TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol.13, No
.1, March 2
0
1
5
, pp. 41~5
4
ISSN: 1693-6
930,
accredited
A
by DIKTI, De
cree No: 58/DIK
T
I/Kep/2013
DOI
:
10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v13i1.129
41
Re
cei
v
ed Au
gust 16, 20
14
; Revi
sed
No
vem
ber 1
7
, 2014; Accepte
d
De
cem
ber
10, 2014
Characteristics Analysis of Non-linear Torsional
Vibration in Engine and Generator Shafting System
Wei Zhan
g
1*
, Wenming Z
h
ang
1
, Xuan Zhao
1
, Miaomiao Guo
2
1
School of Me
chan
ical En
gi
n
eeri
ng, Univ
ers
i
t
y
of
Scie
nce
&
T
e
chnol
og
y
Beiji
ng, Bei
jin
g
China;
2
Automotive Engi
neer
in
g Res
earch Institute,
Beiqi F
o
ton M
o
tor Co. , Ltd.,
Beiji
ng, Ch
in
a
Te
l
p
:
+
86-010-
623
33
637
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: ustb_dz
w
@
1
26.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
he obj
ective
of
this pa
per i
s
to
so
lve
t
he non-
lin
ear t
o
rsi
ona
l vi
brati
on
prob
le
m
of e
n
g
in
e a
n
d
gen
erator shaf
ting caus
ing b
ody stru
ctural
vibrati
on an
d nois
e
in motor
i
z
e
d w
hee
l ve
hicle, w
here t
h
e
eng
ine
a
n
d
th
e g
e
n
e
rator c
o
nnecte
d
directl
y
. First, analys
is the
char
acte
ristics of th
e s
hafting
syste
m
is
cond
ucted, b
e
s
ides th
e ext
e
rna
l
sh
ock e
xcitati
on
of e
ngi
ne
and
ge
nerator. T
h
en,
throug
h l
u
mpe
d
para
m
eter mod
e
l metho
d
, mat
h
e
m
atic
al mod
e
l of the
non-
li
near torsi
ona
l vibrati
on w
a
s establis
hed, w
h
i
c
h
could reflect the dynam
i
c characteri
stics of the system
. Analysis the effe
c
t
of m
e
chanical param
eters and
electro
m
agn
eti
c
para
m
eters
on the s
haftin
g
; and
get
the
non-
lin
ear
differenti
a
l e
q
u
a
ti
ons of the sys
te
m
torsion
a
l vibr
a
t
ion, w
h
ich e
x
presses the
relatio
n
bet
w
een structural par
a
m
eters
,
electro
m
ag
n
e
tic
parameters and the system
dynamic c
har
acteristics. And
m
u
ltiple scales
m
e
thod was
used to s
o
lv
e
the
equ
atio
ns. No
n
-
contact
me
as
ure
m
e
n
t metho
d
w
a
s use
d
i
n
the torsi
ona
l vi
bratio
n test. F
i
nally, c
ons
iste
ncy
of the r
e
sults, i
ndic
a
te that t
h
e re
se
arch
met
hod
use
d
is
rel
i
abi
lity
and
acc
u
racy, a
nd
get
the critica
l
sp
e
e
d
of the shafting
torsion
a
l vibr
ati
on.
Ke
y
w
ords
: en
gin
e
, gen
grator
, non-li
near, tor
s
ion
a
l vibr
atio
n
,
mathe
m
atical
mo
de
l
1. Introduc
tion
The en
gine
and the
gen
erato
r
conn
e
c
ted di
re
ctly in motori
ze
d
whe
e
l vehicle po
wer
transmission system,
w
hich
instead of the original driv
e shaft, tr
ansmissi
on, differ
ential, reducer,
etc. The
r
e
is
a great different bet
ween
this tr
a
n
smission
sy
stem
and th
e tra
d
itional m
e
chan
ica
l
transmissio
n . The new chara
c
te
risti
c
s of vehi
cle vibration a
r
e
sho
w
n at prese
n
t. Torsio
nal
vibration of the vibration sy
stem was a
mult
i-comple
x vibration type. The engi
ne and g
ene
rator
system
was the lo
cal
o
scill
ator
of vehi
cl
e vibrat
io
n an
d
noi
se
[1].
T
he whol
e syst
em wa
s
affe
cted
not only
by t
he m
e
chani
cal a
s
pe
cts,
a
l
so
by el
e
c
tromagn
etic a
s
pe
cts, so
to
rsio
nal
vib
r
ati
o
n
excitation force type was cha
nged
sig
n
ificantly
in
engin
e
and
gene
rato
r sh
afting system
. In
motori
zed
wh
eel vehi
cle, th
e ge
ne
rator speed
c
han
ge
d in
high
fre
q
uen
cy, and
th
e ma
gneti
c
fi
eld
varied
signifi
cantly, so n
o
n
-line
a
r
cha
r
acteri
stics
of
torsio
nal vibration pe
rform
ance we
re m
o
re
evident, leadi
ng to more di
fficult in vibration and
noi
se redu
ction [
2
]. Shafting torsi
onal vibra
t
ion
control to ensure po
we
rtrai
n
reliability and red
u
ce
vibration an
d noi
se have si
gni
ficant effect. so,
resea
r
ch on
the non-li
n
ear torsio
nal
vibration in
motorized
whe
e
l vehicl
e has im
po
rtant
signifi
can
c
e.
The en
gine
and
gen
era
t
or shafting t
o
rsi
onal
vibration
system
of motori
ze
d whee
l
vehicle
wa
s
a com
p
lex el
ectro
m
e
c
ha
ni
cal
coupli
ng
vibration p
r
o
b
lem . In ord
e
r to solve such
probl
em, in the first pla
c
e
was to
esta
blish t
he
co
rrect el
ect
r
om
ech
ani
cal co
upling to
rsi
o
nal
vibration
syst
em mathem
a
t
ical mod
e
l. Then,
was to
qualitative an
d quant
itative
solve the n
o
n
-
linear to
rsi
o
n
a
l vibration
mathemati
c
al
model. At
prese
n
t, in view of the en
gi
ne and
gen
erator
shafting
torsi
onal vib
r
ation
analy
s
is is m
o
re
like
the
fo
llowing:
Reference [3] a
nal
ysis fo
r
stea
d
y
-
state re
sp
on
se of n
onlin
ear to
rsi
onal
vibrati
on of
diesel shafting by in
cre
m
ental ha
rm
oni
c
balan
ce m
e
thod, an
d verified the reli
ability of
the method
by engin
e
testin
g. Refe
ren
c
e
[
4]
establi
s
h
ed
a
nonli
nea
r
dynamics mod
e
l
of the
ge
ne
rator torsio
na
l vibratio
n by
usi
n
g
lump
e
d
para
m
eter m
e
thod, whi
c
h
pointed
out that the main rea
s
on fo
r the nonline
a
r vibration
wa
s the
cha
nge of Ai
r-g
ap ma
gnet
ic field, and
obtaine
d the
solutio
n
of n
online
a
r eq
u
a
tions u
s
in
g
th
e
state variabl
e method, then verified
the effect
iveness of the model by
torsi
onal vibration
experim
ents.
Referen
c
e[5
]
take re
se
arch o
n
t
he in
fluence of shafting torsio
nal vibratio
n
for
para
m
eters
chang
e of engi
ne and
relate
d acce
ssori
e
s in traditional
power tra
n
sm
issi
on by u
s
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2
015 : 41 – 54
42
the test meth
od. Cu
rrently, resea
r
ch ref
e
ren
c
e
abo
ut the engin
e
a
nd gen
erator
system
shafti
ng
non-li
nea
r torsion
a
l vibratio
n in motori
ze
d whe
e
l vehicle wa
s less.
In this re
sea
r
ch,
con
s
ide
r
ing the wo
rki
ng ch
ara
c
te
ri
stics of moto
rize
d wh
eel
vehicle,
analysi
s
the system shafti
ng
torsion
a
l
vibration
by using a lump
ed
mass metho
d
. Analysis g
a
s
pre
s
sure in
e
ngine
cylind
e
r
, re
cip
r
o
c
atin
g ine
r
tia
force
of conne
ctin
g ro
d, self-ex
c
ited m
o
me
nt of
inertia
ca
use
d
by ele
c
tro
m
agneti
c
p
a
rameters
of g
enerator, a
n
d
ele
c
trom
echani
cal
cou
p
l
i
ng
from ele
c
tri
c
al and m
e
ch
anical interactions, so a n
online
a
r mat
hematical m
odel of shafting
torsio
nal vibration obtain
e
d
. And then t
he differe
ntial
equation
s
of
non-li
nea
r to
rsio
nal vibration
were o
b
taine
d
. Multi-scal
e
pertu
rbatio
n
met
hod
wa
s use
d
o
n
sol
v
e non
-linea
r equatio
n a
n
d
analysi
s
characteri
stics of
reso
nan
ce.
Simulati
on a
nd experi
m
e
n
tal validation were used
to
verify the correctne
ss and reliability of mathematical model an
d an
alysis.
2. Torsional Vibration Mo
deling
2.1. Diagram
of po
w
e
r
tra
n
smission s
y
stem
The en
gine
and the
gen
erato
r
conn
e
c
ted di
re
ctly in motori
ze
d
whe
e
l vehicle po
wer
transmission system,
w
hich
instead of the original driv
e shaft, tr
ansmissi
on, differ
ential, reducer,
etc. The structure sh
own in
Figure 1.
Figure 1. Dia
g
ram of po
we
r tran
smi
ssio
n
system
2.2. Diffe
ren
t
ial equations
of motion
The
shafting
system
lump
ed p
a
ra
meter model
sho
w
n in fig
u
re
2.
Wh
ere
J
1
is
the fan
-
driven i
nertia
;
J
2
、
J
3
…
J
7
a
r
e mo
ment o
f
inertia
s
of
six cran
k m
e
cha
n
ism
in e
ngine;
J
8
is the
moment of in
ertia of the e
ngine flywhe
el;
J
9
、
J
10
is t
he mom
ent o
f
inertia of th
e gen
erato
r
rotor;
K
1
is the stif
fness of th
e
fan con
n
e
c
tion device;
K
2
、
K
3
…
K
7
is the stiffness
of spin
dle n
e
ck
betwe
en
t
w
o adja
c
ent abd
uction;
K
8
、
K
9
is
the
s
t
iffnes
s of the generator
rotor.
c
1
the da
mpin
g of
fan-d
r
iven;
c
2
…
c
7
is the d
a
mping of ea
ch en
gine u
n
i
t
mass.
Figure 2. Parameter di
agram of quality system
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Characteri
stics Analysi
s
of Non-linear To
rsional Vibration in Engine
and .... (Wei Zhang)
43
Acco
rdi
ng to lumped m
a
ss model an
alysis in to
rsi
o
n
a
l vibration th
eory [5], engi
ne and
gene
rato
r sh
afting nonlin
ear torsion
a
l
vibration
system wa
s m
u
ltiple degre
e
s of freedo
m, so
matrix form of motion equat
ions
coul
d be
written a
s
:
J
CK
T
(1)
Whe
r
e
J
is t
he inertia matrix; {
φ
} is th
e ang
ular
displacement m
a
trix of each
quality
points in to
rsi
onal vib
r
ation
model; K
is
the stiffne
s
s
matrix;
C
i
s
t
he d
a
mpin
g
matrix;
T
i
s
t
he
ince
ntive mo
ment colum
n
vector,
incl
u
de g
a
s pre
ssu
r
e
in
en
g
i
ne c
y
lin
de
r
,
r
e
c
i
p
r
oc
a
t
in
g in
er
tia
force
of con
n
e
cting
rod, se
lf-excited mo
ment of
inerti
a cau
s
e
d
by electroma
gne
tic paramete
r
s of
gene
rato
r, a
nd ele
c
trom
ech
ani
cal
co
upling
from
elect
r
ical a
nd me
ch
ani
cal interactio
n
s
.
Becau
s
e el
e
c
trom
agn
etic paramet
ers contai
n
the nonline
a
r term
, the equation (1) were non-
linear e
quatio
ns.
2.3. Kinetic e
quation
Kinetic e
quati
on for en
gine
and
ge
nerator
syst
em
do
fixed axis ro
tation shaftin
g
is a
s
following [6]:
0
g
je
JC
M
M
T
(2)
Whe
r
e
J
is the inertia mat
r
ix of the shafting;
M
g
is the
torque for ga
s pre
s
sure in engin
e
cylinde
r;
M
j
is the torqu
e
fo
r the force
of con
n
e
c
ting ro
d;
T
e
is the e
x
citation for e
l
ectro
m
ag
neti
c
para
m
eters.
3. Incentiv
e
r
a
tionale an
aly
s
is
Torq
ue a
c
ting
on a singl
e cran
k:
g
sin
co
s
j
M
PP
r
M
t
(3)
W
h
er
e
P
g
is the fo
rce fo
r g
a
s
pres
su
re i
n
en
gine
cyli
nder;
P
j
is th
e reci
pro
c
atin
g ine
r
ti
a
force
of con
nectin
g
ro
d;
μ
is the
cra
n
k
an
gle;
η
i
s
the angl
e b
e
twee
n the
centerlin
e of t
h
e
cylinde
r and t
he ce
nterlin
e of rod.
The fun
c
tion wa
s a peri
odi
c functio
n
, in the four-stroke engin
e
:
4
T
Whe
r
e
ω
is angular velocit
y
crankshaft.
3.1. Harmoni
c analy
s
is of the for
ce for
gas press
ur
e in engine c
y
linder
Used Fou
r
ie
r seri
es exp
a
n
s
ion the fun
c
t
i
on M formula
(3) :
10
2
0
10
2
0
cos(
)
c
os(
2
)
c
os(
)
cos
(
2
)
m
Mt
M
a
t
a
t
b
t
b
t
0
1
sin(
)
mk
k
k
MM
k
t
(4)
Whe
r
e
M
m
is
the average t
o
rqu
e
;
M
k
i
s
the am
plitude
of k time
s h
a
r
moni
c m
o
me
nts ;
δ
k
is the initial p
hase angl
e,
ω
0
is base
ban
d
:
22
kk
k
M
ab
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2
015 : 41 – 54
44
k
k
k
a
arc
t
g
b
0
2
T
That
M
m
only c
aused
s
t
atic
tors
ional deforma
tion to the c
r
ank
shaft, didn’t c
a
us
e
excitation [7].So, formula (4) co
uld be
written as
11
1
sin(
)
g
MMt
(5)
3.2. Recipro
cating iner
tia force o
f
co
nnec
t
ing rod
Centrifu
gal fo
rce
an
d reci
p
r
ocating i
nert
i
a force
we
re
two
signifi
ca
nt inertial fo
rce
s
of
engin
e
co
nne
cting rod. Th
e action li
ne
of centrifu
gal
force th
rou
g
h
the ce
nter
of rotation of
the
crankshaft, so the torque
on crankshaft was zero
and no torsi
onal
vibration [8]. While the latter
role
at the center
of the
pist
on
pin, th
roug
h the
co
nne
cting r
od
to the co
nne
cting
rod j
ournal,
produced cyclical change
s tangential torque on the
crankshaft,
so it was power
source that
torsio
nal vibration ca
used.
So recip
r
o
c
a
t
ing inertia m
o
ment co
uld
be written a
s
:
2
13
2
si
n
s
in
2
s
i
n
3
s
in
4
42
4
4
jj
Mm
r
()
(6)
Whe
r
e
m
j
is the q
uality of the reci
pro
c
ati
ng motio
n
co
mpone
nt;
M
j
c
ontains only
1,2, ...,
etc. integer h
a
rmo
n
ics, the
higher the n
u
mbe
r
,
the smaller the m
agnitud
e
of harmo
nic volu
me,
and ge
nerally to four times.
3.3. Electro
magnetic
tor
que
In motori
zed
whe
e
l vehicle, engine
o
u
tput
wa
s
co
upled di
re
ctl
y
to the sha
ft of the
gene
rato
r, so
the ge
ne
rato
r playe
d
pa
rt
role
of
en
gin
e
flywheel,
which
wa
s
gre
a
t different
wi
th
singl
e e
ngine
. In this way, the en
gine
co
uld o
per
ate
more
effectiv
ely bala
n
ce
within the
ra
ng
e of
optimum efficiency. When
dynamic
anal
ysis on t
he
motor
shaft, since the aspect ratio of
the
gene
rato
r rot
o
r po
rtion wa
s small, it co
uld be co
nsi
d
ered a
s
a rigi
d body. So in the calcul
ation
pro
c
e
ss,
she
a
r defo
r
matio
n
of the shaf
t and effe
ct
of the lateral
displ
a
cemen
t
on tensil
e a
n
d
comp
re
ssive
deform
a
tion
coul
d be
ign
o
red,
and
rigi
d and
ela
s
tic co
upling
cou
l
d be i
gno
red
in
node a
c
cele
ration. Torsio
nal vibration
of motor sh
aft was a typical rotor system dyna
mics
que
stion, so
external excitation
s we
re main
ly parametri
c excit
a
tion
of the generator [10],
inclu
d
ing the
self-ex
c
ited
inertial force, t
he electromagn
etic to
rque, a
nd el
ectro
m
e
c
ha
ni
cal
c
o
upling term.
Acco
rdi
ng to
the theory
of electro
m
ech
ani
cal
analysi
s
sho
w
n that the
system
electroma
gne
tic torque
wa
s:
e
N
T
(7)
Whe
r
e
α
is th
e motor rotor
angle;
N
i
s
the motor air g
ap magn
etic field ene
rgy.
Motor air g
a
p
magnetic fiel
d coul
d be ex
pre
s
sed a
s
:
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Characteri
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rsional Vibration in Engine
and .... (Wei Zhang)
45
2
co
s
[
cos
0
22
0
2
cos
c
o
s
]
12
dz
rl
nn
NF
t
p
j
n
Ft
p
F
t
p
d
ii
(8)
Whe
r
e
r
d
i
s
t
he
radiu
s
of t
he
stator inn
e
r
circle;
l
z
is
the l
ength
of
the
gene
rato
r rotor;
、
αβ
is the an
gle with the v
e
rtical
dire
cti
on when
the
gap i
s
ce
rtain
value or th
e minimum val
ue;
θ
i
s
power an
gle;
ξ
is p
o
wer fa
ctor a
ngl
e;
ε
is the effec
t
ive
relativ
e
ec
centri
c
of gen
erator rot
o
r;
F
j
、
F
i
1
、
F
i
2
is the fundame
n
tal amplitud
e of the rotor magnetic p
o
tential
、
p
o
siti
ve sequ
ence and
negative se
q
uen
ce mag
n
e
tic potential
of electro
n
ic;
ω
is the freq
uen
cy of generato
r
roto
r;
P
is
the pole pai
rs of synthesi
s
magneti
c
;
n
is the order of
Taylor se
rie
s
expansi
on.
Und
e
r the eff
e
ct of the ele
c
trom
agn
etic
tor
que, n
on-li
near to
rsi
onal
vibration of shafting
have
a
great relation
shi
p
with st
iffness and dampi
ng
of
ge
nerator
roto
r, both
o
f
whi
c
h
co
uld
be
written a
s
:
22
2
2(
1
)
12
di
di
di
ndi
di
d
E
hl
n
f
k
r
(9)
2
2
(1
)
2
d
di
i
i
mn
ck
n
(10)
Whe
r
e
i
=1
、
2;
m
d
is the
total mass of stator;
h
d
、
l
d
is the yoke thickne
s
s and le
ngth of stator;
E
d
is the modul
us of elasti
city; n is the reeb ord
e
r;
f
nd
is the ratio co
efficient between stato
r
yoke
thickne
ss a
n
d
the radiu
s
of the inner
circle;
is the
damping
rati
o betwe
en st
ator co
re a
n
d
cabi
net.
4. Modeling and solv
ing
of non-line
a
r
torsional v
i
bration
4.1. Modeling
By the formu
l
a (1
), (2
) a
n
d
(7
) an
d d
r
i
v
ing force
s
a
nalysi
s
, sh
afting sy
stem t
o
rsi
onal
vibration dyn
a
mic eq
uatio
n coul
d be written as:
12
()
T
dg
j
e
d
d
r
JC
C
K
M
M
T
K
K
J
(11)
whe
r
e
12
1
0
=di
a
g
,
.
.
.
J
JJ
J
is
inert
i
a matrix;
12
1
0
..
.
T
、
is the angul
a
r
displ
a
ceme
nt of each ma
ss p
o
int of To
rsio
nal vibration model;
11
11
2
2
88
9
9
99
=
kk
kk
k
k
K
kk
k
k
kk
is
the s
t
iffness
matrix;
1
2
34
56
1
2
=di
a
g
0
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
0
,
,
dd
d
Cc
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
,
is the externa
l
damping m
a
trix;
6
01
1
1
0,
s
i
n
(
)
,
0,
0,
0
T
gg
MM
M
t
;
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46
11
11
2
2
88
9
9
99
=
cc
cc
c
c
C
cc
c
c
cc
is the intern
al
damping m
a
trix;
6
2
21
21
21
1
21
13
{
0
,
[
sin
(
)
s
in
2(
)
s
in
3
(
)
42
4
2
s
i
n
4
(
)
],
0,
0,
0
}
4
jj
T
Mm
r
t
t
t
t
12
T
dd
KK
and
r
J
,
K
d1
a
nd
K
d2
reflect the imp
a
ct
of ge
nerato
r
on
the
torsional
vibration, whi
c
h are
ele
c
tromechani
cal
cou
p
lin
g
term
s, a
s
sho
w
n
i
n
the fo
rmul
a
(1
1);
r
J
is the
self-ex
c
ited i
nertial force o
f
shafting, wh
ich is
el
ectro
m
ech
ani
cal couplin
g term too. The
s
e terms
asso
ciate wit
h
the stru
cture
para
m
eters and ele
c
trom
agneti
c
para
m
eters of the shafting
syste
m
.
The self
-excit
ed inertial fo
rce could b
e
written as:
0
0
00
1
21
2
0
1
2
0
co
s
c
o
s
co
s
1
2
co
s
c
o
s
co
s
c
o
s
1
2
co
s
s
i
n
gj
rd
d
T
d
dd
TT
T
T
T
dd
dd
d
d
d
d
MM
J
JJ
F
t
p
J
F
t
p
t
ji
J
JF
t
p
t
F
t
p
t
J
K
ij
JK
J
K
K
K
t
J
K
K
t
The
self-excit
ed in
ertial fo
rce
of shaftin
g
an
d el
ectro
m
ech
ani
cal
couplin
g term
s
were
nonlin
ear te
rms, so (11
)
were the non
-linea
r eq
uati
ons. Multi-scale pertu
rb
ation method
was
use
d
to solve
the non-lin
ea
r equatio
ns [1
2].
Shafting worked
und
er th
e actio
n
of a
l
ternating
loa
d
s, by the
a
c
tion of
M
g
、
M
j
、
T
e
,
whi
c
h were p
e
riodi
c fun
c
tions, Fo
urie
r serie
s
expan
si
on we
re u
s
ed
:
01
1
1
sin(
)
gg
MM
t
(12)
02
2
1
sin(
)
jj
MM
t
(13)
03
3
1
si
n
(
)
ee
TT
t
(14)
Whe
n
the sh
afting spe
ed
wa
s
n
, s
o
:
1
=
60
n
2
=
120
n
k
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Characteri
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s
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rsional Vibration in Engine
and .... (Wei Zhang)
47
3
=
30
n
k
、
ι
=0
、
1
、
2…
…
Whe
r
e
ω
0
is the nat
ural
fre
quen
cy of th
e engi
ne
and
gene
rato
r
sh
afting; sin
c
e t
he first
eight natu
r
al
freque
nci
e
s
relatively larg
e impa
ct on
the sh
afting, gene
rally onl
y analyze
d
th
e
impact
of the
order.
Du
rin
g
the
engi
ne
and
ge
ner
ator
shafting
o
peratio
n, the
torq
ue fo
r g
a
s
pre
s
sure in e
ngine
cylinde
r, the torqu
e
for the force
of conn
ectin
g
rod
and th
e excitation f
o
r
electroma
gne
tic pa
ram
e
ters, which
coul
d exist
al
on
e
or in
co
mbin
ation a
nd
si
multaneo
usly
to
meet the re
so
nan
ce conditi
on.
4.2. Solv
ing
From the n
o
n
-
linea
r vibrati
on theory, wh
en t
he frequ
e
n
cy of the sh
afting excitation force
to meet
τ
≈
i
ω
0
, shafting torsional re
so
nan
ce o
c
curred [
13], which co
uld be written
as:
0
Whe
r
e,
σ
is t
he detuni
ng p
a
ram
e
ter,
τ
is the excitation freque
ncy o
f
shafting.
Whe
n
τ
≈
ω
0
, called pri
m
ary
resona
nce;
Whe
n
3
τ
=
ω
0
+
εσ
, that
τ
≈
ω
0
/3, called
sup
e
r ha
rmoni
c reso
nan
ce;
Whe
n
τ
=
ω
0
+
εσ
, that
τ
≈
ω
0
,
calle
d harmo
nic re
so
nan
ce;
Whe
n
01
2
3
=
nn
n
, called
combin
ation
resona
nce,where
n
1
、
n
2
、
n
3
=、
、
123
.
The a
nalysi
s
sh
owe
d
tha
t
multiple re
son
a
n
c
e
con
d
itions
existe
d, wh
en the
sh
afting
workin
g in lo
w load
ope
ration, com
b
i
nation re
son
ance occu
rre
d
at high p
r
obability, so
here
sele
ct a co
m
b
ination reso
nan
ce solved
. When 2
τ
1
+
τ
3
≈
ω
0
satisfie
d
,
shafting no
n-line
a
r torsio
nal
resona
nce might occur in
ca
se
of excit
a
tion, using
multi-scal
e perturbation m
e
thod for sol
v
ing
[14],[15]:
Solution of formula (11
)
wa
s assu
med a
s
:
00
1
1
0
1
,,
,
xt
x
T
T
x
T
T
(15
)
Put formul
a
(15
)
into
the
equ
ation, to
solve
the
coefficient, th
e solution
could
be
obtaine
d:
01
22
01
0
0
1
1
0
1
e
xp(
)
(
)
e
xp(
)
e
xp
(
)
2
g
x
AT
i
T
M
i
i
T
00
22
22
22
2
0
33
3
0
11
(
)
e
xp(
)
e
x
p
(
)
(
)
e
xp(
)
e
xp
(
)
22
je
M
ii
T
T
i
i
T
C
C
(16
)
And sati
sfied
the co
mbina
t
ion re
son
a
n
c
e
con
d
ition:
13
0
2
,
coul
d be
written a
s
:
01
3
2
13
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
TT
T
T
(17)
Takin
g
the fi
rst eig
h
t-o
r
de
r sh
afting vib
r
ati
on to b
e
solved, the
solution of th
e state
equatio
n co
ul
d be obtain
e
d
as follows:
01
1
1
02
2
2
0
3
3
3
()
c
o
s
c
o
s
cos
c
os
rr
r
r
r
r
rr
r
r
tA
t
B
t
Bt
B
t
(18
)
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015 : 41 – 54
48
Whe
r
e
r=
1
、、
23
…
8
;
ω
r
is
r
o
r
de
r
of system natu
r
al
freq
uen
cy;
A
r
and
θ
r
are to be
evaluated;
φ
rk
is
r
ord
e
r ph
ase a
ngle;
0
0
22
2(
)
r
rk
rk
k
a
B
,
a
0
rk
is r-o
rde
r
a
m
plitude,
k
=1
、、
23
.
Similarly, oth
e
r resona
nce
con
d
ition
s
c
ould b
e
obta
i
ned ,
so th
e first a
p
p
r
o
x
imate
solutio
n
of the shafting
system wa
s:
3
0
1
()
c
o
s
c
o
s
r
r
r
r
r
k
rk
rk
k
tA
B
t
(19)
Through formula (19) c
o
uld be found that
in non-linear
c
o
nditions
of the engine and
gene
rato
r sh
afting sy
stem
, whe
n
τ
1
、
τ
2
、
τ
3
satisfied
the resona
nce
co
ndition, th
e shafting
system
coul
d resona
te. The
ampl
itude of th
e
respon
se
of the
resonant
syste
m
con
necte
d with
t
h
e
amplitude
s o
f
the force f
o
r ga
s p
r
e
s
sure in e
ngin
e
cylinde
r, recip
r
o
c
ating
inertia force
of
con
n
e
c
ting ro
d and ele
c
tro
m
agneti
c
exci
tation para
m
e
t
ers.
Table.1 Natural freque
ncy
of shafting
Order
Frequ
e
nc
y
()
ra
d/
s
One
310
T
w
o
1318.5
Three
2602.1
Four
4076
Five 5365.2
Six 6305.9
Seven 6978.1
Eight 7576.3
Table 1
sho
w
s the eight b
and
s natural freque
nc
y
of shafting syst
em
torsi
onal vibration.
After three o
r
der, natu
r
al freque
ncy was greate
r
than
3000
rad/
s, generally re
so
nan
ce do
es
not
occur, a
c
tual
ly consi
dered
t
he first three
orde
r to stud
y[16].
4.3. Simulation Analy
s
is
Whe
n
τ
1
=
50H
z
,
τ
3
=11
0
Hz,
the se
con
d
natural freq
uen
cy of the sh
afting system is
ω
02
=210
Hz, whi
c
h meet
t
he com
b
inati
on re
sona
nce
co
ndition
2
τ
1
+
τ
3
≈ω
0
, the
e
ngine
spee
d
wa
s
1900
rpm. According to th
e formul
a (1
6) , th
ro
ugh
the engin
e
a
nd gen
erator shafting
system
simulatio
n
, o
b
tained
time-domain
re
sp
o
n
se
an
d fre
q
uen
cy-do
m
ai
n re
sp
on
se,
whi
c
h in
Fig
u
r
e 3
and Figu
re 4:
Figure 3. Curve of time domain
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Characteri
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s
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rsional Vibration in Engine
and .... (Wei Zhang)
49
Figure 4. Curve of frequen
cy domain
From figu
re
4 that sho
w
s the freque
ncy domai
n respon
se, the first crest fre
q
u
ency is
50Hz, a
nd th
e corre
s
po
nd
ing a
m
plitude
is 47.65
μ
m, whi
c
h
ge
ne
rated by t
he
electroma
gne
tic
para
m
eters i
n
ce
ntives of the
shafting system.
The se
con
d
cr
est
frequen
cy is 110Hz, and
the
corre
s
p
ondin
g
amplitude i
s
17.66
μ
m,
whi
c
h ge
nera
t
ed by the force for g
a
s p
r
essure in en
gine
cylinde
r of the shafting
sy
stem. The
re
sults
sh
o
w
th
at, when
cert
ain co
ndition
s are met, un
der
the joint actio
n
of the ele
c
troma
gneti
c
p
a
ram
e
te
rs in
centive
s
and
the force for
gas p
r
e
s
sure
in
engin
e
cylind
e
r, non
-line
a
r reso
nan
ce
s
appe
ar in sha
fting system [17].
5. Test Anal
y
s
is and Verification
In orde
r to ve
rify the accu
racy an
d reli
a
b
ility of non-li
near to
rsional
vibration mo
del an
d
simulatio
n
of engin
e
and g
enerator
shaf
ting, sha
fting
system torsio
nal vibration t
e
st wa
s u
s
ed
.
Non
-
conta
c
t type torsi
onal
vibration me
a
s
uri
ng me
th
o
d
wa
s u
s
ed,
whi
c
h me
asu
r
ing u
n
it wa
s
no
t
mounted di
re
ctly on the sh
afting,
using the engin
e
flywhe
el or the free end g
ear tray. Torsion
a
l
vibration
signals collected
by magneti
c
sensor
s[18],[19]. LMS-QT
V was
used
to convert and
pickup torsio
nal vibration
sign
al. Accu
racy of
this ki
nd of mea
s
urement metho
d
wa
s high, th
e
simply o
p
e
r
at
ion meth
od,
q
u
ickly test
re
spon
se, a
nd
v
e
ry
small i
m
p
a
ct of th
e te
st
ing d
e
vice
itself
on the vibrati
on sh
afting [20]. In Figure
5, diagra
m
o
f
torsion
a
l vibration me
asu
r
ing d
e
vice
was
sho
w
n.
Figure 5. Dia
g
ram of torsio
nal vibration
measuri
ng eq
uipment
Cummi
ns QS
L9-3
25 was
chosen in the test, and the p
a
ram
e
ters sh
own in Ta
ble
2:
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015 : 41 – 54
50
Table 2. Para
meters of eng
ine
Parameters
Value
Rated po
wer
242kw
Rated speed
2100rpm
Number of c
y
lind
e
rs
6
C
y
linder diamete
r
0.114m
Stroke factor
2
Crank radius
0.201m
TFBPW-355
bru
s
hle
s
s sy
nch
r
on
ou
s g
enerator
of L
anzhou m
o
to
r limited lia
bi
lity was
cho
s
e
n
in the
test, and the para
m
eters shown in Tabl
e 3:
Table 3. Para
meters of gen
erato
r
Parameters
Value
Rated po
wer
230kVA
Rated fre
quenc
y
120Hz
Rated speed
1800rpm
Rated voltage
660V
Rated current
201A
Duri
ng the test, the engin
e
and gene
rator syste
m
run at full load conditio
n
[21]. The
shafting
unifo
rmly a
c
celera
ted from
idle
spe
ed
750
rp
m to the
rate
d spee
d 2
1
0
0
rpm.
Torsio
nal
vibration d
a
ta
acq
u
isition
e
quipme
n
t re
corde
d
eve
r
y 50 rp
m. The
n
uniformly d
e
cel
e
rate
d from
rated
spe
ed to idle state.
So repe
atedl
y, the
most repre
s
e
n
tative of the data wa
s sel
e
cte
d
to
read to
rsi
onal
vibration dat
a.
6. Experimental resul
t
s
and analy
s
is
6.1 Torsiona
l Vibration Analy
s
is
The engin
e
wa
s
inli
ne 6-cylinde
r
a
nd 4-st
ro
ke, h
a
rmonic o
r
de
r
of distu
r
ba
nce torqu
e
that might provoke shafting re
so
nan
ce, main ha
rmonic
ord
e
rs were 1,3,
5,7,9, etc. Strong
harm
oni
c
o
r
d
e
rs were 1.5,3.5,4.5,
5.5, 6
.
5, 7.5, etc.
T
he g
e
ne
ra
to
r wa
s rigidly
m
ounted
di
re
ctly
to the output of the engine crankshaft, the generat
or rotor sim
u
ltaneously
pl
ayed the role of
flywheel [22],[23].
(a)Analysi
s
diagra
m
of 1
、、
1.5
2
harm
onic
(c)Analysi
s di
agra
m
of 3
、、
、
5
7
9 main
Harmonic
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