T
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L
KO
M
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ol
.
1
7
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No.
5
,
O
c
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201
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, p
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2
61
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10.12928/TE
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c
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PE
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re
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Copy
righ
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©
2
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1
9
Uni
v
e
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t
a
s
Ahm
a
d
D
a
hl
a
n.
All
rig
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s
r
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s
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rve
d
.
1.
Int
r
o
d
u
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Rene
wab
l
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en
erg
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pl
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s
a
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nv
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prob
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ga
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al
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o
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s
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t
he
c
on
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um
pti
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ns
of
f
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s
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s
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F
ue
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(
F
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s
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ex
am
pl
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of
r
e
ne
w
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bl
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erg
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tec
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no
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ge
ne
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at
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o
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th
at
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s
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d
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tai
na
b
l
e
pr
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uc
ti
on
s
of
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l
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tr
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c
a
l
en
erg
y
.
F
ue
l
c
el
l
g
en
erates
el
ec
tr
i
c
i
t
y
b
y
c
on
v
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n
g
c
he
m
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erg
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tored
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tl
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nto
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ne
r
g
y
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u
el
c
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s
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m
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na
t
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po
l
l
uti
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urni
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os
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l
s
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s
e
th
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pro
du
c
ts
are
on
l
y
e
l
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tr
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c
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y
an
d
w
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ter.
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of
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n
b
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l
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tr
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t
y
s
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c
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el
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m
i
na
tes
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ou
s
e
g
as
es
.
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nc
e
h
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d
r
og
en
c
an
be
produc
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d
a
n
y
wh
ere
w
he
r
e
the
r
e
i
s
wate
r
an
d
el
ec
tr
i
c
i
t
y
,
prod
uc
ti
o
n
of
p
ote
n
ti
a
l
f
ue
l
c
an
be
di
s
tr
i
b
ute
d.
Ins
t
al
l
at
i
on
of
s
m
al
l
er
s
ta
ti
o
na
r
y
f
ue
l
c
el
l
s
l
ea
ds
to
a
m
ore
s
tab
i
l
i
z
ed
an
d
de
c
en
tr
a
l
i
z
e
d
p
o
w
er
gr
i
d.
F
ue
l
c
e
l
l
s
ha
v
e
a
hi
gh
er
e
ff
i
c
i
en
c
y
t
ha
n
di
es
el
or
g
a
s
en
gi
ne
s
a
nd
m
o
s
t
f
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l
c
el
l
s
op
erate
s
i
l
en
tl
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t
h
n
o
m
ov
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n
g
p
art
s
[1]
,
c
om
pa
r
ed
t
o
i
nte
r
n
al
c
om
bu
s
ti
on
en
g
i
ne
s
.
T
he
r
e
are
4
t
y
p
e
s
of
f
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l
c
el
l
s
i
n
de
v
e
l
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m
en
t,
w
h
i
c
h
are
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s
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d
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(
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,
P
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ot
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x
c
ha
n
ge
Me
m
brane
F
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Cel
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(
P
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te
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arbon
ate
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(
MCFC
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d
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(
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H
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w
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v
er,
P
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C
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s
on
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of
the
m
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t
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s
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F
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wi
th
l
o
w
op
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ati
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t
em
pe
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r
e.
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n
g
as
es
(
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an
d
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n
f
r
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ai
r
are
ne
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a
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np
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c
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us
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r
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orm
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[3]
an
d
al
s
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f
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m
the
el
ec
tr
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s
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s
proc
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s
.
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r
ef
or
m
er,
a
c
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l
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i
s
ne
ed
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o
c
on
tr
o
l
th
e
h
y
droge
n
an
d
al
s
o
the
ox
y
ge
n
g
as
es
f
l
o
w
r
ate
s
b
e
f
ore
en
teri
n
g
the
P
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MFC
s
t
ac
k
.
P
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MFC
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t
pu
t
v
ol
t
ag
e
i
s
us
ua
l
l
y
t
ak
es
s
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eral
pe
r
i
od
s
of
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m
e
to
r
ea
c
h
a
s
tea
d
y
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s
ta
te
l
e
v
el
[4]
du
e
to
th
e
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nte
r
n
al
r
e
ac
ti
o
n
i
ns
i
de
P
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MFC
an
d
al
s
o
d
ue
to
s
l
ug
gi
s
h
pe
r
f
or
m
an
c
e i
n h
y
dro
ge
n ref
or
m
er
.
A
pr
op
er
c
on
tr
o
l
i
n
r
ef
orm
er
w
i
l
l
m
i
ni
m
i
z
e
th
e
t
i
m
e
tak
en
f
or
t
he
v
ol
t
ag
e
t
o
r
ea
c
h
the
s
t
ea
d
y
-
s
tat
e
c
on
di
t
i
on
.
B
ec
a
us
e
of
tha
t
,
t
he
P
I,
P
ID
an
d
P
I
-
F
u
z
z
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c
o
ntrol
l
er
are
us
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to
c
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nte
r
th
e
prob
l
em
s
.
Howev
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the
c
on
tr
ol
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l
i
m
i
tat
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on
ne
e
ds
to
be
c
o
ns
i
de
r
ed
.
F
or
P
I
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
1
7
,
No
.
5
,
O
c
tob
er
20
19
:
261
7
-
26
2
4
2618
c
on
tr
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of
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nc
r
ea
s
e
an
d
un
ab
l
e
t
o
pre
di
c
t
t
he
err
or
i
n
f
utu
r
e
[5]
.
Res
ea
r
c
h
i
n
[6
,
7]
s
ho
w t
ha
t b
y
i
m
pl
em
en
ti
ng
P
I
c
on
tr
o
l
l
er
f
or P
E
MFC
r
ef
orm
er, i
t
wi
l
l
r
es
u
l
te
d
i
n
s
l
o
w
r
es
p
on
s
e
of
the
ou
t
pu
t
v
o
l
ta
ge
.
F
or
P
ID
c
o
nt
r
ol
l
er,
w
h
en
us
ed
a
l
on
e,
c
an
g
i
v
e
p
oo
r
pe
r
f
or
m
an
c
e
an
d
th
e
P
I
D
l
oo
p
ga
i
ns
m
us
t
be
r
ed
uc
ed
s
o
tha
t
the
c
o
ntro
l
s
y
s
tem
do
es
no
t
ov
ers
ho
ot,
os
c
i
l
l
a
te
or
hu
nt
ab
ou
t
th
e
c
o
ntrol
s
et
po
i
n
t
v
al
u
e
[8]
.
In
[
9],
op
t
i
m
al
P
I
D
c
on
tr
o
l
l
er
i
s
us
ed
i
n
c
on
tr
ol
l
i
ng
th
e
f
u
el
f
l
ow
s
f
or
P
E
MFC,
h
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
the
s
l
o
w
r
es
po
ns
e
at
e
v
er
y
c
ha
n
ge
s
of
l
oa
d
c
urr
en
t
s
ti
l
l
be
th
e
m
ai
n
probl
em
at
the
h
y
drog
en
an
d
ox
y
g
en
pres
s
ures
i
ns
i
d
e
the
f
ue
l
c
el
l
.
Due
to
tha
t
r
ea
s
on
,
r
es
ea
r
c
he
r
s
i
n
[1
0,
11
]
de
v
e
l
o
p
a
r
ef
orm
er
c
on
tr
ol
l
e
d
b
y
f
u
z
z
y
c
on
tr
o
l
l
er.
Ho
w
e
v
er,
r
es
ul
ts
s
ho
w
tha
t
the
F
C
s
y
s
tem
ta
k
es
a
l
i
ttl
e
bi
t
of
ti
m
e
to
r
ea
c
h
l
oa
d
de
m
an
d
l
e
v
el
an
d
th
i
s
de
l
a
y
i
n
l
o
ad
f
ol
l
o
wi
ng
i
s
m
ai
nl
y
c
au
s
ed
b
y
the
r
ef
orm
er
du
e
to
g
as
proc
es
s
i
ng
r
es
po
ns
e
i
ns
i
de
t
he
r
ef
orm
er
.
T
he
s
l
o
w
r
es
po
ns
e
probl
em
c
an
be
s
ol
v
ed
b
y
i
m
pl
em
en
ti
ng
i
nte
l
l
i
g
en
t
c
o
ntro
l
l
er
whi
c
h
i
s
the
P
I
-
F
u
z
z
y
c
on
tr
ol
l
er
t
o
au
tom
ati
c
al
l
y
f
i
ne
-
t
un
e
the
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
of
a
c
on
v
en
t
i
o
na
l
P
I
c
on
tr
o
l
l
e
r
.
P
I
-
F
u
z
z
y
c
on
tr
ol
l
er
c
an
i
m
prov
e
the
V
-
I
pe
r
f
orm
an
c
e,
m
ai
nta
i
n
a
c
on
s
tan
t
ou
t
pu
t
v
o
l
ta
ge
an
d
err
or
b
ec
om
e
s
m
a
l
l
i
n
or
de
r
to
a
v
oi
d
t
he
di
f
f
i
c
ul
t
y
c
au
s
ed
b
y
th
at
a
l
arge
nu
m
be
r
of
v
aria
b
l
es
af
f
ec
t
the
pe
r
f
or
m
an
c
e
of
t
he
P
E
MFC
s
y
s
t
em
[12
].
T
hi
s
proj
ec
t
w
i
l
l
c
o
m
pa
r
e
thre
e
di
f
f
erent
t
y
pe
s
of
c
o
ntrol
l
ers
us
ed
i
n
r
ef
or
m
er
w
h
i
c
h
are
t
he
P
I,
P
I
D
an
d
a
l
s
o
PI
-
F
u
z
z
y
i
n o
r
d
e
r
to
ge
t t
he
be
s
t o
utp
u
t v
ol
t
ag
e
pe
r
f
orm
an
c
es
o
f
th
e P
E
MFC
.
2.
R
es
e
ar
ch
M
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
2.1.
P
r
o
t
o
n
E
xc
h
ang
e M
e
mb
r
ane Fu
e
l Cel
l (P
E
M
F
C
)
M
o
d
ell
ing
T
he
l
os
s
es
i
n
the
f
ue
l
c
el
l
s
are
i
de
nti
f
i
e
d
wi
t
h
the
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e
o
utp
u
t
po
wer
.
In
the
ev
en
t
tha
t
m
ore
pres
e
nt
i
s
dra
wn
f
r
o
m
a
c
el
l
,
t
he
l
os
s
es
wi
l
l
i
nc
r
em
en
t.
T
he
ge
nu
i
ne
ou
tpu
t
v
o
l
t
ag
e
of
an
en
erg
y
c
om
po
ne
nt
i
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
d
i
f
f
erent
o
v
er
v
ol
t
ag
e
l
os
s
es
,
to
b
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
,
na
m
el
y
,
ac
ti
v
ati
on
l
os
s
es
d
ue
t
o
r
ea
c
ti
on
k
i
ne
ti
c
s
(
V
a
ct
)
,
o
hm
i
c
l
os
s
es
f
r
o
m
i
on
i
c
a
nd
e
l
ec
tr
on
i
c
r
es
i
s
tan
c
e
(
V
oh
m
)
a
nd
c
on
c
en
tr
at
i
on
l
os
s
es
du
e
to
m
as
s
tr
an
s
po
r
t
(
V
c
on
)
.
T
he
o
ut
pu
t
v
o
l
ta
ge
of
a
c
el
l
c
a
n b
e
c
ha
r
ac
teri
z
e
d a
s
[4
,
13
]
:
V
fuelcell
=
V
nernst
–
V
act
–
V
oh
m
–
V
con
(
1)
t
he
o
utp
ut
c
el
l
v
o
l
tag
e i
s
gi
v
en
b
y
[3
]
:
V
out
=N
0
(E
-
V
act
-
V
C
-
V
oh
m
)
(
2)
where,
th
e
V
out
i
s
the
o
utp
u
t
f
ue
l
c
el
l
v
o
l
ta
ge
,
E
i
s
th
e
Ner
ns
t
e
qu
a
ti
o
n,
V
act
i
s
th
e
ac
ti
v
ati
on
l
os
s
,
Vc
i
s
the
v
ol
t
ag
e
ac
r
os
s
C
(
do
ub
l
e
-
l
a
y
er
c
ha
r
ge
ef
f
ec
t)
,
V
ohm
i
s
the
o
hm
l
os
s
an
d
N
0
i
s
the
n
um
be
r
of
c
el
l
s
. T
he
c
orr
es
po
nd
i
ng
N
erns
t g
i
v
en
b
y
[8]
:
=
(
1
.
229
+
0
.
0085
(
−
298
.
15
)
+
4
.
31
×
1
0
−
5
[
2
√
2
2
]
)
(
3)
where,
P
H2
i
s
the
pa
r
t
i
al
pr
es
s
ure
of
h
y
dro
ge
n
,
P
O2
i
s
the
p
arti
a
l
pres
s
ure
of
ox
y
g
en
an
d
P
H2O
is
the
pa
r
t
i
al
pres
s
ure
of
w
at
er.
T
he
f
ue
l
c
el
l
s
o
utp
ut
v
ol
ta
ge
i
s
r
e
du
c
e
d
b
y
v
ario
us
o
v
er
v
o
l
ta
ge
l
os
s
es
,
na
m
el
y
,
ac
ti
v
at
i
on
l
os
s
es
du
e
t
o
r
ea
c
t
i
on
k
i
n
eti
c
s
(
V
act
)
,
o
hm
i
c
l
os
s
es
fr
om
i
on
i
c
an
d
el
ec
tr
on
i
c
r
es
i
s
ta
n
c
e
(
V
o
hm
)
an
d
c
o
nc
en
tr
a
ti
o
n
l
os
s
es
du
e
t
o
m
as
s
tr
a
ns
po
r
t
(
V
con
c
)
.
T
he
c
on
c
en
tr
at
i
o
n
l
os
s
i
s
n
ot
c
on
s
i
de
r
e
d
be
c
au
s
e
th
e
eq
u
i
v
al
e
nt
c
on
c
en
tr
a
ti
on
r
e
s
i
s
tan
c
e,
R
conc
i
s
i
nc
l
ud
e
d i
n t
h
e
Vc
eq
u
ati
on
as
s
ho
w
i
n (4)
[6]
:
=
−
(
+
)
(
4)
t
he
c
on
c
e
ntrat
i
on
r
es
i
s
tan
c
e c
an
b
e e
x
p
l
a
i
n a
s
(
5)
[
6]:
=
−
(
1
−
)
(
5)
where
F
i
s
the
F
arad
a
y
c
on
s
tan
t
(
9
64
8
7C)
,
R
i
s
the
un
i
v
ers
al
c
on
s
ta
nt
f
or
g
as
(
8.3
14
J
/
K
m
ol
)
,
T
i
s
the
th
e
op
erat
i
on
al
t
em
pe
r
atu
r
e
(
3
43
.
15
K
)
,
z
i
s
the
nu
m
be
r
of
pa
r
ti
c
i
p
ati
ng
el
ec
tr
on
s
a
nd
2
el
ec
tr
o
ns
are
de
v
el
op
e
d
f
r
o
m
the
h
y
dr
og
e
n
r
ea
c
ti
on
at
th
e
an
od
e
i
n
th
i
s
r
ea
c
ti
on
.
C
r
ep
r
es
en
ts
t
he
c
ap
ac
i
tan
c
e
of
do
ub
l
e
l
a
y
er
c
ha
r
ge
ef
f
ec
t
w
i
th
the
v
al
ue
of
4.
8F.
T
he
ac
ti
v
at
i
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
◼
P
erfor
m
an
c
e c
o
mp
ar
i
s
on
o
f P
E
MFC
h
y
droge
n refor
me
r
wi
th
di
ff
erent
...
(
Nor
A
i
r
a
Zambri
)
2619
l
os
s
i
s
brough
t
ab
o
ut
b
y
the
grad
ua
l
ne
s
s
of
the
r
es
po
ns
es
oc
c
urr
i
ng
on
t
he
s
urf
ac
es
o
f
the
a
no
d
es
an
d c
an
be
c
o
m
m
un
i
c
ate
d b
y
[
6],
=
+
(
−
298
)
(
6)
where,
η
o
i
s
the
em
pi
r
i
c
al
c
o
ns
tan
t
wi
th
0.
41
9
7V
an
d
ɑ
i
s
th
e
em
pi
r
i
c
al
c
on
s
tan
ts
wi
t
h
-
0
.13
7
3
(
V
/
K
)
.
T
he
oh
m
i
c
l
os
s
i
s
the
v
ol
t
ag
e
drop
be
c
au
s
e
of
the
i
m
pe
r
v
i
ou
s
n
es
s
to
the
s
tr
ea
m
of
el
ec
tr
on
s
thro
ug
h
c
at
h
od
es
f
urtherm
ore
the
i
m
p
erv
i
ou
s
ne
s
s
to
t
he
pro
ton
m
ov
e
thr
o
ug
h
el
ec
tr
o
l
y
t
es
. T
he
Lo
s
s
es
of
th
e f
ue
l
c
el
l
are c
o
ns
i
s
ten
t i
n t
h
i
s
area
an
d
c
an
b
e d
ep
i
c
ted
b
y
[9
]:
ℎ
=
ℎ
(
7)
R
oh
m
i
s
t
he
eq
u
i
v
al
en
t
oh
m
i
c
r
es
i
s
tan
c
e
m
ea
s
ured
i
n
Ω
⋅
cm
2
[14
]
an
d
as
a
f
un
c
ti
on
of
c
urr
en
t
an
d
the
t
em
pe
r
atu
r
e e
x
pres
s
i
n
g
b
y
[
6]
:
ℎ
=
0
.
01605
−
3
.
5
×
1
0
−
5
+
8
×
1
0
−
5
(
8)
F
ue
l
c
e
l
l
s
ne
ed
ox
y
g
en
a
n
d
h
y
dr
og
e
n
ga
s
es
to
c
r
ea
t
e
el
ec
tr
i
c
i
t
y
.
O
x
y
g
en
n
ee
d
ed
f
or
f
ue
l
c
el
l
s
ac
q
ui
r
e
d
f
r
om
the
a
i
r
,
whi
c
h
are
en
tered
to
the
c
ath
od
e
.
H
y
dro
ge
n
g
a
s
i
s
n
ot
r
e
ad
i
l
y
av
a
i
l
ab
l
e
be
c
a
us
e
i
t
ne
e
ds
to
be
proc
es
s
ed
pri
or
t
o
ob
ta
i
n
pu
r
e
h
y
dro
ge
n
g
as
.
Ho
wev
er,
t
hi
s
probl
em
c
an
be
s
ol
v
ed
b
y
u
s
i
ng
a
de
v
i
c
e
c
al
l
ed
a
h
y
dr
og
e
n
r
ef
or
m
er
un
i
t.
Unf
ortuna
te
l
y
,
the
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
of
f
ue
l
c
el
l
s
wi
l
l
al
s
o
be
r
ed
uc
e
d
w
he
n
c
on
ne
c
ted
t
o
hi
gh
l
oa
d.
T
he
h
y
drog
en
r
ef
or
m
er
un
i
t
m
od
el
[6,
9]
i
s
bu
i
l
t
an
d
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
ure
1
tog
e
the
r
w
i
th
the
P
E
M
F
C
m
od
el
b
y
c
on
s
um
i
ng
(
1)
-
(
8)
b
y
us
i
n
g
MA
T
LA
B
/S
i
m
ul
i
nk
s
of
tw
are.
F
i
g
ure
1
s
ho
w
s
tha
t
r
ef
or
m
er
w
i
l
l
c
on
v
ert
f
ue
l
w
hi
c
h
i
s
m
eth
an
e
d
i
r
ec
tl
y
i
nto
h
y
dr
og
e
n
an
d
b
y
pro
du
c
t
ga
s
es
.
T
he
c
on
tr
ol
l
ers
of
P
I,
P
I
D
an
d
P
I
-
F
u
z
z
y
are
u
s
ed
to
c
on
tr
ol
t
he
f
l
o
w
r
ate
of
m
eth
an
e
i
n
th
e
h
y
d
r
og
e
n
r
ef
or
m
er
un
i
t
wi
th
a
pp
r
op
r
i
ate
c
on
tr
ol
l
er
i
nc
l
ud
i
ng
pr
op
ort
i
on
al
g
ai
n
(
K
p
)
,
i
nt
eg
r
a
l
ga
i
n (
K
i
)
,
an
d
d
i
f
f
erenti
al
g
ai
n
(
K
d
)
.
F
r
om
F
i
gu
r
e
1,
i
t
c
a
n
be
s
ee
n
tha
t
the
ou
t
pu
ts
of
the
r
ef
orm
er
are
h
y
droge
n
f
l
ow
r
a
te
a
nd
al
s
o t
he
ox
y
ge
n f
l
o
w
r
a
te
t
h
at
w
i
l
l
be
f
ed
i
n
t
o f
ue
l
c
e
l
l
m
od
e
l
.
F
i
gu
r
e
1.
H
y
dro
ge
n
r
ef
or
m
er m
od
el
l
i
ng
us
i
ng
M
A
T
LA
B
/
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
s
of
t
w
are
[
6,
9]
2
.
2.
Z
i
egler
Nicho
l
s T
u
n
ing
M
eth
o
d
Z
i
eg
l
er
Ni
c
ho
l
s
i
s
o
ne
of
t
he
s
i
m
pl
es
t
tun
i
n
g
m
eth
od
s
f
or
P
I
an
d
P
ID
c
on
tr
o
l
l
er
w
h
i
c
h
prom
i
s
e
go
od
r
es
ul
ts
wi
th
s
i
m
pl
e
tec
hn
i
q
ue
s
.
T
he
pu
r
po
s
e
of
thi
s
m
eth
od
i
s
to
c
al
c
ul
a
te
the
v
al
ue
of
K
p
,
K
i
a
nd
K
d
t
o
ac
hi
e
v
e
t
he
be
s
t
c
on
tr
ol
pe
r
f
or
m
an
c
es
[15
-
17
].
Z
i
e
g
l
er
an
d
N
i
c
ho
l
s
de
r
i
v
ed
th
e
c
on
tr
o
l
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
ba
s
ed
on
F
i
g
ure
2
a
nd
f
r
o
m
the
f
i
gu
r
e,
the
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
of
L
a
nd
T
are ob
tai
ne
d
f
r
o
m
th
e res
po
ns
e c
ur
v
e
of
h
y
dro
ge
n
r
e
f
or
m
er i
n o
pe
n
l
o
op
s
y
s
t
em
s
.
F
i
gu
r
e
2.
R
es
po
ns
e c
ur
v
e f
or
z
i
eg
l
er
-
ni
c
h
ol
s
m
eth
od
[
15
,
1
7,
1
8]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
1
7
,
No
.
5
,
O
c
tob
er
20
19
:
261
7
-
26
2
4
2620
T
he
c
al
c
ul
at
i
o
n o
f
K
I
and
K
D
c
an
be
de
s
c
r
i
b
ed
b
y
[
15
]
:
=
/
(
9)
=
×
(
10
)
where,
th
e
v
al
u
e
of
K
P
,
T
i
and
T
d
are
o
bta
i
ne
d
s
ho
wn
i
n
T
ab
l
e
1
a
nd
th
e
c
al
c
u
l
ate
d
v
a
l
u
es
of
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
f
or
K
p
,
K
i
an
d
K
d
f
or
P
I
an
d
P
ID
c
on
tr
o
l
l
e
r
s
f
or
thi
s
proj
ec
t
are
tab
u
l
ate
d
s
ho
wn
i
n
T
ab
l
e 2
.
T
ab
l
e 1
. Z
i
eg
l
er
-
Ni
c
h
ol
s
T
un
i
n
g
F
i
r
s
t M
eth
od
K
P
T
i
T
d
P
T/
L
0
0
PI
0
.
9
T
/
L
L
/
0
.
3
0
PID
1
.
2
T
/
L
2L
0
.
5
L
T
ab
l
e 2
.
V
a
l
ue
s
of
P
aram
ete
r
s
f
or Kp
, K
i
a
nd
K
d f
or
P
I a
nd
P
ID C
on
tr
o
l
l
ers
C
o
n
t
r
o
ll
e
r
t
y
p
e
s
K
P
K
I
K
D
PI
9
-
10
0
.
6
-
0
.
8
-
PID
8
-
10
0
.
7
-
0
.
8
4
-
5
2.
3.
P
I
-
F
u
z
z
y
Co
n
t
r
o
lle
r
PI
-
F
u
z
z
y
c
o
ntrol
l
er
i
s
es
s
e
nti
a
l
l
y
a
r
u
l
e
ba
s
e
d
c
o
ntrol
l
er
whos
e
i
n
pu
t
i
s
ob
ta
i
n
e
d
f
r
o
m
the
f
ee
db
ac
k
l
oo
p
[
19
]
a
n
d
i
t
h
as
t
he
ad
v
a
nta
g
es
o
f
c
on
v
en
ti
o
na
l
P
I
c
on
tr
o
l
l
e
r
[20
].
F
or
P
I
c
on
tr
ol
l
er,
t
he
c
o
ntrol
pe
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
de
p
en
ds
o
n
t
he
P
I
ga
i
ns
s
en
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
bu
t
i
n
c
as
e
o
f
P
I
-
F
u
z
z
y
c
on
tr
ol
l
er,
i
t
op
erates
i
nd
ep
en
de
n
tl
y
w
i
th
e
ac
h
oth
er
i
n
a
c
o
ntrol
s
y
s
t
em
.
I
n
F
u
z
z
y
Lo
gi
c
Cont
r
o
l
l
er
m
od
el
l
i
ng
,
f
u
z
z
i
f
i
c
ati
o
n,
m
e
m
be
r
s
hi
p
f
un
c
ti
on
,
r
ul
e
b
as
e,
f
u
z
z
y
i
nf
erenc
e
an
d
de
f
u
z
z
i
f
i
c
ati
on
proc
es
s
es
a
r
e
i
m
po
r
tan
ts
[21
,
2
2].
T
he
m
od
el
l
i
n
g
o
f
P
I
-
F
u
z
z
y
c
on
tr
ol
l
er
i
s
s
ho
wn
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
3
t
o
r
ep
l
ac
e
t
he
c
on
v
en
ti
o
na
l
P
I
an
d
P
ID
c
on
tr
o
l
l
ers
where
t
h
e
ap
pro
pria
te
m
e
m
be
r
s
hi
p
f
un
c
ti
o
ns
are
c
ho
s
en
to
c
ov
er
the
w
ho
l
e
un
i
v
ers
e
of
di
s
c
ou
r
s
e.
Nex
t
,
the
al
go
r
i
t
hm
i
s
i
m
pl
em
en
ted
i
n
M
A
T
LA
B
wi
th
th
e
us
e
of
three
M
em
be
r
f
uz
z
y
i
nf
erenc
e
s
y
s
tem
w
h
i
c
h
ar
e
Ma
m
da
ni
-
t
y
p
e
w
i
t
h
t
wo
i
n
p
uts
an
d
on
e
ou
tpu
t
p
aram
ete
r
.
T
he
f
u
z
z
y
l
og
i
c
b
as
ed
c
on
tr
ol
l
er
i
np
ut
s
i
gn
a
l
s
are
the
err
or an
d
a
l
s
o
c
ha
ng
e o
f
err
or. T
he
s
e s
i
gn
al
s
are
c
on
tr
o
l
b
y
l
i
ng
ui
s
ti
c
v
aria
bl
es
i
n
thi
s
i
n
v
es
ti
ga
t
i
on
.
F
or t
he
s
y
s
t
em
, th
r
ee
m
e
m
be
r
s
hi
p f
un
c
ti
o
ns
ha
v
e
be
en
c
h
os
en
f
or both
i
n
pu
ts
(
i
.e
Z
E
:
z
ero,
S
:
s
m
al
l
,
B
:
bi
g),
whi
l
e
f
or
th
e
o
utp
u
t
,
f
i
v
e
m
e
m
be
r
s
hi
p
f
un
c
ti
o
ns
ha
v
e
b
ee
n
c
ho
s
en
(
i
.e.
Z
E
:
z
ero,
S
:
s
m
al
l
,
M:
m
ed
i
um
,
B
:
bi
g,
V
B
:
v
er
y
b
i
g).
T
he
i
nt
erv
a
l
[0,
1]
i
s
c
on
s
i
de
r
e
d
as
the
un
i
v
ers
e
of
di
s
c
ou
r
s
e
f
or
the
tw
o
i
n
pu
ts
,
w
h
i
l
e
f
or
the
ou
tp
ut
th
e
[0,
1]
i
nt
erv
a
l
i
s
us
e
d.
O
nc
e
t
he
i
n
pu
t
a
n
d
o
utp
ut
v
ar
i
ab
l
es
an
d
MF
ha
v
e
be
e
n
de
f
i
ne
d,
the
r
u
l
e
b
as
ed
w
i
l
l
b
e
de
s
i
g
ne
d
ac
c
ordi
n
g
to
th
e
de
c
i
s
i
o
n
m
atri
x
s
ho
w
n
i
n
T
ab
l
e
3
.
F
u
z
z
y
s
y
s
tem
s
ba
s
ed
on
f
u
z
z
y
if
-
the
n
r
u
l
es
i
s
us
e
d
as
ap
p
r
ox
i
m
ato
r
s
du
e
i
ts
c
ap
ab
i
l
i
t
y
as
un
i
v
ers
al
ap
prox
i
m
ato
r
s
of
no
n
l
i
n
ea
r
f
un
c
ti
on
s
[2
3
,
2
4]
.
F
i
gu
r
e
3.
H
y
dro
ge
n
r
ef
or
m
er
m
od
el
us
i
n
g P
I
-
F
u
z
z
y
c
o
ntrol
l
er
T
ab
l
e 3
. T
he
T
ab
l
e o
f
In
f
erenc
e Ru
l
es
ZE
S
B
ZE
ZE
ZE
M
S
ZE
S
B
B
M
B
VB
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
◼
P
erfor
m
an
c
e c
o
mp
ar
i
s
on
o
f P
E
MFC
h
y
droge
n refor
me
r
wi
th
di
ff
erent
...
(
Nor
A
i
r
a
Zambri
)
2621
3.
Re
sult
s
a
n
d
A
n
al
y
s
i
s
F
i
gu
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
the
c
om
pa
r
i
s
on
be
t
w
e
en
th
e
P
I,
P
I
D
an
d
P
I
-
F
u
z
z
y
c
o
ntro
l
l
er
us
ed
i
n
order
to
c
o
ntro
l
th
e
m
ol
ar
f
l
ow
s
of
the
g
as
es
w
h
i
c
h
wi
l
l
b
e
f
ed
t
o
th
e
P
E
MF
C
s
tac
k
.
F
r
o
m
the
gra
ph
,
we
c
an
s
ee
t
ha
t
the
h
y
dro
ge
n
f
l
o
w
r
at
e
s
ho
w
s
b
ett
er
pe
r
f
or
m
an
c
e
wi
th
P
ID
c
o
ntrol
l
er
c
o
m
pa
r
ed
t
o
P
I,
the
us
e
o
f
w
h
i
c
h
c
a
n
ov
erc
om
e
the
os
c
i
l
l
at
i
on
pro
bl
em
w
h
i
c
h
oc
c
urs
du
r
i
n
g
the
s
tart
i
ng
po
i
nt
of
the
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
[
9
-
11,
25
]
.
B
y
i
nc
r
ea
s
i
n
g
th
e
d
er
i
v
at
i
v
e
v
al
ue
,
the
os
c
i
l
l
at
i
on
at
th
e
b
eg
i
nn
i
ng
of
the
c
urv
e
w
i
l
l
be
r
ed
uc
e
d.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
b
y
i
m
pl
em
en
ti
ng
P
I
-
F
u
z
z
y
c
on
tr
ol
l
er,
no
ov
ers
ho
ot
an
d
de
l
a
y
oc
c
urs
i
n
th
e
gr
ap
h
an
d
i
t
r
ea
c
h
es
th
e
s
te
ad
y
s
tat
e
c
o
nd
i
ti
on
ab
r
up
t
l
y
.
F
r
om
the
r
es
ul
t
,
i
t
s
ho
w
s
tha
t
P
I
-
Fu
z
z
y
c
o
nt
r
ol
l
er
c
an
c
ou
n
ter
t
he
prob
l
em
s
f
ac
e
b
y
bo
th
c
o
nv
en
t
i
on
al
c
on
tr
o
l
l
e
r
s
w
i
t
h
n
o
o
v
ers
ho
ot
a
nd
n
o
os
c
i
l
l
at
i
on
w
i
th
a
hi
gh
er
h
y
dro
ge
n
ga
s
ou
tp
ut.
F
i
gu
r
e
5
s
ho
w
s
th
e
ou
tp
ut
f
l
o
w
r
at
e
of
ox
y
g
en
ga
s
prod
uc
es
b
y
the
h
y
d
r
og
en
r
ef
or
m
e
r
us
i
ng
P
I,
P
I
D
an
d
P
I
-
F
u
z
z
y
c
on
tr
ol
l
ers
.
T
he
gra
ph
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
5
ha
v
e
t
he
s
am
e
be
ha
v
i
or
as
the
h
y
d
r
og
en
ga
s
w
i
th
t
he
os
c
i
l
l
at
i
on
probl
em
s
du
r
i
ng
the
e
arl
i
er
pa
r
t
of
the
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
.
F
r
o
m
the
r
es
ul
t,
P
I
-
F
u
z
z
y
c
o
ntro
l
l
er
c
an
c
ou
nt
er
the
pr
ob
l
em
s
s
i
m
i
l
ar
to
th
e
h
y
drog
en
f
l
o
w
r
a
te
o
utp
ut
di
s
c
us
s
ed
ea
r
l
i
er
.
F
i
gu
r
e
4.
R
es
ul
t
of
h
y
dr
og
e
n g
as
f
l
o
w
r
a
te
o
utp
ut
i
n ref
orm
er us
i
ng
P
I,
P
ID a
nd
PI
-
F
u
z
z
y
c
o
ntrol
l
er
s
T
he
r
es
ul
t
of
ti
m
e
r
es
po
ns
e
f
r
o
m
ox
y
ge
n
ga
s
ou
t
pu
t
c
u
r
v
e
be
t
ween
th
e
t
hree
c
o
ntr
ol
l
ers
are
ta
bu
l
at
ed
as
s
ho
wn
i
n
T
ab
l
e
4
.
It
c
a
n
be
s
e
en
tha
t
the
s
ett
l
i
ng
ti
m
e
an
d
pe
r
c
en
ta
ge
of
ov
ers
ho
ot
f
or
P
ID
c
on
tr
o
l
l
er
are
l
o
w
er
th
an
t
he
P
I
c
on
tr
ol
l
er.
Ho
we
v
er,
b
y
i
m
pl
e
m
en
ti
n
g
PI
-
F
u
z
z
y
,
al
l
th
e
t
i
m
e
r
es
po
ns
es
are
al
l
z
eros
wi
t
h
t
he
p
erc
en
ta
ge
of
ov
ers
ho
ot
i
s
al
s
o
z
ero.
T
he
ou
t
pu
t
v
ol
t
ag
e
of
the
P
E
MFC
i
s
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
ure
6
.
F
r
om
the
graph,
t
he
s
tart
i
ng
v
ol
t
ag
e
b
y
us
i
ng
P
I
c
on
tr
ol
l
er
i
s
q
ui
t
e
f
as
ter
tha
n
t
he
c
on
tr
ol
m
eth
od
us
i
ng
P
ID.
T
he
s
t
arti
ng
ti
m
e
b
y
i
m
pl
em
en
ti
ng
P
I
c
on
tr
ol
l
er
i
s
1.3
77
s
a
nd
2.
08
9s
b
y
us
i
ng
th
e
P
I
D.
Ho
wev
er,
b
y
c
on
tr
o
l
l
i
n
g
the
r
ef
orm
er
us
i
ng
the
P
I
-
F
u
z
z
y
c
o
ntro
l
l
er,
i
t
c
a
n
r
e
du
c
e
th
e
s
tart
i
ng
ti
m
e
of
P
E
MFC
o
utp
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e
t
o
0
.43
8s
as
s
ho
wn
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
6.
T
he
s
tarti
ng
t
i
m
e
i
s
i
m
po
r
tan
t
t
o
e
ns
ure
th
e
l
oa
d
r
ec
ei
v
ed
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
p
o
w
er
i
n
s
tan
tl
y
.
T
he
f
i
na
l
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
i
s
the
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
r
es
ul
ts
on
P
E
MFC
ou
tp
ut
pe
r
f
or
m
an
c
es
s
ub
j
ec
ted
to
l
oa
d c
ha
n
ge
s
.
T
he
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
r
es
u
l
ts
of
the
i
n
pu
t
c
urr
en
t
an
d
ou
tpu
t
v
o
l
tag
e
are
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
7
(
a)
an
d
F
i
gu
r
e
7
(
b),
r
es
pe
c
ti
v
el
y
.
F
i
gu
r
e
7
(
a)
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
l
o
ad
c
urr
e
nt
s
up
pl
i
ed
to
t
he
f
ue
l
c
el
l
i
n
whi
c
h
the
c
urr
en
t
v
ari
es
w
i
th
t
he
l
o
ad
de
m
an
d
an
d
F
i
gu
r
e
7
(
b)
i
s
the
ou
tpu
t
P
E
MFC
v
ol
t
ag
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
1
7
,
No
.
5
,
O
c
tob
er
20
19
:
261
7
-
26
2
4
2622
whi
c
h
de
p
en
ds
on
t
he
s
u
pp
l
i
ed
c
urr
en
t.
F
r
om
F
i
gu
r
e
7
(
b),
t
he
graph
s
ho
w
s
tha
t
t
he
ou
tp
ut
v
o
l
tag
e
i
s
i
n
v
ers
el
y
prop
ort
i
on
al
to
th
e
i
n
pu
t
c
urr
en
t
a
nd
t
hi
s
r
es
ul
t
i
s
i
n
l
i
ne
w
i
t
h
th
e
f
ue
l
c
e
l
l
c
ha
r
ac
teri
s
ti
c
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
th
e
ou
tp
ut
c
el
l
v
ol
t
ag
e
de
c
r
ea
s
es
l
i
n
ea
r
l
y
wi
th
i
nc
r
ea
s
i
ng
l
oa
d.
It
i
s
no
t
ed
tha
t
th
e
f
ue
l
c
el
l
tak
es
s
ev
eral
ti
m
e
i
nte
r
v
a
l
s
to
r
ea
c
h
the
l
oa
d
d
em
an
d
or
the
s
te
ad
y
s
ta
te
l
ev
el
bu
t
b
y
i
m
pl
em
en
ti
ng
t
he
P
I
-
f
u
z
z
y
c
on
tr
ol
l
er,
th
e
s
tart
-
up
ti
m
e
i
s
i
m
prov
ed
.
B
es
i
d
es
tha
t
,
the
o
utp
ut
v
ol
tag
e
of
P
E
MFC
b
y
us
i
ng
P
I
-
F
u
z
z
y
i
s
al
s
o
h
i
gh
er
tha
n
th
e
t
wo
c
on
v
en
t
i
o
na
l
c
on
tr
ol
l
ers
w
h
i
c
h a
r
e
the
P
I
an
d
P
ID
.
T
ab
l
e 4
. T
he
r
es
u
l
t o
f
T
i
m
e Re
s
po
ns
e
f
r
om
O
utp
ut
O
x
y
ge
n
G
as
C
urv
e B
et
w
e
en
P
I
,
P
ID
a
nd
P
I
-
F
u
z
z
y
C
on
tr
o
l
l
e
r
PI
PID
PI
-
Fuz
z
y
D
e
lay
Ti
m
e
(
Td)
0
.
8
s
1s
0s
R
is
e
T
i
m
e
(
Tr
)
1s
1
.
9
s
0s
S
e
t
t
li
n
g
T
i
m
e
(
T
s
)
3
.
5
s
1
.
5
s
0s
P
e
a
k
Ti
m
e
(
Tp)
1
.
9
s
2
.
5
s
0s
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
Ov
e
r
s
h
o
o
t
(
%
)
4
0
.
7
%
3
.
7
%
0%
F
i
gu
r
e
5.
R
es
ul
t
of
th
e f
l
o
w
r
ate
ou
tpu
t
of
ox
y
g
en
ga
s
i
n ref
or
m
er us
i
ng
P
I,
P
ID a
nd
P
I
-
F
u
z
z
y
c
o
ntrol
l
er
s
F
i
gu
r
e
6.
R
es
ul
t
of
ou
tp
ut
v
ol
ta
ge
of
P
E
MF
C us
i
ng
P
I,
P
ID a
nd
P
I
-
F
u
z
z
y
c
o
ntrol
l
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
◼
P
erfor
m
an
c
e c
o
mp
ar
i
s
on
o
f P
E
MFC
h
y
droge
n refor
me
r
wi
th
di
ff
erent
...
(
Nor
A
i
r
a
Zambri
)
2623
(
a)
(
b)
F
i
gu
r
e
7.
S
i
m
ul
ati
on
r
es
u
l
ts
(
a) l
oa
d
c
urr
en
t
an
d
(
b) f
ue
l
c
el
l
o
utp
u
t v
ol
t
ag
e
4.
Co
n
clus
ion
T
hi
s
pa
pe
r
c
om
pa
r
es
three
t
y
p
es
of
c
on
tr
ol
l
ers
to
c
o
nt
r
ol
th
e
ox
y
g
e
n
an
d
h
y
dro
ge
n
f
l
o
w
r
ate
s
of
a
r
ef
or
m
er
be
f
ore
en
teri
ng
the
P
E
MFC
m
od
el
.
T
he
m
ai
n
o
bj
ec
ti
v
e
of
the
c
on
tr
ol
l
er
i
s
to
r
ed
uc
e
the
os
c
i
l
l
at
i
o
ns
pro
bl
em
of
the
h
y
drog
en
an
d
ox
y
g
en
f
l
o
w
r
ate
s
an
d
th
us
de
c
r
ea
s
i
ng
the
s
l
o
w
s
tart
-
u
p t
i
m
e o
f
th
e FC. F
r
om
th
e s
i
m
ul
at
i
on
r
es
ul
ts
,
i
t c
an
be
s
ee
n
th
at
P
E
MFC o
utp
uts
m
ee
t
the
f
ue
l
c
e
l
l
c
h
arac
teri
s
ti
c
s
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
t
he
ou
tp
ut
v
o
l
tag
e
i
s
i
nv
ers
el
y
pro
po
r
ti
on
al
t
o
th
e
i
np
u
t
c
urr
en
t.
T
he
P
E
M
f
ue
l
c
el
l
m
od
el
i
s
c
on
s
i
de
r
ed
ac
c
urate
as
i
t
f
ul
f
i
l
l
s
the
l
oa
d
r
eq
ui
r
em
en
t.
Ho
w
e
v
er,
i
t
ne
ed
s
s
om
e
ti
m
e
to
r
ea
c
h
the
s
tea
d
y
s
tat
e
l
ev
el
b
ec
au
s
e
i
t
i
s
un
ab
l
e
to
f
ol
l
o
w
the
f
as
t
c
ha
ng
es
i
n
p
o
w
er
de
m
an
d
at
the
s
t
arti
n
g
o
f
the
F
C
op
erat
i
on
.
Ho
we
v
er,
th
i
s
m
ai
n
probl
em
i
s
s
ol
v
e
d
b
y
i
ntro
d
uc
i
ng
P
I
-
F
u
z
z
y
c
on
tr
o
l
l
er
i
n
r
ef
or
m
er.
F
r
o
m
the
graphs
ob
tai
ne
d
f
r
o
m
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
,
i
t
s
ho
w
s
t
ha
t
th
e
P
I
-
F
u
z
z
y
c
on
tr
o
l
l
er
g
i
v
es
the
be
s
t
pe
r
f
orm
an
c
es
c
o
m
pa
r
ed
to
P
I
an
d
P
ID
c
o
ntrol
l
ers
.
W
i
th
the
ex
i
s
tan
c
e
of
P
I
-
F
u
z
z
y
c
on
tr
ol
l
er,
i
t
h
el
ps
the
ou
t
pu
t
v
o
l
t
ag
e
of
P
E
MFC
t
o
o
pe
r
at
e
e
arl
i
er
w
hi
c
h
m
ea
ns
r
ed
uc
i
ng
t
he
s
l
o
w
er
s
t
art
-
up
t
i
m
e
o
f
the
P
E
MF
C.
B
es
i
d
es
tha
t,
th
e
P
I
-
F
u
z
z
y
c
on
tr
ol
l
er
c
an
al
s
o
el
i
m
i
na
tes
al
l
th
e
prob
l
em
s
f
ac
i
ng
b
y
t
he
P
I
a
nd
P
ID
c
on
tr
o
l
l
ers
,
whi
c
h
ar
e
i
m
prov
i
ng
th
e
de
l
a
y
ti
m
e,
r
i
s
e
ti
m
e,
s
ett
l
i
n
g
ti
m
e,
pe
ak
ti
m
e
an
d
pe
r
c
en
ta
ge
of
ov
ers
ho
ot.
A
c
kno
w
ledg
ement
s
T
hi
s
w
ork
w
as
s
up
po
r
t
ed
b
y
T
IE
R
1
gra
nt
(
U86
2)
of
Uni
v
ers
i
ti
T
un
Hus
s
ei
n
O
nn
Ma
l
a
y
s
i
a
(
UT
HM)
,
P
o
wer
E
ne
r
g
y
F
oc
us
G
r
o
up
,
A
dv
an
c
ed
T
ec
hn
ol
og
y
C
en
tr
e
(
A
T
C)
,
F
ac
ul
t
y
of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
1
7
,
No
.
5
,
O
c
tob
er
20
19
:
261
7
-
26
2
4
2624
E
ng
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
T
ec
hn
o
l
o
g
y
,
UT
HM
an
d
G
r
ee
n
a
nd
S
u
s
tai
na
bl
e
E
ne
r
g
y
,
F
ac
u
l
t
y
of
E
l
ec
tr
i
c
al
an
d
E
l
ec
tr
o
ni
c
s
E
ng
i
ne
erin
g (G
S
E
ne
r
g
y
)
, UT
HM.
Ref
er
en
ce
s
[1]
Neh
ri
r
M
H,
W
a
n
g
C,
Sh
a
w
SR.
Fu
e
l
C
e
l
l
s
:
Pro
m
i
s
i
n
g
D
e
v
i
c
e
s
Fo
r
Di
s
tri
b
u
t
e
d
G
e
n
e
r
a
ti
o
n
,
IEEE
Po
wer
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
M
a
g
a
z
i
n
e
.
2
0
0
6
;
4
(1
):
47
-
4
5.
[2]
Deg
l
i
u
o
m
i
n
i
L
N,
Fe
ro
l
d
i
D,
Ba
s
u
a
l
d
o
M
a
n
d
Rie
r
a
J
.
Hy
d
ro
g
e
n
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
b
i
o
-
e
t
h
a
n
o
l
a
n
d
s
o
l
a
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
fo
r
fe
e
d
i
n
g
PEM
fu
e
l
c
e
l
l
s
.
2
0
th
M
e
d
i
te
rra
n
e
a
n
Con
fe
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
Con
tro
l
&
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
(M
E
D), Ba
rc
e
l
o
n
a
.
2
0
1
2
:
1
1
8
9
-
1194.
[3]
L
e
o
n
V.
Hy
d
ro
g
e
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
Be
rl
i
n
:
Sp
ri
n
g
e
r
-
V
e
rl
a
g
Be
rl
i
n
He
i
d
e
l
b
e
rg
.
2
0
0
8
.
[4]
Hua
n
g
B,
L
i
P,
Di
n
g
F
,
W
a
n
g
C.
M
o
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
An
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
P
E
M
FC i
n
Di
s
tri
b
u
te
d
Gen
e
ra
ti
o
n
Sy
s
t
e
m
.
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fe
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
u
s
ta
i
n
a
b
l
e
Po
w
e
r Gen
e
r
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Su
p
p
l
y
.
2
0
0
9
:
1
-
5
.
[5]
Rao
KS,
M
i
s
h
i
r
a
R.
Co
m
p
a
r
a
ti
v
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
P,
P
I
a
n
d
PID
c
o
n
tro
l
l
e
r
f
o
r
s
p
e
e
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
VSI
-
fe
d
i
n
d
u
c
ti
o
n
M
o
to
r.
In
te
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
De
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
Res
e
a
r
c
h
.
2
0
1
4
;
2
(2
)
:
2740
-
2
7
4
4
.
[6]
El
-
Sh
a
rk
h
M
Y
,
Rah
m
a
n
A,
A
l
a
m
M
S,
By
rn
e
PC,
Sa
k
l
a
AA,
T
h
o
m
a
s
T
.
A
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
a
s
ta
n
d
-
a
l
o
n
e
PEM
fu
e
l
c
e
l
l
p
o
w
e
r
p
l
a
n
t
fo
r
re
s
i
d
e
n
ti
a
l
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s
.
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
w
e
r
So
u
r
c
e
s
.
2
0
0
4
;
1
3
8
(1
-
2
)
:
1
9
9
-
2
0
4
.
[7]
Za
m
b
r
i
NA,
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
A,
Sh
a
re
e
f
H.
D
y
n
a
m
i
c
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
o
f
A
Pro
to
n
E
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
M
e
m
b
ra
n
e
Fu
e
l
Cel
l
i
n
M
a
tl
a
b
/Si
m
u
l
i
n
k
.
Reg
i
o
n
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
Po
s
tg
ra
d
u
a
t
e
Co
n
fe
re
n
c
e
(EPC).
2
0
1
1
;
1
-
7.
[8]
Bo
y
c
e
GB
.
Con
tr
o
l
m
e
th
o
d
s
fo
r e
l
e
c
tri
c
a
l
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
:
a
h
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
.
Not
ti
n
g
h
a
m
:
Au
ri
s
Re
f
e
re
n
c
e
.
2
0
1
2
.
[9]
Che
n
,
HC
,
T
z
e
n
g
SY
,
Che
n
PH.
O
p
ti
m
i
z
a
ti
o
n
d
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
PI
D
c
o
n
tro
l
l
e
r
s
fo
r
PEM
FC
wit
h
re
fo
rm
e
r
u
s
i
n
g
g
e
n
e
ri
c
a
l
g
o
r
i
th
m
.
Ni
n
th
I
n
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fe
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
L
e
a
rn
i
n
g
a
n
d
Cy
b
e
rn
e
t
i
c
s
.
2
0
1
0
:
2990
-
2
9
9
5
.
[10]
Sa
h
a
AK,
Cho
w
d
h
u
ry
SP,
Ch
o
w
d
h
u
ry
S.
a
n
d
So
n
g
Y
H.
Dy
n
a
m
i
c
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
PEM
fu
e
l
c
e
l
l
wit
h
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
c
o
n
tro
l
l
e
r.
4
2
n
d
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Uni
v
e
rs
i
t
i
e
s
Po
w
e
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
Co
n
fe
re
n
c
e
,
Bri
g
h
t
o
n
.
2
0
0
7
:
753
-
7
5
7
.
[11]
Sa
h
a
AK,
Cho
w
d
h
u
ry
SP
a
n
d
Cho
w
d
h
u
ry
S.
PEM
fu
e
l
c
e
l
l
a
s
e
n
e
rg
y
s
o
u
rc
e
u
s
i
n
g
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
c
o
n
tr
o
l
l
e
r
.
IET
-
UK
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Con
fe
re
n
c
e
o
n
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Com
m
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
El
e
c
tr
i
c
a
l
Sc
i
e
n
c
e
s
(I
CT
ES 2
0
0
7
),
T
a
m
i
l
Na
d
u
.
2
0
0
7
:
2
8
8
-
2
9
5
.
[12]
Y
u
e
d
o
n
g
Z,
J
i
a
n
g
u
o
Z,
Y
o
u
g
u
a
n
g
G
,
J
i
a
n
x
u
n
J
.
Con
tr
o
l
o
f
Pro
to
n
E
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
M
e
m
b
ra
n
e
Fu
e
l
C
e
l
l
Ba
s
e
d
o
n
Fu
z
z
y
L
o
g
i
c
.
i
n
P
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
2
6
th
Ch
i
n
e
s
e
Con
tro
l
Co
n
fe
re
n
c
e
.
Hun
a
n
,
Chi
n
a
:
Ku
n
m
i
n
g
Un
i
v
e
r
s
i
ty
o
f
Sc
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
2
0
0
7
:
3
4
5
-
3
4
9
.
[13]
Ba
l
k
i
n
AR,
Hol
l
a
n
d
B
J
a
n
d
Zh
u
J
G
.
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
p
o
l
y
m
e
r
e
l
e
c
tr
o
l
y
te
m
e
m
b
ra
n
e
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
s
.
i
n
Pro
c
.
Au
s
tra
l
a
s
i
a
n
U
n
i
v
e
rs
i
ti
e
s
Po
w
e
r En
g
.
Co
n
f.
,
M
e
l
b
o
u
r
n
e
,
A
u
s
tra
l
i
a
.
2
0
0
2
.
[14]
O
’
h
a
y
re
RP,
Ch
a
S
W
,
Col
e
l
l
a
W
,
a
n
d
Pr
i
n
z
FB.
Fu
e
l
Ce
l
l
Fu
n
d
a
m
e
n
ta
l
s
,
J
o
h
n
W
i
l
e
y
&
So
n
s
,
L
t
d
.
2006.
[15]
M
e
s
h
ra
m
PM
.
Tu
n
i
n
g
o
f
PID
c
o
n
tr
o
l
l
e
r
u
s
i
n
g
Z
i
e
g
l
e
r
-
Ni
c
h
o
l
s
m
e
th
o
d
fo
r
s
p
e
e
d
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
DC
m
o
to
r
.
i
n
2
0
1
2
I
n
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Con
fe
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
Sc
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
(
ICAES
M
)
Nag
a
p
a
t
ti
n
a
m
,
T
a
m
i
l
Na
d
u
:
IE
EE.
2012
:
1
1
7
-
1
2
2
.
[16]
M
a
l
l
e
s
h
a
m
G
,
M
i
s
h
ra
S,
J
h
a
AN.
Zi
e
g
l
e
r
-
Nic
h
o
l
s
b
a
s
e
d
c
o
n
tro
l
l
e
r
p
a
ra
m
e
te
r
s
t
u
n
i
n
g
fo
r
l
o
a
d
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
tro
l
i
n
a
m
i
c
ro
g
r
i
d
.
i
n
2
0
1
1
I
n
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fe
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
En
e
rg
y
,
Au
to
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
Si
g
n
a
l
,
Bh
u
b
a
n
e
s
w
a
r,
O
d
i
s
h
a
.
2
0
1
1
:
1
-
8.
[17]
Han
g
CC
,
As
tro
m
KJ
a
n
d
Ho
W
K.
Ref
i
n
e
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
th
e
Zi
e
g
l
e
r
-
Nic
h
o
l
s
tu
n
i
n
g
fo
rm
u
l
a
.
i
n
I
EE
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
D
-
Con
tro
l
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
Ap
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
1
9
9
1
;
1
3
8
(
2
):
1
1
1
-
118.
[18]
Bh
a
tt
i
SA,
M
a
l
i
k
SA
a
n
d
Dar
a
z
A.
Com
p
a
ri
s
o
n
o
f
P
-
I
a
n
d
I
-
P
c
o
n
tro
l
l
e
r
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
Zi
e
g
l
e
r
-
Nic
h
o
l
s
tu
n
i
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
fo
r
s
p
e
e
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
DC
m
o
t
o
r
.
2
0
1
6
I
n
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Con
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
In
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
Sy
s
te
m
s
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
(I
CISE),
I
s
l
a
m
a
b
a
d
.
2
0
1
6
:
3
3
0
-
3
3
4
.
[19]
Za
d
e
h
L
A.
F
u
z
z
y
Se
ts
.
IEEE
tr
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
i
n
fo
rm
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
.
1
9
6
5
;
8
:
3
3
8
-
3
5
3
.
[20]
Zh
a
n
Y
D,
Zh
u
J
G
,
G
u
o
Y
G
,
a
n
d
J
i
n
J
X
.
Con
tro
l
o
f
p
r
o
to
n
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
m
e
m
b
ra
n
e
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
fu
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
.
i
n
Pro
c
.
th
e
2
6
th
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
Co
n
tro
l
Co
n
fe
r
e
n
c
e
,
Z
h
a
n
g
j
i
a
j
i
e
,
Ch
i
n
a
.
2
0
0
7
:
2
0
1
5
-
2
0
1
9
.
[21]
Ros
y
a
d
i
M
,
M
u
y
e
e
n
S
M
,
T
a
k
a
h
a
s
h
i
R.
A
Des
i
g
n
Fu
z
z
y
L
o
g
i
c
Co
n
tro
l
l
e
r
fo
r
a
Pe
rm
a
n
e
n
t
M
a
g
n
e
t
W
i
n
d
Ge
n
e
ra
t
o
r t
o
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
th
e
Dy
n
a
m
i
c
St
a
b
i
l
i
ty
o
f
W
i
n
d
F
a
rm
s
.
A
p
p
l
.
Sc
i
.
2
0
1
2
;
2
:
7
8
0
-
8
0
0
.
[22]
Ros
y
a
d
i
M
,
M
u
y
e
e
n
S
M
,
T
a
k
a
h
a
s
h
i
R,
T
a
m
u
ra
J
.
Fu
z
z
y
-
PI
Con
tro
l
l
e
r
De
s
i
g
n
f
o
r
PM
W
i
n
d
G
e
n
e
ra
t
o
r
to
Im
p
ro
v
e
Fa
u
l
t
Rid
e
T
h
ro
u
g
h
o
f
W
i
n
d
F
a
rm
.
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
re
n
e
wa
b
l
e
e
n
e
rg
y
re
s
e
a
r
c
h
.
2013
;
3
(2
):
3
0
8
-
314.
[23]
Ko
s
k
o
B.
Fu
z
z
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
s
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
a
l
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
o
rs
.
Pro
c
.
o
f
1
st
FUZZ
-
IEEEE.
1
9
9
2
:
1
1
5
3
-
1162.
[24]
W
a
n
g
L
X
.
Fu
z
z
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
r
e
u
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