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rica
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d
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o
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8
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9
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4
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n
am
e
o
f
a
n
y
ty
p
e
o
f
FTT
X
is
d
ef
in
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
o
p
tical
n
etwo
r
k
u
n
it
(
ONU)
lik
e
f
ib
e
r
to
th
e
cu
r
b
(
FTT
C
)
wh
en
O
NU
lo
ca
tio
n
is
o
n
th
e
b
o
r
d
er
,
FTT
H
wh
en
ONU
lo
ca
tio
n
is
at
en
d
u
s
er
s
a
n
d
f
in
ally
wh
en
th
e
ONU
in
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
ca
lled
f
ib
er
to
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
(
FTT
B
)
[
1
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fib
er
to
th
e
x
(
FTT
x
)
FTT
H
OAN
r
ep
r
esen
t
in
two
ty
p
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
y
s
ical
ch
an
n
els
f
r
o
m
th
e
C
O
to
ea
ch
u
s
er
p
r
e
m
is
es,
ca
lled
p
o
in
t
to
p
o
in
t
P2
P
b
u
t
th
is
is
a
v
er
y
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
an
d
less
p
o
p
u
lar
u
s
ed
,
s
in
ce
th
er
e
is
n
o
p
h
y
s
ical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
to
s
h
ar
e.
Seco
n
d
is
p
o
in
t
-
to
-
m
u
ltip
le
p
o
i
n
t
(
P2
MP
)
n
etwo
r
k
s
th
at
r
e
q
u
ir
e
elec
tr
ical,
o
p
tical,
an
d
s
witch
in
g
o
f
m
ed
ia
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l
(
MA
C
)
an
d
o
p
tical
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
in
t
o
th
e
r
em
o
u
n
t n
o
d
e
(
R
N)
[
1
7
-
2
0
]
.
I
n
th
e
last
ten
y
ea
r
s
at
v
ar
io
u
s
FTT
H
n
etwo
r
k
ar
c
h
itectu
r
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
,
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
i
city
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
we
ca
n
d
iv
id
e
to
two
ty
p
e
ac
tiv
e
o
p
tical
n
etwo
r
k
(
AON)
wh
ich
is
th
e
elec
tr
icity
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
an
d
p
ass
iv
e
o
p
tical
n
etwo
r
k
(
PON)
wh
ich
all
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t f
r
o
m
o
p
tical
lin
e
ter
m
in
al
(
OL
T
)
to
ONU
is
th
e
p
ass
iv
e
p
ar
t.
E
v
en
wh
e
n
AON
r
e
d
u
ce
b
o
th
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
tim
e
a
n
d
u
s
er
co
s
ts
,
esp
ec
ially
in
n
ew
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
will
u
ltima
tely
n
o
t
b
e
ab
le
t
o
m
ee
t
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Gar
tn
er
R
esear
ch
:
“I
n
2
0
1
5
,
4
.
9
b
illi
o
n
co
n
n
ec
te
d
d
e
v
ices
u
s
ed
,
a
n
d
r
ea
ch
2
0
.
8
b
illi
o
n
b
y
2
0
2
0
"
.
T
h
is
g
r
o
win
g
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
er
ca
p
ac
ity
will
lead
to
u
n
av
o
id
ab
le
p
o
wer
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
AON
is
m
u
ch
less
well
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
liter
atu
r
e
th
an
PON
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
u
s
e
is
lim
ited
in
a
r
ea
l
c
o
n
tex
t
d
u
e
to
th
ey
ar
e
lo
wer
co
m
p
lex
in
th
e
o
p
i
n
io
n
o
f
th
e
o
p
tica
l
d
o
m
ain
s
p
ec
ially
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
s
in
g
le
w
av
elen
g
th
two
-
p
o
i
n
t
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
lin
es
[
2
1
-
2
6
]
.
I
n
1
9
8
0
PON
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
.
Du
e
to
th
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
in
cr
e
asin
g
r
eq
u
est
f
o
r
th
e
in
ter
n
et
b
an
d
wid
th
an
d
o
th
e
r
s
er
v
ices.
Pas
s
iv
e
o
p
tical
n
etw
o
r
k
s
b
ec
o
m
e
v
er
y
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
th
is
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
p
er
atio
n
,
e
s
p
ec
ially
f
o
r
FTT
H
ac
ce
s
s
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
2
7
,
2
8
]
PON
ar
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
atten
tio
n
s
in
ce
it is
d
u
e
to
th
e
lack
o
f
ac
tiv
e
el
em
en
ts
in
th
e
ODN
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
lo
wer
o
p
er
atin
g
co
s
ts
,
ea
s
y
m
ain
ten
an
ce
,
s
m
all
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
b
ig
g
er
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
u
tili
ze
d
as
a
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
f
ib
er
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
to
h
o
m
e,
b
u
s
in
ess
p
r
em
is
es
an
d
cu
r
b
.
T
h
e
p
ass
iv
e
o
p
tical
p
o
wer
s
p
litt
er
u
s
ed
in
th
e
PON
is
n
o
t
r
estricte
d
to
b
an
d
wid
th
s
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
m
ak
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
r
aise
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
d
u
e
to
af
t
er
tim
e,
im
p
r
o
v
e
with
h
ig
h
er
b
an
d
wid
th
,
a
b
ig
g
er
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
an
d
lo
n
g
er
co
v
e
r
ag
e.
T
o
f
ac
ilit
a
te
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
in
s
tallatio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e,
s
im
p
lify
m
ain
ten
an
ce
wo
r
k
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
s
er
v
ice
av
ailab
ilit
y
PON
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
is
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
u
tili
ze
o
f
ex
cl
u
s
iv
e
p
ass
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
in
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
,
a
n
in
s
u
f
f
icien
c
y
in
th
e
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
r
o
u
ter
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
d
et
ec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
its
elf
.
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
PON
to
p
o
in
t
-
to
-
p
o
in
t
ar
ch
ite
ctu
r
al
is
u
s
u
ally
led
to
m
in
i
m
ize
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
ce
n
tr
al
o
f
f
ice
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t a
n
d
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
u
s
ed
as sh
o
wn
in
t
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
2
[
2
9
-
3
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
A
r
ev
iew
o
f imm
ig
r
a
tio
n
o
b
s
ta
cles to
P
ON
-
F
TT
H
a
n
d
its
ev
o
lu
tio
n
a
r
o
u
n
d
th
e
w
o
r
ld
(
Mu
s
t
a
fa
H.
A
li
)
647
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Op
tical
ac
ce
s
s
s
h
o
w
;
(
a
)
to
p
o
in
t
-
to
-
p
o
in
t a
r
ch
itect
u
r
al,
(
b
)
cu
r
b
s
witch
n
etwo
r
k
(
AON)
, (
c
)
PON
PON
th
at
d
ep
lo
y
with
f
ib
e
r
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
ca
lled
p
o
in
t
-
to
-
m
u
lti
-
p
o
in
t
(
P2
MP)
was
f
ir
s
tly
lau
n
ch
b
y
th
e
ca
b
le
-
telev
is
io
n
o
p
er
ato
r
in
s
o
m
e
u
r
b
an
a
r
ea
s
s
o
PON
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
i
n
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
a
p
o
in
t
to
m
u
ltip
o
in
t
(
P2
MP)
,
co
m
m
o
n
ly
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
a
tr
ee
to
p
o
lo
g
y
an
d
in
an
o
t
h
er
ar
ch
itec
tu
r
e
ca
lled
th
e
s
tar
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
if
we
u
tili
ze
a
m
u
tu
al
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
th
en
it
ca
lled
th
e
tr
ee
tr
u
n
k
[
3
6
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
i
n
s
o
m
e
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
,
u
s
in
g
a
co
h
esiv
e
p
o
licy
with
a
m
u
ltip
licity
co
m
p
an
y
c
an
o
p
e
r
ate
with
m
u
ltip
o
in
t
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
(
P2
MP)
in
o
p
en
ac
ce
s
s
n
etwo
r
k
,
it
is
f
o
r
s
u
r
e
th
at
a
P2
P
s
ettlin
g
ca
n
s
u
p
p
ly
g
r
ea
ter
b
an
d
wid
th
f
o
r
ea
ch
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
th
a
n
wh
at
P2
MP
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
[
3
7
]
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
ex
is
tin
g
in
th
e
R
N
u
s
u
ally
h
a
v
e
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
an
d
d
em
u
ltip
le
x
in
g
task
s
,
s
o
th
ey
ca
n
b
e
p
o
wer
ed
d
iv
i
d
er
s
o
r
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
d
ev
ices,
b
u
t
s
tr
ictly
“
p
ass
iv
e”
.
T
h
e
R
N
m
ay
b
e
th
e
p
er
f
ec
t a
r
ea
to
in
s
tall a
n
o
p
tical
am
p
lifie
r
in
a
lo
n
g
r
ea
ch
(
L
R
-
PON)
[
38]
.
R
Ns as sh
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
d
i
v
id
e
a
n
ODN
in
to
two
o
r
m
o
r
e
p
iece
s
o
f
f
ib
er
:
−
Feed
er
f
ib
er
is
wh
at
co
n
n
ec
t t
o
C
O
with
f
ir
s
t sep
ar
atio
n
s
tag
e;
−
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
ib
er
is
o
n
e
th
at
l
ea
v
es e
ac
h
g
atew
ay
o
f
th
e
f
i
r
s
t sep
ar
atio
n
s
tag
e;
−
Dr
o
p
s
ar
e
an
o
p
tical
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
th
at
r
ea
ch
es e
ac
h
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
u
s
er
an
d
is
u
s
u
ally
in
clu
d
ed
i
n
s
tr
aig
h
t c
ab
les
in
ter
n
al
p
r
em
is
es [
3
9
,
40
].
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sch
em
atic
r
ep
r
esen
t
atio
n
o
f
a
PON
A
co
m
m
o
n
PON
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
id
er
tr
ee
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
OL
T
lo
ca
te
d
in
C
O
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
an
OAN
in
ter
f
ac
e
o
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
id
e
th
at
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
N
o
p
tical
n
etwo
r
k
u
n
its
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
ODN.
PON
is
a
s
h
ar
ed
n
etwo
r
k
in
wh
ich
th
e
OL
T
s
en
d
s
o
n
e
d
o
wn
s
tr
ea
m
tr
af
f
ic
th
at
all
ONUs
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
in
ter
f
ac
e
o
n
th
e
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
.
I
n
a
s
itu
atio
n
lik
e
FTT
H
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
ea
c
h
ONU
co
in
cid
es
with
th
e
en
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
ONT
,
e
v
er
y
ONU
ex
am
in
e
p
ac
k
et
co
n
ten
t
s
th
at
ar
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
to
it
o
n
ly
t
h
e
o
f
th
o
s
e
an
d
n
eg
lectin
g
t
h
e
r
est.
B
y
r
ely
in
g
o
n
u
s
er
p
o
r
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
d
o
wn
lin
k
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
b
r
o
a
d
ca
s
t
to
all
r
o
o
m
s
with
m
u
ltip
le
u
s
er
s
.
E
n
c
r
y
p
tio
n
ca
n
p
r
e
v
en
t
ea
v
esd
r
o
p
p
i
n
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
t
h
e
o
p
tical
ac
ce
s
s
n
etwo
r
k
,
PON
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
u
ltima
te
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
a
co
m
b
i
n
ati
o
n
o
f
PON,
ap
p
ea
r
as
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
er
ies
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
f
o
r
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
wh
ich
d
is
p
lay
tr
em
e
n
d
o
u
s
f
ea
tu
r
e
wh
en
d
ep
lo
y
in
g
h
o
m
eg
r
o
wn
f
ib
er
(
FTT
H)
n
etwo
r
k
s
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
[
4
1
,
4
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
6
4
5
-
663
648
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
FTT
H
f
o
r
ac
ce
s
s
n
et
wo
r
k
u
s
in
g
PON
I
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
s
h
ar
in
g
o
f
th
e
PON
is
th
e
ex
tr
em
e
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
,
m
ea
n
in
g
th
at
we
m
u
s
t
co
m
b
in
e
th
e
s
ig
n
als
at
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
lev
el
b
ef
o
r
e
t
r
an
s
m
itti
n
g
it
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
f
ib
er
b
y
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
ty
p
e
o
f
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
i
n
th
e
m
id
-
n
i
n
eties
o
f
t
h
e
last
ce
n
tu
r
y
b
y
s
er
v
ice
ac
ce
s
s
n
etwo
r
k
g
r
o
u
p
(
FS
AN)
th
at
cr
ea
ted
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
I
T
U
-
T
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
B
r
o
ad
b
an
d
PON
(
B
PON)
was
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
er
f
ec
t
cr
iter
io
n
k
n
o
w
b
y
I
T
U
-
T
in
2
0
0
1
,
6
2
2
.
0
8
Mb
it/s
in
th
e
b
itra
te
i
n
th
e
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
d
ir
ec
tio
n
an
d
1
2
4
4
.
1
6
MB/s
b
itra
te
in
th
e
d
o
wn
s
tr
ea
m
d
ir
ec
tio
n
with
r
a
d
iu
s
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
0
k
m
an
d
u
p
to
6
4
ONU.
Af
ter
2
0
1
2
it
b
ec
am
e
a
n
ew
g
en
er
atio
n
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
th
e
T
DM
an
d
W
DM
in
a
s
in
g
le
s
y
s
tem
ca
ll
T
W
D
M
wh
ich
allo
w
to
u
s
e
T
DM
o
n
a
m
u
ltip
le
wav
elen
g
th
.
As
th
e
n
ew
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
an
d
s
tan
d
a
r
d
b
ec
o
m
es
g
r
o
w
n
,
n
e
x
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
PONs
with
p
r
ef
er
ab
le
ac
h
ie
v
em
en
t
ar
e
a
n
ticip
ated
.
Sev
er
al
m
eth
o
d
s
h
av
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
s
u
g
g
ested
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
s
m
o
o
th
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
d
ec
is
io
n
s
th
at
ass
ig
n
a
tim
e
in
ter
v
al
f
o
r
ea
c
h
d
o
wn
lin
k
a
n
d
u
p
lin
k
c
h
an
n
els
is
GPO
N
(
as
we
will
d
i
s
ca
u
s
e
d
it
b
r
if
ly
in
th
e
m
eth
o
d
p
ar
t)
we
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
o
wn
lin
k
to
ea
ch
u
s
er
(
tim
e
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
(
T
DM
)
)
an
d
we
u
s
e
f
o
r
u
p
lin
k
f
o
r
ea
ch
u
s
er
(
t
im
e
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
le
ac
ce
s
s
(
T
DM
A)
)
.
T
o
d
ate
T
DM
-
PON
h
as
b
ee
n
t
h
e
o
n
ly
P
ON,
p
atter
n
f
u
lly
co
m
b
i
n
ed
b
y
I
T
U
-
T
,
s
in
ce
th
e
else
p
o
t
en
tial
alr
ea
d
y
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
,
o
p
tim
ized
,
ca
lcu
lated
,
ex
am
in
ed
an
d
will
b
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
[
4
4
-
4
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
FS
AN
ev
o
lu
tio
n
r
o
a
d
m
ap
[
4
7
]
T
h
e
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
FTT
H,
wh
ich
is
ex
p
ec
ted
t
o
o
cc
u
r
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ar
ea
,
is
p
r
o
b
a
b
ly
to
b
e
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
n
o
t
o
n
ly
with
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
u
s
e
o
f
GPON,
VC
SEL
o
r
E
PON
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
b
u
t
also
with
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
u
itab
le
an
d
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
cr
iter
io
n
s
u
c
h
as
NG
-
PON2
an
d
I
T
U
-
T
XGPON
[
4
8
]
.
I
n
f
o
llo
win
g
y
ea
r
s
,
th
e
p
r
e
f
er
ab
le
n
o
m
in
ee
f
o
r
th
e
n
e
x
t
g
en
er
atio
n
NG
-
PON1
r
eso
lu
tio
n
is
XG
-
P
ON.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
m
o
v
e
will
b
e
th
e
NG
-
PON2
r
eso
lu
tio
n
,
wh
o
s
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
d
em
a
n
d
h
as
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
l
y
b
ee
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
d
in
2
0
1
3
b
y
I
T
U
-
T
G.
9
8
9
.
1
.
N
G
-
PON2
s
h
o
u
ld
m
ain
tain
a
to
t
al
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t o
f
at
least 4
0
Gb
it/s
an
d
b
ig
g
er
th
an
1
0
Gb
p
is
o
n
th
e
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
s
id
e,
with
an
u
ltima
te,
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
ac
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
ass
iv
e
f
ib
er
o
f
4
0
k
m
an
d
u
p
to
6
0
k
m
,
u
ltima
tely
u
tili
ze
ex
te
n
s
io
n
ex
ten
t,
an
d
m
o
r
e
th
an
6
4
ONU
ar
e
lin
k
ed
to
s
u
ch
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
NG
-
PON2
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
in
clu
d
e
h
ar
m
o
n
y
with
in
h
e
r
itan
ce
GPON
an
d
XG
-
PON
s
y
s
te
m
s
an
d
with
p
r
esen
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
A
r
ev
iew
o
f imm
ig
r
a
tio
n
o
b
s
ta
cles to
P
ON
-
F
TT
H
a
n
d
its
ev
o
lu
tio
n
a
r
o
u
n
d
th
e
w
o
r
ld
(
Mu
s
t
a
fa
H.
A
li
)
649
ODNs,
wh
ile
p
r
eser
v
in
g
in
v
estme
n
ts
in
th
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
lo
n
g
ter
m
,
s
u
itab
le
with
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ODNs
is
n
o
t
co
m
p
u
ls
o
r
y
,
an
d
th
u
s
p
er
f
ec
tly
cr
ea
to
r
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ca
n
b
e
m
ad
e
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
T
DM
.
I
n
th
e
in
th
e
n
ea
r
f
u
tu
r
e
m
ay
b
e
k
n
o
wn
,
b
y
NG
-
PON3
[
4
9
,
5
0
]
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
ar
ticle
is
to
o
f
f
er
an
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
r
ed
e
p
lo
y
in
g
PON
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
a
v
ast
ar
ea
with
a
g
r
ea
t
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
u
s
er
s
,
with
v
ar
io
u
s
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
s
p
ee
d
s
,
s
er
v
ed
b
y
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
C
O,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
wh
at
ca
n
o
cc
u
r
in
s
o
m
e
b
i
g
cities
wh
ich
is
p
lan
n
in
g
a
n
en
o
r
m
o
u
s
,
s
h
o
w
in
th
e
FTT
H
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
tili
ze
PON.
2.
F
T
T
H
ARO
UND
T
H
E
WO
RL
D
I
n
r
ec
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
th
e
b
r
o
a
d
b
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
is
tr
e
n
d
in
g
g
l
o
b
ally
d
u
o
to
q
u
ic
k
ly
r
aise
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
I
PTV
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
(
SP
).
I
t
was
r
e
p
o
r
ted
th
at
DSL
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
ee
m
to
b
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
its
en
d
,
a
n
d
s
in
ce
f
u
n
cti
o
n
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
d
ata
r
ates
th
at
n
ea
r
1
Gig
ab
it
p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
(
Gb
p
s
)
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
ev
e
n
if
we
u
s
ed
th
e
s
tate
o
f
th
e
ar
t
o
f
XDSL
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
w
e
g
o
with
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
ac
ce
s
s
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
th
at
led
to
th
e
em
er
g
en
ce
o
f
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
n
etwo
r
k
s
n
o
t
o
n
ly
to
b
u
s
in
ess
e
s
b
u
t
to
in
d
iv
id
u
al
h
o
m
es
also
lik
e
h
o
m
e/b
u
s
in
ess
(
FTT
H/B
)
.
FTT
H
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
s
till
co
n
s
titu
te
a
m
in
o
r
ity
,
m
a
k
in
g
u
p
9
%
o
f
2
7
1
m
illi
o
n
o
n
ly
in
a
f
ix
e
d
wir
ed
wo
r
ld
wid
e
.
3
3
%
o
f
ac
tu
al
u
s
er
s
o
f
FTT
H
h
av
e
s
witch
ed
f
r
o
m
ADSL
,
an
d
5
0
%
h
av
e
s
witch
e
d
f
r
o
m
d
ial
-
u
p
an
d
I
SDN.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
ately
,
it
is
n
o
ted
th
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
wo
r
ld
-
wid
e
f
i
b
er
is
n
o
t
lit
b
ec
au
s
e
ab
o
u
t
1
8
%
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
s
u
b
m
ar
in
e
f
ib
er
is
u
s
ed
o
n
ly
an
d
80
-
9
0
%
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
’
s
b
u
ilt
-
u
p
f
ib
er
is
n
o
t
u
tili
ze
d
.
E
v
en
th
at
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
FTT
H
co
n
s
u
m
er
is
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
to
k
ee
p
g
o
in
g
,
i
n
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
2
0
0
6
th
er
e
wer
e
4
6
jo
i
n
t
v
en
t
u
r
es
in
Asi
a,
8
7
jo
i
n
t
v
en
tu
r
es
in
E
u
r
o
p
e,
2
1
3
jo
i
n
t
v
en
tu
r
es
in
th
e
No
r
th
Am
er
ica
an
d
2
4
jo
in
t
v
en
tu
r
es
in
o
th
er
s
co
u
n
tr
y
[
5
1
-
5
3
]
.
B
elo
w
w
e
will
d
i
s
co
v
er
s
o
m
e
co
u
n
tr
y
an
d
h
o
w
th
e
FTT
H
is
g
r
o
win
g
:
2
.
1
.
Af
ric
a
Fib
er
o
p
tic
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
w
ith
h
o
m
es
ar
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
tly
d
e
p
lo
y
ed
in
m
ain
Af
r
ican
cities,
lik
e
th
e
C
ap
e
T
o
wn
ca
p
ital
o
f
,
Har
ar
e
ca
p
it
al
o
f
Z
im
b
a
b
we,
So
u
t
h
Af
r
ic
a,
L
ag
o
s
ca
p
ital
o
f
Nig
er
ia,
Mo
m
b
asa
ca
p
ital
o
f
Ken
y
a,
a
n
d
o
th
er
s
.
B
u
t
p
u
ttin
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies
o
f
th
e
th
ir
d
wo
r
ld
in
th
e
r
ailway
o
f
f
i
b
er
t
o
th
e
h
o
m
e
(
FTT
Hu
t)
,
n
ee
d
a
s
p
ec
ial
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
th
e
Af
r
ican
co
n
tin
en
t.
B
ec
au
s
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
Af
r
ica
y
et
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
b
y
m
in
im
u
m
in
c
o
m
e,
u
n
well
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
a
n
d
s
ca
tter
ed
in
h
ab
ited
s
ettlem
en
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
co
u
n
tr
ies
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
in
c
o
m
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
er
s
o
n
d
u
e
to
in
h
ab
ite
d
d
o
m
e
s
tic
co
m
p
lex
es.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
s
6
an
d
7
s
h
o
ws
illu
s
tr
at
io
n
s
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
ca
s
es
o
f
FTT
H
an
d
FTT
Hu
t
n
etwo
r
k
s
ar
e
est
ab
lis
h
ed
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
PON
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
5
4
-
5
7
]
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
p
ec
ialty
o
f
Af
r
ica,
we
ch
o
s
e
v
er
tical
ca
v
ity
s
u
r
f
ace
-
em
itti
n
g
laser
s
(
VC
SEL
)
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
u
n
iq
u
e
an
d
tr
em
en
d
o
u
s
a
d
v
an
tag
e
s
th
at
ar
e
o
f
g
r
ea
t
in
ter
est
in
t
h
e
r
ec
en
t
p
ast
wh
ich
f
it
o
u
r
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
Hig
h
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
c
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
h
ig
h
d
ata
r
ates,
u
n
lik
e
class
ical
DSL
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
wer
e
ap
p
lied
t
o
t
r
an
s
p
o
r
t t
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
co
n
n
ec
ted
tel
ep
h
o
n
e
[
58
].
2
.
2
.
No
r
t
h Am
er
ica
I
n
2
0
1
1
No
r
th
Am
e
r
ica
h
as
9
.
7
m
illi
o
n
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
,
an
d
i
n
2
0
1
6
th
er
e
a
r
e
ab
o
u
t
1
3
,
4
0
0
,
0
0
0
FTT
H/B
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
a
r
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
b
y
Fib
er
B
r
o
ad
b
a
n
d
As
s
o
ciatio
n
in
No
r
th
Am
er
ica,
o
v
e
r
4
0
0
,
0
0
0
f
ib
e
r
r
o
u
tes
h
as
b
ee
n
d
e
p
lo
y
e
d
in
2
0
1
9
,
m
ea
n
in
g
th
at
a
1
6
%
g
r
o
wth
a
n
d
alm
o
s
t
7
,
5
0
0
,
0
0
0
n
ew
f
ib
er
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
.
No
w
th
ese
h
o
u
s
es
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
th
an
4
6
.
5
m
illi
o
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
5
0
,
0
0
0
h
o
m
es in
2
0
0
2
[
5
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Do
m
esti
c
r
esid
en
ce
in
d
ev
elo
p
ed
c
o
u
n
tr
y
[
5
7
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
6
4
5
-
663
650
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Do
m
esti
c
r
esid
en
ce
in
Af
r
ica
[
5
7
]
2
.
3
.
Unite
d St
a
t
es
I
n
2
0
0
9
th
e
Un
ited
States
o
f
Am
er
ica
s
tep
p
ed
u
p
its
asp
ir
an
t
ag
en
d
a
ca
lled
,
“Co
n
n
ec
tin
g
Am
er
ica:
Natio
n
al
B
r
o
ad
b
an
d
Plan
,
”
to
s
u
p
p
ly
5
0
M
b
it/s
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
an
d
1
0
0
Mb
it/s
d
o
wn
lin
k
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
1
0
0
m
illi
o
n
Am
er
ican
d
o
m
esti
c
an
d
1
Gb
it
/s
to
r
eg
io
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
ities
b
y
2
0
2
0
.
Pr
o
v
id
in
g
Gig
ab
it
ac
ce
s
s
h
as
b
ef
itted
as
an
o
b
jectiv
e,
s
in
ce
2
0
1
3
Go
o
g
le’
s
in
itiativ
es
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
th
e
m
o
m
en
tu
m
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
,
b
ec
a
u
s
e
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
p
r
i
v
ate
s
ec
to
r
o
p
e
r
ato
r
s
an
d
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
a
s
ev
er
al
cities.
At
th
e
f
e
d
er
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
,
th
e
city
m
in
is
tr
y
an
d
th
e
f
ed
er
al
co
m
m
is
s
io
n
s
co
m
m
ittee
h
av
e
d
ec
lar
ed
n
ew
s
ca
le
in
ass
o
ciate
o
f
cities r
o
llo
u
ts
.
[
6
0
,
6
1
]
.
2
.
4
.
Asi
a
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
h
alf
o
f
2
0
0
9
d
o
m
in
ates
th
is
m
ar
k
et
i
n
A
s
ia
with
r
o
u
g
h
ly
ab
o
u
t
7
8
%
o
f
t
h
e
wo
r
ld
’
s
FTT
H
u
s
er
.
W
ith
5
4
.
3
m
illi
o
n
s
u
b
s
cr
i
b
er
s
in
2
0
1
1
.
I
n
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
8
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
APAC
(
Asi
a
-
Pacif
ic
co
u
n
tr
ies),
t
h
er
e
wer
e
4
2
7
.
7
m
illi
o
n
FTT
H/B
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
)
.
Ov
er
all
f
ib
r
e
n
o
w
tak
e
-
u
p
r
ate
7
7
.
6
% h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
2
0
1
7
.
T
h
e
g
to
wth
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
in
2
0
2
3
is
3
5
%,
i
n
an
o
th
e
r
wo
r
d
FTT
H
ca
n
re
ac
h
~5
7
6
m
illi
o
n
s
u
b
s
cr
ip
tio
n
s
.
Gr
o
wth
will
b
e
m
ain
ly
in
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
o
p
u
lated
co
u
n
tr
ies,
lik
e
C
h
in
a
a
n
d
I
n
d
ia
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
L
o
o
k
i
n
g
ah
ea
d
,
th
e
m
ain
f
o
cu
s
ar
ea
s
o
f
th
e
FTT
H
C
o
u
n
cil
Asi
a
-
Pacif
ic
w
ill b
e
b
est p
r
ac
tices,
s
m
ar
t c
itie
s
a
nd
5G
-
a
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
f
i
b
r
e
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
.
Oth
er
c
o
u
n
t
r
ies
s
u
ch
as
,
Sri
L
an
k
a
,
Ph
ilip
p
i
n
es
an
d
T
h
ailan
d
h
av
e
also
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
d
s
tr
o
n
g
g
r
o
wth
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
h
o
m
es
p
ass
ed
b
y
m
o
r
e
th
an
2
5
%.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
er
e
is
co
u
n
ties
th
at
ju
s
t
s
tar
t
n
ew
p
to
ject
to
ca
tch
u
p
th
e
FTT
H
r
ais
lik
e
New
Z
ea
la
n
d
(
NZ
)
th
at
cu
r
r
en
tly
wo
r
k
in
g
o
n
a
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
FTT
H
p
r
o
j
ec
t
ca
lled
u
ltra
-
f
ast
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
(
UFB
)
in
itiativ
e.
W
h
ich
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
en
d
b
y
2
0
1
9
[
62
].
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
APAC
r
an
k
in
g
as a
t D
ec
em
b
er
2
0
1
8
[
6
2
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
A
r
ev
iew
o
f imm
ig
r
a
tio
n
o
b
s
ta
cles to
P
ON
-
F
TT
H
a
n
d
its
ev
o
lu
tio
n
a
r
o
u
n
d
th
e
w
o
r
ld
(
Mu
s
t
a
fa
H.
A
li
)
651
2
.
4
.
1
.
J
a
pa
n
I
n
1
9
8
6
J
ap
an
b
e
g
an
u
s
in
g
o
p
tical
ac
ce
s
s
s
er
v
ices.
I
n
th
e
p
r
e
m
atu
r
e
lev
el
o
f
s
er
v
ices w
e
r
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
b
u
s
in
ess
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
an
d
in
v
o
lv
ed
a
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
r
en
ted
li
n
e.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
FTT
H
s
er
v
ice
w
as
lau
n
ch
ed
in
1
9
9
7
with
th
e
C
AT
V
v
id
e
o
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
er
v
ice.
ADSL
s
er
v
ices
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
d
ev
ilis
h
ly
o
b
tain
a
b
le
s
in
ce
m
id
-
2
0
0
0
.
Sin
ce
th
at
tim
e,
th
e
ADSL
s
er
v
ice
h
as
g
r
o
wn
at
an
u
n
b
eliev
a
b
le
p
ac
e.
I
n
Dec
em
b
e
r
2
0
0
4
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ADSL
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
o
v
er
r
id
es
1
3
m
illi
o
n
.
Sp
ee
d
o
f
ADSL
was
in
it
ially
1
.
5
Mb
p
s
.
T
h
e
ADSL
s
er
v
ice
s
u
p
p
lier
is
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
m
o
r
e
an
d
m
o
r
e
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
ADSL
s
er
v
ices,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le
1
2
Mb
p
s
,
2
4
Mb
p
s
an
d
4
0
M
b
p
s
,
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
o
v
er
th
e
f
in
al
s
e
v
er
al
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
n
o
k
illi
n
g
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
ADSL
with
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
s
er
v
ices
u
n
til
r
ec
en
tly
.
E
v
en
with
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
r
ac
e
f
r
o
m
n
ew
co
m
p
etito
r
s
[
6
3
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
o
p
er
ato
r
s
,
is
lik
ely
to
b
e
a
f
ac
to
r
in
m
ar
k
et
g
r
o
wth
,
in
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
0
7
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
FTT
H
h
as
ex
ce
ed
ed
th
at
with
ADSL
.
As
a
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
,
a
n
ew
s
er
v
ice
with
h
ig
h
er
s
p
ee
d
ADSL
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
u
cc
ess
iv
el
y
ex
ce
s
s
iv
ely
d
ep
lo
y
ed
lately
,
FTT
H
u
s
er
s
tr
ip
led
in
a
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
th
e
m
ar
k
et
wh
ich
th
at
led
to
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
i
n
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
th
at
ex
p
an
d
i
n
g
v
er
y
f
ast,
ex
ce
ed
in
g
2
.
8
m
illi
o
n
in
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
0
5
.
I
n
tu
r
n
led
to
an
ev
en
f
aster
I
n
ter
n
et
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
d
u
ce
b
y
FTT
H.
I
n
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
6
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
is
r
ea
ch
28
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
FTT
H/B
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
ADSL
s
till
p
lay
ed
a
lea
d
in
g
r
o
le
in
th
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
o
f
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
in
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
s
er
v
ices.
I
n
t
h
e
tim
e
th
e
FTT
H
m
ar
k
et
is
s
p
r
ea
d
v
er
y
f
ast.
ADSL
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
h
a
s
d
ec
eler
ated
le
d
to
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
f
r
o
m
ADSL
to
FTT
H,
d
r
iv
in
g
t
o
FTT
H.
B
-
PON
h
as
b
ee
n
co
m
in
g
i
n
with
a
g
r
ea
t
s
ca
le
to
d
is
p
lay
s
in
ce
2
0
0
2
.
I
n
[
6
4
-
6
6
]
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
ese
d
em
an
d
s
an
d
o
th
er
s
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
Gig
ab
it
PON
will
s
atu
r
ate
th
ese
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
Ma
n
y
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
s
h
av
e
p
ar
ticip
ated
th
e
FTT
H
m
ar
k
et.
B
u
t
th
e
m
o
s
t
u
s
ed
ar
e
G
-
PON
f
r
o
m
I
T
U
-
T
an
d
GE
-
PON
f
r
o
m
I
E
E
E
wh
ic
h
th
ey
ar
e
u
s
in
g
E
th
e
r
n
et
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
W
e
ar
e
s
ee
in
g
a
s
h
ar
p
d
ec
li
n
e
in
p
r
ices
f
o
r
m
ed
ia
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
e
x
ch
an
g
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
cts
in
th
e
lo
ca
l
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
b
eh
in
d
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
th
e
n
e
x
t
g
en
er
atio
n
FTT
H
s
y
s
tem
(
GE
-
PON
as)
h
as
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
ee
d
o
f
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
I
P
p
h
o
n
es
an
d
I
P
v
id
eo
s
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
co
n
clu
s
iv
e
f
o
r
FTT
H
co
r
e
s
er
v
ices [
6
7
-
6
9
]
.
2
.
4
.
2
.
K
o
re
a
FTT
H
with
W
DM
-
PON
an
d
E
-
PON
d
if
f
u
s
ed
in
Ko
r
ea
.
Sin
ce
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
0
8
FTT
H
in
f
r
astru
c
tu
r
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
if
f
u
s
ed
with
1
.
2
m
illi
o
n
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
.
On
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
6
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
s
cr
i
b
er
s
r
ea
ch
es
u
p
to
14
,
7
2
6
,
3
9
6
,
u
s
e
r
ea
l
FTT
H/B
s
er
v
ices
[
7
0
,
7
1
]
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
th
e
g
r
o
wth
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
ew
u
s
er
s
f
o
r
ev
er
y
y
ea
r
h
as
b
ee
n
in
ten
s
e.
T
h
is
is
a
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
h
ig
h
co
n
test
b
etwe
en
s
o
m
e
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
,
I
SP
an
d
s
ev
er
al
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
ato
r
s
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
I
SP
is
wo
r
k
in
g
o
n
s
o
m
e
atte
m
p
t
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
o
r
e
b
an
d
wid
t
h
to
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
an
d
n
o
t
to
o
th
er
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
tim
e
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
an
ac
ce
s
s
n
etwo
r
k
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
with
1
0
0
Mb
p
s
an
d
ca
lled
Gi
g
a
W
DM
-
PON.
W
av
elen
g
th
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
(
W
DM
-
PON)
with
co
lo
r
less
f
ab
r
y
p
er
o
t
laser
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
FP
-
L
D)
with
in
jec
tio
n
b
lo
c
k
in
g
in
s
o
m
e
ar
ea
test
s
ites
in
a
n
ew
ap
ar
tm
en
t
with
f
iv
e
h
u
n
d
r
ed
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
e
r
s
in
Yo
n
g
-
i
n
[
7
2
-
7
5
]
.
Ma
k
in
g
a
test
f
o
r
t
wo
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
f
ir
s
tly
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
GW
-
PON
as
an
FTT
H
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
ap
a
r
tm
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
in
ter
n
et,
I
P
-
T
V
an
d
Vo
D
f
o
r
FTT
H
s
er
v
ice
s
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
to
test
its
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
ly
HD
v
id
eo
s
er
v
ices,
s
in
ce
th
e
r
atio
b
etwe
en
th
e
f
lat
an
d
in
h
a
b
itan
ce
in
ten
s
ity
is
v
er
y
b
ig
[
7
6
]
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
,
th
e
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
OL
T
n
o
t
o
n
ly
r
ed
u
ce
s
ca
p
ital
c
o
s
ts
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
ex
p
en
s
e
o
f
in
s
tallin
g
o
p
tical
ca
b
les,
h
o
wev
e
r
,
lead
s
to
Op
er
atio
n
e
x
p
an
s
io
n
s
av
in
g
s
d
u
e
to
r
elo
ca
tio
n
an
d
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
ce
n
tr
al
o
f
f
ices a
n
d
ef
f
icien
t o
p
er
atio
n
[
7
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
FTT
H
Netwo
r
k
d
iag
r
am
u
s
in
g
h
i
g
h
OL
T
ca
p
ac
ity
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t [
77
]
2
.
4
.
3
.
Chin
a
As
th
e
lar
g
est
co
u
n
tr
y
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
,
C
h
in
ese
p
lay
er
s
is
th
e
lead
er
o
f
th
e
m
ar
k
et
f
o
r
th
e
n
e
x
t
d
ec
ad
es.
I
n
2
0
1
5
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
FTT
H/B
u
s
er
h
as
b
ee
n
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
t
r
ast
to
it
s
ea
s
ter
n
co
u
n
tr
ies,
J
ap
an
an
d
So
u
th
Ko
r
ea
,
FTT
H
im
p
r
o
v
es
is
o
v
er
d
u
e,
b
u
t
f
i
x
ed
in
C
h
in
a.
T
o
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
FTT
H
in
C
h
in
a
[
7
8
]
.
As s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
C
h
in
a
Has th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
r
a
n
k
s
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
a
n
d
d
o
m
in
ate
as
th
e
f
ir
s
t
wo
r
ld
wi
d
e
in
th
e
n
ew
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
e
r
b
r
o
a
d
b
an
d
p
e
r
y
ea
r
.
User
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
is
y
et
r
estricte
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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1
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2
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652
(
an
n
u
al
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er
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p
ita
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co
m
e
is
ab
o
u
t
$
2
,
2
4
9
in
2
0
0
7
)
in
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
th
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r
ice
o
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s
s
er
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ices
b
r
o
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d
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b
r
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e
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d
n
u
m
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ld
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On
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o
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t
h
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m
o
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p
ied
tech
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ce
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s
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at
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as
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o
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s
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k
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
is
f
o
r
ca
b
le
ac
ce
s
s
.
FTT
H
is
ju
s
t
s
tar
tin
g
in
C
h
in
a
with
a
m
in
im
u
m
p
e
n
etr
atio
n
,
av
er
a
g
e
o
f
less
th
an
0
.
0
2
%
[
8
0
-
8
3
]
.
Desp
ite
th
is
,
x
DSL
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t c
h
o
ice
in
C
h
in
a,
with
a
m
ar
k
o
f
5
8
.
3
8
%,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
I
t
is
ex
p
ec
ted
th
at
th
e
g
r
o
wth
r
ate
will
b
e
co
n
tin
u
ed
in
t
h
e
n
ex
t
f
ew
y
ea
r
s
.
No
w
th
e
g
r
o
wth
is
1
6
7
%.
I
t
is
p
r
e
d
ictab
le
th
at
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
FTT
H
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
e
r
will
in
cr
ea
s
e
f
aster
as
u
s
u
al.
L
ar
g
e
g
r
ain
th
e
b
an
d
wid
th
ex
h
au
s
tio
n
o
f
ea
ch
FTT
H
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
o
n
ac
ce
s
s
n
etwo
r
k
s
ca
n
lead
to
th
e
ex
h
a
u
s
tio
n
o
f
b
a
n
d
wid
th
o
n
m
etr
o
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
,
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
FTT
H
will
b
e
b
r
illi
an
t.
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
s
an
d
p
o
liti
ca
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
will
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
FTT
H.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
in
2
0
0
8
s
o
m
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
elem
en
t
is
also
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
FTT
H.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
to
s
u
p
p
ly
FTT
H
u
s
er
s
with
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
u
tu
al
with
wir
eless
ac
ce
s
s
.
Su
ch
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
ac
to
r
g
iv
es
th
e
ab
i
lity
to
r
aise
FTT
H
p
en
etr
atio
n
[
8
4
]
.
I
n
a
s
o
p
h
is
ticat
ed
m
etr
o
p
o
li
s
(
lik
e
Sh
an
g
h
ai,
B
eijin
g
)
,
h
i
g
h
lev
el
wir
eless
ac
ce
s
s
n
etwo
r
k
s
will
in
ter
s
ec
t
with
FTT
H
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
ts
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
wir
eless
ac
ce
s
s
ca
n
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
FTT
H,
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
o
f
FTT
H
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
in
a
co
s
t
-
ef
f
icien
t
m
an
n
e
r
.
C
lear
ly
,
th
e
FTT
H
p
en
etr
atio
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
as wir
eless
p
ac
k
ag
e
in
c
r
ea
s
e.
T
h
e
FTT
H
co
n
n
ec
ted
h
o
m
es
m
ar
k
et
g
r
e
w
f
r
o
m
1
1
m
illi
o
n
at
t
h
e
en
d
o
f
2
0
0
6
to
alm
o
s
t
8
6
m
illi
o
n
at
th
e
en
d
o
f
2
0
1
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
10
.
B
r
o
ad
b
a
n
d
s
u
b
s
cr
i
b
er
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
u
m
b
er
an
d
th
e
r
atio
o
f
a
d
o
p
te
d
ac
ce
s
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies [
7
9
]
Fig
u
r
e
11
.
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies o
f
Acc
ess
m
ar
k
in
g
in
C
h
in
a
in
2
0
0
7
[8
3
]
On
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
6
it
r
ea
ch
es
u
p
to
1
5
1
,
3
8
0
,
0
0
0
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
.
I
t
is
ex
em
p
lify
in
g
5
%
o
f
all
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
s
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
an
d
1
4
%
o
f
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
co
n
s
tan
t
b
r
o
a
d
b
an
d
m
ar
k
et,
in
th
e
tim
e
wh
er
e
2
2
%
th
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
GPON
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
.
A
p
r
o
ject
ca
lled
f
ib
er
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
-
C
h
in
a
(
FC
-
C
h
in
a
)
was
lau
n
ch
ed
,
in
wh
ich
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
FTT
H
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
8
t
o
2
0
1
7
m
ay
in
cr
ea
s
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tely
1
5
3
.
7
5
tim
es
an
d
in
2
0
1
7
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
tak
e
5
0
%
Pro
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
m
ar
k
etin
g
[
8
5
]
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
At
2
0
0
7
,
th
e
m
ar
k
etin
g
o
f
FTT
H
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
is
esti
m
ated
at
$
4
3
.
7
3
b
illi
o
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
FTT
H
in
v
estme
n
t
co
s
ts
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
m
ar
k
etin
g
o
f
th
e
FTT
H
s
er
v
ic
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
in
th
e
p
er
io
d
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
8
to
2
0
1
7
(
th
e
p
r
ice
in
d
o
llar
.
)
T
o
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
am
o
n
g
C
h
in
a
an
d
t
h
e
r
em
ain
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
FTT
H,
w
e
f
ir
s
t
m
o
n
ito
r
t
h
e
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
was
in
C
h
in
a
[
8
6
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
ea
ch
y
ea
r
C
h
in
a
h
as
s
at
o
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
ew
u
s
er
s
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
lead
s
to
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
ac
ce
s
s
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t [
86
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2.
Acc
ess
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
in
2
0
1
7
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
p
en
etr
atio
n
r
ate
[
8
5
]
Fig
u
r
e
1
3.
Pen
etr
atio
n
r
ate
o
f
ac
ce
s
s
n
etwo
r
k
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
i
n
2
0
1
7
[
8
6
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
A
r
ev
iew
o
f imm
ig
r
a
tio
n
o
b
s
ta
cles to
P
ON
-
F
TT
H
a
n
d
its
ev
o
lu
tio
n
a
r
o
u
n
d
th
e
w
o
r
ld
(
Mu
s
t
a
fa
H.
A
li
)
653
2
.
4
.
4
.
T
a
iwa
n
T
aiwa
n
'
s
g
r
o
wth
was
2
5
%.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
way
s
to
co
m
b
in
e
wir
eless
n
etwo
r
k
s
with
f
ib
er
-
b
ased
ac
ce
s
s
.
)
.
I
t
is
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
m
u
ltip
o
in
t
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
m
ax
im
u
m
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
r
ate
o
f
1
.
2
5
Gb
it/s
in
th
e
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
d
ir
ec
tio
n
an
d
2
.
5
Gb
it /s
in
th
e
d
o
wn
s
tr
ea
m
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
s
h
ar
ed
b
y
a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
f
6
4
u
s
er
s
(
I
T
U,
2
0
0
8
b
)
[
87
].
An
d
in
s
o
u
th
west
Asi
a
co
u
n
tr
ies
li
k
e
UAE
Has
a
1
.
5
2
m
illi
o
n
FTT
H/B
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
.
T
h
e
m
ain
p
la
y
er
s
ar
e
im
p
licat
ed
in
FTT
H/B
m
ar
k
et,
with
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
m
ar
k
et
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
8
7
%
with
a
n
atio
n
al
,
co
n
ce
alm
en
t
o
p
er
ato
r
s
h
av
e
a
f
in
is
h
1
0
0
%
f
ib
er
o
p
tic
n
etwo
r
k
)
led
to
tak
e
u
p
r
ate
(
s
u
b
s
/HP)
is
8
8
,
8
%,
wh
ic
h
em
p
h
asize
th
e
lar
g
e
m
er
ch
a
n
t
ac
co
m
m
o
d
atio
n
o
f
FTT
H.
W
h
ile
in
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia
Has
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
6
8
4
K
FTT
H/B
u
s
er
th
eir
m
er
c
h
an
d
is
e
d
y
n
a
m
is
m
ce
r
tain
f
o
r
ea
ch
y
ea
r
with
3
.
9
%
u
s
er
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
b
etwe
en
Sep
t
2
0
1
5
an
d
Sep
t
2
0
1
6
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
Qata
r
Has
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
m
er
ch
an
d
is
e
with
2
7
9
K
FTT
H
/B
u
s
er
,
th
e
in
h
ab
itan
t
FTT
H
c
o
v
er
ag
e:
s
p
r
ea
d
in
2
0
1
4
A
af
f
i
r
m
ativ
e
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
s
er
s
with
1
3
%
s
ep
2
0
1
5
-
2
0
1
6
a
n
d
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
m
es
p
ass
ed
+9
%
-
Sep
2
0
1
5
-
2
0
1
6
th
ey
p
er
s
u
asio
n
its
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
to
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
t
o
FTT
H.
2
.
4
.
5
.
I
ra
q
On
e
o
f
th
e
FTT
H
p
r
o
jects
in
I
r
aq
f
o
r
is
Al
-
Gh
ad
FTT
H
n
e
two
r
k
b
ased
o
n
GPON
ar
ch
it
ec
tu
r
e
th
at
r
ep
r
esen
t
as
a
p
r
o
ject
o
f
I
r
aq
i
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
an
d
th
e
p
o
s
tal
co
m
p
an
y
(
I
T
PC
)
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
p
r
esen
t
f
ib
er
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
C
O,
an
d
PDN
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
8
8
]
.
T
h
e
C
O
ca
n
s
er
v
e
6
0
0
0
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
b
y
d
e
p
lo
y
in
g
two
OL
T
s
lo
ca
ted
o
n
a
to
tal
ar
ea
o
f
ab
o
u
t
3
2
k
m
2
with
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
at
least
1
1
5
,
0
0
0
lin
es
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
T
h
is
n
etwo
r
k
h
as
two
ty
p
es
o
f
s
er
v
ice
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
v
o
ice
s
er
v
ice
(
Vo
I
P)
an
d
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
in
ter
n
et
(
HSI
)
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
two
ty
p
es o
f
to
p
o
lo
g
ies wh
ich
th
ey
ar
e:
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
th
e
r
in
g
to
p
o
lo
g
y
u
s
ed
to
d
ep
l
o
y
a
p
a
s
s
iv
e
FTT
H
n
etwo
r
k
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
p
r
o
tectio
n
f
o
r
an
ODN.
His
jo
b
is
u
s
ed
a
s
f
ee
d
er
ca
b
les
wh
ich
co
n
n
ec
t
f
ib
er
ter
m
in
als
(
FDT)
to
th
e
C
O
b
y
s
p
litt
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
2
:4
lev
els
[
8
9
]
.
Star
to
p
o
lo
g
y
u
s
ed
t
o
co
n
n
ec
t
s
ev
er
al
f
ib
er
allo
ca
tio
n
te
r
m
i
n
al
(
FAT)
to
ev
er
y
FDT
b
y
s
p
litt
in
g
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
lev
el
1
:1
6
to
h
av
e
a
s
p
a
r
e
ca
p
ac
ity
b
y
2
0
% to
m
ee
t f
u
tu
r
e
n
ee
d
s
[
9
0
,
9
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
Pen
etr
atio
n
r
ate
o
f
ac
ce
s
s
n
etwo
r
k
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
2
0
1
7
[
9
1
]
2
.
5
.
E
uro
pe
I
n
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
6
,
n
ea
r
ly
1
4
8
m
illi
o
n
FTT
H/B
h
o
m
es
p
as
s
ed
in
E
U3
9
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
4
4
.
3
m
illi
o
n
FTT
H/B
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
en
d
u
s
e
r
s
ar
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
to
FTT
H
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
B
u
t
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
FTT
H/B
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
is
n
o
t
o
r
g
a
n
ized
u
n
til
n
o
w
an
d
s
o
,
th
er
e
is
y
et
a
g
r
ea
t
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
with
o
p
er
ato
r
s
.
Acq
u
ir
in
g
t
o
in
all
E
U2
8
co
u
n
tr
ies
'
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
th
e
lo
ca
l
a
u
th
o
r
ities
an
d
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
ts
ar
e
en
ter
in
g
t
o
o
b
tain
d
ig
ital
ag
en
d
a
(
DAE
)
DAE
s
ets
E
u
r
o
p
e’
s
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
tar
g
ets:
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
,
u
r
b
an
,
s
u
b
u
r
b
an
o
r
v
illag
e
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
h
av
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
d
is
p
lay
in
g
a
d
o
wn
lo
a
d
,
with
s
p
ee
d
o
f
at
least
1
0
0
Mb
p
s
,
f
o
r
5
0
%
o
f
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
s
an
d
3
0
Mb
p
s
f
o
r
all
at
least.
W
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
to
1
Gb
p
s
b
y
2
0
2
0
to
k
ee
p
u
p
with
a
p
ea
k
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
r
a
te
in
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t f
o
r
a
g
r
o
win
g
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
B
u
t sti
ll T
h
ese
ap
p
ea
r
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
v
e
r
y
h
u
m
b
le
g
o
al
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
e
x
is
tin
g
,
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies,
an
d
t
h
e
r
u
n
n
in
g
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
Gig
ab
it
co
m
p
etitio
n
[
9
2
]
.
T
h
e
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n
q
u
est
o
f
all
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d
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SDH)
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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6
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4
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654
telec
o
m
m
u
n
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o
p
er
ato
r
.
T
h
e
Natio
n
al
R
esear
ch
an
d
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Netwo
r
k
(
NR
E
N)
s
u
p
p
ly
a
lin
k
f
o
r
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
r
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ch
co
m
m
u
n
ity
in
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
E
u
r
o
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ea
n
co
u
n
tr
y
.
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s
tly
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th
e
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u
n
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ies
o
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ea
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ter
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ce
n
tr
al
E
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r
o
p
e
,
wh
e
n
it
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m
e
to
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r
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id
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g
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m
m
u
n
i
ca
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n
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tis
t
s
,
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e
s
itu
atio
n
wit
h
g
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ee
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f
ield
s
was
d
is
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v
er
ed
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
at
th
at
tim
e,
th
e
n
atio
n
al
telec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
s
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
r
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n
n
er
d
id
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
n
in
f
r
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ctu
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e
t
h
at
co
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
ex
p
a
n
d
ed
s
er
v
ices
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ec
ess
ar
y
b
y
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
T
h
u
s
,
NR
E
N
b
eg
an
to
o
b
tain
d
ar
k
f
ib
er
an
d
lig
h
t
it
th
em
s
elv
es
Ov
er
wh
elm
in
g
ly
,
1
o
r
1
0
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ab
it
E
th
er
n
et
was a
p
p
lied
to
wo
r
k
im
m
e
d
iately
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v
er
f
ib
e
r
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m
u
ch
lik
e
a
lo
ca
l
ar
e
a
n
etwo
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k
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n
ce
alin
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th
e
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o
le
co
u
n
tr
y
.
T
o
m
ain
tain
lo
w
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s
ts
,
n
o
t
th
e
SDH
f
r
am
in
g
o
r
l
in
ea
r
am
p
lific
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was
ap
p
lied
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
u
ch
as
1
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p
s
E
th
er
n
et
tr
an
s
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is
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io
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o
v
er
3
0
0
k
m
with
o
u
t
i
n
teg
r
ated
am
p
lifie
r
s
wer
e
co
m
p
leted
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
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m
o
s
t o
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th
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3
0
+
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E
Ns in
E
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r
o
p
e
u
s
e
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e
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tic
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ac
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h
ese
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atio
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tic
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ac
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ar
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co
n
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g
h
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ANT
2
,
R
esear
ch
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n
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u
cted
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th
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ea
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y
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aim
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t
im
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r
o
v
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g
th
e
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er
v
ices
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r
o
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id
ed
.
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h
e
f
lag
s
h
ip
p
r
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ject
GE
ANT
is
ac
tu
ally
th
e
s
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en
th
g
e
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er
atio
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o
f
co
llab
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r
ativ
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c
h
n
etw
o
r
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ac
r
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s
s
E
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r
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AN
T
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was
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tan
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iles
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e
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lik
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ice
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t
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r
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e.
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r
r
en
tly
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ANT
2
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
m
ar
k
s
an
o
th
e
r
m
iles
to
n
e
b
ec
au
s
e
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is
lar
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el
y
estab
lis
h
ed
o
n
th
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d
ar
k
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ib
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f
r
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at
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d
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e
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er
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ices
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o
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ity
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n
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o
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W
h
ich
also
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r
o
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ter
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atio
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n
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ec
tiv
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2
u
s
es
th
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f
r
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g
SDH
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d
DW
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y
s
tem
an
d
f
o
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tr
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s
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is
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io
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ile
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ter
f
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et
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ailab
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f
o
r
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to
co
n
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ec
t.
Sin
ce
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c
h
o
f
th
e
NR
E
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h
as
p
r
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ailed
its
o
wn
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r
o
a
d
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t
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h
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o
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ter
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d
o
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ain
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m
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ad
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atio
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s
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ch
a
d
i
v
er
s
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
[
9
4
].
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
cien
tifi
c
co
m
m
u
n
ity
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awa
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p
r
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co
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iv
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er
v
ices.
T
h
e
L
ar
d
Had
r
o
n
C
o
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E
R
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Gen
ev
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ately
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ith
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n
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p
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w
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tic
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t
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o
d
u
s
e
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em
er
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in
g
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o
n
o
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ies
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f
o
r
e
x
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n
th
e
B
alk
an
s
)
to
allo
w
th
em
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m
p
th
r
o
u
g
h
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ter
m
e
d
iate
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
an
d
d
ir
ec
tly
d
if
f
u
s
e
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
a
Gig
ab
it
n
etwo
r
k
[
9
5
]
.
0
.
5
2
m
illi
o
n
in
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aster
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d
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r
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e
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illi
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n
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r
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e
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n
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t
o
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en
tio
n
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o
m
e
s
m
all
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Slo
v
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as
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n
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p
r
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p
r
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n
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n
s
a
p
r
o
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ax
itly
8
1
3
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1
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o
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s
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ld
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in
2
0
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6
a
s
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Fig
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e
1
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[
96
]
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2
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5
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1
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Sin
ce
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t
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atin
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ican
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m
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e
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s
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h
u
s
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ec
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s
e
p
r
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r
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e
o
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tical
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s
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tio
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estab
lis
h
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o
n
m
in
im
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m
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n
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tical
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b
le
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o
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tic
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tte
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f
ly
(
NT
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s
p
ec
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s
)
tu
r
n
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t
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th
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e
o
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th
e
lis
ted
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ai
n
r
ea
s
o
n
s
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s
u
ch
as,
ec
o
n
o
m
ical,
o
p
e
n
s
o
lu
tio
n
with
m
an
y
s
u
p
p
lier
s
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
in
s
tallatio
n
.
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h
e
d
ec
is
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n
is
m
a
d
e
b
y
m
an
y
telec
o
m
o
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ato
r
s
in
B
r
az
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Ur
u
g
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a
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h
ile
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o
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ch
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o
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wid
ely
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s
ed
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th
e
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ar
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wh
ich
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s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
p
r
ice
o
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tio
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ig
n
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ican
tly
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r
o
p
in
th
e
n
ea
r
f
u
t
u
r
e.
I
n
s
ev
er
al
co
u
n
tr
ies,
s
u
ch
as
C
h
ile,
B
o
liv
ia,
an
d
Ar
g
en
tin
a,
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
h
as
estab
lis
h
ed
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
o
p
e
r
atio
n
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
to
th
e
p
o
o
r
est
p
e
o
p
le
th
ese
s
er
v
i
ce
s
.
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
co
o
p
er
ativ
es
h
av
e
also
s
elec
ted
th
e
FTT
H
n
etwo
r
k
i
n
s
tate
o
f
wir
eless
,
d
u
e
to
f
u
tu
r
e
d
em
an
d
.
I
n
L
atin
Am
e
r
ica
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
-
FT
T
B
-
1
3
%
an
d
FTT
H
with
8
7
%.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
ep
ar
ated
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
PON
with
8
7
%
an
d
p
o
in
t
-
to
-
p
o
in
t
E
th
er
n
et
is
o
n
ly
1
3
%.
E
PON
was
s
elec
ted
b
y
I
n
cu
m
b
en
ts
an
d
GPON.
I
n
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
1
s
m
all
co
u
n
tr
y
lik
e
Ar
g
en
tin
a
h
as
5
.
5
m
illi
o
n
u
s
er
s
,
co
llectin
g
ab
o
u
t
4
m
illi
o
n
h
o
m
es
an
d
Me
x
ico
2
4
6
th
o
u
s
an
d
FTT
H/B
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
.
W
ith
b
r
ea
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
av
er
ag
e
is
1
8
.
1
%
an
d
f
in
ally
th
e
Ur
u
g
u
ay
a
n
d
C
o
lo
m
b
ia,
w
h
ich
th
eir
Pro
ject
is
r
ea
ch
in
g
u
p
4
9
K
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
an
d
6
4
th
o
u
s
an
d
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
e
r
s
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
[
9
8
,
9
9
]
.
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