
iro
n
R.
,
Le
P
ri
o
l
C.
,
M
a
il
h
o
l
J.
C
.
,
“
A
fra
m
e
wo
rk
to
u
se
c
ro
p
m
o
d
e
ls
fo
r
m
u
lt
i
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
c
o
n
stra
i
n
e
d
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
irri
g
a
ti
o
n
stra
teg
ies
,
”
En
v
iro
n
.
M
o
d
e
ll
.
S
o
ft
w.
,
v
o
l.
8
6
,
p
p
.
1
4
5
-
1
5
7
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
2
]
Din
e
sh
H.
,
P
e
a
rc
e
J.
M
.
,
“
Th
e
p
o
t
e
n
ti
a
l
o
f
a
g
ri
v
o
lt
a
ic
sy
ste
m
s,
”
Ren
e
w.
S
u
st.
E
n
e
rg
.
Rev
.
,
v
o
l.
5
4
,
p
p
.
299
-
3
0
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
3
]
Emm
a
n
u
e
l
I.
,
An
d
rieu
H.
,
Leb
l
o
is
E.
,
Ja
n
e
y
N
.
,
a
n
d
P
a
y
ra
stre
O.
,
“
In
flu
e
n
c
e
o
f
ra
in
fa
ll
s
p
a
ti
a
l
v
a
riab
i
li
ty
o
n
ra
i
n
fa
ll
?
Ru
n
o
f
f
m
o
d
e
ll
in
g
:
b
e
n
e
fit
o
f
a
si
m
u
latio
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
?
,
”
J
.
Hy
d
ro
l
.,
v
o
l.
5
3
1
,
p
p
.
3
3
7
-
3
4
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
4
]
Ha
rin
a
ra
y
a
n
a
T.
,
S
r
i
Ve
n
k
a
ta
Va
sa
v
i
K.
,
“
S
o
lar
e
n
e
rg
y
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
u
sin
g
a
g
ricu
lt
u
re
c
u
l
ti
v
a
ted
lan
d
s,
”
S
ma
rt
Gr
id
Ren
e
wa
b
le E
n
g
.,
v
o
l
.
5
,
p
p
.
31
-
4
2
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
5
]
IP
CC:
Cli
m
a
te
C
h
a
n
g
e
,
“
Im
p
a
c
ts,
Ad
a
p
tati
o
n
a
n
d
Vu
ln
e
ra
b
il
it
y
,
Co
n
tri
b
u
ti
o
n
o
f
W
o
rk
i
n
g
G
ro
u
p
II
t
o
th
e
F
ift
h
As
se
ss
m
e
n
t
Re
p
o
rt
o
f
t
h
e
In
ter
g
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
tal
P
a
n
e
l
o
n
Cl
ima
te
Ch
a
n
g
e
,
”
C
a
mb
rid
g
e
Un
ive
rs
it
y
P
re
ss
,
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
6
]
M
a
rtello
M
.
,
F
e
rro
N.
,
Bo
rt
o
li
n
i
L
.
,
a
n
d
M
o
ra
ri
F
.
,
“
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
i
n
c
id
e
n
t
ra
in
fa
ll
re
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
b
y
m
a
ize
c
a
n
o
p
y
o
n
so
il
m
o
istu
re
a
t
t
h
e
c
ro
p
r
o
w sc
a
le,
”
W
a
ter
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
p
p
.
2
2
5
4
-
2
2
7
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
7
]
P
u
jo
l
G
.
,
Io
o
ss
B.
,
Ja
n
o
n
A.
,
“
G
lo
b
a
l
S
e
n
sit
iv
it
y
A
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
M
o
d
e
l
Ou
tp
u
ts
(Ve
rsio
n
,
1
.
1
4
.
0
)
,
P
a
c
k
a
g
e
“
se
n
siti
v
it
y
”
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
8
]
Ra
v
i
S
.
,
Lo
b
e
ll
D.
B.
,
a
n
d
F
iel
d
C.
B.
,
“
Trad
e
o
ffs
a
n
d
sy
n
e
rg
i
e
s
b
e
twe
e
n
b
io
fu
e
l
p
r
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
larg
e
so
lar
in
fra
stru
c
tu
re
i
n
d
e
se
rts,
”
En
v
iro
n
.
S
c
i.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l.
,
v
o
l.
4
8
,
p
p
.
3
0
2
1
-
3
0
3
0
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
9
]
P
a
k
d
a
m
a
n
M
.
F
.
,
Las
h
k
a
ri
A
.
,
T
a
b
rizi
H.
B.
,
Ho
ss
e
in
i
R.
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
n
a
tu
ra
l
-
c
o
n
v
e
c
ti
o
n
so
lar
a
ir
-
h
e
a
ter
with
a
re
c
tan
g
u
lar
-
fi
n
n
e
d
a
b
so
r
b
e
r
p
late
,”
En
e
rg
y
C
o
n
v
e
rs
io
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
52
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
5
-
1
2
2
5
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
0
]
Ba
h
re
h
m
a
n
d
D.
,
&
Am
e
ri,
M
.
(2
0
1
5
).
E
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
e
x
e
r
g
y
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
d
iffere
n
t
so
lar
a
ir
c
o
ll
e
c
to
r
s
y
ste
m
s
with
n
a
tu
ra
l
c
o
n
v
e
c
ti
o
n
,
"
Ren
e
wa
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
7
4
,
p
p
.
3
5
7
-
3
6
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
1
]
Ra
h
imi
A.,
Ka
sa
e
ip
o
o
r
A.,
M
a
lek
sh
a
h
E.
H.
,
“
Na
tu
ra
l
c
o
n
v
e
c
ti
o
n
a
n
a
l
y
sis
b
y
e
n
tr
o
p
y
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
h
e
a
tl
in
e
v
isu
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
u
si
n
g
latti
c
e
Bo
l
tzm
a
n
n
m
e
th
o
d
i
n
n
a
n
o
fl
u
id
f
il
led
c
a
v
it
y
in
c
l
u
d
e
d
wit
h
i
n
tern
a
l
h
e
a
ters
-
Emp
iri
c
a
l
th
e
rm
o
-
p
h
y
sic
a
l
p
r
o
p
e
rti
e
s
,”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
1
3
3
,
p
p
.
1
9
9
-
2
1
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
2
]
S
in
g
h
Y.
A.
,
Ku
m
a
r
T.
M
.
,
“
Artifi
c
ially
r
o
u
g
h
e
n
e
d
so
lar
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ir
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