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T
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i
n
t
h
eir
s
t
u
d
y
[
1
5
]
.
P
-
VSOB
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
h
a
v
e
lo
w
er
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
ex
p
en
s
e
s
an
d
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
b
lo
ck
in
g
th
a
n
th
at
o
f
VSOB
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
b
u
t
th
eir
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
b
lo
ck
in
g
is
to
o
lar
g
e
f
o
r
s
o
m
e
u
ltra
h
i
g
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
E
x
te
n
d
ed
pr
u
n
ed
v
er
ticall
y
s
tac
k
ed
o
p
tical
b
an
y
a
n
(EP
-
VSOB
)
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
w
er
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
Kh
a
n
d
k
er
et
a
l.
as
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
E
P
-
VSOB
n
et
w
o
r
k
'
s
b
lo
ck
in
g
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
lin
k
f
ail
u
r
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
w
er
e
esti
m
ated
i
n
o
u
r
s
t
u
d
y
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
O
L
O
G
Y
A
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
w
i
tch
in
g
ele
m
e
n
ts
(
SEs)
o
r
g
a
n
ized
i
n
m
u
ltip
le
s
tag
e
s
,
as
w
ell
a
s
o
p
tical
li
n
k
s
o
r
d
er
e
d
in
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
atter
n
ac
t
as
th
e
co
n
s
tit
u
e
n
ts
o
f
an
o
p
tical
s
w
i
tch
.
I
n
o
p
tical
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
a
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
-
co
u
p
ler
(
DC
)
,
w
h
i
ch
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
t
w
o
w
a
v
e
g
u
id
es
t
h
at
ar
e
s
i
m
ilar
to
ea
ch
o
th
er
,
g
en
er
all
y
ac
ts
as
th
e
b
asic
2
×2
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
ele
m
e
n
t
[
1
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
A
co
llectio
n
o
f
ap
p
ea
lin
g
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
th
at
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
D
C
-
b
ased
o
p
tical
s
w
itch
e
s
ar
e
th
e
b
an
y
an
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
(
e.
g
.
,
b
an
y
a
n
,
o
m
eg
a,
b
aselin
e
a
n
d
s
h
u
f
f
le
-
e
x
ch
a
n
g
e
)
[
3
]
,
[
1
8
]
-
[
2
0
]
.
B
an
y
a
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
b
lo
ck
in
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
h
a
v
i
n
g
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
an
in
p
u
t
an
d
an
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
o
s
tack
s
ev
er
al
co
p
ies
o
f
a
b
an
y
a
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
a
v
er
tical
d
ir
ec
tio
n
[
2
1
]
-
[
2
3
]
is
an
ef
f
icie
n
t
w
a
y
to
r
en
d
er
th
e
en
tire
n
et
w
o
r
k
n
o
n
-
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
is
ap
p
ea
lin
g
,
b
u
t
it
w
o
u
ld
d
r
a
m
a
ticall
y
r
aise
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
co
s
ts
.
T
h
e
least
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
lan
es
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
a
n
o
n
-
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
VSOB
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
it
h
n
o
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
ath
w
a
s
esti
m
ated
b
y
K
h
an
d
k
er
et
a
l.
[1
4
]
u
s
in
g
a
p
ac
k
in
g
te
ch
n
iq
u
e.
As
a
w
id
e
m
es
h
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
d
iv
i
s
io
n
m
u
l
tip
lex
i
n
g
(
W
DM
)
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
f
a
u
lt
-
to
ler
an
t
o
p
tical
s
w
it
ch
es,
an
al
y
zi
n
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
V
SOB
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ili
t
y
o
f
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
at
h
s
i
s
b
ec
o
m
i
n
g
e
x
tr
e
m
e
l
y
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
r
ea
li
s
tic
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
ti
o
n
o
f
VS
OB
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
n
m
o
d
er
n
in
ter
n
et
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Su
lta
n
a
et
a
l.
[1
5
]
ca
lcu
lated
th
e
V
SOB
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
’
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
w
i
th
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
ath
s
.
2
.
1
.
P
runed
-
VSO
B
o
r
P
-
VSO
B
(
N,
T
)
net
w
o
rk
s
A
p
r
u
n
ed
V
SOB
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
h
as
T
p
lan
es,
ea
ch
ac
ce
p
ti
n
g
N/T
li
n
k
s
f
r
o
m
N
as
(
1
)
.
I
f
P
i
is
a
n
i
n
p
u
t
s
’
s
et
ass
i
g
n
ed
to
th
e
i p
la
n
e
an
d
X
i
∈
I
j
is
an
ele
m
e
n
t b
elo
n
g
i
n
g
to
th
e
s
et
,
t
h
en
P
i
= { X
i
│X
i
ϵ
I
j
,
0
≤
j
<
N/
T
}
(
1
)
A
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
N
i
n
p
u
ts
a
m
o
n
g
T
p
lan
es
is
v
i
s
ib
le
in
(
1
)
.
I
in
p
u
t w
o
u
ld
b
e
ac
tiv
a
ted
as
N/
T
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
ar
e
s
et
at
t
h
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
i
n
p
u
t
s
in
t
h
e
p
lan
e
;
t
h
e
o
th
er
s
w
i
ll
b
e
id
le.
A
s
a
r
e
s
u
lt,
i
n
p
u
t
s
w
itc
h
es
attac
h
ed
to
u
n
u
s
ed
in
p
u
ts
,
as w
ell
a
s
s
w
itc
h
es
i
n
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
s
tag
es
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
at
in
p
u
t
s
ar
e
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t.
T
h
e
u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
ar
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
[
1
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
ep
icts
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
B
lo
ck
in
g
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
o
f e
xten
d
ed
p
r
u
n
ed
ve
r
tica
lly
s
ta
ck
ed
o
p
tica
l B
a
n
ya
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
…
(
S
a
b
r
in
a
A
la
m
)
1789
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
A
p
r
u
n
ed
VSOB
n
et
w
o
r
k
, d
as
h
ed
lin
e
s
r
ep
r
esen
t r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
SEs
2
.
2
.
E
x
t
ended
pr
u
ned
-
VSO
B
o
r
E
P
-
VSO
B
(
N,
T
+
K
)
ne
t
w
o
rk
s
P
r
u
n
ed
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
,
t
w
o
t
y
p
es
o
f
b
an
y
a
n
p
lan
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
an
ex
te
n
d
ed
p
r
u
n
ed
v
er
tica
ll
y
s
tac
k
ed
o
p
tical
b
an
y
a
n
(
E
P
-
VSOB
)
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
as
p
er
r
esear
ch
er
s
’
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
4
]
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
.
Sin
ce
s
o
m
e
o
f
SEs
ar
e
n
ev
er
in
cl
u
d
ed
in
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
u
n
ed
p
lan
e.
B
o
th
p
r
u
n
ed
an
d
n
o
n
-
p
r
u
n
ed
b
a
n
y
a
n
p
la
n
e
s
ar
e
s
tack
ed
in
a
v
er
tical
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
s
i
m
i
lar
to
[
1
6
]
.
Her
e
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
u
n
ed
b
an
y
an
p
lan
e
s
is
√
N
(
√
2
N,
w
h
e
n
lo
g
2
N
is
o
d
d
)
.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
(
n
o
n
-
p
r
u
n
ed
)
b
an
y
an
p
lan
e
s
ar
e
also
k
n
o
w
n
as
K
ex
tr
a
p
lan
es.
A
p
r
u
n
ed
p
lan
e
an
d
K
ex
tr
a
p
la
n
es
ar
e
li
n
k
ed
f
o
r
e
ac
h
i
n
p
u
t.
I
f
a
p
ath
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
l
o
ca
ted
b
y
a
n
i
n
p
u
t in
its
p
r
u
n
e
d
p
lan
es,
it
i
s
g
iv
e
n
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
ch
a
n
ce
to
s
ca
n
th
e
a
d
d
itio
n
al
p
lan
es.
W
it
h
t
h
r
ee
e
x
tr
a
p
lan
e
s
,
th
is
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
g
r
ea
tl
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
th
e
b
lo
ck
in
g
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
.
So
,
th
e
c
o
m
p
le
x
it
y
o
f
ti
m
e
i
s
n
ea
r
l
y
s
i
m
ilar
to
O
(
lo
g
2
N)
.
E
x
p
en
s
es
o
n
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
as
w
ell
b
y
p
r
u
n
in
g
b
an
y
a
n
p
lan
e
s
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
an
ex
ten
d
ed
p
r
u
n
ed
v
er
tical
l
y
s
tac
k
ed
o
p
tical
b
an
y
a
n
(
1
6
,
8
+2
)
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
An
ex
te
n
d
ed
p
r
u
n
ed
v
er
ticall
y
s
tac
k
ed
o
p
tical
b
an
y
an
(
1
6
,
8
+2
)
n
et
w
o
r
k
's s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
2
.
3
.
P
l
a
ne
f
ix
ed
ro
uting
(
P
F
R)
A
s
i
n
g
le
i
n
p
u
t
is
c
h
o
s
e
n
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
i
n
p
u
t
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
attac
h
e
d
w
it
h
VSOB
(
N,
T
)
n
et
w
o
r
k
’
s
p
la
n
e
i
n
th
e
P
FR
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
s
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
a
p
lan
e
ar
e
s
ep
ar
ated
in
to
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
A
n
ex
a
m
p
le
o
f
a
p
r
o
b
ab
le
p
lan
e
ass
i
g
n
m
e
n
t
s
tr
ate
g
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
P
FR
alg
o
r
it
h
m
i
s
g
i
v
en
b
elo
w
.
T
o
b
eg
in
,
f
o
r
an
in
p
u
t
s
e
t
I
={
0
,
1
,
.
.
.
,
N−
1
},
th
e
s
u
b
s
ets ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
:
g
i
=
{i,
i+T
,
i+
2
T
,
…,
i+(
N/
T
-
1
)
T
}
,
0
≤
i≤
T
-
1.
T
h
e
v
er
ticall
y
s
tac
k
ed
o
p
tical
b
an
y
a
n
(
N,
T
)
n
et
w
o
r
k
'
s
p
lan
e
i
(
ass
u
m
e
t
h
e
p
lan
e
s
ar
e
n
u
m
b
er
ed
0
,
1
,
.
.
.
,
T
−1
)
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
ev
e
r
y
i
n
p
u
t
i
n
th
e
s
et
g
i
.
Fo
r
in
s
ta
n
ce
,
f
o
r
th
e
VSOB
(
1
6
,
4
)
n
etw
o
r
k
,
th
e
s
u
b
s
et
s
g
i
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6930
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
7
8
7
-
1794
1790
(
0
≤
i
≤
3
)
ar
e
g
0
=
{
0
,
4
,
8
,
1
2
}
,
g
1
={
1
,
5
,
9
,
1
3
}
,
g
2
={
2
,
6
,
1
0
,
1
4
}
,
a
n
d
g
3
={
3
,
7
,
1
1
,
1
5
}.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
ass
ig
n
ed
in
p
u
ts
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
p
lan
es.
I
n
a
s
el
f
-
r
o
u
ti
n
g
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
th
e
r
o
u
te
o
f
an
in
p
u
t
s
i
g
n
al
to
it
s
d
esti
n
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
i
s
d
eter
m
i
n
e
d
b
y
th
e
ad
d
r
ess
o
f
t
h
e
d
es
tin
atio
n
,
ir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
o
f
o
t
h
e
r
lin
k
s
’
d
esti
n
atio
n
ad
d
r
ess
es.
T
h
e
v
er
tically
s
tack
ed
o
p
tical
b
an
y
a
n
(
N,
T
)
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
P
FR
s
ch
e
m
e
is
s
elf
-
r
o
u
ti
n
g
b
ec
au
s
e
all
p
lan
es
o
f
s
u
c
h
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
r
e
s
elf
-
r
o
u
ti
n
g
b
a
n
y
a
n
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es.
E
v
er
y
i
n
p
u
t
-
o
u
tp
u
t
p
air
in
th
e
V
SOB
(
N,
T
)
n
et
w
o
r
k
h
a
s
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
r
o
u
te.
As
a
r
e
s
u
lt,
th
e
ti
m
e
co
m
p
lex
i
t
y
f
o
r
r
o
u
tin
g
i
s
O
(
lo
g
2
N)
in
a
VSOB
(
N,
T
)
n
et
w
o
r
k
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
P
FR
s
ch
e
m
e,
w
h
ic
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
’
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tag
e
s
.
As
esta
b
lis
h
i
n
g
a
r
o
u
te
in
a
lo
g
2
N
-
s
ta
g
e
b
an
y
an
n
et
w
o
r
k
ta
k
es
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
O
(
lo
g
2
N)
ti
m
e,
th
e
ti
m
e
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
i
s
o
p
ti
m
al
[
2
5
]
.
A
lth
o
u
g
h
th
e
P
FR
s
ch
e
m
e
i
n
a
VSOB
(
N,
T
)
n
et
w
o
r
k
en
s
u
r
es
n
o
n
b
lo
c
k
i
n
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
i
n
th
e
p
r
io
r
h
al
f
s
tag
es,
s
till
t
h
er
e
is
a
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
in
th
e
latter
h
al
f
s
ta
g
es.
Ne
v
er
th
e
le
s
s
,
a
lar
g
e
V
SOB
(
N,
T
)
n
et
w
o
r
k
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
P
FR
s
ch
e
m
e
h
as a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
l
y
s
m
all
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
T
o
estab
li
s
h
a
li
n
k
q
u
ic
k
l
y
in
an
ex
ten
d
ed
p
r
u
n
ed
V
SOB
(
N,
T
+K
)
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
w
e
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tw
o
r
o
u
ti
n
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
,
P
FR
w
it
h
li
n
ea
r
s
ea
r
ch
an
d
P
FR
w
it
h
r
an
d
o
m
s
ea
r
ch
,
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
f
s
elec
ti
n
g
a
p
la
n
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
e
x
tr
a
p
lan
es.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
I
n
p
u
ts
ar
e
ass
ig
n
ed
t
o
th
e
VSOB
(
1
6
,
4
)
n
et
w
o
r
k
’
s
p
lan
es u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
lan
e
f
i
x
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
2
.
3
.
1
.
P
F
R
w
it
h
lin
ea
r
s
ea
rc
h
(
P
F
R_
L
S)
E
ac
h
lin
k
h
a
s
(
1
+K
)
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies
o
f
b
ein
g
f
o
r
m
ed
v
ia
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
P
FR
_
L
S
alg
o
r
i
th
m
i
n
an
ex
ten
d
ed
p
r
u
n
ed
VS
OB
(
N,
T
+K
)
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
.
W
h
en
a
r
eq
u
est
is
r
ec
eiv
ed
at
an
i
n
p
u
t,
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
’
s
as
s
i
g
n
ed
p
lan
e
is
its
p
r
im
ar
y
d
est
in
at
io
n
.
An
u
n
u
s
ed
p
lan
e
is
s
ea
r
ch
ed
b
y
t
h
at
in
p
u
t
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
K
ex
tr
a
p
lan
es
w
h
e
n
e
v
er
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
is
n
o
t
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
th
e
ass
i
g
n
ed
p
lan
e
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
ce
ed
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t p
lan
e
to
th
e
last
o
n
e
in
a
lo
g
ical
o
r
d
er
,
w
it
h
ea
ch
p
lan
e
b
ein
g
ch
ec
k
ed
o
n
l
y
o
n
ce
b
y
an
in
p
u
t.
I
t
is
ca
lled
a
b
l
o
ck
ed
r
eq
u
est
w
h
et
h
er
an
u
n
u
s
ed
p
ath
is
n
o
t
f
o
u
n
d
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
K
ex
tr
a
p
lan
es
b
y
th
e
li
n
k
r
eq
u
es
t.
W
h
en
K
h
as
a
co
n
s
tan
t
v
alu
e
a
n
d
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
T
is
m
u
c
h
lar
g
er
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
K,
th
e
P
FR
_
L
S a
l
g
o
r
i
th
m
's ti
m
e
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
is
O
(
lo
g
2
N)
.
2
.
3
.
2
.
P
F
R
w
it
h
ra
nd
o
m
s
ea
rc
h
(
P
F
R_
R
S
)
E
ac
h
li
n
k
g
et
s
t
w
o
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
i
es to
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
P
FR
_
R
S a
l
g
o
r
ith
m
i
n
a
n
ex
ten
d
ed
p
r
u
n
ed
VSOB
(
N,
T
+K
)
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
C
o
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
w
it
h
th
e
a
s
s
i
g
n
ed
p
lan
e
i
s
it
s
p
r
io
r
ch
o
ice.
A
p
o
s
s
ib
ili
t
y
o
f
b
ein
g
f
o
r
m
ed
v
ia
o
n
e
o
f
K
ex
tr
a
p
lan
es
ch
o
s
e
n
at
r
an
d
o
m
s
till
ex
is
t
s
w
h
et
h
er
th
e
li
n
k
r
eq
u
est
is
r
ej
ec
ted
in
its
ass
ig
n
ed
p
lan
e.
I
t
is
ca
lled
a
b
lo
ck
ed
r
eq
u
est
w
h
en
t
h
e
l
in
k
r
eq
u
e
s
t
is
n
o
t
cr
ea
ted
v
ia
th
e
ch
o
s
e
n
p
l
an
e
at
r
an
d
o
m
.
T
h
e
P
FR
_
R
S a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
's ti
m
e
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
h
as a
l
w
a
y
s
b
ee
n
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
O
(
lo
g
2
N
)
.
2
.
4
.
Descript
io
n o
f
t
he
s
i
m
ul
a
t
or
W
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
m
u
lato
r
t
o
ca
lcu
late
th
e
b
lo
c
k
in
g
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies
.
A
s
th
er
e
is
n
o
o
u
tp
u
t
co
n
f
lic
t
in
a
p
er
m
u
ta
tio
n
,
th
e
r
eq
u
est
f
o
r
p
er
m
u
ta
tio
n
is
tr
ea
t
ed
as
tr
af
f
ic
in
t
h
is
ca
s
e,
an
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
o
n
l
y
g
i
v
es
th
e
s
w
i
tch
n
et
w
o
r
k
’
s
ac
tu
al
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
.
A
ll lin
k
r
eq
u
est
s
h
av
e
eq
u
al
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
i
es
o
f
b
ein
g
b
lo
ck
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
u
n
ed
v
er
tica
ll
y
s
tac
k
ed
o
p
tical
b
an
y
a
n
(
N,
T
)
n
et
w
o
r
k
's
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
ar
c
h
itect
u
r
e.
T
h
e
lin
k
r
eq
u
est
o
f
in
p
u
t
-
o
u
tp
u
t
p
air
0
-
0
is
s
et
in
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
,
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
b
lo
ck
in
g
o
f
th
e
lin
k
r
eq
u
es
t
is
s
o
lel
y
ex
a
m
in
ed
.
T
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
m
u
l
ato
r
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
i
x
m
o
d
u
les as
g
iv
e
n
:
Mo
d
u
le
1
:
Dep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
lo
ad
r
,
t
h
is
m
o
d
u
le
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
p
er
m
u
tatio
n
r
eq
u
es
t f
o
r
t
h
e
VS
OB
(
N,
T
)
n
et
w
o
r
k
at
r
an
d
o
m
(
h
er
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
o
cc
u
p
a
n
c
y
o
f
a
p
o
r
t is ca
lled
w
o
r
k
lo
ad
r
)
.
Mo
d
u
le
2
: D
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
ath
s
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
ass
i
g
n
ed
p
f
r
(
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
to
b
e
co
llap
s
ed
o
r
d
am
ag
ed
)
an
d
th
ese
f
ail
u
r
es a
r
e
th
e
n
as
s
i
g
n
ed
to
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
at
r
an
d
o
m
.
Mo
d
u
le
3
: A
p
er
m
u
tatio
n
r
eq
u
est is
u
s
ed
to
ac
tiv
ate
t
h
e
s
w
i
t
ch
es i
n
th
is
m
o
d
u
le.
Mo
d
u
le
4
: T
h
is
m
o
d
u
le
tr
ie
s
t
o
s
elec
t
d
if
f
er
en
t p
la
n
es
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t li
n
k
r
eq
u
est
s
.
I
t o
n
l
y
ta
k
es i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
p
lan
e
in
w
h
ic
h
th
e
d
esi
g
n
ated
r
o
u
te
is
lo
ca
ted
.
I
t
attem
p
ts
to
lo
ca
te
th
e
d
esig
n
ated
r
o
u
te
in
th
e
ch
o
s
e
n
p
lan
e.
I
f
th
e
d
esi
g
n
ated
r
o
u
te
i
s
n
o
t f
o
r
m
ed
,
th
en
i
t tr
ies
as
s
i
g
n
i
n
g
o
th
er
li
n
k
s
in
i
ts
c
h
o
s
en
p
lan
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
B
lo
ck
in
g
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
o
f e
xten
d
ed
p
r
u
n
ed
ve
r
tica
lly
s
ta
ck
ed
o
p
tica
l B
a
n
ya
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
…
(
S
a
b
r
in
a
A
la
m
)
1791
Mo
d
u
le
5
:
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ated
r
o
u
te
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
estab
lis
h
ed
in
th
e
ex
tr
a
p
lan
es
(
alo
n
g
w
it
h
an
y
o
th
er
lin
k
s
t
h
at
ar
e
n
o
t
estab
li
s
h
ed
i
n
th
e
ir
ch
o
s
e
n
p
lan
e)
w
h
e
th
er
it
is
n
o
t
f
o
r
m
ed
in
t
h
e
ch
o
s
en
p
lan
e
y
et.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
ce
ed
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
lan
e
to
th
e
la
s
t
o
n
e
i
n
a
lo
g
i
ca
l
m
a
n
n
er
f
o
r
th
e
p
lan
e
f
i
x
e
d
r
o
u
tin
g
lin
ea
r
s
ea
r
ch
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
I
t
is
ca
l
led
a
b
lo
ck
ed
r
eq
u
est
if
a
n
u
n
u
s
ed
p
lan
e
is
n
o
t
f
o
u
n
d
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
a
p
lan
e
is
ch
o
s
e
n
at
r
a
n
d
o
m
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
e
x
tr
a
p
lan
e
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
lan
e
f
i
x
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
r
an
d
o
m
s
ea
r
ch
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
.
T
h
e
r
eq
u
e
s
t
is
b
lo
ck
ed
ag
ai
n
if
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
a
ted
r
o
u
te
is
n
o
t f
o
r
m
ed
v
ia
th
e
ch
o
s
en
p
la
n
e
at
r
an
d
o
m
.
Mo
d
u
le
6
:
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
in
g
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
is
ca
lc
u
lated
in
t
h
is
m
o
d
u
le.
I
t
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
d
iv
id
i
n
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lin
k
r
eq
u
est
s
b
lo
ck
in
g
t
h
e
0
-
0
r
eq
u
est b
y
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
to
tal
lin
k
r
eq
u
est
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
.
T
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
m
u
lato
r
’
s
b
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
a
m
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
N
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
m
u
la
to
r
’s
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
I
n
o
u
r
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
,
w
e
h
a
v
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
s
ize
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
N=
1
2
8
,
lo
a
d
=1
0
0
%
as
d
ef
au
lt
v
alu
e
s
.
A
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
ta
in
i
n
g
6
%
li
n
k
f
ailu
r
e
in
d
icate
s
a
v
er
y
b
ad
l
y
d
eg
r
ad
ed
an
d
v
u
l
n
er
ab
le
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
W
e
h
a
v
e
a
ls
o
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
i
s
li
n
k
f
ai
lu
r
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
as th
e
h
i
g
h
est v
al
u
e
i
n
o
u
r
s
i
m
u
latio
n
to
g
et
a
clea
r
b
u
t w
id
e
id
ea
o
f
t
h
e
b
lo
ck
in
g
b
eh
av
io
u
r
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
3
.
1
.
B
lo
ck
ing
pro
ba
bil
it
y
u
s
i
ng
P
F
R_
L
S a
lg
o
rit
h
m
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
la
ted
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
w
in
g
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
v
s
li
n
k
f
ail
u
r
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
a
n
ex
ten
d
ed
p
r
u
n
ed
VSOB
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
it
h
o
u
t
a
n
y
ex
tr
a
p
lan
e
an
d
w
it
h
a
s
in
g
le
ex
tr
a
p
lan
e.
As
lin
k
f
ail
u
r
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
r
is
es,
a
s
h
ar
p
an
d
al
m
o
s
t li
n
ea
r
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
b
lo
ck
in
g
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
is
ev
id
e
n
t f
r
o
m
th
is
f
ig
u
r
e.
I
f
o
n
l
y
6
%
lin
k
f
ails
to
tr
an
s
m
it
lig
h
t
th
en
ab
o
u
t
6
0
%
ca
ll
ca
n
b
e
b
lo
ck
ed
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
,
it
is
al
s
o
clea
r
th
at
ad
d
in
g
an
ex
tr
a
p
lan
e
ca
n
m
a
k
e
a
d
r
am
atic
c
h
an
g
e
to
th
e
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
w
h
o
le
n
et
wo
r
k
.
Fo
r
a
6
%
lin
k
f
ail
u
r
e
,
th
e
b
lo
ck
in
g
is
n
o
w
r
e
d
u
ce
d
to
3
3
%
w
h
ic
h
is
ab
o
u
t
4
0
% less
th
an
t
h
e
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
i
th
o
u
t
an
ex
tr
a
p
lan
e.
Fig
u
r
e
7
g
iv
e
s
u
s
a
co
m
p
ar
ati
v
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
t
h
e
th
r
ee
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
r
es
u
lts
.
T
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
an
o
th
er
e
x
tr
a
p
la
n
e
(
a
to
tal
o
f
t
w
o
p
la
n
es)
ca
n
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
eliab
le
e
n
o
u
g
h
f
o
r
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
in
d
icate
s
th
a
t
t
w
o
e
x
tr
a
p
lan
es
th
o
u
g
h
d
em
a
n
d
s
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
ele
m
e
n
ts
,
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
b
lo
ck
in
g
to
o
n
l
y
1
7
%
an
d
w
h
ic
h
i
s
7
1
%
less
th
a
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ca
s
e
o
f
F
ig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
p
lan
e
ca
n
el
i
m
i
n
ate
s
o
m
e
b
lo
c
k
in
g
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
.
T
h
i
s
ti
m
e
f
o
r
6
%
lin
k
f
ail
u
r
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
,
b
l
o
ck
in
g
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
is
o
n
l
y
8
.
1
%.
T
h
is
is
an
8
6
%
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
ig
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
in
i
tial
v
alu
e
(
b
lo
ck
in
g
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
w
it
h
o
u
t
an
ex
tr
a
p
lan
e)
.
Fro
m
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
,
it
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
an
o
th
er
ex
tr
a
p
lan
e
(
a
to
ta
l o
f
f
o
u
r
p
lan
es)
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
lo
ck
in
g
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
f
r
o
m
8
.
1
% to
4
.
9
%,
w
h
ic
h
m
ea
n
s
ad
d
in
g
th
i
s
ex
tr
a
p
lan
e
alth
o
u
g
h
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
s
o
m
e
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
,
it
is
n
o
t
s
o
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ca
s
es.
3
.
2
.
B
lo
ck
ing
pro
ba
bil
it
y
us
i
ng
P
F
R_
RS a
lg
o
rit
h
m
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
b
t
ain
ed
f
r
o
m
s
i
m
u
latio
n
o
f
an
ex
ten
d
ed
p
r
u
n
ed
v
er
ticall
y
s
tac
k
ed
o
p
tical
b
an
y
a
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
d
is
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
p
ath
s
a
n
d
ap
p
ly
in
g
p
lan
e
f
i
x
ed
r
o
u
ti
n
g
r
an
d
o
m
s
ea
r
ch
alg
o
r
it
h
m
.
B
o
t
h
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
p
la
n
e
f
i
x
ed
r
o
u
ti
n
g
li
n
ea
r
s
ea
r
ch
an
d
p
lan
e
f
i
x
e
d
r
o
u
tin
g
r
a
n
d
o
m
s
ea
r
ch
,
e
x
h
i
b
it
s
i
m
i
lar
b
lo
ck
in
g
b
eh
av
io
u
r
w
it
h
o
u
t
an
ex
tr
a
p
la
n
e
an
d
a
s
in
g
le
ex
tr
a
p
lan
e.
F
i
g
u
r
e
8
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
s
o
f
ex
tr
a
p
lan
es
2
,
3
an
d
4
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
b
l
o
ck
in
g
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
al
m
o
s
t
li
n
ea
r
l
y
w
it
h
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
li
n
k
f
ailu
r
e,
as
s
ee
n
i
n
th
is
g
r
ap
h
.
Fo
r
1
%
li
n
k
f
ail
u
r
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
w
it
h
t
w
o
e
x
tr
a
p
lan
es
,
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
i
s
3
%.
Fo
llo
w
in
g
a
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
li
n
ea
r
cu
r
v
e
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
is
r
ea
ch
ed
to
2
0
%
f
o
r
a
6
%
lin
k
f
ail
u
r
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
a
d
d
itio
n
o
f
an
o
th
er
e
x
tr
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
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6930
T
E
L
KOM
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K
A
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elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
7
8
7
-
1794
1792
p
lan
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
b
lo
ck
in
g
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
b
y
o
n
l
y
5
%.
Fo
r
a
li
n
k
f
ail
u
r
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
1
%
,
it
s
b
lo
ck
in
g
is
2
.
6
%
an
d
f
o
r
6
%
lin
k
f
a
ilu
r
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
,
it
is
ele
v
ated
to
1
5
%.
I
t
is
ev
id
en
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
i
s
f
i
g
u
r
e
t
h
at
f
o
r
a
1
%
lin
k
f
ai
lu
r
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
w
it
h
f
o
u
r
ex
tr
a
p
la
n
es
,
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
is
1
.
7
%
an
d
f
o
r
m
ax
i
m
u
m
li
n
k
f
ai
lu
r
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
6
%
,
i
t
r
ea
ch
es
1
0
%.
I
t
is
al
s
o
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
th
a
t
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
li
n
ea
r
l
y
w
it
h
li
n
k
f
ail
u
r
e
an
d
at
s
o
m
e
p
o
in
ts
,
it
r
ed
u
ce
s
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
ag
a
in
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
g
iv
es
u
s
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
p
lan
e
f
ix
ed
r
o
u
ti
n
g
li
n
ea
r
s
ea
r
ch
an
d
p
lan
e
f
i
x
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
r
an
d
o
m
s
ea
r
ch
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
s
.
I
t
i
s
clea
r
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
t
h
at
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
al
g
o
r
ith
m
i
s
s
u
p
er
io
r
to
th
e
latter
o
n
e.
Fo
r
an
eq
u
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
e
x
tr
a
p
lan
e
s
,
th
e
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less
v
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ab
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.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
H.
S
.
Hin
to
n
,
An
in
tro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
to
Ph
o
t
o
n
ic
S
wi
tch
i
n
g
Fa
b
ric
s
,
1
st
e
d
.
Ne
w
Yo
rk
:
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r
,
1
9
9
3
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d
o
i
:
1
0
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7
/
9
7
8
-
1
-
4
7
5
7
-
9
1
7
1
-
6.
[2
]
M
.
M
.
V
a
e
z
a
n
d
C
.
T
.
L
e
a
,
"
W
id
e
-
se
n
se
n
o
n
b
l
o
c
k
in
g
Ba
n
y
a
n
-
t
y
p
e
sw
it
c
h
in
g
s
y
ste
m
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
d
irec
t
io
n
a
l
c
o
u
p
lers
,
"
in
IEE
E
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
n
S
e
lec
ted
Are
a
s
in
Co
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
3
2
7
-
1
3
3
2
,
S
e
p
t.
1
9
9
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/4
9
.
7
2
5
2
0
0
.
[3
]
V
.
R
.
Ch
i
n
n
i,
T
.
C.
H
u
a
n
g
,
P
.
K
.
A
.
Wai,
C.
R.
M
e
n
y
u
k
,
a
n
d
G
.
J.
S
im
o
n
is,
"
Cro
ss
talk
in
a
lo
ss
y
d
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
u
p
le
r
sw
it
c
h
,
"
in
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
L
i
g
h
tw
a
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
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l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
5
3
0
-
1
5
3
5
,
Ju
ly
1
9
9
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
5
0
.
4
0
0
7
1
4
.
[4
]
C.
P
.
Kru
s
k
a
l
a
n
d
M
.
S
n
ir,
“
T
h
e
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
M
u
lt
istag
e
In
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
f
o
r
M
u
lt
ip
ro
c
e
ss
o
rs,”
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Co
m
p
u
ter
s
,
v
o
l.
C
-
3
2
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
9
1
-
1
0
9
8
,
De
c
.
1
9
8
3
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
C.
1
9
8
3
.
1
6
7
6
1
6
9
.
[5
]
F
.
T
.
L
e
ig
h
to
n
,
I
n
tro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
t
o
Pa
ra
ll
e
l
Al
g
o
rith
ms
a
n
d
Arc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s:
Arra
y
s,
T
re
e
s,
Hy
p
e
rc
u
b
e
s
.
Ca
li
f
o
rn
ia:
Mo
rg
a
n
Ka
u
fm
a
n
n
,
1
9
9
2
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/C
2
0
1
3
-
0
-
0
8
2
9
9
-
0
.
[6
]
J.
H.
P
a
tel,
"
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
P
ro
c
e
ss
o
r
-
M
e
m
o
r
y
In
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
M
u
lt
ip
r
o
c
e
ss
o
rs,"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Co
mp
u
ter
s
,
v
o
l
.
C
-
3
0
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
7
71
-
7
8
0
,
Oc
t.
1
9
8
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[8
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3
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4
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5
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r,
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6
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7
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R.
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8
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m
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CM
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[1
9
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p
ta,
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.
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Ba
n
sa
l
,
a
n
d
A
.
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ta,
"
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0
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Y.
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Qia
o
,
a
n
d
Y.
Ya
n
g
,
"
Op
ti
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-
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[2
2
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F
.
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A
.
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B.
H.
L
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sm
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