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s
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s
:
5
G
MI
MO
an
ten
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C
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elatio
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lectio
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UW
B
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s
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uth
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ak
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t o
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p
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ter
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h
n
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es E
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T
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n
g
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h
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s
lam
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ity
Naja
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r
aq
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ail:
k
ar
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i1
2
3
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g
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co
m
,
k
ar
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ar
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aln
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an
i@
iu
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ajaf
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ed
u
.
iq
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Ov
er
th
e
p
ast
f
ew
d
ec
ad
es,
s
atellite
an
d
wir
eless
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
witn
ess
in
g
r
ap
id
a
n
d
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
g
r
o
wth
.
T
h
e
a
n
te
n
n
as
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
b
ac
k
b
o
n
e
a
n
d
d
r
iv
in
g
f
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ce
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ey
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n
d
th
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l
atest
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
in
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
1
]
.
Var
io
u
s
ty
p
es
o
f
an
ten
n
a
s
ar
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
a
ted
in
liter
atu
r
e
s
u
ch
as
m
o
n
o
p
o
le,
d
ip
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le,
r
ef
lecto
r
,
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
,
a
n
d
f
o
ld
ed
d
ip
o
le
a
n
ten
n
a,
ea
ch
ty
p
e
h
as
d
if
f
er
en
t
attr
ib
u
tes
a
n
d
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
]
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
m
u
ltip
le
-
in
p
u
t
an
d
m
u
ltip
le
-
o
u
tp
u
t
(
MI
MO
)
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
lie
d
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
u
lti
-
p
ath
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
to
en
a
b
le
th
e
lin
ea
r
in
cr
ea
s
es
in
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
to
e
n
h
an
c
e
th
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
s
p
ee
d
[
3
]
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
an
te
n
n
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
ex
tr
em
el
y
f
ast
f
if
th
-
g
en
e
r
atio
n
(
5
G
)
s
y
s
tem
s
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
in
v
esti
g
ated
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
r
elate
d
to
d
ata
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
,
an
d
th
u
s
it
is
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
an
ef
f
icien
t
way
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
m
u
lti
-
p
ath
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
2
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
u
ltip
le
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
an
d
r
ec
eiv
in
g
an
ten
n
as
to
tr
an
s
m
it
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
e
s
ig
n
als
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
iza
tio
n
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
wh
en
th
e
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
p
ec
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ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
n
ee
d
a
n
ar
r
o
w
b
ea
m
wid
th
an
d
h
ig
h
g
ain
s
s
u
ch
as
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
id
en
tific
atio
n
(
R
FID
)
r
ea
d
er
s
an
d
tar
g
et
d
etec
tio
n
[
4
].
U
l
t
r
a
-
w
i
d
e
b
a
n
d
(
UW
B
)
a
r
r
a
y
a
n
t
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n
n
a
i
s
a
p
o
w
e
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f
u
l
t
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M
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n
t
e
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a
a
n
a
l
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i
s
a
n
d
d
e
s
i
g
n
,
w
h
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re
t
h
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s
t
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c
h
n
i
q
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e
i
s
u
s
e
d
i
n
m
e
d
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c
a
l
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m
a
g
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n
g
,
m
i
l
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t
a
r
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a
p
p
l
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ca
t
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o
n
s
,
a
n
d
g
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u
n
d
-
p
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n
e
t
r
a
t
i
n
g
r
a
d
a
r
[
5
]
,
[
6
].
I
n
c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t
,
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
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v
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l
u
t
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n
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l
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m
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a
t
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y
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w
it
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
Desig
n
o
f
mu
ltip
le
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in
p
u
t
a
n
d
mu
ltip
le
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o
u
tp
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t
a
n
ten
n
a
fo
r
…
(
K
a
r
r
a
r
S
h
a
kir Mu
tta
ir
)
35
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
m
a
n
y
a
n
t
e
n
n
as
w
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t
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m
a
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g
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d
wi
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n
t
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c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
at
i
o
n
l
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g
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a
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d
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n
e
c
o
d
e
s
q
u
e
l
c
h
(
D
T
C
S
)
[
7
].
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
a
m
u
lti
-
lay
er
m
ill
im
eter
-
wav
es
(
m
m
-
W
av
es)
an
ten
n
a
with
MI
MO
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ec
en
tl
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
8
],
o
p
er
atin
g
at
2
8
GHz
.
T
h
e
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
t
h
is
d
esig
n
s
h
o
wed
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
g
ain
th
at
m
ee
t
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
o
f
5
G
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
.
An
o
th
er
MI
MO
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
[
9
]
h
as
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
d
u
al
-
b
an
d
n
o
tch
as
a
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-
s
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T
h
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p
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te
n
n
a
o
p
er
ates
with
in
a
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
(
3
.
0
to
1
1
GHz
)
.
T
h
is
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies is u
s
ed
in
UW
B
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
,
wh
er
e
is
o
latio
n
o
f
h
ig
h
d
ata
r
ates is o
n
e
o
f
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
in
[
10
]
t
h
er
e
is
m
o
r
e
f
o
cu
s
to
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MI
M
O
an
ten
n
a
wh
er
e
b
a
n
d
-
n
o
tch
ed
f
its
th
e
5
G
s
m
ar
t
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
,
in
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
a
h
i
g
h
is
o
latio
n
MI
MO
an
ten
n
a
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
with
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
h
ar
p
n
o
tch
e
d
b
a
n
d
th
at
is
u
tili
ze
d
in
UW
B
f
ilter
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
n
th
is
ty
p
e,
a
MI
MO
an
ten
n
a
with
two
-
elem
en
t
is
u
s
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
is
o
latio
n
f
ea
tu
r
e
an
d
to
cr
ea
te
th
e
n
o
tch
in
C
-
b
an
d
(
3
.
6
2
to
4
.
7
7
GHz
)
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
in
[
1
3
]
5
G
an
ten
n
a
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
as
d
u
al
-
b
an
d
MI
MO
,
wh
ich
is
d
esig
n
ed
with
f
o
u
r
an
ten
n
as
o
p
er
atin
g
at
(
3
3
0
0
to
3
6
0
0
MH
z
)
an
d
(
4
8
0
0
to
5
0
0
0
MH
z
)
.
T
h
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
h
as
s
h
o
wn
ac
h
ie
v
ed
is
o
latio
n
th
at
is
(
<1
2
d
B
)
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
-
p
h
o
n
e
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
s
.
Fin
ally
,
in
[
1
4
]
an
an
te
n
n
a
f
o
r
UW
B
-
MI
MO
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
ested
,
wh
er
e
an
asy
m
m
etr
ic
lay
o
u
t
with
i
n
clu
d
in
g
an
in
teg
r
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
n
o
tch
ed
b
a
n
d
s
o
f
th
at
d
esig
n
ar
e
(
3
.
2
5
to
3
.
7
5
GHz
)
,
(
5
.
0
8
to
5
.
9
0
GH
z
)
,
an
d
(
7
.
0
6
to
7
.
9
5
G
Hz
)
,
aim
in
g
to
a
ch
iev
e
m
u
l
tip
le
b
an
d
-
n
o
tch
e
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
f
o
r
wid
er
im
p
e
d
an
ce
b
a
n
d
wid
th
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
,
a
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
s
i
n
g
l
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
M
I
M
O
a
n
t
en
n
a
s
a
r
e
d
es
i
g
n
e
d
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
r
n
w
i
r
e
l
ess
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
e
s
i
g
n
i
n
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
c
o
v
e
r
s
t
h
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
(
3
.
5
t
o
1
0
G
H
z
)
.
S
i
m
u
la
t
i
o
n
s
w
e
r
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
s
i
m
u
la
t
i
o
n
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
C
S
T
)
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
.
T
h
e
r
es
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
ap
e
r
i
s
o
r
g
a
n
i
ze
d
as
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
:
s
e
c
ti
o
n
2
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
d
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
s
i
n
g
l
e
a
n
d
M
I
M
O
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
s
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
io
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
p
r
es
e
n
t
e
d
in
s
e
c
ti
o
n
3.
W
h
i
le
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
io
n
r
e
s
u
l
ts
o
f
a
M
I
MO
a
n
te
n
n
a
w
i
t
h
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
i
n
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
w
i
t
h
o
t
h
e
r
a
n
t
e
n
n
as
i
n
l
it
e
r
a
tu
r
e
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
s
ec
t
i
o
n
4
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
is
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
s
ec
tio
n
5
with
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
s
u
g
g
e
s
tio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
s
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
DE
SI
G
N
O
F
A
NT
E
NNA
2
.
1
.
Sin
g
le
a
nte
nn
a
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
g
e
o
m
et
r
y
an
d
its
r
elate
d
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
ten
n
a.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
is
p
r
in
ted
o
n
a
r
elati
v
ely
th
in
FR
-
4
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
(
2
2
×
24
mm
2
)
with
a
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t
o
f
4
.
3
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
lan
e
co
v
er
s
th
e
e
n
tir
e
b
ac
k
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
b
ac
k
v
ie
w
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
to
p
p
atch
h
as
a
s
ize
o
f
2
0
×
9
mm
2
an
d
is
f
ed
b
y
a
2
m
m
wid
e
s
tr
ip
lin
e.
A
s
u
b
s
tr
atu
m
b
o
tto
m
p
atch
is
m
e
r
ely
a
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
lan
e
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Stru
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
a
n
ten
n
a
with
:
(
a
)
f
r
o
n
t,
a
n
d
(
b
)
b
ac
k
r
ea
l d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
in
m
m
2
.
2
.
M
I
M
O
a
nte
nn
a
T
h
e
MI
MO
an
ten
n
a
is
d
esig
n
ed
u
s
in
g
a
Sier
p
in
s
k
i
-
b
ased
f
r
ac
tal
g
eo
m
etr
y
with
a
p
ar
tial
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
lan
e
.
T
h
e
s
elf
-
s
im
ilar
ity
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
f
r
ac
tal
g
eo
m
etr
y
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
in
th
is
wo
r
k
to
ac
h
iev
e
wid
e
b
an
d
wid
th
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
a
tch
an
ten
n
as
(
MPA)
.
T
h
e
MI
MO
an
ten
n
a
is
d
esig
n
ed
o
n
th
e
FR
4
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
with
a
s
m
all
s
ize
o
f
(
22
×
56
mm
2
)
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
1
m
m
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
th
ic
k
n
ess
,
4
.
3
p
e
r
m
itti
v
ities
,
an
d
0
.
0
2
lo
s
s
tan
g
en
t.
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
is
also
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
f
o
r
wid
e
b
a
n
d
wid
th
(
3
.
9
to
7
.
5
GHz
)
,
a
n
d
it
ex
h
i
b
i
ts
d
u
al
-
b
an
d
r
eso
n
an
ce
s
at
3
.
9
to
7
.
5
GHz
with
a
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
3
GHz
.
Sev
er
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
o
p
tim
iz
ed
with
th
e
aim
o
f
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
a
b
r
o
ad
e
r
b
an
d
wid
t
h
.
T
h
ese
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
in
clu
d
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
TEL
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
20
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
34
-
42
36
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
la
n
e
len
g
th
(
9
m
m
)
an
d
th
e
f
ee
d
lin
e
wid
th
(
2
m
m
)
.
I
t
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
with
in
th
e
S
-
b
an
d
an
d
th
e
lo
wer
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
C
-
b
an
d
s
u
ch
as
wir
eless
L
AN,
r
ad
ar
s
y
s
tem
s
,
m
o
b
ile
h
a
n
d
s
ets,
B
lu
eto
o
th
,
g
lo
b
al
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
(
GPS),
an
d
m
icr
o
wa
v
e
d
ev
ices.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
wi
d
eb
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
is
r
ea
ch
ed
to
b
e
with
in
(
1
to
10
GHz
)
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
a
n
g
e.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
A
MI
MO
a
n
ten
n
a
g
e
o
m
etr
y
an
d
d
esig
n
f
o
r
th
e
f
r
o
n
t p
ar
t w
ith
r
ea
l
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
in
m
m
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
A
MI
MO
a
n
ten
n
a
g
e
o
m
etr
y
an
d
d
esig
n
f
o
r
th
e
b
ac
k
p
ar
t w
ith
r
ea
l d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
in
m
m
3.
SI
NG
L
E
AN
T
E
NNA
S
I
M
U
L
AT
I
O
N
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
Ref
lec
t
io
n
c
o
ef
f
icient
(
S
1
1
)
T
h
e
r
ef
lectio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
t
cu
r
v
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
in
g
le
an
t
en
n
a
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
I
t
ex
h
ib
its
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
with
in
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
r
an
g
e
o
f
3
.
3
to
9
.
5
GHz
,
in
d
icatin
g
two
r
eso
n
an
ce
s
at
3
.
9
GHz
an
d
7
.
5
GHz
with
r
ef
lectio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
v
alu
es
ar
e
-
6
5
.
9
9
4
d
B
an
d
-
4
6
.
4
4
1
d
B
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
ly
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
we
h
av
e
n
o
tice
d
th
at
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a
o
p
er
ates
at
a
wid
e
b
a
n
d
wid
th
f
r
o
m
3
.
3
to
9
.
5
GHz
,
a
n
d
th
is
g
iv
es
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
to
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
is
an
ten
n
a
in
v
ar
io
u
s
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
d
ep
e
n
d
o
n
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t (
S1
1
)
o
f
th
e
s
in
g
le
a
n
ten
n
a
3
.
2
.
Vo
l
t
a
g
e
s
t
a
nd
ing
wa
v
e
ra
t
io
(
VSWR)
T
h
e
VSW
R
cu
r
v
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
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ed
s
in
g
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ten
n
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is
s
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wn
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Fig
u
r
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5
.
I
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as
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ce
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tab
le
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alu
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er
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r
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g
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o
f
f
r
e
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b
etwe
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d
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5
G
Hz.
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h
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r
e,
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ticed
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at
th
e
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alu
e
o
f
th
e
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R
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th
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r
e
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o
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d
th
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in
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icate
s
th
at
th
e
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ten
n
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g
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.
3
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I
np
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im
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1
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h
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im
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ed
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ce
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1
1
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f
th
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r
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o
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ed
s
in
g
le
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te
n
n
a
is
s
h
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wn
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Fig
u
r
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6
.
I
t
in
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icat
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g
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o
d
im
p
ed
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ce
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atch
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g
at
f
r
eq
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e
n
cies
r
an
g
e
(
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5
GHz
)
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s
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th
e
in
p
u
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im
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d
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ce
o
f
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a
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e
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s
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er
f
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a
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ad
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ally
d
ec
r
ea
s
e,
as
we
n
o
ticed
at
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies f
r
o
m
1
.
2
1
to
3
.
3
GHz
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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u
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.
VSW
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cu
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o
f
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s
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le
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ten
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Fig
u
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ce
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r
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r
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th
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e
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cy
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ai
n
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2
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at
th
e
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en
cy
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4
5
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Fig
u
r
e
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.
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h
e
g
ain
in
(
d
B
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er
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s
f
r
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2
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h
e
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d
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r
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o
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ed
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e
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Fig
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r
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.
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n
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te
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at
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o
r
th
e
f
r
eq
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cies
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e
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3
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5
GHz
,
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e
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o
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1
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-
1
0
d
B
f
o
r
th
e
s
am
e
f
r
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en
cies.
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ile
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e
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alu
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o
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r
b
o
th
p
o
r
ts
m
ee
t th
e
r
etu
r
n
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s
s
r
eq
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ir
e
m
en
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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r
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ted
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th
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-
1
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B
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o
r
3
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d
b
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th
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d
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-
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d
B
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o
r
th
e
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5
GHz
.
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,
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o
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ts
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e
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en
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d
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lin
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e
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etwe
en
th
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te
n
n
as
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er
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w,
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ich
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p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
in
m
o
s
t m
o
d
e
r
n
a
p
p
licatio
n
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.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
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h
e
m
u
t
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al
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u
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lin
g
(
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2
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d
S2
1
)
c
u
r
v
es f
o
r
th
e
t
wo
-
p
o
r
t M
I
MO
s
y
s
tem
s
4
.
3
.
VSWR
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n
Fig
u
r
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1
0
th
e
p
lo
t
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lay
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th
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r
r
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o
n
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i
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g
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f
o
r
th
e
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ten
n
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th
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m
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o
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itio
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th
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o
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ed
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.
I
t
is
o
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v
io
u
s
th
at
VSW
R
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0
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d
VSW
R
1
=1
.
0
3
f
o
r
t
h
e
3
.
9
GHz
an
d
7
.
5
GHz
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
an
d
VSW
R
2
=1
.
0
8
an
d
VSW
R
2
=1
.
0
3
f
o
r
th
e
3
.
9
GHz
an
d
7
.
5
GHz
f
r
eq
u
en
cies,
wh
ich
ar
e
les
s
th
an
2
in
d
icatin
g
an
im
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r
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v
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d
m
atch
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g
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n
d
itio
n
.
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h
e
r
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o
r
e,
s
in
ce
th
e
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f
th
e
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ar
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eter
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e
m
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ch
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th
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e
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r
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e
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n
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g
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v
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g
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o
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t
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er
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ce
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th
e
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o
r
t
s
in
th
e
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r
o
p
o
s
ed
MI
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co
n
f
i
g
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r
atio
n
.
4
.
4
.
I
np
ut
i
m
peda
nce
(
Z
1
1
,
Z
1
2
,
Z
2
1
,
a
nd
Z
2
2
)
T
h
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
s
(
Z
1
1
,
Z
1
2
,
Z
2
1
,
an
d
Z
2
2
)
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MI
MO
an
ten
n
a
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
I
t
in
d
icate
s
a
g
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o
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im
p
ed
a
n
ce
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atch
in
g
at
f
r
eq
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en
cy
r
a
n
g
e
(
3
.
3
to
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.
5
GHz
)
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
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n
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u
t
im
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ed
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ce
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e
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t
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e
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ar
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ter
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tic
im
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ed
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n
ce
o
f
th
e
f
ee
d
lin
e
th
at
eq
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als
7
5
Ω
.
Als
o
,
we
n
o
ticed
th
at
th
e
im
p
ed
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ce
s
(
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1
2
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d
Z
2
1
)
b
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en
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e
two
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e
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is
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icate
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th
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ce
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e
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th
e
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t
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er
.
4
.
5
.
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a
in
v
er
s
us
f
re
qu
ency
T
h
e
g
ain
v
alu
es
in
d
B
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
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ed
MI
MO
an
ten
n
a
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
T
h
e
g
ain
with
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
(
1
to
1
0
GHz
)
,
it
is
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
g
ain
ju
m
p
s
r
ap
id
l
y
f
r
o
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en
g
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ally
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m
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al
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th
e
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ig
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er
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r
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e
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cy
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f
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GHz
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h
er
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r
e,
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r
th
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th
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s
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alu
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r
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d
th
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g
iv
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r
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er
en
c
e
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th
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an
ten
n
a
f
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u
s
es in
v
ar
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u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
wir
eless
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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NI
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T
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o
m
m
u
n
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p
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r
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r
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r
S
h
a
kir Mu
tta
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)
39
Fig
u
r
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1
0
.
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h
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VSW
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1
an
d
V
SW
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2
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r
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h
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im
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ed
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ce
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2
2
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o
f
th
e
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r
o
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ed
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1
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.
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h
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ain
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(
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e
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icient
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[
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.
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p
ar
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eter
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Fig
u
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ased
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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eter
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ig
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ates c
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.
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r
e
1
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n
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elem
en
ts
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I
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co
n
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ig
u
r
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4
.
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m
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re
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h
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n
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eter
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eter
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ize,
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ates,
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NA
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[
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1
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[
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9
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3
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o
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5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
alo
n
g
with
th
e
d
esig
n
cr
iter
ia
id
e
n
tifi
ed
a
n
ew
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
o
p
e
r
ates
at
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
o
f
3
.
9
GH
z
an
d
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.
5
GHz
u
s
in
g
r
ea
lis
tic
an
ten
n
as
b
ased
o
n
C
ST
S
tu
d
io
S
u
ite
.
W
e
ev
alu
ated
an
d
a
n
aly
ze
d
v
ar
io
u
s
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
th
e
MI
MO
a
n
d
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
an
ten
n
as
in
th
e
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
wo
r
k
i
n
d
ep
en
d
e
n
tly
o
f
ea
c
h
o
th
er
,
w
h
ich
is
a
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
r
e
r
eq
u
is
ite
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
s
.
H
o
wev
er
,
MI
MO
s
y
s
tem
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
t
h
is
r
eq
u
ir
es
co
m
p
lex
d
esig
n
a
n
d
it
is
im
p
o
r
t
an
t
to
tak
e
ca
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
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b
lem
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
s
h
ar
ed
co
u
p
lin
g
,
o
th
e
r
wis
e,
th
ey
ca
u
s
e
im
m
en
s
e
co
n
f
lict,
as
well
as
h
i
g
h
s
y
s
t
em
d
esig
n
in
g
co
s
ts
.
Fin
ally
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
in
th
is
wo
r
k
s
h
o
we
d
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
o
t
h
er
wo
r
k
s
in
liter
atu
r
e.
As
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
,
m
o
r
e
elem
en
ts
will
b
e
ad
d
ed
,
in
v
es
tig
ated
,
an
d
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
th
is
d
esig
n
f
o
r
5
G
m
o
b
ile
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
o
th
er
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
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m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
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Desig
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ltip
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(
K
a
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kir Mu
tta
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)
41
ACK
NO
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DG
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W
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e
to
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x
p
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Un
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is
s
cien
tific
ac
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RE
F
E
R
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NC
E
S
[1
]
F
.
W
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A
.
G
h
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sh
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a
n
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T.
A
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f
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e
/
K
a
rr
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r
-
M
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t
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;
A
c
a
d
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m
i
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:
h
t
t
p
s
:
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i
u
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a
j
a
f
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a
c
a
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m
ia
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e
d
u
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n
g
K
a
r
r
a
r
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M
u
t
t
a
i
r
.
O
r
a
s
Ahm
e
d
S
h
a
r
e
e
f
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
S
c
.
a
n
d
M
.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
Las
e
r
a
n
d
Op
to
e
lec
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Al
-
Na
h
re
e
n
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Ira
q
,
in
2
0
0
0
a
n
d
2
0
0
2
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
,
a
n
d
P
h
.
D.
(2
0
1
8
)
in
Na
n
o
m
a
teria
l
-
b
a
se
d
so
lar
c
e
ll
fr
o
m
Ne
wc
a
stle
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
UK
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
a
re
a
(with
in
Eme
rg
i
n
g
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
M
a
teria
ls
g
ro
u
p
)
is
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
with
a
re
se
a
rc
h
p
o
rtf
o
li
o
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
first
-
p
rin
c
ip
les
sim
u
latio
n
o
f
d
e
fe
c
ts
a
n
d
imp
u
r
it
ies
i
n
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
rs,
c
ry
sta
l
s
u
rfa
c
e
s,
n
a
n
o
str
u
c
tu
re
s,
a
n
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
.
F
u
r
th
e
rm
o
re
,
h
e
r
in
tere
stin
g
i
n
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
re
late
d
-
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
s
u
c
h
a
s
in
d
o
o
r
&
o
u
t
d
o
o
r
wa
v
e
p
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
a
n
ten
n
a
d
e
si
g
n
s
a
n
d
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
.
Dr.
Al
-
An
i
h
a
s
m
o
re
th
a
n
2
0
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
wo
r
k
s
in
l
o
c
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls.
I
n
a
d
d
it
i
o
n
to
h
e
r
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
ti
o
n
i
n
se
v
e
ra
l
in
tern
a
l
a
n
d
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
Dr.
Al
-
An
i
is
wo
rk
in
g
a
s
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
rg
ra
d
u
a
te
su
p
e
rv
is
o
r
a
t
th
e
C
o
ll
e
g
e
o
f
El
e
c
t
rica
l
Tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
,
Ira
q
,
fro
m
2
0
0
5
ti
ll
n
o
w.
D
u
rin
g
h
e
r
P
h
.
D
.
stu
d
y
(2
0
1
4
-
2
0
1
8
)
a
t
Ne
wc
a
stle
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
sh
e
h
a
d
th
e
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
it
y
to
d
e
m
o
n
stra
te
a
n
d
t
e
a
c
h
in
se
v
e
ra
l
lab
s
a
t
d
iffere
n
t
lev
e
ls
a
t
th
e
sc
h
o
o
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
w
h
e
re
sh
e
a
c
ted
a
s
a
Tea
c
h
in
g
As
sista
n
t
a
n
d
La
b
d
e
m
o
n
stra
to
r.
Afte
r
p
a
ss
in
g
se
v
e
ra
l
tea
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
e
n
g
a
g
in
g
trai
n
in
g
m
o
d
u
les
a
t
N
e
w
c
a
s
t
l
e
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
s
u
c
h
a
s
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
D
r
.
A
l
-
A
n
i
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
z
e
d
a
s
As
s
o
c
ia
t
e
F
e
l
l
o
w
w
i
t
h
B
r
i
t
is
h
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i
g
h
e
r
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
A
c
a
d
e
m
y
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
e
d
a
t
:
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m
a
i
l
:
O
ra
s
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A
l
a
n
i
2
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n
e
w
c
a
s
t
le
.
a
c
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u
k
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o
r
a
s
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a
.
s
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a
l
a
n
i
@
g
m
a
i
l
.
c
o
m
,
d
r
.
o
r
a
s@
e
e
tc
.
m
t
u
.
e
d
u
.
i
q
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
re
a
c
h
e
d
a
t:
Re
se
a
rc
h
g
a
te:
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
re
se
a
rc
h
g
a
te.n
e
t/
p
r
o
fil
e
/Ora
s_
Al
-
An
i/
re
se
a
rc
h
.
Ahm
e
d
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
Ah
m
e
d
S
a
b
a
a
wi
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
S
c
.
a
n
d
M
.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
M
o
su
l
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Ira
q
,
i
n
2
0
0
2
a
n
d
2
0
0
8
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
E
lec
tro
n
i
c
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
th
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Ne
wc
a
st
le
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ne
wc
a
stle
Up
o
n
Ty
n
e
,
U.K.,
w
h
e
re
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
se
d
o
n
d
e
si
g
n
i
n
g
n
a
n
o
a
n
ten
n
a
s
fo
r
so
lar
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
ll
e
c
ti
o
n
.
He
wo
rk
e
d
a
s
Re
se
a
rc
h
As
so
c
iate
a
t
Lan
c
a
ste
r
Un
iv
e
rsity
fr
o
m
2
0
1
5
to
2
0
1
7
a
n
d
a
s
KT
P
As
so
c
iate
a
t
Ne
wc
a
stle
Un
iv
e
rsity
fro
m
2
0
1
7
t
o
2
0
1
8
.
Dr.
S
a
b
a
a
wi
is cu
rre
n
tl
y
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Ni
n
e
v
a
h
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
M
o
su
l,
Ira
q
.
His c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
th
e
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
iz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
n
ten
n
a
s
f
o
r
5
G
m
o
b
i
le
n
e
two
rk
s
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
wire
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s.
In
a
d
d
it
i
o
n
,
h
e
is
in
tere
ste
d
i
n
th
e
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
field
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
i
l:
a
h
m
e
d
.
sa
b
a
a
wi@u
o
n
in
e
v
a
h
.
e
d
u
.
iq
.
Ma
h
m
o
o
d
F
a
r
h
a
n
M
o
sle
h
H
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B
.
S
c
,
M
.
S
c
,
a
n
d
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
s
i
n
1
9
9
5
,
2
0
0
0
,
a
n
d
2
0
0
8
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
fro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
.
He
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
P
ro
f.
o
f
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
.
a
t
t
h
e
M
id
d
le
Tec
h
n
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Ira
q
.
He
h
a
s
m
o
re
th
a
n
1
0
0
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
in
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
s.
Also
,
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
te
i
n
m
o
re
th
a
n
2
5
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s
in
t
h
e
fiel
d
o
f
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s.
P
r
o
f
.
M
a
h
m
o
o
d
is
t
h
e
He
a
d
o
f
t
h
e
Ira
q
i
El
e
c
tro
-
Tec
h
n
ica
l
Co
m
m
it
tee
wh
ich
jo
i
n
s
th
e
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
E
lec
tro
-
Tec
h
n
ica
l
Co
m
m
it
tee
s,
He
a
d
o
f
Ed
it
o
rial
Co
m
m
it
tee
Tec
h
n
ica
l
Jo
u
rn
a
l,
a
n
d
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
v
a
ri
o
u
s
C
o
m
m
it
tee
s
fo
r
m
a
n
y
I
n
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
s
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t:
Ema
il
:
d
rm
a
h
m
o
o
d
fa
rh
a
n
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
re
a
c
h
e
d
a
t:
Re
se
a
rc
h
Ga
te:
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
re
se
a
rc
h
g
a
te.n
e
t/
p
ro
fil
e
/M
a
h
m
o
o
d
_
M
o
sle
h
.
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