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le
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
v
eg
etatio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
q
u
ic
k
ly
an
d
ac
cu
r
atel
y
.
R
esear
ch
r
elate
d
to
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
r
o
n
e
im
a
g
er
ies h
as b
ee
n
wid
ely
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t f
o
r
in
v
e
n
to
r
y
i
n
g
v
eg
etatio
n
[7
-
9]
.
R
esear
ch
es
o
n
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
t
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
r
ec
lam
atio
n
in
th
e
ex
-
m
in
in
g
a
r
ea
s
co
u
ld
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
[
1
0
]
,
in
clu
d
e
s
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
lan
d
r
eh
a
b
ilit
atio
n
in
B
u
k
it
Asam
m
in
i
n
g
ar
ea
u
s
in
g
v
eg
etatio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
p
lan
t
g
r
o
wth
,
lan
d
co
v
er
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e,
an
d
s
p
ec
ies
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
,
n
ativ
e
f
au
n
as
(
in
s
ec
ts
,
b
ir
d
s
,
am
p
h
ib
ian
s
,
r
ep
tiles
,
an
d
m
am
m
als),
s
o
il,
a
n
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
wate
r
q
u
ality
.
Ab
u
b
a
k
ar
[
1
1
]
ev
alu
ate
d
th
e
r
e
v
eg
eta
tio
n
s
u
cc
ess
in
th
e
ex
-
n
ick
el
m
in
e
in
So
r
o
a
k
u
u
s
in
g
g
r
o
wth
p
ar
am
eter
s
(
p
lan
t
h
eig
h
t,
s
tem
d
iam
eter
,
ca
n
o
p
y
co
v
er
,
a
n
d
r
o
o
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t)
,
a
n
d
g
r
o
win
g
co
n
d
itio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
(
litt
er
a
n
d
b
io
d
iv
er
s
ity
)
.
Pu
s
p
an
in
g
s
ih
,
et
a
l
.
[
1
2
]
m
o
n
ito
r
e
d
th
e
r
ef
o
r
estatio
n
s
u
cc
ess
in
m
in
in
g
ar
ea
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
o
il
in
d
ex
m
o
d
el
.
Fro
m
th
e
b
io
d
i
v
er
s
ity
asp
ec
ts
,
ca
n
o
p
y
co
v
er
a
n
d
ca
n
o
p
y
s
tr
atif
icatio
n
as
well
as
s
ite
q
u
ality
c
o
u
ld
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
r
e
v
eg
etatio
n
ac
tiv
ities
in
th
e
e
x
-
m
in
i
n
g
a
r
ea
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
r
e
v
eg
etatio
n
s
u
cc
ess
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
s
tab
il
ity
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
co
u
ld
b
e
ass
ess
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
io
m
ass
co
n
ten
t
as
an
in
d
icato
r
o
f
f
o
r
est
p
r
o
d
u
ct
iv
ity
.
Sy
au
f
in
a
an
d
I
k
h
s
an
[
1
3
]
n
o
tice
d
th
at
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
r
ate
o
f
r
ev
eg
e
tatio
n
ac
tiv
ities
in
th
e
ex
-
m
in
i
n
g
ar
ea
,
th
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
e
p
o
ten
tia
l o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
s
eq
u
estra
tio
n
o
r
b
io
m
ass
s
to
r
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
lan
d
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
o
r
ig
in
al
d
ig
ital
v
alu
es
,
o
r
s
y
n
th
etic
im
ag
e
r
y
a
n
d
b
i
o
m
ass
s
to
ck
ab
o
v
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
R
ak
h
m
awa
ti
[
1
4
]
s
tated
th
at
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
v
alu
e
o
f
la
n
d
c
o
v
er
b
io
m
ass
an
d
NDVI
is
6
0
%,
an
d
R
en
,
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
s
tated
th
at
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
v
alu
e
o
f
b
i
o
m
ass
o
n
g
r
ass
an
d
SAVI
is
=
0
.
2
o
f
6
4
%.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
ass
ess
in
g
r
ec
lam
atio
n
in
ex
-
m
in
in
g
ar
ea
u
s
in
g
k
e
y
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
b
io
m
ass
,
v
o
lu
m
e,
a
n
d
b
asal
ar
ea
is
ex
am
in
ed
.
T
h
e
b
io
m
ass
,
v
o
lu
m
e
an
d
b
asal
ar
ea
is
e
s
tim
ated
u
s
in
g
v
eg
etatio
n
v
ar
iab
les
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
u
n
m
an
n
e
d
ae
r
ial
v
eh
icles
(
UAV
)
im
ag
es
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
b
io
m
ass
,
v
o
lu
m
e,
an
d
b
asal
ar
ea
as
k
ey
in
d
icato
r
s
with
v
ar
iab
les
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
UAV
im
ag
es
to
ass
e
s
s
th
e
r
ec
l
am
atio
n
s
u
cc
ess
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
r
ec
lam
atio
n
in
ar
ea
s
o
f
ex
-
p
o
s
t
-
m
in
in
g
ap
p
licab
le
wh
ich
is
a
cc
u
r
ate,
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t,
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
t
an
d
ch
ea
p
e
r
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el
th
at
ca
p
a
b
le
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
r
ec
lam
atio
n
s
u
cc
ess
in
d
icato
r
s
u
s
in
g
v
e
r
y
h
ig
h
r
es
o
lu
tio
n
im
ag
es f
r
o
m
m
u
lti
-
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
r
o
n
e
im
ag
es.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Study
s
it
es
T
h
e
d
ata
wer
e
co
llected
in
6
ex
-
wells
o
f
Petr
o
C
h
in
a
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
J
ab
u
n
g
L
td
J
am
b
i
Pr
o
v
in
ce
.
An
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
s
am
p
lin
g
lo
ca
tio
n
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
en
c
o
m
p
ass
ed
th
e
r
ec
lam
atio
n
ac
tiv
ities
in
Petr
o
C
h
in
a
th
at
alr
ea
d
y
s
in
ce
2
0
1
3
.
T
h
is
r
ec
lam
atio
n
was
d
o
n
e
f
o
llo
win
g
t
h
e
J
am
b
i
Go
v
er
n
o
r
L
etter
No
.
S
-
5
2
5
/1
4
5
7
/SET
DA
-
E
KB
ANG
-
4
: V
/2
0
1
3
d
ated
Ma
y
1
3
,
2
0
1
3
c
o
n
ce
r
n
in
g
R
eh
a
b
ilit
atio
n
an
d
R
ec
lam
atio
n
o
f
b
ar
e
an
d
ab
an
d
o
n
e
d
L
an
d
Activ
ities
,
o
n
an
ex
-
well
m
an
ag
e
d
b
y
Petr
o
C
h
in
a
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
J
ab
u
n
g
L
td
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Field
d
ata
co
llectio
n
was
d
o
n
e
s
in
ce
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
1
9
,
th
en
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
d
ata
an
al
y
s
es
o
f
b
io
d
iv
er
s
ity
,
s
o
il,
wate
r
,
f
au
n
a,
ca
n
o
p
y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
q
u
ality
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
s
p
atial
an
aly
s
is
an
d
m
o
d
el
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
t
h
e
p
e
r
io
d
o
f
Feb
r
u
ar
y
to
Ma
y
2
0
1
9
.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
at
t
h
e
S
o
il
L
ab
o
r
at
o
r
y
o
f
t
h
e
Facu
lty
o
f
Ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
,
I
PB
,
So
il
Ph
y
s
ics,
C
h
em
ical
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
an
d
So
il
Fer
tili
ty
L
ab
o
r
at
o
r
ies
o
f
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
Ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
o
f
J
am
b
i
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
,
R
eg
io
n
al
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
ies
o
f
th
e
Pro
v
in
cial
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
Of
f
ice
o
f
J
am
b
i,
an
d
R
em
o
te
Sen
s
in
g
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
an
d
GI
S o
f
th
e
Fa
cu
lty
o
f
Fo
r
estry
,
I
PB
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
6
ex
-
wells o
f
g
as e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
Petr
o
C
h
in
a
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
J
ab
u
n
g
L
td
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
O
i
l
a
n
d
g
a
s
e
x
-
w
e
l
l
s
R
i
p
a
h
K
a
j
e
n
S
a
r
i
n
a
h
N
o
r
t
h
K
a
b
u
l
G
e
r
b
a
n
g
N
W
La
m
b
u
r
Ex
p
l
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
Y
e
a
r
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
8
2
0
1
0
P
l
a
n
t
i
n
g
Y
e
a
r
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
6
2
0
1
6
-
V
i
l
l
a
g
e
s
S
u
n
g
a
i
T
o
m
a
n
S
i
mp
a
n
g
Tu
a
n
S
u
n
g
a
i
B
u
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P
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o
d
a
d
i
Te
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u
k
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B
a
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D
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r
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M
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a
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Ti
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Ta
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j
a
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M
u
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b
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T
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(
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107
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Stu
d
y
s
ite
m
ap
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
,
t
o
o
ls
,
s
o
f
t
w
a
re
,
a
n
d ha
rdwa
re
T
h
e
to
o
ls
u
s
ed
to
co
n
d
u
ct
f
ield
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
d
r
o
n
es
to
r
ec
o
r
d
im
a
g
es
o
f
ea
ch
ar
ea
o
f
in
ter
est,
GPS,
d
is
tan
ce
tap
e
m
ea
s
u
r
er
,
p
h
i
-
b
an
d
(
tap
e
d
iam
eter
)
,
h
y
p
s
o
m
eter
g
au
g
es,
r
o
p
es,
p
o
les,
b
o
o
k
r
eg
is
ter
,
m
ac
h
etes,
co
m
p
ass
,
h
y
g
r
o
m
et
er
s
,
p
last
ic
b
ag
s
,
lab
els
,
s
ca
les,
litt
er
o
v
e
n
s
,
ca
lcu
lato
r
s
,
co
n
v
en
tio
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ca
m
er
as
an
d
DSLR c
am
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as to
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s
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n
s
o
f
v
e
g
etatio
n
g
r
o
wth
in
th
e
f
ield
.
Data
an
aly
s
is
was p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
a
s
et
o
f
co
m
p
u
te
r
s
an
d
Ag
is
o
f
t
p
h
o
to
s
ca
n
s
o
f
twar
e
f
o
r
d
r
o
n
e
im
a
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
(
Ar
cGI
S
1
0
.
3
)
f
o
r
s
p
atial
o
p
er
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
E
R
DAS
I
MA
GI
NE
2
0
1
4
f
o
r
im
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
(
SP
SS
v
er
s
io
n
2
4
)
f
o
r
s
tatis
tica
l a
n
aly
s
is
(
m
o
d
el
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
)
.
T
h
e
m
ain
d
ata
u
s
ed
i
n
th
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
in
clu
d
e
t
h
e
UAV
im
ag
e
d
ata
(
Fig
u
r
e
2
)
an
d
v
eg
etati
o
n
in
d
ices
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
im
a
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
(
Fig
u
r
e
3
)
,
an
d
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
d
ata
ta
k
en
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ield
in
c
lu
d
ed
a
b
o
v
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
b
io
m
ass
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
d
a
ta
wer
e
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
two
d
ata
s
ets
in
wh
ich
o
n
e
s
et
was
u
s
ed
t
o
b
u
ild
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
m
o
d
el
o
f
r
ef
o
r
estatio
n
,
wh
ile
th
e
o
th
er
s
et
was
u
s
ed
to
tes
t
th
e
m
o
d
el
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
Oth
e
r
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
is
r
esear
ch
wer
e
wo
r
k
m
ap
s
an
d
r
ec
lam
atio
n
r
ep
o
r
ts
.
UAV
im
ag
e
R
ed
Gr
ee
n
B
lu
e
NI
R
UAV
im
ag
e
R
ed
Gr
ee
n
B
lu
e
NI
R
Figur
e 2.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
UAV
v
is
u
al
im
ag
es with
its
ea
ch
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
b
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
1
:
1
0
5
-
1
1
4
108
UAV
im
ag
e
NDVI
GNDVI
R
GI
T
VI
UAV
im
ag
e
NDVI
GNDVI
R
GI
T
VI
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
UAV
v
is
u
al
im
ag
e
an
d
its
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
in
d
ex
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
pro
ce
s
s
ing
2
.
3
.
1
.
E
s
t
im
a
t
io
n In
dica
t
o
rs o
f
t
he
s
ucce
s
s
o
f
f
o
re
s
t
re
cla
m
a
t
io
n
I
n
d
icato
r
s
u
s
ed
as
an
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
f
o
r
est
r
ec
la
m
atio
n
ar
e
in
d
icato
r
s
t
h
at
co
u
ld
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
lev
el
o
f
g
r
o
wth
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
est.
So
m
e
co
m
m
o
n
a
n
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t
in
d
ica
to
r
s
o
f
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
in
f
o
r
est
r
ec
lam
atio
n
with
s
ite
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
b
io
l
o
g
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
f
o
r
est
g
r
o
wth
in
cl
u
d
e
th
e
av
er
ag
e
b
asal
ar
ea
(
L
B
DS)
,
av
er
ag
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
a
b
o
v
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
b
io
m
as
s
,
an
d
av
e
r
ag
e
g
r
o
wth
r
ate
o
f
s
tan
d
/in
c
r
em
en
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
in
d
icato
r
u
s
ed
as
a
k
ey
in
d
icato
r
in
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
r
ec
lam
atio
n
was
b
io
m
ass
.
I
n
esti
m
atin
g
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
b
io
m
ass
,
s
ev
er
al
v
ar
iab
les
wer
e
u
s
ed
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
r
ed
,
g
r
ee
n
an
d
b
l
u
e
ch
an
n
els o
f
UAV
im
ag
es a
n
d
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
s
y
n
th
et
ic
im
ag
e
c
h
an
n
els co
n
s
tr
u
cted
f
r
o
m
UAV
im
ag
es.
2
.
3
.
2
.
P
a
ra
m
et
er
s
a
nd
v
a
ri
a
bles
T
h
e
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
m
in
in
g
r
ec
lam
atio
n
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
ed
b
asal
(
L
B
DS
),
v
o
lu
m
e,
a
n
d
b
io
m
ass
.
T
h
e
b
as
al
ar
ea
(
L
B
DS)
was c
alcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
o
r
m
u
la:
=
0
.
25
2
D
=
d
iam
eter
at
b
r
ea
s
t h
eig
h
t
Stan
d
s
to
ck
s
(
v
o
lu
m
e
)
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
o
r
m
u
la:
=
ℎ
ℎ
C
ar
b
o
n
s
to
ck
s
ar
e
s
to
r
ed
i
n
3
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
n
am
ely
b
io
m
ass
,
n
ec
r
o
m
ass
,
an
d
s
o
il
o
r
g
an
ic
m
atter
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
id
ed
i
n
to
2
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
ab
o
v
eg
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
b
elo
w
g
r
o
u
n
d
b
io
m
ass
es
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
io
m
ass
esti
m
atio
n
was
ab
o
v
eg
r
o
u
n
d
b
io
m
ass
es
o
f
tr
ee
,
b
u
s
h
,
litt
er
a
n
d
n
ec
r
o
m
ass
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
th
er
th
a
n
tr
ee
b
i
o
m
ass
wer
e
d
r
ied
in
th
e
o
v
e
n
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
eir
d
r
y
weig
h
t,
wh
ile
tr
ee
b
io
m
ass
was c
alcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
o
r
m
u
la:
=
∗
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
les
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
m
o
d
el
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
wer
e
d
i
v
id
ed
i
n
to
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
an
d
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
u
s
ed
in
clu
d
ed
b
asal
ar
ea
(
L
B
DS
)
,
v
o
lu
m
e,
an
d
b
io
m
ass
,
wh
ile
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
les
in
clu
d
ed
r
ed
,
g
r
ee
n
,
b
lu
e,
NI
R
b
an
d
s
an
d
v
eg
etatio
n
in
d
ices
o
f
NDVI
[
1
8
]
,
GNDV
I
[
1
9
]
,
T
VI
[
2
0
]
,
an
d
R
GI
[
2
1
]
.
2
.
3
.
3
.
T
ra
ns
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n o
f
v
e
g
et
a
t
io
n ind
ex
Veg
etatio
n
I
n
d
e
x
is
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
v
eg
etatio
n
g
r
ee
n
n
ess
v
alu
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
d
i
g
ital
s
ig
n
al
d
ata
o
f
b
r
ig
h
tn
ess
v
alu
es
o
f
s
e
v
er
al
s
atellite
s
en
s
o
r
d
ata
ch
an
n
els.
Pen
g
,
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
s
tated
th
at
v
eg
etatio
n
in
d
ex
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
Dro
n
e
ima
g
e
-
b
a
s
ed
p
a
r
a
mete
r
s
fo
r
a
s
s
e
s
s
in
g
th
e
ve
g
eta
tio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
th
e
r
ec
la
ma
tio
n
.
.
.
(
Tir
ta
N
eg
a
r
a
)
109
is
an
o
p
tical
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
g
r
ee
n
n
ess
lev
el
o
f
th
e
v
eg
etatio
n
ca
n
o
p
y
,
co
m
p
o
s
ite
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
leaf
ch
lo
r
o
p
h
y
ll,
leaf
ar
ea
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
an
d
v
eg
etatio
n
ca
n
o
p
y
co
v
e
r
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
J
ay
a,
et
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
,
v
eg
etatio
n
in
d
ices
ar
e
v
alu
es
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
m
at
h
em
atica
l
o
p
er
atio
n
s
u
s
in
g
p
i
x
els
th
at
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
al
ch
an
n
els
o
r
b
an
d
s
co
n
tain
ed
in
th
e
im
ag
e
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
o
th
er
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
v
eg
e
tatio
n
in
d
e
x
in
f
o
r
estry
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
eg
etatio
n
in
d
ex
f
o
r
d
etec
ted
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
an
d
d
e
f
o
r
estatio
n
[
2
4
]
;
an
d
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
la
n
d
co
v
er
ch
an
g
es
in
b
u
r
n
e
d
ar
ea
[
2
5
]
.
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
v
eg
etatio
n
in
d
ex
was
u
s
ed
to
o
b
tain
n
ew
i
m
ag
es
u
s
in
g
ce
r
tain
m
ath
em
atica
l
eq
u
atio
n
s
th
at
in
v
o
lv
ed
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
p
ec
tr
al
b
a
n
d
s
o
f
im
ag
es
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
ap
p
ea
r
an
c
e
o
f
v
eg
etatio
n
.
Veg
etatio
n
in
d
ices
u
s
ed
i
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
i
n
clu
d
ed
NDVI
,
GNDV
I
,
R
GI
,
an
d
T
VI
,
o
b
tain
e
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
ese
f
o
llo
win
g
f
o
r
m
u
las:
No
r
m
alize
d
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
v
eg
etat
io
n
in
d
e
x
(
NDVI
)
NDVI
=
N
IR
−
RED
N
IR
+
RED
R
ed
g
r
ee
n
in
d
ex
(
R
GI
)
R
GI
=
G
REE
N
−
RED
G
REE
N
+
RED
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
d
v
eg
etatio
n
in
d
e
x
(
T
VI
)
T
VI
=
[
−
+
+
]
/
Gr
ee
n
n
o
r
m
alize
d
d
if
f
er
en
ce
v
eg
etatio
n
in
d
e
x
(
GNDV
I
)
GN
DVI
=
N
I
R
−
GR
E
E
N
N
I
R
+
GR
E
E
N
No
te:
R
ed
:
is
b
an
d
with
a
wav
elen
g
th
o
f
6
0
0
-
7
0
0
n
m
Gr
ee
n
:
is
b
an
d
with
a
wav
elen
g
th
o
f
5
0
0
-
6
0
0
n
m
NI
R
:
is
b
an
d
with
a
wav
elen
g
th
o
f
7
0
0
-
1
0
0
0
n
m
C
:
is
a
co
n
s
tan
t to
r
em
o
v
e
im
ag
i
n
ar
y
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
(
n
eg
ativ
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
)
with
a
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
5
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
m
in
in
g
ex
p
lo
r
at
io
n
m
o
d
el,
th
er
e
ar
e
o
t
h
er
m
in
e
s
u
cc
ess
in
d
ice
s
th
at
h
ad
also
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
ass
es
s
p
o
s
t
-
m
in
in
g
s
u
cc
ess
.
Pu
s
p
an
in
g
s
ih
,
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
u
s
ed
a
s
o
il
in
d
ex
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
litt
er
,
s
o
il
p
h
y
s
ics,
s
o
il
b
io
lo
g
y
,
a
n
d
s
o
il
ch
em
is
tr
y
in
d
i
ce
s
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
n
ick
el
m
i
n
e
r
ec
lam
atio
n
;
f
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
Mu
is
,
et
a
l
.
[
2
6
]
u
s
ed
L
B
DS
(
b
asal
ar
ea
)
,
b
io
m
ass
,
an
d
m
ea
n
an
n
u
al
in
cr
e
m
en
t (
MA
I
)
in
d
ic
es.
2
.
3
.
4
.
F
o
r
m
ula
t
io
n o
f
esti
m
a
t
io
n m
o
del o
f
bio
m
a
s
s
,
L
B
D
S,
a
nd
t
im
ber
v
o
lum
e
T
h
e
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
im
ag
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
s
ed
in
esti
m
atin
g
th
e
b
io
m
ass
,
b
asal
ar
ea
(
L
B
D
S),
a
n
d
v
o
lu
m
e
wer
e
th
e
b
an
d
s
o
f
UAV
im
ag
e
n
am
ely
r
ed
,
g
r
ee
n
,
b
lu
e,
an
d
NI
R
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
s
y
n
th
esis
b
an
d
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
v
eg
etatio
n
in
d
ices
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
UAV
im
ag
e,
n
am
ely
NDVI
,
GNDV
I
,
R
GI
,
an
d
T
VI
.
in
wh
ich
B
was
th
e
p
r
ed
icted
v
al
u
e,
n
am
el
y
b
i
o
m
ass
,
v
o
lu
m
e,
an
d
b
asal
a
r
ea
,
a
is
co
n
s
tan
t
o
f
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
,
b
&
c
ar
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
,
e
i
s
a
m
ath
em
atica
l c
o
n
s
tan
t,
also
ca
lled
E
u
ler
’
s
n
u
m
b
er
,
x
is
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
th
at
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
d
ig
ital
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
an
d
/o
r
s
y
n
t
h
etic
b
an
d
s
,
e.
g
.
,
NDVI
,
GN
DVI
,
R
GI
,
an
d
T
VI
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
tan
t
v
alu
es
o
f
a
,
b
an
d
/o
r
c
wer
e
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
tatis
tica
l
an
aly
s
is
wit
h
th
e
least
s
q
u
ar
ed
m
eth
o
d
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
t
h
e
m
o
d
els ex
am
in
ed
wer
e
as f
o
llo
ws:
-
L
in
ea
r
m
o
d
el
:
=
+
-
E
x
p
o
n
e
n
tial m
o
d
el
:
=
.
-
L
o
g
ar
ith
m
ic
m
o
d
el
:
=
+
-
Po
ly
n
o
m
ial
Mo
d
el
:
=
+
+
2
-
Po
wer
Mo
d
el
:
=
2
.
3
.
5
.
M
o
del v
a
lid
a
t
io
n
Mo
d
el
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
in
g
was
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
co
m
p
a
r
in
g
th
e
r
es
u
lts
f
r
o
m
f
ield
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
p
lo
ts
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
esti
m
at
io
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
esti
m
atio
n
m
o
d
el.
Mo
d
el
v
alid
atio
n
was
d
o
n
e
to
o
b
tain
th
e
b
est
m
o
d
el
am
o
n
g
th
e
m
o
d
els
d
ev
elo
p
ed
[
6
,
2
6
-
2
8
]
.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
2
4
s
am
p
le
p
lo
t
d
ata
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
e
l
v
alid
atio
n
.
T
h
e
v
alid
atio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
ap
p
lied
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
cl
u
d
ed
m
ea
n
d
ev
iatio
n
(
MD
)
,
a
g
g
r
eg
ativ
e
d
e
v
iatio
n
(
AD)
,
r
o
o
t
-
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
d
er
r
o
r
(
R
MSE
)
an
d
b
ias
(
e)
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
d
ev
iatio
n
is
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
ab
s
o
lu
te
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
esti
m
ated
v
alu
e
an
d
th
e
ac
tu
al
v
alu
e
with
th
e
esti
m
ated
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
e
x
am
p
le
(
n
)
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
is
g
o
o
d
wh
en
it
h
as
an
MD
v
alu
e
o
f
less
th
an
1
0
%.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
f
o
r
m
ea
n
d
ev
iatio
n
is
as f
o
llo
ws:
MD
=
[
∑
|
∑
yi
̂
-
∑
yi
∑
yi
̂
|
n
i=
1
n
]
x
1
0
0
%
Ag
g
r
eg
ate
d
ev
iatio
n
(
AD)
is
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ac
tu
al
v
alu
es
an
d
th
e
esti
m
ate
d
v
alu
es
as
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
esti
m
ated
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
is
as f
o
llo
ws:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
1
:
1
0
5
-
1
1
4
110
AD
=
[
∑
y
̂
-
∑
y
∑
y
̂
]
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
f
o
r
R
MSE
,
wh
ich
ex
p
r
ess
es
an
er
r
o
r
in
d
icato
r
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
q
u
a
d
r
at
ic
to
tal
o
f
th
e
d
ev
iatio
n
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
a
n
d
ac
tu
al
r
esu
lts
is
wr
itten
as f
o
llo
ws:
M
S
E=
[
√
∑
(
yi
̂
-
yi
yi
)
2
n
i=
1
n
]
x
1
0
0
%
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
b
ias
(
e
)
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
is
d
escr
ib
in
g
th
e
er
r
o
r
s
th
at
o
cc
u
r
b
o
th
in
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
an
d
in
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t.
No
te:
̂
is
i
-
esti
m
ated
v
alu
e,
yi
is
i
-
ac
tu
al
v
alu
e
a
n
d
n
is
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
am
p
les.
e
=
∑
(
yi
̂
-
yi
)
n
i=
1
n
2
.
3
.
6
.
Select
io
n o
f
t
he
bes
t
mo
del
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
est
m
o
d
el
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
r
an
k
i
n
g
all
ex
am
in
e
d
m
o
d
els
b
ased
o
n
s
o
m
e
v
alid
atio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ap
p
lied
.
T
h
e
r
an
k
in
g
was
g
iv
en
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
co
m
p
o
s
ite
s
co
r
e
v
alu
es
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
AD,
MD
,
R
MSE
an
d
e
.
T
h
e
r
an
k
e
d
m
o
d
el
was
o
n
ly
t
h
e
m
o
d
els
th
at
h
a
v
e
a
h
ig
h
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
t (
R
²
ad
ju
s
ted
)
,
h
av
e
a
s
m
all
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
er
r
o
r
v
alu
e
(
s
)
,
p
ass
th
e
F
-
ca
lcu
lated
v
alu
e,
m
ee
t
th
e
χ²
test
(
χ²
co
u
n
t
<
χ²
tab
le)
.
W
h
er
e
S
co
r
e
R
out,
S
co
r
e
R
min,
S
c
o
r
e
R
max
ar
e
o
u
tp
u
t,
m
in
i
m
u
m
a
n
d
m
ax
im
u
m
s
co
r
es,
wh
ile
E
min,
E
ma
x
,
an
d
E
input
ar
e
is
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
an
d
o
r
i
g
in
al
in
p
u
t
o
f
d
ev
iatio
n
v
alu
es
(
er
r
o
r
)
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
o
f
d
ata
s
tan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
to
c
o
n
v
er
t
th
e
d
ev
iatio
n
v
alu
e
to
s
c
o
r
e
v
alu
e,
u
s
ed
t
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
J
ay
a
[
6
]
as f
o
llo
ws:
=
[
−
−
(
−
)
]
+
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
3
.
1
.
Dig
it
a
l v
a
lues
o
f
UAV
o
rig
ina
l a
nd
s
y
nthet
ic
im
a
g
es
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
ed
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
an
d
s
y
n
th
etic
b
an
d
s
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
UAV
im
ag
e
as
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
o
r
i
g
in
al
b
an
d
o
f
UAV
im
ag
e
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
g
r
ee
n
,
b
lu
e,
r
e
d
,
an
d
NI
R
b
an
d
s
,
w
h
ile
th
e
estab
lis
h
ed
s
y
n
th
etic
b
an
d
s
ar
e
NDVI
,
G
NDVI
,
R
GI
,
an
d
T
VI
.
T
a
b
le
2
s
u
m
m
ar
izes th
e
s
tatis
tical
v
alu
es o
f
th
e
b
a
n
d
s
.
T
ab
le
2
Statis
tical
v
alu
es
o
f
UAV
im
ag
e
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
s
am
p
l
e
p
lo
ts
S
o
u
r
c
e
R
a
n
g
e
(
mi
n
–
ma
x
)
M
e
a
n
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
(
%)
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
Er
r
o
r
G
r
e
e
n
6
3
.
7
-
1
8
6
.
9
1
1
7
.
5
z
2
0
.
7
1
3
.
1
4
B
l
u
e
7
4
.
2
-
1
5
9
.
3
1
3
0
.
6
1
6
.
9
1
2
.
9
7
2
.
1
9
R
e
d
5
2
.
3
-
1
2
3
.
0
8
7
.
4
1
4
.
4
1
6
.
4
4
1
.
8
5
N
I
R
8
5
.
9
-
2
4
7
.
7
1
9
6
.
8
4
7
.
6
2
4
.
1
7
6
.
1
4
N
D
V
I
-
0
.
0
4
2
-
0
.
4
3
9
0
.
2
4
2
0
.
1
2
3
7
5
1
.
1
7
0
.
0
1
6
G
N
D
V
I
-
0
.
1
5
2
-
0
.
3
4
5
0
.
1
8
7
0
.
1
1
2
6
6
0
.
0
8
0
.
0
1
4
5
R
G
I
-
0
.
1
1
8
-
0
.
1
4
1
0
.
0
5
9
0
.
0
5
6
2
9
5
.
8
5
0
.
0
0
7
3
TV
I
0
.
6
7
7
-
0
.
9
6
9
0
.
8
5
8
0
.
0
7
4
8
.
6
2
0
.
0
0
9
5
3
.
2
.
E
s
t
im
a
t
io
n m
o
del
dev
el
o
pm
ent
o
f
t
he
k
ey
ind
ica
t
o
rs f
o
r
s
ucce
s
s
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
aly
s
is
b
etwe
en
in
d
ep
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d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
with
b
io
m
ass
,
v
o
lu
m
e,
an
d
L
B
DS
s
h
o
w
s
tr
o
n
g
r
elatio
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s
h
ip
;
h
e
n
ce
,
t
h
e
e
q
u
atio
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m
o
d
el
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u
ilt
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ased
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is
r
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ip
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h
e
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m
en
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ased
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s
tab
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m
en
t
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th
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b
io
m
ass
esti
m
atio
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m
o
d
els
als
o
r
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e
r
r
ed
to
th
e
L
u
[
2
9
]
.
W
ah
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u
n
i
[
3
0
]
,
estab
lis
h
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
b
io
m
ass
r
ef
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r
ed
to
th
e
co
r
r
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n
s
b
etwe
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f
ield
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u
r
v
ey
an
d
d
ig
it
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
th
e
im
ag
e.
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h
e
b
i
o
m
ass
esti
m
atio
n
m
o
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el
wa
s
b
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ilt
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ased
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th
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r
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b
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b
io
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alu
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v
o
lu
m
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an
d
o
r
f
ield
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asal
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L
B
DS)
with
th
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in
d
ep
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d
en
t
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ar
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b
les
d
er
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f
r
o
m
v
eg
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d
ices
an
d
o
r
ig
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al
b
an
d
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UAV
im
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Du
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th
e
d
e
v
elo
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m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el,
a
co
r
r
elatio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
test
wa
s
also
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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T
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p
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Dro
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(
Tir
ta
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r
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111
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
co
e
f
f
icien
t
o
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d
eter
m
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atio
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test
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T
ab
le
3
s
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th
at
s
o
m
e
d
ev
elo
p
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o
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ld
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ate
b
io
m
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m
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a
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ig
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ile
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T
ab
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c
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R
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n
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4
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7
B
l
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4
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0
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2
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4
N
I
R
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h
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7
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5
N
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M
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2
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2
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1
3
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8
G
N
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6
7
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4
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9
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9
2
3
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9
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6
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8
0
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7
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n
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8
5
5
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9
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1
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2
0
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5
N
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6
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3
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7
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2
-
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2
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2
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6
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3
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2
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0
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9
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M
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7
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7
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l
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4
6
0
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1
1
6
0
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6
N
I
R
M
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0
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d
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t
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c
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2
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9
N
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1
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N
D
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8
0
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2
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1
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I
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3
5
3
.
4
1
2
0
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9
G
N
D
V
I
M
2
2
Ex
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
a
l
y
=
2
3
8
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2
7
2
e
x
p
-
12.
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N
D
V
I
0
.
6
R
G
I
M
2
3
Q
u
a
d
r
a
t
i
c
y
=
6
4
5
5
.
3
5
6
R
G
I
2
-
4
2
9
9
.
7
6
R
G
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+
7
0
7
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0
3
3
0
.
4
TV
I
M
2
4
Ex
p
o
n
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t
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l
y
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2
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7
0
3
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x
p
10
e
-
22
.
511
T
V
I
0
.
6
N
o
t
e
:
R
2
:
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
3
.
3
.
M
o
del v
a
lid
a
t
io
n t
est
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
v
alid
atio
n
is
aim
e
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
d
i
s
cr
ep
an
cy
b
etwe
en
th
e
f
ield
d
ata
an
d
t
h
e
esti
m
ated
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
o
d
e
l.
T
h
e
v
alid
atio
n
test
is
u
s
ed
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
f
ac
ts
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
an
d
f
ac
ts
d
er
iv
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
o
r
ies.
Valid
atio
n
test
o
f
th
e
es
t
im
atio
n
m
o
d
els
wer
e
ass
es
s
ed
b
ased
o
n
ag
g
r
e
g
ate
d
ev
iatio
n
(
AD)
v
alu
es,
m
ea
n
d
ev
ia
tio
n
(
MD
)
,
b
ias
v
alu
es (
e
)
,
an
d
R
MSE
v
alu
es,
as
p
r
ese
n
ted
in
T
ab
le
4
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
v
alid
atio
n
test
in
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
els
wer
e
r
eliab
le
to
esti
m
ate
k
e
y
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
r
ec
lam
atio
n
s
u
cc
ess
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
ea
.
B
ased
o
n
a
g
g
r
e
g
ate
d
ev
iatio
n
(
AD
)
v
alu
es,
m
o
s
t
v
alid
ated
m
o
d
el
s
m
et
th
e
AD
r
u
les
b
y
n
o
t
ex
ce
ed
in
g
an
in
ter
v
al
v
alu
e
b
etwe
en
-
1
to
1
.
T
h
e
s
m
aller
th
e
AD
an
d
MD
v
alu
e
s
ar
e,
th
e
b
etter
th
e
r
esu
lts
will
b
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
b
ias
test
(
e)
in
d
icate
d
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
er
r
o
r
th
at
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
d
u
e
to
e
r
r
o
r
s
in
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
esu
lts
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
1
to
3
6
.
5
i
n
wh
ich
th
e
l
o
west
b
ias
v
alu
e
b
elo
n
g
s
to
M1
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
lo
wer
th
e
b
ias
v
alu
e
is
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
m
o
d
el
will
b
e.
T
h
e
lo
west
R
MSE
(
R
o
o
t
Me
an
Sq
u
ar
e
E
r
r
o
r
)
v
alu
e
is
i
n
M4
m
o
d
el
b
y
0
.
9
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
v
alid
atio
n
test
in
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
ws
th
at
t
h
e
m
o
d
els
wer
e
r
eliab
le
to
esti
m
ate
k
e
y
i
n
d
icato
r
s
o
f
r
ec
lam
atio
n
s
u
cc
ess
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
ea
.
B
ased
o
n
a
g
g
r
e
g
ate
d
ev
iatio
n
(
AD)
v
alu
es,
m
o
s
t
v
alid
ated
m
o
d
els
m
et
th
e
AD
r
u
les
b
y
n
o
t
e
x
ce
ed
in
g
an
in
ter
v
al
v
alu
e
b
etwe
en
-
1
t
o
1
.
T
h
e
s
m
aller
th
e
AD
an
d
MD
v
alu
es
ar
e
,
th
e
b
etter
th
e
r
esu
lts
will b
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
b
ias test
(
e)
in
d
ic
ated
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
er
r
o
r
t
h
at
o
c
cu
r
r
ed
d
u
e
to
e
r
r
o
r
s
in
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
esu
lts
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
1
to
3
6
.
5
in
wh
ich
th
e
lo
west
b
ias
v
alu
e
b
elo
n
g
s
to
M1
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
lo
wer
th
e
b
ias
v
alu
e
is
,
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
m
o
d
el
will
b
e.
T
h
e
lo
west
R
MSE
(
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
)
v
alu
e
is
in
M4
m
o
d
el
b
y
0
.
9
.
3
.
4
.
Select
io
n o
f
t
he
re
lib
le
m
o
del
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
b
est
m
o
d
el
was
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
m
o
d
el
v
alid
atio
n
ass
es
s
m
en
t.
T
h
e
b
est
th
r
ee
m
o
d
els
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
a
b
le
5
.
Fo
r
b
i
o
m
ass
esti
m
atio
n
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
ac
cu
r
ate
m
o
d
el
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
m
o
d
el
M2
0
,
h
a
v
in
g
av
er
ag
e
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
ab
o
u
t 1
5
.
2
%,
wh
ile
f
o
r
th
e
b
asal a
r
ea
(
L
B
DS
)
esti
m
atio
n
is
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
M8
,
with
av
e
r
ag
e
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
ab
o
u
t 1
1
.
3
%.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
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o
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n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
1
:
1
0
5
-
1
1
4
112
T
ab
le
4
R
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
b
io
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ass
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m
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n
M
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%AD
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D
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A
v
e
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%AD
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7
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2
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0
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5
2
5
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6
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
NI
R
was
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
ia
b
le
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
b
io
m
ass
co
n
ten
t
o
f
v
eg
etatio
n
in
p
o
s
t
-
m
in
in
g
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
s
im
ilar
r
esu
lt
was
s
h
o
wn
b
y
H
u
n
t,
et
a
l
.
[
3
1
]
,
wh
er
e
NI
R
g
iv
e
s
tr
o
n
g
co
r
r
elatio
n
wi
th
b
io
m
ass
(
Fig
u
r
e
4
)
.
Fo
r
esti
m
atin
g
th
e
b
asal
ar
ea
,
t
h
e
ND
VI
wh
ich
is
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
NI
R
d
an
r
ed
b
an
d
is
th
e
b
est
v
ar
iab
le
[
3
2
]
(
Fig
u
r
e
4
)
.
T
h
e
NDVI
h
av
e
a
clo
s
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
ca
n
o
p
y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
m
in
in
g
ca
n
b
e
d
etec
t
ed
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
UAV
im
ag
es
u
s
in
g
R
ed
an
d
NI
R
b
an
d
s
.
No
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
t
h
at
co
u
ld
b
e
ac
cu
r
ately
esti
m
ate
th
e
s
tan
d
i
n
g
s
to
ck
o
f
v
o
lu
m
e,
s
in
ce
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
d
ev
iatio
n
is
lar
g
er
t
h
an
2
0
%.
T
ab
le
5
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
m
o
d
el
s
co
r
es
M
o
d
e
l
C
o
d
e
s
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
%
o
f
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
M
2
0
B
i
o
mass
=
0
.
0
2
2
N
I
R
2
–
1
1
.
1
1
2
N
I
R
+
1
4
2
2
.
2
9
4
1
5
.
2
M8
LB
D
S
=
1
9
6
.
2
1
3
N
D
V
I
2
-
9
9
.
2
9
7
N
D
V
I
+
1
3
.
0
9
7
1
1
.
3
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Scatter
d
ia
g
r
am
o
f
th
e
b
est m
o
d
els
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Fro
m
th
e
f
o
r
e
g
o
in
g
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
th
e
b
io
m
ass
c
o
n
ten
t
o
f
v
eg
etatio
n
with
in
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
m
in
in
g
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
ar
ea
co
u
ld
b
e
esti
m
ated
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
N
I
R
b
an
d
s
with
th
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
0
.
0
2
2
NI
R
2
-
1
1
.
1
1
2
NI
R
+
1
4
2
2
.
2
9
4
with
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
o
f
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
a
b
o
u
t
1
5
%
.
Fo
r
esti
m
atin
g
th
e
b
asal
ar
ea
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
eliab
le
m
o
d
el
t
y
p
e
is
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ial
o
f
1
9
6
.
2
1
3
NDVI
2
–
99
.
2
9
7
NDVI
+
1
3
.
0
9
7
with
th
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
d
ev
iatio
n
a
b
o
u
t
1
1
.
3
%
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
it
is
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
th
e
d
r
o
n
e
-
b
ased
im
ag
es
h
av
in
g
5
c
m
s
p
atial
r
eso
lu
tio
n
is
h
ig
h
ly
p
o
te
n
tial to
ass
ess
th
e
eith
er
b
io
m
ass
an
d
/
o
r
tim
b
er
v
o
lu
m
e
s
to
ck
th
at
wo
u
ld
b
e
b
en
ef
icial
to
b
e
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
ea
r
ly
g
r
o
wt
h
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
v
e
g
etatio
n
.
No
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
esti
m
atin
g
th
e
s
tan
d
in
g
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
ea
r
ly
g
r
o
w
th
v
eg
etatio
n
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
G
.
Ca
m
o
ra
n
i,
A.
Ca
ste
ll
a
ri
n
,
a
n
d
A.
Bra
th
,
"
E
ffe
c
ts
o
f
lan
d
-
u
se
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
o
n
th
e
h
y
d
ro
lo
g
ic
re
sp
o
n
se
o
f
re
c
lam
a
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s,"
Ph
y
sic
s Ch
e
mistry
o
f
t
h
e
Ea
rth
,
Pa
rts A
/B
/C,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
n
o
.
8
-
1
0
,
p
p
.
5
6
1
-
5
7
4
,
2
0
0
5
.
[2
]
L.
M
e
n
g
,
Q.
F
e
n
g
,
K.
W
u
,
a
n
d
Q.
M
e
n
g
,
"
Qu
a
n
t
it
a
ti
v
e
e
v
a
lu
a
t
io
n
o
f
so
i
l
e
ro
sio
n
o
f
la
n
d
su
b
sid
e
d
b
y
c
o
a
l
m
in
i
n
g
u
sin
g
RUSL
E,
"
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
in
i
n
g
S
c
ien
c
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
-
1
1
,
Ja
n
u
a
r
y
2
0
1
2
.
[3
]
J.
M
.
Ba
u
m
a
n
,
et
al
.
,
"
P
lan
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
f
o
ll
o
wi
n
g
re
sto
ra
ti
o
n
trea
tme
n
ts
o
n
a
leg
a
c
y
r
e
c
laim
e
d
m
in
e
site,"
Eco
l
o
g
ic
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
.
8
3
,
p
p
.
5
2
1
-
5
2
8
,
Oc
to
b
e
r
2
0
1
5
.
[4
]
L.
Zh
a
n
g
,
J.
Wan
g
,
Z.
Ba
i,
a
n
d
C.
Lv
,
"
Eff
e
c
ts
o
f
v
e
g
e
tatio
n
o
n
ru
n
o
ff
a
n
d
so
il
e
r
o
sio
n
o
n
re
c
lai
m
e
d
lan
d
in
a
n
o
p
e
n
c
a
st co
a
l
-
m
in
e
d
u
m
p
in
a
lo
e
ss
a
re
a
,
"
Ca
ten
a
,
v
o
l.
1
2
8
,
p
p
.
4
4
-
5
3
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
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o
l
Dro
n
e
ima
g
e
-
b
a
s
ed
p
a
r
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mete
r
s
fo
r
a
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e
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g
th
e
ve
g
eta
tio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
th
e
r
ec
la
ma
tio
n
.
.
.
(
Tir
ta
N
eg
a
r
a
)
113
[5
]
E.
V.
Clark
a
n
d
C.
E
.
Zi
p
p
e
r,
"
Ve
g
e
tatio
n
i
n
fl
u
e
n
c
e
s
n
e
a
r
-
su
rfa
c
e
h
y
d
r
o
lo
g
ica
l
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
n
a
su
rfa
c
e
c
o
a
l
m
in
e
in
e
a
ste
rn
USA,
"
Ca
ten
a
,
v
o
l.
1
3
9
,
p
p
.
2
4
1
-
2
4
9
,
Ap
r
il
2
0
1
6
.
[6
]
I
.
N.
S
.
Ja
y
a
,
"
Re
m
o
te
S
e
n
si
n
g
P
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
fo
r
Na
tu
ra
l
Re
so
u
rc
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
(i
n
Ba
h
a
sa
:
P
e
rsp
e
k
ti
f
P
e
n
g
i
n
d
e
ra
a
n
Ja
u
h
u
n
tu
k
P
e
n
g
e
l
o
laa
n
S
u
m
b
e
rd
a
y
a
Ala
m
)
,"
Bo
g
o
r: I
n
stit
u
t
Per
ta
n
ia
n
B
o
g
o
r
,
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
A.
Ka
rd
ik
a
,
e
t.
a
l
.,
"
G
ro
wth
-
site
Q
u
a
li
ty
A
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
N
y
p
a
fru
ti
c
a
n
s
u
sin
g
U
n
m
a
n
n
e
d
A
e
rial
V
e
h
icle
s
I
m
a
g
e
s:
A
c
a
se
stu
d
y
in
Ku
b
u
Ra
y
a
Re
g
e
n
c
y
,
Wes
t
Ka
li
m
a
n
tan
P
r
o
v
i
n
c
e
,
"
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
0
2
-
5
1
1
,
F
e
b
r
u
a
ry
2
0
1
8
.
[8
]
S
.
Wah
y
u
n
i,
I
N.
S
.
Ja
y
a
,
a
n
d
N.
P
u
sp
a
n
i
n
g
si
h
,
"
M
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
e
stim
a
t
in
g
a
b
o
v
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
b
i
o
m
a
ss
o
f
re
c
lam
a
ti
o
n
fo
re
st
u
sin
g
u
n
m
a
n
n
e
d
a
e
rial
v
e
h
icle
s,"
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
8
6
-
5
9
3
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
6
.
[9
]
R.
P
.
S
il
a
la
h
i,
I.
N.
S
.
Ja
y
a
,
T
.
Ti
r
y
a
n
a
,
a
n
d
F
.
M
u
li
a
,
"
As
se
ss
in
g
th
e
Cro
wn
Clo
s
u
re
o
f
Ny
p
a
o
n
UA
V
ima
g
e
s u
sin
g
mean
-
sh
ift
se
g
m
e
n
tatio
n
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
,
"
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
2
2
-
7
3
0
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
8
.
[1
0
]
J.
P
.
W
id
d
o
ws
o
n
,
"
Re
h
a
b
il
it
a
ti
o
n
p
la
n
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
su
p
e
rv
isin
g
m
i
n
in
g
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
m
in
imiz
e
a
d
v
e
rse
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
e
ffe
c
t
,
"
P
ro
c
c
e
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
j
o
i
n
t
S
e
min
a
r
o
n
E
n
v
iro
n
me
n
t
a
l
Ef
fec
t
o
f
M
i
n
in
g
in
W
a
ter
sh
e
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l.
1
0
6
,
n
o
.
5
2
,
p
p
.
2
2
3
4
6
-
2
2
3
5
1
,
1
9
9
0
.
[1
1
]
F
.
Ab
u
b
a
k
a
r,
"
Ev
a
l
u
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
c
c
e
ss
ra
te
o
f
re
v
e
g
e
tatio
n
o
f
fo
r
m
e
r
n
ick
e
l
m
in
i
n
g
lan
d
a
t
P
T
I
n
c
o
Tb
k
.
S
o
ro
wa
k
o
,
S
o
u
t
h
S
u
law
e
si
(in
Ba
h
a
sa
:
Ev
a
lu
a
si
ti
n
g
k
a
t
k
e
b
e
rh
a
silan
re
v
e
g
e
t
a
si
lah
a
n
b
e
k
a
s
tam
b
a
n
g
n
i
k
e
l
d
i
P
T
In
c
o
Tb
k
.
S
o
ro
wa
k
o
,
S
u
law
e
si S
e
lata
n
)
,
"
J
u
rn
a
l
Ilmi
a
h
Ri
mb
a
K
a
li
ma
n
ta
n
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
-
1
4
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
2
]
N.
P
u
sp
a
n
in
g
sih
,
et
al
.
,
"
M
o
n
i
to
rin
g
t
h
e
su
c
c
e
ss
o
f
re
fo
re
sta
ti
o
n
in
m
in
i
n
g
a
re
a
s
th
ro
u
g
h
a
so
il
i
n
d
e
x
m
o
d
e
l
(i
n
Ba
h
a
sa
:
P
e
m
a
n
tau
a
n
k
e
b
e
rh
a
sila
n
re
fo
re
sta
si
d
i
k
a
wa
sa
n
p
e
rtam
b
a
n
g
a
n
m
e
lalu
i
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
d
e
k
s
t
a
n
a
h
)
,
"
J
u
r
n
a
l
M
a
n
a
jem
e
n
Hu
ta
n
T
ro
p
ika
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
3
-
6
2
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
3
]
L.
S
y
a
u
fin
a
a
n
d
M
.
Ik
h
sa
n
,
"
Est
i
m
a
ted
c
a
rb
o
n
sto
ra
g
e
a
b
o
v
e
th
e
s
u
rfa
c
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
st
-
m
in
i
n
g
re
c
lam
a
ti
o
n
a
re
a
o
f
P
T.
An
tam
UBPE
P
o
n
g
k
a
r,
Wes
t
Ja
v
a
P
r
o
v
i
n
c
e
(i
n
Ba
h
a
sa
:
Esti
m
a
si
si
m
p
a
n
a
n
k
a
rb
o
n
d
i
a
tas
p
e
rm
u
k
a
a
n
lah
a
n
re
k
lam
a
si
p
a
sc
a
tam
b
a
n
g
P
T.
A
n
tam
UBPE
P
o
n
g
k
a
r
P
ro
v
in
si
Ja
wa
Ba
ra
t
)
,
"
J
u
rn
a
l
S
il
v
iku
l
tu
r
T
r
o
p
ik
a
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
0
-
1
0
7
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
4
]
M
.
Ra
k
h
m
a
wa
ti
,
"
Re
latio
n
sh
i
p
b
e
twe
e
n
lan
d
c
o
v
e
r
b
i
o
m
a
ss
a
n
d
v
e
g
e
tatio
n
in
d
e
x
in
M
a
m
u
j
u
Uta
ra
d
istri
c
t,
Wes
t
S
u
law
e
si
(i
n
Ba
h
a
sa
:
H
u
b
u
n
g
a
n
Bio
m
a
ss
a
p
e
n
u
t
u
p
lah
a
n
d
e
n
g
a
n
i
n
d
e
k
s
v
e
g
e
t
a
si
d
i
k
a
b
u
p
a
ten
M
a
m
u
ju
Uta
ra
,
S
u
law
e
si Bara
t
)
,
"
M
a
j
a
la
h
Ilmi
a
h
Glo
b
e
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
5
]
H
.
R
e
n
,
G
.
Z
h
o
u
,
a
n
d
F
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
"
U
s
i
n
g
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
s
o
i
l
a
d
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t
f
a
c
t
o
r
i
n
s
o
i
l
-
a
d
j
u
s
t
e
d
v
e
g
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
e
x
(
S
A
V
I
)
f
o
r
a
b
o
v
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
l
i
v
i
n
g
b
i
o
m
a
s
s
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
a
r
i
d
g
r
a
s
s
l
a
n
d
s
,
"
R
e
m
o
t
e
S
e
n
s
i
n
g
o
f
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
9
,
p
p
.
4
3
9
-
4
4
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
6
]
E.
S
u
h
e
n
d
a
n
g
,
"
T
h
e
re
latio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
twe
e
n
th
e
d
ime
n
sio
n
s
o
f
p
lan
tat
io
n
fo
re
st
sta
n
d
s
with
th
e
fa
c
to
r
o
f
g
ro
win
g
p
lac
e
a
n
d
sil
v
icu
lt
u
ra
l
a
c
ti
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
p
in
e
fo
re
sts
o
f
M
e
rc
u
sii
J
u
n
g
h
,
e
t
d
e
V
ries
e
in
Ja
v
a
Isla
n
d
(i
n
Ba
h
a
sa
:
H
u
b
u
n
g
a
n
a
n
tara
d
ime
n
si
teg
a
k
a
n
h
u
ta
n
tan
a
m
a
n
d
e
n
g
a
n
fa
k
to
r
tem
p
a
t
t
u
m
b
u
h
d
a
n
ti
n
d
a
k
a
n
sil
v
ik
u
lt
u
r
p
a
d
a
h
u
ta
n
tan
a
m
a
n
p
in
u
s
m
e
rk
u
sii
Ju
n
g
h
,
e
t
d
e
Vrie
se
d
i
P
u
lau
Ja
wa
)
,
"
Do
c
t
o
r,
I
n
stit
u
t
Per
t
a
n
i
a
n
Bo
g
o
r,
Bo
g
o
r (ID)
,
1
9
9
0
.
[1
7
]
R.
Ha
ry
a
d
i,
"
T
h
e
Disc
o
f
t
h
e
S
u
n
Hu
n
ts
t
h
e
Co
t
h
e
a
th
(i
n
Ba
h
a
sa
:
C
a
k
ra
m
M
a
tah
a
ri
M
e
m
b
u
r
u
Ko
te
k
e
lem
a
)
,"
J
a
k
a
rt
a
(ID): Ga
tra
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
8
]
J.
Ro
u
se
,
e
t.
a
l
.,
"
M
o
n
i
to
ri
n
g
th
e
v
e
rn
a
l
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
re
tro
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
n
a
tu
ra
l
v
e
g
e
tatio
n
,
"
NAS
A
/
GS
FG
T
y
p
e
III
Fi
n
a
l
Rep
o
rt,
v
o
l
.
3
7
1
,
1
9
7
4
.
[1
9
]
A.
A.
G
it
e
lso
n
,
Y.
J.
Ka
u
fm
a
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
N.
M
e
rz
ly
a
k
,
"
Us
e
o
f
a
g
re
e
n
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
in
re
m
o
te se
n
si
n
g
o
f
g
l
o
b
a
l
v
e
g
e
tatio
n
fro
m
EOS
-
M
OD
IS
,
"
Rem
o
te se
n
s
in
g
o
f
E
n
v
iro
n
me
n
t,
v
o
l.
5
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
8
9
-
2
9
8
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
1
9
9
6
.
[2
0
]
D.
De
e
rin
g
,
"
M
e
a
su
rin
g
f
o
ra
g
e
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
g
ra
z
in
g
u
n
i
ts
fro
m
Lan
d
sa
t
M
S
S
d
a
ta,"
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
T
e
n
th
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m o
f
Rem
o
te S
e
n
sin
g
o
f
t
h
e
En
v
rio
n
me
n
t
,
p
p
.
1
1
6
9
-
1
1
9
8
,
1
9
7
5
.
[2
1
]
R.
P
.
S
rip
a
d
a
,
e
t.
a
l
.
,
"
Ae
rial
c
o
lo
r
in
fra
re
d
p
h
o
t
o
g
ra
p
h
y
fo
r
d
e
ter
m
in
in
g
e
a
rly
i
n
‐se
a
so
n
n
it
r
o
g
e
n
re
q
u
irem
e
n
ts
i
n
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