T
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r
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y
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1
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36
~
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I
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First Gr
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west Niger
ia
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lesa
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njo
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luwa
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et
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a
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rtme
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e
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tri
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e
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tro
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rin
g
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k
it
i
S
tate
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Ad
o
Ek
i
ti
,
Ni
g
e
ria
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ma
y
2
0
,
2
0
2
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ev
is
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u
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c
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t
y
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rs
with
t
h
e
a
d
v
e
n
t
o
f
n
e
w
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
in
th
e
wire
les
s
sy
ste
m
s
wh
ich
h
a
v
e
re
su
lt
e
d
i
n
to
sp
e
c
tru
m
c
ru
n
c
h
.
Util
izin
g
th
e
fre
e
u
lt
ra
h
i
g
h
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
(UH
F
),
tele
v
isi
o
n
(T
V)
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls
a
lso
k
n
o
wn
a
s
TV
wh
it
e
sp
a
c
e
(
TVW
S
)
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
p
ro
p
o
se
d
a
s
a
stra
teg
y
fo
r
in
c
re
a
sin
g
sp
e
c
tral
e
fficie
n
c
y
.
De
p
lo
y
in
g
TVW
S
re
q
u
ires
th
e
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
o
f
th
e
e
stim
a
te
o
f
th
e
a
v
a
il
a
b
le
TV
WS
.
In
t
h
is
p
a
p
e
r,
a
q
u
a
n
ti
tati
v
e
e
stim
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
a
v
a
il
a
b
le
TVW
S
in
S
o
u
th
We
st,
Nig
e
ria
is
c
o
m
p
u
ted
u
si
n
g
t
h
e
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
v
iew
p
o
in
t
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
t
h
e
p
o
ll
u
ti
o
n
v
iew
p
o
in
t
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
a
n
d
t
h
e
F
e
d
e
ra
l
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Co
m
m
issio
n
(
F
CC)
ru
le.
Re
su
lt
s
fro
m
t
h
e
e
stim
a
ti
o
n
sh
o
ws
th
a
t
t
h
e
p
o
l
lu
ti
o
n
v
iew
p
o
i
n
t
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
will
g
u
a
ra
n
tee
e
n
o
u
g
h
p
ro
te
c
ti
o
n
fro
m
th
e
p
rima
ry
u
se
rs
a
n
d
h
e
n
c
e
p
re
v
e
n
t
i
n
terfe
re
n
c
e
fro
m
th
e
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
u
se
rs.
Th
e
fin
d
in
g
s
a
lso
re
v
e
a
l
th
a
t
th
e
re
a
re
a
b
u
n
d
a
n
t
TVW
S
in
th
e
c
o
n
sid
e
re
d
sta
tes
fo
r
th
e
d
e
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
TV
WS
d
e
v
ice
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
m
p
ir
ical
m
o
d
el
Path
lo
s
s
Sp
ec
tr
al
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
Sp
ec
tr
u
m
W
h
ite
s
p
ac
e
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
I
lesan
m
i Ban
jo
Olu
waf
em
i
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ic
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
E
k
iti State
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
Ad
o
E
k
iti,
Nig
er
ia
E
m
ail: ib
to
7
5
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
er
e
is
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
n
a
v
ailab
le
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
g
r
o
win
g
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
s
p
r
etr
u
m
o
cc
u
p
an
c
y
f
o
r
wir
eless
ap
p
licatio
n
s
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
ce
llu
la
r
n
etwo
r
k
[
1
-
5
]
.
S
p
ec
tr
u
m
is
a
f
in
ite
r
eso
u
r
ce
an
d
h
as
b
ee
n
f
u
lly
allo
ca
ted
as
b
an
d
s
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
wir
eless
s
er
v
ic
es
.
A
co
m
p
letely
o
cc
u
p
ied
b
an
d
ca
n
o
n
ly
ac
q
u
ir
e
m
o
r
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
if
it
is
r
elea
s
ed
b
y
an
o
t
h
er
b
an
d
.
Sev
er
al
r
esear
ch
es
h
av
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
cc
u
p
a
n
cy
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
r
ec
en
t
tim
e.
R
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
r
ec
en
t
r
esear
c
h
s
h
o
ws
th
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
allo
ca
ted
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
ar
e
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
[6
-
10
]
.
D
y
n
am
ic
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
ac
ce
s
s
is
th
e
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
v
iab
le
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
c
r
u
n
c
h
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
in
th
e
in
te
r
im
th
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
u
n
o
cc
u
p
ied
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
allo
ca
ted
to
T
V
s
tatio
n
s
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
cr
u
n
ch
[
11
].
D
if
f
er
en
t f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
ar
e
ass
ig
n
ed
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
u
s
es
b
y
Natio
n
al
an
d
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
b
o
d
ies
,
a
n
d
in
m
o
s
t
ca
s
es
th
ey
ar
e
g
r
an
t
ed
ex
clu
s
iv
e
r
ig
h
ts
to
o
p
er
ate
o
v
er
t
h
ese
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies.
A
b
a
n
d
p
la
n
is
cr
ea
ted
b
y
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
allo
ca
tio
n
,
wh
ic
h
ass
ig
n
s
wh
ite
s
p
ac
es
b
etwe
en
licen
s
ed
r
a
d
io
b
an
d
s
o
r
ch
an
n
els
t
o
av
o
id
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
.
T
h
ese
s
p
ac
es
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
p
ec
if
ically
ass
ig
n
ed
f
o
r
a
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
s
u
ch
as
a
g
u
ar
d
b
a
n
d
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
s
o
m
e
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
ass
ig
n
ed
s
p
ac
es f
o
r
tech
n
ical
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
th
er
e
is
al
s
o
u
n
u
s
ed
r
ad
io
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
wh
ich
h
as
eith
er
n
ev
e
r
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
,
o
r
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
f
r
ee
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
tech
n
ical
ch
an
g
es.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
er
e
is
a
lar
g
e
ar
ea
s
b
etwe
en
5
0
MH
z
an
d
7
0
0
MH
z
th
at
is
f
r
ee
d
u
p
b
y
th
e
s
witch
o
v
er
to
d
ig
i
tal
telev
is
io
n
[
12
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
T
V
s
tatio
n
s
d
o
n
o
t
tr
a
n
s
m
it
to
f
u
ll
ca
p
ac
ity
(
r
ed
u
ce
d
co
v
e
r
ag
e
ar
ea
a
n
d
o
p
er
atio
n
tim
e)
.
T
h
ese
u
n
u
s
ed
o
r
u
n
d
er
u
tili
ze
d
p
o
r
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
T
V
b
a
n
d
ar
e
ca
lled
th
e
T
V
wh
ite
s
p
ac
es
(
T
VW
S).
T
V
wh
ite
s
p
ac
e
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
ex
ten
d
i
n
g
b
r
o
a
d
b
an
d
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
er
v
ed
ar
ea
s
d
u
e
to
its
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
Qu
a
n
tita
tive
esti
ma
tio
n
o
f TV
w
h
ite
s
p
a
ce
in
S
o
u
t
h
w
est N
ig
e
r
ia
(
I
lesa
n
mi
B
a
n
jo
Olu
w
a
fem
i)
37
r
elativ
ely
lo
n
g
wav
ele
n
g
th
wh
ich
is
ab
le
to
co
v
er
a
lar
g
e
ar
e
a
an
d
p
en
et
r
ate
b
u
ild
in
g
s
,
v
eg
etatio
n
an
d
ter
r
ai
n
with
g
o
o
d
s
ig
n
al
i
n
teg
r
ity
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
ak
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
a
v
ailab
le
T
VW
S in
an
y
ar
ea
,
a
p
r
o
p
er
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
T
VW
S
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
c
o
n
d
u
cted
s
o
as
n
o
t
to
ca
u
s
e
an
y
in
ter
f
e
r
en
ce
to
s
ig
n
als
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
in
c
u
m
b
e
n
t
T
V
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
s
tatio
n
s
.
Se
v
er
al
T
VW
S
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
a
n
d
esti
m
atio
n
h
a
v
e
b
e
en
c
o
n
d
u
cted
b
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
esear
ch
er
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
wo
r
ld
a
n
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
s
izea
b
le
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
T
VW
S
av
ailab
le
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
g
lo
b
e.
I
n
[
13
]
th
e
av
ailab
le
T
VW
S in
Pak
is
tan
was a
n
aly
ze
d
an
d
est
im
ated
u
s
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
d
etec
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
.
T
h
e
wh
o
le
T
V
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
b
an
d
(
5
2
-
8
6
2
MH
z)
was
s
ca
n
n
ed
with
u
n
iv
e
r
s
al
s
o
f
twar
e
r
ad
i
o
p
er
ip
h
er
al
(
USR
P2
)
an
d
a
s
p
e
ctr
u
m
an
aly
ze
r
was
u
s
ed
to
v
a
lid
ate
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
USR
P
2
an
d
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
co
g
n
itiv
e
r
ad
io
s
in
Pak
is
tan
.
C
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
an
d
esti
m
ate
o
f
T
VW
S
in
th
e
470
-
590
MH
z
b
an
d
f
o
r
f
o
u
r
zo
n
es
o
f
I
n
d
ia
was
also
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
in
[
1
4
]
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
v
iew
p
o
in
t,
p
o
llu
tio
n
v
iew
p
o
in
t
an
d
th
e
Fed
er
al
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
(
F
C
C
)
[1
5
]
r
eq
u
latio
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
.
A
m
o
d
el
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
(
SO)
,
o
th
er
wis
e
ca
lled
T
V
wh
ite
s
p
a
ce
(
T
VW
S),
in
th
e
ter
r
estrial
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
was
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
latest
p
u
b
licly
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
So
u
th
Af
r
ic
an
ter
r
estrial
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
an
d
a
n
esti
m
ate
o
f
th
e
a
v
ailab
le
SOs
in
th
e
G
u
aten
g
p
r
o
v
i
n
ce
o
f
So
u
th
Af
r
ica
was
g
iv
en
.
Oth
er
r
esear
ch
es
wer
e
c
o
n
d
u
cted
in
[
1
7
-
30
]
u
s
in
g
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
to
esti
m
ate
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
cc
u
p
an
c
y
with
a
b
id
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
a
v
ailab
le
T
V
W
S
f
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
u
s
er
s
.
Ma
n
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
T
V
wh
ite
s
p
ac
e
d
ev
ices a
r
e
b
ein
g
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
all
o
v
er
th
e
wo
r
l
d
f
o
r
ex
p
l
o
itin
g
th
e
a
v
ailab
le
T
V
W
S [
31
-
3
8
].
T
h
e
Nig
er
ian
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
in
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
2
0
co
n
s
titu
ted
a
co
m
m
ittee
to
d
r
af
t
th
e
T
VW
S
g
u
id
elin
e
in
Nig
er
ia
in
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
T
VW
S.
T
o
d
o
th
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
,
it
is
n
ee
d
f
u
l
to
h
av
e
an
esti
m
ate
o
f
th
e
T
VW
S
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
licen
s
ed
T
V
b
a
n
d
s
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
a
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
av
ail
ab
le
T
VW
S
in
th
e
U
HF
b
an
d
in
So
u
th
W
est,
Nig
er
ia
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
v
iew
p
o
in
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
p
o
llu
ti
o
n
v
iewp
o
in
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
th
e
FC
C
r
u
le.
T
o
d
o
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
esti
m
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
av
ailab
le
T
VW
S
u
s
in
g
th
e
th
e
th
r
ee
m
eth
o
d
s,
an
em
p
ir
ical
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
p
ath
lo
s
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
th
e
r
eg
io
n
th
at
b
est
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
p
ath
lo
s
s
in
th
e
r
e
g
io
n
.
I
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
[
3
9
-
43
]
s
h
o
ws
th
at
Hata
-
Dav
is
o
n
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
at
h
lo
s
s
m
o
d
els f
o
r
d
escr
ib
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
p
r
o
f
ile
i
n
th
e
r
eg
i
o
n
a
n
d
is
h
en
ce
d
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
T
VW
S in
th
e
ad
o
p
ted
r
eg
io
n
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
T
V
bro
a
dca
s
t
ing
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
in Nig
er
ia
T
h
e
TV
b
r
o
a
d
ca
s
tin
g
d
esig
n
atio
n
b
a
n
d
s
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
Nig
er
ian
B
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
(
NB
C
)
in
clu
d
e
b
a
n
d
I
I
I
a
n
d
b
an
d
I
V/V.
B
an
d
I
I
I
is
a
V
er
y
H
ig
h
F
r
e
q
u
en
cy
b
an
d
(
3
0
-
3
0
0
MH
z)
an
d
it
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
1
7
4
MH
z
to
2
3
0
MH
z
.
T
h
is
b
an
d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
ch
a
n
n
els
5
to
1
2
o
f
Nig
er
ia
T
V
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
B
an
d
s
I
V
an
d
V
ar
e
in
th
e
U
HF
(
3
0
0
MH
z
–
3
GHz
)
b
an
d
.
T
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
b
a
n
d
I
V
is
b
etwe
en
4
7
0
MH
z
an
d
5
8
2
M
Hz
wh
ich
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
ch
an
n
els 2
1
-
34
.
T
h
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
ies o
f
b
a
n
d
V
is
b
etwe
en
5
8
2
MH
z
an
d
7
9
0
MH
z
wh
ich
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
t
o
ch
an
n
els 3
5
-
6
0
[
4
2
]
.
2
.
2
.
Study
a
re
a
T
h
e
So
u
th
west
zo
n
e
o
f
Nig
er
i
a
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
ix
s
tate
s
wh
ich
ar
e
E
k
iti,
L
ag
o
s
,
Og
u
n
,
On
d
o
,
Osu
n
an
d
Oy
o
s
tates.
T
h
ese
s
tates
ar
e
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
u
r
b
a
n
,
s
u
b
-
u
r
b
an
an
d
r
u
r
al
s
ettlem
en
ts
,
h
en
ce
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
.
I
n
t
h
is
wo
r
k
,
we
d
e
f
in
ed
T
VW
S
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
s
p
e
ctiv
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
v
er
ag
e
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
T
V
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
s
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
is
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
ar
ea
with
in
th
e
T
V
n
o
is
e
lim
ited
g
r
ad
e
B
co
n
to
u
r
.
T
h
e
c
o
v
er
a
g
e
ar
ea
is
th
e
ar
ea
wh
er
e
th
e
r
ec
e
iv
ed
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
th
f
o
r
ch
an
n
e
ls
1
4
to
6
9
ex
ce
ed
s
6
4
d
B
u
an
d
4
1
d
B
u
f
o
r
a
n
alo
g
an
d
DT
V
s
y
s
tem
s
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
esti
m
a
te
th
e
a
v
a
ilab
le
T
V
W
S
ar
e
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
to
wer
,
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
T
V
tr
an
s
m
itter
,
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
an
d
h
eig
h
t o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a.
T
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
o
wn
ed
T
V
s
tatio
n
s
o
p
er
atin
g
in
th
e
UHF
b
an
d
is
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
a
n
d
th
eir
o
p
e
r
atio
n
a
l
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
r
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
o
f
th
e
ad
o
p
ted
UHF
T
V
s
tatio
n
s
in
So
u
th
west,
Nig
er
ia
TV
S
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
Ek
i
t
i
T
V
La
g
o
s
TV
O
g
u
n
TV
O
n
d
o
TV
O
su
n
TV
O
y
o
TV
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
(
mi
d
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
M
H
z
)
41
(
6
3
1
.
2
5
)
35
(
5
8
3
.
2
5
)
25
(
5
0
3
.
2
5
)
23
(
4
8
7
.
2
5
)
22
(
4
7
9
.
2
5
)
28
(
5
2
7
.
2
5
)
Tr
a
n
sm
i
t
t
e
r
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
h
e
i
g
h
t
(
m)
2
0
0
3
9
6
.
2
4
4
5
.
7
2
3
0
4
3
0
4
.
8
0
1
9
8
.
2
0
Tr
a
n
sm
i
t
t
e
r
P
o
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r
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k
W
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30
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La
t
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t
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e
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6
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5
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6
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5
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38
Usi
n
g
th
e
T
V
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
a
s
u
itab
le
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
el,
q
u
an
tif
y
in
g
a
v
ailab
le
T
V
wh
ite
s
p
ac
e
in
th
e
UHF
T
V
b
a
n
d
wer
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
th
r
e
e
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t m
eth
o
d
s
wh
ich
ar
e
:
a.
Pro
tectio
n
v
iewp
o
in
t
Th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
v
iewp
o
in
t
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
u
s
er
s
ar
e
im
m
u
n
u
ed
f
r
o
m
in
ter
f
er
en
c
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
d
ev
ices
T
h
e
p
r
o
tect
io
n
ar
ea
is
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
[1
4
];
+
(
)
−
0
=
(
1
)
wh
er
e
is
t
h
e
p
o
wer
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
in
d
B
,
(
)
is
th
e
p
ath
-
lo
s
s
in
d
B
at
a
r
ad
ial
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
,
N
o
is
th
e
th
er
m
al
n
o
is
e
in
d
B
m
an
d
∆
is
th
e
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
SIN
R
in
d
B
m
.
in
(
1
)
is
m
o
d
if
ied
as:
+
(
)
−
0
=
+
(
2
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w
h
e
r
e
ᴪ
is
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e
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a
d
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d
d
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d
i
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a
l
2
7
d
B
f
a
d
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ar
g
i
n
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a
s
p
r
o
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i
d
e
d
.
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h
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d
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a
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r
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t
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d
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c
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ar
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k
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ich
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ar
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n
o
T
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r
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g
u
latio
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s
in
Nig
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o
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latio
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USA)
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f
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
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KOM
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T
elec
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m
m
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fem
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39
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
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Fig
u
r
es
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s
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s
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o
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m
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ap
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u
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1
s
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e
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m
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f
o
r
E
k
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p
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m
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m
ap
.
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h
e
cir
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th
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e
ar
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T
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le.
Ar
ea
s
o
u
ts
id
e
th
ese
cir
cl
es
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e
r
eg
ar
d
ed
t
o
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T
VW
S.
T
h
e
T
VW
S
s
h
o
wn
in
wh
ite
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th
e
m
a
p
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o
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th
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s
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f
4
0
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k
m
f
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m
t
h
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tr
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s
m
itter
with
r
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r
en
ce
to
th
e
p
o
llu
tio
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v
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o
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t.
Fig
u
r
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2
s
h
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ws
th
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e
a
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f
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L
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s
T
V
b
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ti
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f
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m
th
is
T
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s
t
s
taio
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h
e
T
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e
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u
ts
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ad
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s
o
f
5
9
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4
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k
m
f
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s
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itter
.
T
h
e
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s
h
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at
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h
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p
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f
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en
t
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Fo
r
Og
u
n
State,
th
e
T
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S
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
T
VW
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in
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u
n
State
ar
e
ar
ea
s
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u
ts
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th
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ad
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s
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f
2
8
.
4
7
k
m
f
r
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m
th
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itter
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th
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r
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o
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n
v
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p
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n
t.
T
h
e
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lt
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ws
wh
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le
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lan
d
m
ass
as
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f
o
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th
e
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ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
T
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S
tech
n
o
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g
y
.
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clo
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er
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o
o
k
s
h
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ws
th
at
ab
o
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n
in
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t
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f
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f
o
r
u
s
ag
e
b
y
s
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o
n
d
a
r
y
u
s
er
s
as T
VW
S.
Fo
r
On
d
o
S
tate,
th
e
T
VW
S is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
T
VW
S
in
On
d
o
State
ar
e
ar
ea
s
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
r
ad
i
u
s
o
f
5
8
.
5
9
k
m
f
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m
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itter
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iew
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t.
T
h
e
r
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lt
s
h
o
ws
a
h
u
g
e
lan
d
m
ass
as
T
VW
S
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
e
p
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
T
VW
S
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
A
clo
s
er
lo
o
k
s
h
o
ws th
at
ab
o
u
t te
n
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ca
l g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
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r
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s
is
f
r
ee
f
o
r
u
s
ag
e
b
y
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ec
o
n
d
ar
y
u
s
er
s
.
E
K
T
V
F
C
C
R
u
l
e
[
4
0
.
9
8
k
m
]
T
V
W
S
P
o
l
l
u
t
i
o
n
R
a
d
i
u
s
[
4
0
.
9
0
k
m
]
N
o
T
a
l
k
R
a
d
i
u
s
[
6
.
3
9
k
m
]
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
VW
S f
o
r
E
k
iti
State
L
T
V
F
C
C
R
u
l
e
[
5
8
.
3
0
k
m
]
T
V
W
S
P
o
l
l
u
t
i
o
n
R
a
d
i
u
s
[
5
9
.
4
3
k
m
]
N
o
T
a
l
k
R
a
d
i
u
s
[
1
4
.
8
1
k
m
]
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
VW
S f
o
r
L
a
g
o
s
State
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
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KOM
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o
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,
Vo
l.
1
9
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
1
:
36
-
43
40
O
G
T
V
F
C
C
R
u
l
e
[
2
6
.
1
0
k
m
]
T
V
W
S
P
o
l
l
u
t
i
o
n
R
a
d
i
u
s
[
2
8
.
4
7
k
m
]
N
o
T
a
l
k
R
a
d
i
u
s
[
4
.
0
8
k
m
]
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
VW
S f
o
r
Og
u
n
Sta
te
P
o
l
l
u
t
i
o
n
R
a
d
i
u
s
[
5
8
.
5
9
k
m
]
O
S
R
C
F
C
C
R
u
l
e
[
5
4
.
7
3
k
m
]
T
V
W
S
N
o
T
a
l
k
R
a
d
i
u
s
[
1
4
.
3
1
]
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
VW
S f
o
r
On
d
o
s
tat
e
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws th
e
co
v
er
ag
e
a
r
ea
o
f
th
e
Osu
n
T
V
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
ti
o
n
s
tatio
n
an
d
th
e
av
ailab
le
T
VW
S f
r
o
m
th
is
T
V
s
t
s
taio
n
.
T
h
e
T
VW
S
ar
e
ar
ea
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
5
2
.
7
0
k
m
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
h
u
g
e
p
a
r
t
o
f
a
b
o
u
t
f
o
u
r
lo
ca
l
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
ar
e
as
n
am
e
ly
I
r
ewo
le,
Ay
e
d
aa
d
e,
I
f
e
So
u
t
h
an
d
I
f
e
N
o
r
th
ar
e
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
T
VW
S
d
ev
ices.
Fo
r
Oy
o
State,
th
e
T
V
co
v
e
r
ag
e
a
r
ea
an
d
also
t
h
e
av
ailab
le
T
VW
S
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
u
s
in
g
th
e
th
r
ee
ad
o
p
ted
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
T
VW
S in
Oy
o
State
ar
e
ar
ea
s
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
4
7
.
8
4
k
m
f
r
o
m
th
e
t
r
an
s
m
itter
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
u
llti
o
n
v
iew
p
o
i
n
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
ws
a
m
ass
iv
e
lan
d
m
ass
as
T
VW
S
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
T
VW
S
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
A
clo
s
er
lo
o
k
s
h
o
ws
th
at
ab
o
u
t
elev
e
n
lo
ca
l g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t a
r
ea
s
is
f
r
ee
f
o
r
u
s
ag
e
b
y
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
u
s
er
s
.
T
o
q
u
a
n
tify
t
h
e
r
esu
lt f
u
r
th
er
,
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
T
VW
S is
g
iv
en
in
F
ig
u
r
e
7
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
r
ee
u
n
o
c
cu
p
ied
c
h
an
n
els p
er
State,
th
at
is
,
UH
F c
h
an
n
els th
at
h
av
e
n
ev
er
b
ee
n
o
cc
u
p
ied
b
y
an
y
licen
s
ee
.
I
t is
ass
u
m
ed
h
er
e
th
at
all
th
e
o
cc
u
p
ied
c
h
an
n
els
in
ea
ch
s
tate
ar
e
b
ein
g
r
ec
ei
v
ed
in
ev
e
r
y
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
tate.
Fro
m
F
ig
u
r
e
7
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
er
e
is
an
ab
u
n
d
an
ce
o
f
T
VW
S
(
f
r
ee
c
h
an
n
els)
in
ea
ch
s
tate
a
s
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
f
r
ee
ch
a
n
n
els
in
E
k
iti,
L
ag
o
s
,
On
d
o
,
Osu
n
,
O
y
o
an
d
Og
u
n
St
ates
is
9
7
.
9
6
%,
8
1
.
6
3
%,
9
5
.
9
2
%,
9
5
.
9
2
%,
9
5
.
9
2
%
an
d
9
7
.
9
6
% r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
Qu
a
n
tita
tive
esti
ma
tio
n
o
f TV
w
h
ite
s
p
a
ce
in
S
o
u
t
h
w
est N
ig
e
r
ia
(
I
lesa
n
mi
B
a
n
jo
Olu
w
a
fem
i)
41
O
S
B
C
F
C
C
r
u
l
e
[
5
2
.
7
k
m
]
T
V
W
S
P
o
l
l
u
t
i
o
n
r
a
d
i
u
s
[
5
6
k
m
]
N
o
-
t
a
l
k
R
a
d
i
u
s
[
1
3
.
8
1
k
m
]
Fig
u
r
e
5
: T
VW
S f
o
r
Osu
n
Sta
te
B
C
O
S
F
C
C
R
u
l
e
[
4
5
.
3
6
k
m
]
T
V
W
S
P
o
l
l
u
t
i
o
n
R
a
d
i
u
s
[
4
7
.
8
4
k
m
]
N
o
T
a
l
k
R
a
d
i
u
s
[
8
.
9
3
k
m
]
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
VW
S f
o
r
Oy
o
s
tate
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
VW
S with
o
u
t a
d
ja
ce
n
t c
h
an
n
el
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
9
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
1
:
36
-
43
42
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
VW
S
was
es
tim
ated
f
o
r
So
u
th
west,
Nig
er
ia
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
v
iewp
o
i
n
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
p
o
llu
tio
n
v
iewp
o
in
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
FC
C
r
u
le
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lt
wer
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
o
n
th
e
a
d
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
m
ap
s
o
f
ea
ch
s
tate
u
s
in
g
th
e
Ar
cGis
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
twa
r
e.
T
VW
S
was
also
esti
m
ated
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
n
o
cc
u
p
ied
ch
a
n
n
els
in
ea
ch
s
tate.
I
t
was
ass
u
m
ed
t
h
at
all
th
e
o
cc
u
p
ie
d
ch
a
n
n
els
i
n
ea
ch
s
tate
ar
e
b
ein
g
r
ec
eiv
ed
in
ev
e
r
y
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
tate.
Fin
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esear
c
h
s
h
o
ws
th
at
ad
o
p
tin
g
p
o
llu
tio
n
v
iew
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
T
VW
S
esti
m
atio
n
will
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
en
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
tectio
n
f
o
r
p
r
im
ar
y
u
s
er
s
an
d
p
r
ev
e
n
t
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
f
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
u
s
er
s
.
I
t
was
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
an
ab
u
n
d
a
n
ce
o
f
T
VW
S
ex
is
t
in
S
o
u
th
west,
Nig
er
ia,
with
E
k
iti
S
tate
h
av
in
g
9
7
.
9
6
%
T
VW
S,
L
a
g
o
s
State
8
1
.
6
3
%,
On
d
o
State
9
5
.
9
2
%,
Og
u
n
State
9
7
.
9
6
%,
Osu
n
State
9
5
.
9
2
%
an
d
Oy
o
State
9
5
.
9
2
%.
I
t
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
at
t
h
e
p
o
llu
tio
n
v
iew
p
o
in
t
b
e
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
T
VW
S
s
p
ac
e
in
Nig
er
ia.
T
h
e
r
ep
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
will
b
e
v
alu
ab
le
f
o
r
th
e
NC
C
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
g
u
id
elin
es
f
o
r
T
VW
S
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
in
Nig
er
ia.
Ar
ea
o
f
in
ten
d
ed
f
u
th
e
r
r
esea
r
ch
in
clu
d
e
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
,
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
m
an
ag
em
en
t a
n
d
d
y
n
am
ic
s
p
e
ctr
u
m
ac
ce
s
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
Web
b
W.
,
“
Dy
n
a
m
ic
wh
it
e
sp
a
c
e
sp
e
c
tru
m
a
c
c
e
ss
:
N
e
w
m
e
th
o
d
s
t
o
a
c
c
e
ss
ra
d
io
sp
e
c
tru
m
u
sin
g
d
y
n
a
m
ic
sh
a
rin
g
,”
W
e
b
b
S
e
a
rc
h
Li
m
it
e
d
,
2
0
1
3
.
[
2
]
Olu
wa
fe
m
i
I.
B.
,
“
Hy
b
ri
d
c
o
n
c
a
ten
a
ted
c
o
d
in
g
sc
h
e
m
e
fo
r
M
IM
O s
y
ste
m
s
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
6
4
-
4
7
6
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
5
.
[
3
]
Olu
wa
fe
m
i
I.
B.
a
n
d
M
n
e
n
e
y
S
.
H.,
“
Hy
b
ri
d
Co
n
c
a
ten
a
ted
su
p
e
r
-
o
rth
o
g
o
n
a
l
sp
a
c
e
-
ti
m
e
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
d
e
d
M
IM
O
-
OFDM
sy
ste
m
s
,”
Res
e
a
rc
h
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
,
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
30
-
5
4
0
,
Ju
l
y
2
0
1
4
.
[
4
]
Olu
wa
fe
m
i
I.
B.
a
n
d
M
n
e
n
e
y
S
.
H.
,
“
Im
p
ro
v
e
d
su
p
e
r
-
o
rt
h
o
g
o
n
a
l
sp
a
c
e
-
ti
m
e
trelli
s
c
o
d
e
d
M
IM
O
-
OFDM
sy
ste
m
,
”
T
h
e
In
stit
u
te
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rs
(IE
T
E)
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
5
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
6
6
5
,
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
3
.
[
5
]
Olu
wa
fe
m
i
I.
B.
a
n
d
M
n
e
n
e
y
S
.
H.,
“
Re
v
iew
o
f
sp
a
c
e
-
ti
m
e
c
o
d
e
d
OFDM
s
y
ste
m
fo
r
wire
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s
,”
T
h
e
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rs
(IE
T
E)
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Rev
iew
,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
1
7
-
4
2
6
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
3
.
[
6
]
A.
P
e
tri
n
a
n
d
P
.
G
.
S
teffe
s
,
“
An
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
ris
o
n
o
f
sp
e
c
tru
m
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
p
e
rfo
rm
e
d
in
u
r
b
a
n
a
n
d
ru
ra
l
a
re
a
s
to
d
e
term
in
e
th
e
to
tal
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
sp
e
c
tru
m
u
sa
g
e
s
,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
o
n
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
R
a
d
i
o
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
0
5
.
[
7
]
M
a
rk
M
c
He
n
r
y
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ch
ica
g
o
sp
e
c
tru
m
o
c
c
u
p
a
n
c
y
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
&
a
n
a
ly
sis
a
n
d
a
lo
n
g
-
term
st
u
d
ies
p
r
o
p
o
sa
l
,”
In
Pro
c
.
o
f
th
e
AC
M
1
st
I
n
tl
.
W
k
sh
p
.
o
n
T
e
c
h
.
a
n
d
Po
li
c
y
fo
r A
c
c
e
ss
in
g
S
p
e
c
tru
m
,
Au
g
u
st
2
0
0
6
.
[
8
]
Ch
ian
g
R.
,
Ro
we
G
.
,
a
n
d
S
o
we
r
b
y
K.
,
“
A
q
u
a
n
ti
tati
v
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
sp
e
c
tral
o
c
c
u
p
a
n
c
y
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
f
o
r
c
o
g
n
i
ti
v
e
ra
d
io
,”
Pr
o
c
.
o
f
IEE
E
6
5
th
Veh
ic
u
la
r T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
Ap
r
il
2
0
0
7
.
[
9
]
Isla
m
M
.
H.,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
S
p
e
c
tr
u
m
su
rv
e
y
in
S
in
g
a
p
o
re
;
Oc
c
u
p
a
n
c
y
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
An
a
l
y
se
s
,”
Pro
c
.
o
f
3
rd
In
t
l
.
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
g
n
i
ti
v
e
Ra
d
io
O
rie
n
ted
W
i
re
les
s Ne
two
rk
s a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
8
.
[
1
0
]
Lo
p
e
z
-
Be
n
it
e
z
M
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
E
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
sp
e
c
tru
m
o
c
c
u
p
a
n
c
y
i
n
sp
a
in
f
o
r
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
ra
d
io
a
p
p
li
c
a
t
io
n
s
,
”
Pro
c
.
o
f
IEE
E
6
9
th
Veh
icu
la
r T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
Ap
ril
2
0
0
9
.
[
1
1
]
Ti
m
o
th
y
X.
B.
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“E
-
in
fra
str
u
c
tu
re
a
n
d
e
-
se
rv
ice
s
fo
r
d
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
c
o
u
n
tri
e
s
,”
AF
RICO
M
M
,
Ka
mp
a
la
,
Ug
a
n
d
a
,
v
o
l.
12
,
n
o
.
7
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
1
2
]
Lam
ich
h
a
n
e
B.
R.
a
n
d
S
h
iwa
k
o
ti
R.
K.
,
“
TV
wh
it
e
sp
a
c
e
s:
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
fo
r
b
e
tt
e
r
m
a
n
a
g
i
n
g
in
e
fficie
n
c
ies
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
a
n
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
P
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
A
u
g
u
st
2
0
1
5
.
[
1
3
]
A.
Ra
sh
e
e
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Eff
icie
n
t
All
o
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
TV
wh
it
e
sp
a
c
e
s
fo
r
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
ra
d
i
o
i
n
P
a
k
istan
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
Ne
two
rk
s
a
n
d
Co
m
mu
n
ica
t
io
n
s
S
e
c
u
rit
y
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
4
-
7
7
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
5
.
[
1
4
]
G
.
Na
ik
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Qu
a
n
ti
tati
v
e
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
TV
wh
it
e
sp
a
c
e
in
In
d
ia
,”
20
th
I
EE
E
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
4
.
[
1
5
]
F
e
d
e
ra
l
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
Co
m
m
issio
n
,
“
Wh
it
e
sp
a
c
e
,”
[On
li
n
e
]
.
Av
a
il
a
b
le
:
h
tt
p
:/
/www
.
fc
c
.
g
o
v
/
to
p
ic/
wh
it
e
-
sp
a
c
e
.
A
c
c
e
ss
e
d
:
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
4
.
[
1
6
]
M.
F
e
rre
ira,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
p
e
c
tral
o
p
p
o
rtu
n
it
y
m
o
d
e
ll
in
g
in
th
e
terre
strial
b
ro
a
d
c
a
st
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
sp
e
c
tru
m
,”
T
e
lko
m
Ce
n
tre
o
f
Exc
e
ll
e
n
c
e
No
rth
-
W
e
st
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
v
o
l
.
21
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
2
0
1
2
.
[
1
7
]
A.
M
a
rti
a
n
,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
sp
e
c
tr
u
m
o
c
c
u
p
a
n
c
y
i
n
u
rb
a
n
a
n
d
r
u
ra
l
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts
o
f
Ro
m
a
n
ia
,”
Rev
u
e
Ro
u
m
a
in
e
d
e
s
S
c
ien
c
e
s T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
-
S
e
rie
El
e
c
t
ro
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
e
t
E
n
e
rg
e
ti
q
u
e
,
v
o
l.
59
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
87
–
96
,
A
p
ril
2
0
1
4
.
[
1
8
]
M.
Lo
p
e
z
-
Be
n
tez
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Im
p
r
o
v
e
d
e
n
e
rg
y
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
sp
e
c
tru
m
se
n
sin
g
f
o
r
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
ra
d
i
o
,”
IET
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
(T
h
e
IET
)
,
S
p
e
c
ia
l
Iss
u
e
o
n
Co
g
n
i
ti
v
e
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
7
8
5
–
7
9
6
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
2
.
[
1
9
]
H.
S
e
m
lali,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
En
e
rg
y
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
fo
r
sp
e
c
tru
m
se
n
si
n
g
in
c
o
g
n
i
ti
v
e
ra
d
io
sy
ste
m
s
w
it
h
th
e
u
se
o
f
ra
n
d
o
m
sa
m
p
li
n
g
,”
W
ire
les
s P
e
rs
o
n
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
7
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
3
–
1
0
6
1
,
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
4
.
[
2
0
]
W.
A.
G
a
rd
n
e
r,
“
E
x
p
l
o
it
a
ti
o
n
o
f
s
p
e
c
tral
re
d
u
n
d
a
n
c
y
i
n
c
y
c
l
o
sta
ti
o
n
a
ry
si
g
n
a
ls
,”
IE
EE
S
ig
n
a
l
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
M
a
g
a
zi
n
e
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
14
–
36
,
Ap
r
il
1
9
9
1
.
[
2
1
]
S.
Ka
p
o
o
r,
“
Op
p
o
rt
u
n
ist
ic
sp
e
c
t
ru
m
se
n
sin
g
b
y
e
m
p
lo
y
i
n
g
m
a
tch
e
d
fil
ter
in
c
o
g
n
i
ti
v
e
ra
d
io
n
e
two
rk
,”
2
0
1
1
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
c
o
m
mu
n
ica
t
io
n
sy
ste
ms
a
n
d
n
e
two
rk
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
(CS
N
T
)
,
p
p
.
5
8
0
-
5
8
3
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
Qu
a
n
tita
tive
esti
ma
tio
n
o
f TV
w
h
ite
s
p
a
ce
in
S
o
u
t
h
w
est N
ig
e
r
ia
(
I
lesa
n
mi
B
a
n
jo
Olu
w
a
fem
i)
43
[
2
2
]
R.
I.
C.
Ch
ia
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
q
u
a
n
ti
tati
v
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
s
p
e
c
tral
o
c
c
u
p
a
n
c
y
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
fo
r
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
ra
d
i
o
,”
I
n
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
IE
EE
6
5
t
h
v
e
h
icu
l
a
r tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
Ap
ril
2
0
0
7
.
[
2
3
]
S.
Co
n
trera
s,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
An
i
n
v
e
sti
g
a
ti
o
n
i
n
to
th
e
s
p
e
c
tru
m
o
c
c
u
p
a
n
c
y
i
n
Ja
p
a
n
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
TV
wh
it
e
sp
a
c
e
sy
ste
m
s
,”
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
2
0
1
1
si
x
th
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
ICS
T
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
o
n
c
o
g
n
it
i
v
e
ra
d
i
o
o
rien
ted
wir
e
les
s
n
e
two
rk
s
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s (CROWNC
OM)
,
p
p
.
3
4
1
-
3
4
5
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
1
.
[
2
4
]
Vie
ira
d
e
Li
m
a
,
M
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Co
g
n
it
iv
e
ra
d
io
sim
u
latio
n
b
a
se
d
o
n
sp
e
c
tru
m
o
c
c
u
p
a
n
c
y
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
a
t
o
n
e
site
in
Bra
z
il
,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
2
0
1
3
S
B
M
O/IEE
E
M
T
T
-
S
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
,
Au
g
u
st
2
0
1
3
.
[
2
5
]
Ng
u
y
e
n
Qu
o
c
Ba
o
Vo
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Vie
tn
a
m
sp
e
c
tru
m
o
c
c
u
p
a
n
c
y
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
sis
f
o
r
c
o
g
n
i
ti
v
e
ra
d
i
o
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
I
n
P
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s o
f
2
0
1
1
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
o
n
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
(ATC
)
(p
p
.
1
3
5
–
1
4
3
).
Vie
tn
a
m
:
Da
Na
n
g
,
Au
g
u
st
2
0
1
1
.
[
2
6
]
C.
De
z
h
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
p
e
c
tru
m
o
c
c
u
p
a
n
c
y
a
n
a
ly
sis
b
a
se
d
o
n
ra
d
i
o
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
n
e
two
rk
,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
2
0
1
2
1
st
IEE
E
in
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
c
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
io
n
s in
C
h
i
n
a
(ICCC)
,
Au
g
u
st
2
0
1
2
.
[
2
7
]
Ke
n
n
e
y
Kim
a
n
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
TV
w
h
it
e
sp
a
c
e
s
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
isti
c
s
p
e
c
tru
m
a
c
c
e
s
s
fo
r
wire
les
s
re
g
io
n
a
l
a
re
a
n
e
two
rk
s."
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le Res
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
I
n
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
Co
n
fe
re
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
8
1
-
89
,
2
0
1
7
.
[
2
8
]
M
.
T.
M
a
so
n
ta,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Th
e
wh
it
e
sp
a
c
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
y
i
n
S
o
u
t
h
e
rn
A
frica
:
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
with
m
e
ra
k
a
c
o
g
n
i
ti
v
e
ra
d
i
o
p
latfo
rm
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
e
-
In
fr
a
stru
c
tu
re
a
n
d
e
-
S
e
rv
ice
s fo
r De
v
e
lo
p
in
g
Co
u
n
tries
,
p
p
.
6
4
-
7
3
,
2
0
1
1
.
[
2
9
]
Ja
a
p
v
a
n
d
e
Be
e
k
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
TV
wh
it
e
sp
a
c
e
in
Eu
r
o
p
e
,”
IEE
E
Tran
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
M
o
b
il
e
C
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
11
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
178
–
1
8
8
,
F
e
b
r
u
a
ry
2
0
1
2
.
[
3
0
]
M.
M
u
e
c
k
,
&
D.
No
g
u
e
t
,
“
TV
wh
it
e
sp
a
c
e
sta
n
d
a
rd
iza
ti
o
n
a
n
d
re
g
u
latio
n
in
Eu
ro
p
e
,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
2
n
d
in
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
wire
les
s
c
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
v
e
h
icu
la
r
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
in
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
th
e
o
ry
a
n
d
a
e
ro
sp
a
c
e
&
e
lec
tro
n
ic sy
ste
ms
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(W
ire
les
s V
IT
AE
)
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
1
.
[
3
1
]
Yin
g
-
Ch
a
n
g
Li
a
n
g
,
An
h
T
u
a
n
Ho
a
n
g
,
“
Co
g
n
it
i
v
e
ra
d
io
o
n
T
V
b
a
n
d
s:
A
n
e
w
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
to
p
ro
v
id
e
wire
les
s
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
v
it
y
fo
r
r
u
ra
l
a
re
a
,
”
In
IE
EE
wire
les
s c
o
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
s ma
g
a
zin
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
6
-
2
2
,
Ju
l
y
2
0
0
8
.
[
3
2
]
C.
R.
S
tev
e
n
s
o
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
F
u
n
c
ti
o
n
a
l
re
q
u
irem
e
n
ts
fo
r
t
h
e
8
0
2
.
2
2
WRAN
S
tan
d
a
rd
,”
IEE
E
8
0
2
.
2
2
-
0
5
/
0
0
0
7
r4
6
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
0
5
.
[
3
3
]
IEE
E
P
8
0
2
.
1
1
a
f/D1
.
0
2
Dra
ft
sta
n
d
a
rd
f
o
r
i
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
“
Te
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
i
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
b
e
twe
e
n
sy
ste
m
s
—
Lo
c
a
l
a
n
d
m
e
tro
p
o
li
tan
a
re
a
n
e
two
rk
s
—
S
p
e
c
if
ic
re
q
u
irem
e
n
ts
P
a
rt
1
1
:
Wi
re
les
s
LAN
M
e
d
i
u
m
Ac
c
e
ss
Co
n
tro
l
(M
AC)
a
n
d
P
h
y
si
c
a
l
Lay
e
r
(P
HY
)
sp
e
c
ifi
c
a
ti
o
n
s
A
m
e
n
d
m
e
n
t
,
”
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
in
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
ex
c
h
a
n
g
e
b
e
twee
n
sy
ste
m
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
9
.
[
3
4
]
K.
Hy
u
n
d
u
k
,
K.
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Co
e
x
is
ten
c
e
b
e
twe
e
n
8
0
2
.
2
2
a
n
d
8
0
2
.
1
1
a
f
o
v
e
r
TV
w
h
it
e
sp
a
c
e
,”
2
0
1
1
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
ICT
c
o
n
v
e
rg
e
n
c
e
(ICT
C)
,
p
p
.
5
3
3
-
5
3
6
,
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
1
1
.
[
3
5
]
IEE
E
S
tan
d
a
r
d
f
o
r
lo
c
a
l
a
n
d
m
e
t
ro
p
o
li
tan
a
re
a
n
e
two
rk
s,
“
P
a
rt
1
6
:
Air
I
n
terfa
c
e
fo
r
Bro
a
d
b
a
n
d
Wi
re
les
s
Ac
c
e
ss
S
y
ste
m
s Am
e
n
d
m
e
n
t
2
:
imp
ro
v
e
d
c
o
e
x
isten
c
e
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
s fo
r
li
c
e
n
se
-
e
x
e
m
p
t
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
”
IEE
E
S
td
8
0
2
.
1
6
h
-
2
0
1
0
.
[
3
6
]
IEE
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
h
,
“
Am
e
n
d
m
e
n
t
t
o
P
a
rt
1
1
:
Wi
re
les
s
LAN
M
e
d
iu
m
A
c
c
e
s
s
Co
n
tro
l
(
M
AC)
a
n
d
P
h
y
sic
a
l
Lay
e
r
(P
HY
)
S
p
e
c
ifi
c
a
ti
o
n
s:
S
p
e
c
tru
m
a
n
d
Tr
a
n
sm
it
P
o
we
r
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
e
x
ten
sio
n
s
in
t
h
e
5
G
Hz
b
a
n
d
in
Eu
ro
p
e
,
”
IE
EE
S
t
d
8
0
2
.
1
1
h
-
2
0
0
3
,
Oc
to
b
e
r
2
0
0
3
.
[
3
7
]
Y.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Co
g
n
it
iv
e
ra
d
io
n
e
two
rk
s:
Arc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s,
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
s
a
n
d
sta
n
d
a
r
d
s
,”
Bo
c
a
Ra
t
o
n
:
CR
C
Pre
ss
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
3
8
]
A.
A.
Jim
o
h
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
p
a
th
lo
ss
m
o
d
e
ls
i
n
UH
F
a
n
d
VFH
b
a
n
d
,”
6
th
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
,
n
o
.
2
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
A
p
ril
2
0
1
5
.
[
3
9
]
B.
Olu
wa
fe
m
i,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
In
v
e
stig
a
t
io
n
o
f
e
rr
o
r
b
o
u
n
d
s
o
f
e
m
p
iri
c
a
l
p
a
th
lo
ss
m
o
d
e
ls
a
t
UH
F
Ba
n
d
in
On
d
o
sta
te,
Nig
e
ria
,”
AR
PN
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
in
g
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
v
o
l.
13
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
-
10
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
8
.
[
4
0
]
Na
sir
F.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
G
e
o
sp
a
ti
a
l
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
to
q
u
a
n
ti
fy
i
n
g
TV
wh
it
e
sp
a
c
e
in
Nig
e
ria
in
t
h
e
UH
F
b
a
n
d
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ne
x
t
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
4
,
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
5
.
[
4
1
]
I.
B.
Olu
wa
fe
m
i
I.
B.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Err
o
r
b
o
u
n
d
s
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
e
m
p
iri
c
a
l
p
a
th
l
o
ss
m
o
d
e
ls
a
t
UH
F
b
a
n
d
in
Ek
it
i
a
n
d
Lag
o
s
S
tate
,
Nig
e
ria
,”
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Re
p
o
rt o
f
K
a
n
sa
i
Un
ive
rs
it
y
,
v
o
l.
62
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
3
,
A
p
ril
2
0
2
0
.
[
4
2
]
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Bro
a
d
c
a
stin
g
C
o
m
m
issio
n
.
[On
li
n
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
ww
w.n
b
c
.
g
o
v
.
n
g
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