T
E
L
KO
M
N
I
KA
T
e
lec
om
m
u
n
icat
ion
,
Com
p
u
t
i
n
g,
E
lec
t
r
on
ics
an
d
Cont
r
ol
Vol.
1
8
,
No.
4
,
Augus
t
2020
,
pp.
2186
~
2192
I
S
S
N:
1693
-
6930
,
a
c
c
r
e
dit
e
d
F
ir
s
t
G
r
a
de
by
Ke
me
nr
is
tekdikti
,
De
c
r
e
e
No:
21/E
/KP
T
/2018
DO
I
:
10.
12928/
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
.
v1
8
i
4
.
13072
2186
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
jour
nal.
uad
.
ac
.
id/
index
.
php/T
E
L
K
OM
N
I
K
A
T
he
us
ag
e
of
t
h
e
r
m
o
e
le
c
t
r
ic
g
e
n
e
r
at
o
r
as
a
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
r
gy sou
r
c
e
Ce
k
m
as
Ce
k
d
in
1
,
Z
ain
u
d
d
in
Naw
awi
2
,
M
u
h
a
m
m
ad
F
a
izal
3
1
St
u
d
e
n
t
o
f
D
o
ct
o
r
Pro
g
ram,
Fa
cu
l
t
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
,
Sri
w
i
j
ay
a
U
n
i
v
ers
i
t
y
,
In
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
2
E
l
ec
t
ri
ca
l
E
n
g
i
n
eeri
n
g
S
t
u
d
y
Pro
g
ram
,
Sri
w
i
j
a
y
a
U
n
i
v
e
rs
i
t
y
,
In
d
o
n
es
i
a
3
Facu
l
t
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
eeri
n
g
,
Sri
w
i
j
ay
a
U
n
i
v
ers
i
t
y
,
In
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
Ar
t
icle
I
n
f
o
AB
S
T
RA
CT
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
tor
y
:
R
e
c
e
ived
M
a
y
9
,
2019
R
e
vis
e
d
F
e
b
21
,
2020
Ac
c
e
pted
M
a
r
28
,
2020
Cu
rren
t
l
y
t
h
erm
o
el
ec
t
ri
c
g
e
n
erat
o
rs
(T
E
G
)
are
w
i
d
e
l
y
u
s
ed
i
n
b
i
o
med
i
cal
,
mi
l
i
t
ar
y
an
d
s
p
ace
s
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e
p
o
w
er
ap
p
l
i
cat
i
o
n
s
.
T
E
G
o
f
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
er
p
l
an
t
s
are
mo
s
t
l
y
u
s
ed
i
n
au
t
o
m
o
b
i
l
e
a
n
d
i
n
d
u
s
t
ri
a
l
en
g
i
n
es
.
T
h
i
s
p
ap
er
d
i
s
cu
s
s
e
s
T
E
G
as
a
ren
ew
a
b
l
e
e
n
erg
y
s
o
u
rce
.
H
ere
t
h
e
T
E
G
i
n
t
h
e
ap
p
l
i
cat
i
o
n
i
s
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
t
h
erm
o
el
ec
t
ri
c
g
en
era
t
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
p
l
a
n
t
.
T
h
e
w
o
rk
i
n
g
p
ri
n
ci
p
l
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
t
h
erm
o
el
ec
t
ri
c
g
en
er
at
o
r
i
s
o
n
t
h
e
h
ea
t
s
i
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
T
E
G
p
el
t
i
er
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
co
at
e
d
i
n
met
a
l
i
n
t
h
e
fo
rm
o
f
al
u
m
i
n
u
m,
w
h
i
ch
i
s
h
eat
e
d
b
y
a
h
eat
er.
A
n
d
t
h
e
co
l
d
s
i
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
T
E
G
Pe
l
t
i
er
i
s
p
l
aced
o
n
t
h
e
h
ea
t
s
i
n
k
(a
s
a
h
eat
d
i
s
s
i
p
at
i
o
n
met
a
l
).
H
eat
s
i
n
k
s
are
s
u
b
mer
g
ed
i
n
w
a
t
er
w
h
i
c
h
are
s
u
b
merg
e
d
ab
o
u
t
h
al
f
o
r
mo
re.
If
t
h
e
t
emp
era
t
u
re
o
f
t
h
e
met
a
l
b
ei
n
g
h
eat
e
d
an
d
t
h
e
t
emp
era
t
u
re
o
f
h
eat
d
i
s
s
i
p
at
i
o
n
met
a
l
h
a
v
e
a
cert
ai
n
d
i
ff
eren
ce,
t
h
en
t
h
e
t
e
mp
erat
u
re
d
i
fferen
ce
cau
s
e
s
T
E
G
t
o
s
t
art
w
o
rk
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
g
reat
er
t
h
e
t
emp
er
at
u
re
d
i
ffere
n
ce,
t
h
e
g
reat
er
t
h
e
el
ec
t
ri
ca
l
en
erg
y
p
ro
d
u
ce
d
w
i
l
l
b
e.
H
o
w
e
v
er,
i
f
t
h
e
t
emp
erat
u
re
d
i
ffere
n
ce
i
s
t
o
o
l
arg
e
i
t
w
i
l
l
d
ama
g
e
t
h
e
b
i
s
m
u
t
h
s
e
m
i
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
mat
er
i
al
u
s
e
d
.
A
ft
er
T
E
G
s
t
ar
t
s
w
o
rk
i
n
g
i
t
w
i
l
l
p
ro
d
u
ce
v
o
l
t
ag
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
ren
t
.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
He
a
ts
inks
P
e
lt
ier
R
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
TEG
T
he
r
moele
c
tr
ic
ge
ne
r
a
tor
powe
r
plant
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e
.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
C
e
kmas
C
e
kdin
,
F
a
c
ult
y
of
E
nginee
r
ing
,
S
r
iwij
a
ya
Unive
r
s
it
y,
J
a
lan
S
r
ij
a
ya
Ne
ga
r
a
,
B
ukit
B
e
s
a
r
,
I
li
r
B
a
r
a
t
I
,
P
a
le
mbang,
S
outh
S
umate
r
a
,
I
ndone
s
ia.
E
mail:
c
e
kmas
_c
e
kdin@yahoo.
c
om
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
T
he
ne
e
d
a
nd
e
lec
tr
icity
c
ons
umpt
ion
a
r
e
c
u
r
r
e
ntl
y
not
c
ompar
a
ble
to
the
e
f
f
or
t
to
pr
ovide
a
de
qua
te
e
lec
tr
icity
s
upply
.
T
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
c
ons
tr
a
int
o
f
the
l
a
c
k
of
e
lec
tr
icity
s
upply
,
is
e
s
pe
c
ially
due
to
the
lac
k
of
e
lec
tr
icity
s
upply
f
r
om
the
Na
ti
ona
l
E
lec
tr
icity
C
o
mpany
(
P
L
N)
.
Th
e
e
lec
tr
icity
f
r
om
P
L
N
is
pr
oduc
e
d
f
r
om
f
os
s
il
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
c
oa
l
,
f
ue
l
oil
,
a
nd
other
s
that
will
r
un
out
ove
r
ti
me
if
us
e
d
c
ont
i
nuous
ly.
To
ove
r
c
om
e
th
e
pr
oblem
of
r
unning
out
o
f
f
os
s
il
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
s
,
we
ne
e
d
to
look
f
or
other
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
s
by
uti
li
z
ing
e
xis
ti
ng
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
s
a
nd
s
e
e
king
ne
w
innovations
in
e
xploi
ti
ng
them
.
One
o
f
the
potential
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
s
with
ne
w
innovation
is
the
us
e
o
f
the
r
moele
c
tr
ic
ge
ne
r
a
to
r
s
(
T
E
G)
.
C
ur
r
e
ntl
y
,
the
T
E
G
a
s
a
n
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
ha
s
not
be
e
n
uti
li
z
e
d
opti
mally
.
Applica
ti
on
of
T
E
G
us
a
ge
a
s
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
c
a
n
be
divi
de
d
in
to
low
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
high
-
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on.
L
ow
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
c
a
n
ge
ne
r
a
te
powe
r
f
r
om
5
µ
W
to
1
W
,
a
nd
whe
r
e
f
r
om
1
W
a
nd
a
bove
the
T
E
G
is
c
ons
ider
e
d
a
s
high
-
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
[
1
-
3]
.
Applica
ti
on
of
T
E
G
a
s
low
powe
r
g
e
ne
r
a
ti
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
T
he
us
age
of
ther
moe
lec
tr
ic
ge
ne
r
ator
as
a
r
e
ne
w
a
ble
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
(
C
e
k
ma
s
C
e
k
din
)
2187
a
r
e
us
e
d
in
bio
medic
a
l,
mi
li
tar
y,
a
e
r
os
pa
c
e
,
a
nd
r
e
mot
e
.
E
l
e
c
tr
ic
de
vice
s
that
a
r
e
inco
r
por
a
ted
in
oth
e
r
bodies
a
nd
us
e
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
tec
hnology
a
r
e
gr
oupe
d
int
o
mobi
le
c
omm
unica
ti
ons
c
a
tegor
y.
T
he
y
inclu
de
iP
ods
,
M
P
3
playe
r
s
,
a
nd
s
mar
tphones
.
Othe
r
s
a
r
e
us
e
d
in
the
medic
a
l
f
ield
li
ke
c
a
r
diac
pa
c
e
make
r
s
a
nd
he
a
r
ing
a
ids
.
T
he
e
lec
tr
ic
de
vice
s
that
a
r
e
incor
por
a
ted
in
other
bodies
ha
ve
powe
r
r
e
quir
e
ments
whic
h
r
a
ne
5
µ
W
to
1
W
.
T
he
y
ha
ve
a
li
f
e
e
xpe
c
tanc
y
of
up
to
5
ye
a
r
s
[
4
,
5
]
.
High
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
of
T
E
G
is
mos
tl
y
us
e
d
in
a
u
tom
obil
e
e
ngines
a
nd
indus
tr
ies
.
I
r
o
n
a
nd
s
tee
l,
c
he
mi
c
a
l,
pe
tr
oleum
r
e
f
ini
ng,
f
or
e
s
t
p
r
oduc
t,
a
nd
f
ood
a
nd
be
ve
r
a
ge
indus
tr
ies
c
ons
ume
e
nor
mous
a
mount
of
e
ne
r
gy
,
in
whic
h
a
lar
ge
a
mount
e
s
c
a
pe
s
to
the
e
nvi
r
onment
in
the
f
r
om
of
e
xha
us
t
he
a
t.
T
a
ble
1
s
hows
wa
s
te
he
a
t
s
our
c
e
tempe
r
a
tur
e
s
a
s
a
s
a
mpl
e
of
mi
d
a
nd
high
tempe
r
a
tur
e
T
E
G
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
.
T
a
ble
1.
E
s
ti
mate
d
wa
s
te
he
a
t
s
our
c
e
tempe
r
a
tu
r
e
s
of
a
s
a
mpl
e
mi
d
a
nd
high
tempe
r
a
tur
e
T
E
G
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
[
6
-
8]
A
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
S
our
c
e
t
e
mpe
r
a
tu
r
e
r
a
nge
(
o
C)
A
ut
omot
iv
e
e
xha
us
t
400
-
700
D
ie
s
e
l
ge
ne
r
a
to
r
e
xha
u
s
t
~
500
P
r
im
a
r
y a
lu
mi
num Ha
lf
-
H
e
r
ou
lt
c
e
ll
s
700
-
900
G
la
s
s
me
lt
in
g r
e
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ve
f
ur
na
c
e
~
450
T
he
r
a
nge
of
the
tempe
r
a
tur
e
s
e
lec
ted
is
ba
s
e
d
on
the
uti
li
z
a
ti
on
of
the
T
E
G
.
T
he
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
of
powe
r
r
e
quir
e
s
the
s
ys
tems
of
wa
s
te
he
a
t
r
e
c
ove
r
y
of
T
E
G
[
9,
10]
.
T
op
manuf
a
c
tu
r
e
r
s
of
a
utom
obil
e
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
B
M
W
,
Volvo,
F
or
d
a
nd
Volks
wa
ge
n
ha
ve
de
ve
loped
s
uc
h
s
ys
tems
.
T
he
s
ys
tem
s
a
r
e
int
e
nde
d
to
im
pr
ove
the
f
ue
l
e
c
onomy
of
the
a
utom
obil
e
s
.
T
he
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
t
e
d
by
the
ther
moele
c
tr
ic
ge
ne
r
a
tor
s
is
withi
n
a
r
a
nge
of
1
kW
[
11,
12]
.
I
n
a
ve
hicle
ut
il
izing
c
omm
on
ga
s
oli
ne
e
ngine,
a
bout
40%
of
the
f
ue
l
e
ne
r
gy
is
e
mi
t
ted
f
r
om
the
e
xha
us
t
pipe,
while
a
bout
30%
is
los
t
int
o
the
c
oolant.
E
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
us
a
ge
of
thi
s
wa
s
te
he
a
t
incr
e
a
s
e
s
e
ne
r
gy
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
Nis
s
a
n
de
ve
loped
the
f
i
r
s
t
the
r
moel
e
c
tr
ic
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
tor
whic
h
wa
s
ba
s
e
d
on
S
i
-
Ge
e
le
ments
f
or
a
utom
obil
e
s
in
1998
[
13
,
14
]
.
A
f
ur
ther
a
dva
nc
e
ment
of
a
n
e
xc
e
pti
ona
ll
y
e
f
f
icie
nt
ther
moele
c
tr
ic
s
ys
tem
to
r
e
c
ove
r
wa
s
te
e
ne
r
gy
f
r
om
pa
s
s
e
nge
r
ve
hicle
s
wa
s
made
by
the
B
e
ll
S
oli
d
S
tate
T
he
r
moele
c
tr
ics
(
B
S
S
T
)
g
r
oup
that
include
s
B
M
W
,
Vis
teon,
a
nd
M
a
r
low
I
ndus
tr
ies
in
2004
[
15,
16
]
.
Ya
ng
[
17,
18
]
s
tate
d
that
thi
s
s
ys
tem
incr
e
a
s
e
d
f
ue
l
e
c
onomy
by
a
bout
10%
.
Hs
u
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
9,
20]
c
r
e
a
ted
a
s
ys
tem
f
or
r
e
c
ove
r
ing
wa
s
te
he
a
t
c
ons
is
ti
ng
of
24
T
E
G
modul
e
s
to
ge
ne
r
a
te
e
lec
tr
icity
f
r
om
th
e
c
a
r
e
xha
us
t
pipe.
T
his
s
ys
tem
wa
s
c
a
pa
ble
of
c
o
nve
r
ti
ng
powe
r
output
of
12
.
41
W
a
t
a
tempe
r
a
tu
r
e
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
of
30
oC
.
T
he
f
oc
us
of
the
late
s
t
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
s
on
the
uti
li
z
a
ti
on
o
f
ther
moele
c
tr
ic
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
o
n
in
the
indus
tr
ial
s
e
c
tor
ha
s
s
hif
ted
towa
r
d
ut
il
i
z
a
ti
on
of
indus
tr
ial
wa
s
te
he
a
t
[
2,
21
]
.
T
h
is
lar
ge
-
s
c
a
le
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
of
ther
moele
c
tr
ic
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
of
f
e
r
s
a
potential
a
lt
e
r
na
ti
ve
of
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
thr
ough
uti
li
z
a
ti
o
n
of
indus
tr
ial
wa
s
te
he
a
t.
I
t
is
e
xpe
c
ted
that
th
is
will
a
id
in
s
olvi
ng
the
univer
s
a
l
e
ne
r
gy
p
r
oblem
a
nd
a
t
the
s
a
me
ti
me
he
lp
in
de
c
r
e
a
s
ing
the
global
wa
r
mi
ng
phe
nomenon.
An
e
xa
mpl
e
of
s
uc
h
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
wa
s
d
one
in
T
ha
il
a
nd
by
Yodova
r
d
e
t
a
l.
[
22
,
23
]
in
wh
ich
they
mea
s
ur
e
d
the
potential
of
wa
s
te
he
a
t
ther
moele
c
tr
ic
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
f
or
dies
e
l
c
yc
le
a
nd
ga
s
tur
bine
c
oge
ne
r
a
ti
on
s
ys
tem
us
e
d
by
the
indus
tr
ial
s
e
c
tor
.
T
he
y
e
s
ti
mate
d
that
the
ther
moele
c
tr
ic
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
s
ys
tem
wa
s
a
ble
to
r
e
c
ove
r
wa
s
te
he
a
t
f
r
om
the
e
xha
us
t
of
c
oge
ne
r
a
ti
on
s
ys
tem
by
a
bout
2
0%
f
or
the
ga
s
tur
bine,
a
nd
10%
f
or
the
dies
e
l
c
yc
le,
c
or
r
e
s
pondin
g
to
a
ne
t
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
of
a
bout
100
M
W
.
B
a
s
e
d
on
thos
e
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
,
hot
s
our
c
e
us
e
d
by
T
E
G
c
omes
f
r
om
a
nother
e
quipm
e
nt.
T
his
pa
pe
r
de
s
c
r
ibes
how
T
E
G
he
a
ti
ng
is
pe
r
f
or
med
without
us
ing
hot
s
our
c
e
f
r
om
a
nother
e
quip
ment.
I
n
or
de
r
f
o
r
T
E
G
to
be
us
e
d
a
s
a
n
a
lt
e
r
na
ti
ve
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
that
wo
r
ks
r
e
li
a
bly,
c
onti
nuous
ly
a
nd
opti
mally
with
s
e
lf
he
a
ti
ng,
a
f
u
r
ther
s
tudy
on
T
E
G
a
s
a
s
ubs
ti
tut
e
e
lec
tr
ica
l
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
f
or
pr
ov
idi
ng
e
lec
tr
ica
l
e
ne
r
gy
ne
e
ds
to
be
c
onduc
ted
[
24]
.
T
he
us
e
of
T
E
G
a
s
a
ther
moele
c
tr
i
c
ge
ne
r
a
tor
is
a
t
lea
s
t
to
mee
t
the
hous
e
hold
ne
e
ds
.
T
he
f
ir
s
t
wor
king
pr
inciple
o
f
thi
s
the
r
moele
c
tr
ic
ge
ne
r
a
tor
i
s
the
hot
s
id
e
of
the
T
E
G
pe
lt
ier
whic
h
is
c
oa
ted
wi
th
meta
l
in
the
f
or
m
of
a
lum
inum
.
T
he
a
lum
inum
is
he
a
ted
by
he
a
ter
.
And
the
c
old
s
ide
of
the
T
E
G
pe
lt
ie
r
i
s
plac
e
d
on
the
he
a
ts
ink
(
a
s
a
he
a
t
dis
s
ipation
meta
l)
.
About
ha
lf
or
mor
e
o
f
the
he
a
ts
ink
is
s
ubmer
ge
d
i
n
wa
t
e
r
.
I
f
the
tempe
r
a
tur
e
of
the
meta
l
be
ing
he
a
ted
a
nd
the
tempe
r
a
tur
e
of
the
he
a
t
dis
s
ipation
meta
l
r
e
a
c
he
s
a
c
e
r
tain
tempe
r
a
tur
e
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
,
then
the
tempe
r
a
tur
e
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
c
a
us
e
s
T
E
G
to
s
tar
t
wor
king
[
25]
.
T
he
gr
e
a
ter
the
tempe
r
a
tur
e
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
,
the
gr
e
a
ter
the
e
lec
tr
i
c
a
l
e
ne
r
gy
pr
oduc
e
d
will
be
.
How
e
ve
r
,
i
f
the
te
mper
a
tur
e
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
is
too
la
r
ge
,
it
will
c
a
us
e
da
mage
to
the
bis
mut
h
s
e
mi
c
onduc
tor
mate
r
ial
us
e
d
[
26]
.
Af
te
r
T
E
G
s
tar
ts
wor
king
it
will
p
r
oduc
e
volt
a
ge
a
nd
c
ur
r
e
nt.
T
he
v
olt
a
ge
a
nd
the
c
ur
r
e
n
t
p
r
oduc
e
d
a
r
e
not
e
nough
to
ge
ne
r
a
te
lar
ge
powe
r
.
I
n
o
r
de
r
f
o
r
T
E
G
to
ge
ne
r
a
te
lar
ge
po
we
r
,
it
is
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
to
ha
ve
e
quipm
e
nt
or
s
uppor
ti
n
g
c
ir
c
uit
s
to
gr
a
dua
ll
y
inc
r
e
a
s
e
the
volt
a
ge
a
nd
the
c
u
r
r
e
nt.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
1
8
,
No
.
4
,
Augus
t
2020
:
2186
-
2192
2188
2.
RE
S
E
AR
CH
M
E
T
HO
D
2.
1.
L
i
t
e
r
at
u
r
e
s
t
u
d
y
T
he
r
moele
c
tr
ic
ge
ne
r
a
tor
(
T
E
G
)
is
a
s
oli
d
-
s
tat
e
de
vice
that
pr
oduc
e
s
e
lec
tr
ica
l
e
ne
r
gy
f
r
om
the
tempe
r
a
tur
e
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
a
ppli
e
d
to
T
E
G
.
T
his
ge
ne
r
a
tor
tec
hnology
wa
s
f
ir
s
t
int
r
oduc
e
d
by
T
homas
J
oha
nn
S
e
e
be
c
k
in
1821
[
27
]
.
S
e
e
be
c
k
r
e
por
ts
that
the
ther
moele
c
tr
ic
potential
e
ne
r
gy
c
a
n
be
de
ve
lop
e
d
with
the
pr
e
s
e
nc
e
of
tempe
r
a
tu
r
e
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
in
two
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
mate
r
ials
.
As
a
r
e
s
ult
,
thi
s
phe
nomenon
is
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
to
a
s
the
"
S
e
e
be
c
k
e
f
f
e
c
t"
.
Us
ua
ll
y,
a
lar
ge
number
of
T
E
e
leme
nts
a
r
e
c
onne
c
ted
e
lec
tr
ica
ll
y
in
s
e
r
i
e
s
a
nd
ther
mally
in
pa
r
a
l
lel
to
inc
r
e
a
s
e
the
T
E
G
output
powe
r
.
T
he
s
tanda
r
d
s
ize
of
the
T
E
G
modul
e
va
r
ies
f
r
om
40×
40×
3
mm
to
50×
50×
5
mm
[
28
]
.
F
or
f
lexib
le
T
E
G,
the
thi
c
kne
s
s
va
r
ies
f
r
om
10
to
500
μ
m
[
29
].
T
he
s
tanda
r
dize
d
T
E
G
modul
e
s
us
ua
ll
y
us
e
tellur
i
u
m
(
T
e
)
,
b
is
mut
h
(
B
i)
,
a
nti
mony
(
S
b
)
or
s
e
lenium
(
S
e
)
to
f
or
m
the
ba
s
is
of
the
T
E
s
ys
tem
[
30,
31
]
.
T
he
c
omb
ination
of
B
is
mut
h
tellur
ide
(
B
i
2
Te
3
)
a
nd
a
nti
mony
tellur
ide
(
S
b
2
Te
3
)
a
r
e
T
E
mate
r
ials
that
a
r
e
mos
t
c
omm
only
us
e
d
be
c
a
us
e
of
thei
r
high
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
a
t
r
oom
tem
pe
r
a
tur
e
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
,
thes
e
mate
r
ials
a
r
e
a
ls
o
e
a
s
il
y
s
tor
e
d
in
thi
n
f
il
ms
to
make
f
lexible
modul
e
s
[
29
,
32
]
.
T
he
phys
ica
l
f
or
m
of
T
E
G
us
e
d
in
thi
s
s
tudy
is
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
1.
T
he
be
ne
f
it
s
o
f
T
E
G
include
a
longer
li
f
e
s
pa
n
than
that
of
other
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
s
ys
tems
,
a
bs
e
nc
e
of
movi
ng
pa
r
ts
,
a
bs
e
nc
e
of
ha
r
mf
ul
poll
utant
e
mi
s
s
io
ns
dur
ing
ope
r
a
ti
on,
a
bs
e
nc
e
of
ope
r
a
ti
ng
a
nd
maintena
nc
e
c
os
ts
,
a
bs
e
nc
e
of
c
he
mi
c
a
l
r
e
a
c
ti
ons
with
the
e
nvir
onment
(
i.
e
.
e
nvir
on
menta
ll
y
f
r
iendly
)
,
r
e
li
a
ble
ope
r
a
ti
on
,
s
oli
d
-
s
tate
ope
r
a
ti
ons
,
a
nd
the
us
e
of
low
potential
o
f
ther
mal
e
ne
r
gy
[
33,
34
].
F
igur
e
1.
P
hys
ica
l
f
o
r
m
o
f
T
E
G
[
35
]
T
he
ba
s
ic
pr
inciple
of
T
E
G
is
ba
s
e
d
on
the
c
onc
e
pt
of
S
e
e
be
c
k
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
ther
moele
c
tr
ic
mate
r
ials
in
whic
h
the
volt
a
ge
ge
ne
r
a
ted
is
di
r
e
c
tl
y
p
r
opor
ti
ona
l
to
the
tempe
r
a
tur
e
gr
a
dient
[
27
]
a
s
mathe
matica
ll
y
s
hown
be
low:
T
V
=
(
1)
I
n
whic
h
α
is
the
S
e
e
be
c
k
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
(
V
K
-
1
)
o
f
t
he
ther
moele
c
tr
ic
mate
r
ials
(
T
E
)
a
nd
Δ
T
is
the
tempe
r
a
tur
e
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
the
two
ge
ne
r
a
tor
s
ur
f
a
c
e
s
a
t
K.
T
he
T
E
G
s
ys
tem
c
ons
is
ts
of
p
-
type
a
nd
n
-
type
s
e
mi
c
onduc
tor
s
in
whic
h
p
-
type
ha
s
s
ur
plus
o
f
holes
a
nd
n
-
type
ha
s
s
ur
plus
of
e
lec
tr
ons
to
c
a
r
r
y
e
lec
tr
i
c
c
ur
r
e
nt
F
igur
e
2
.
W
he
n
he
a
t
f
lows
f
r
om
the
hot
s
ur
f
a
c
e
t
o
the
c
old
s
ur
f
a
c
e
thr
ou
gh
ther
moele
c
tr
ic
mate
r
ial
,
the
f
r
e
e
c
ha
r
ge
(
e
lec
tr
ons
a
nd
holes
)
f
r
om
the
s
e
mi
c
onduc
tor
a
ls
o
moves
.
T
his
c
ha
r
ge
moveme
nt
c
onve
r
ts
ther
mal
e
ne
r
gy
int
o
e
lec
tr
ica
l
e
ne
r
gy.
T
he
typi
c
a
l
va
lue
of
the
c
omm
e
r
c
ially
a
va
il
a
ble
N
-
type
S
e
e
be
c
k
c
oe
f
f
i
c
ient
f
or
B
is
mut
h
T
e
ll
ur
ide
(
B
i
2
Te
3
)
is
-
150×
10
-
6
VK
-
1
,
whi
le
f
or
p
-
type
Antim
ony
T
e
ll
u
r
ide
(
S
b
2
Te
3
)
is
101
-
161×
10
-
6
VK
-
1
a
t
r
oom
tempe
r
a
tur
e
[
36
].
T
E
G
wo
r
ks
by
c
onve
r
ti
ng
he
a
t
e
ne
r
gy
int
o
e
lec
tr
ica
l
e
ne
r
gy
whe
n
c
e
r
tain
tempe
r
a
tur
e
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
oc
c
ur
s
be
twe
e
n
the
two
s
id
e
s
of
the
pe
lt
ie
r
.
I
f
the
meta
l
is
he
a
ted
a
t
a
tempe
r
a
tur
e
of
80
o
C
while
the
tempe
r
a
tur
e
of
he
a
t
dis
s
ipation
m
e
tal
is
50
o
C
s
o
that
the
pe
lt
ier
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
s
a
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
in
tempe
r
a
tur
e
o
f
30
o
C
.
T
he
tempe
r
a
tur
e
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
c
a
us
e
s
T
E
G
to
wor
k
opti
mally
,
in
whic
h
the
gr
e
a
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
T
he
us
age
of
ther
moe
lec
tr
ic
ge
ne
r
ator
as
a
r
e
ne
w
a
ble
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
(
C
e
k
ma
s
C
e
k
din
)
2189
the
tempe
r
a
tur
e
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
,
the
g
r
e
a
ter
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
e
ne
r
gy
pr
oduc
e
d.
How
e
ve
r
,
if
the
tempe
r
a
tur
e
d
if
f
e
r
e
nc
e
is
too
l
a
r
ge
,
it
will
c
a
us
e
da
mage
to
the
bis
mut
h
s
e
mi
c
onduc
tor
mate
r
ial
us
e
d
[
27]
.
T
his
s
c
he
me
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
in
F
igur
e
3.
H
o
t
s
i
d
e
c
e
r
a
m
i
c
p
l
a
t
e
H
o
t
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
T
H
s
I
I
C
o
l
d
s
i
d
e
c
e
r
a
m
i
c
p
l
a
t
e
A
m
b
i
e
n
t
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
T
a
i
r
L
o
a
d
+
-
C
o
p
p
e
r
C
o
n
n
e
c
t
o
r
B
o
d
y
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
T
H
H
o
t
f
l
o
w
t
o
h
o
t
s
i
d
e
,
Q
H
p
t
y
p
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
n
t
y
p
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
H
o
t
f
l
o
w
f
r
o
m
c
o
l
d
s
i
d
e
,
Q
C
C
o
p
p
e
r
C
o
n
n
e
c
t
o
r
C
o
l
d
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
T
C
s
5
0
o
C
h
e
a
t
d
i
s
s
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
m
e
t
a
l
P
e
l
t
i
e
r
8
0
o
C
h
e
a
t
e
d
m
e
t
a
l
(
+
)
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
(
-
)
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
h
e
a
t
s
o
u
r
c
e
F
igur
e
2.
S
ingl
e
ther
moele
c
tr
ic
pa
i
r
c
ompr
is
ing
of
n
-
type
a
nd
p
-
type
mate
r
ials
.
He
a
t
f
lows
f
r
o
m
hot
s
ide
to
top
s
ide
(
Q
H
–
Q
C
)
a
nd
e
lec
tr
ica
l
c
ur
r
e
nt
(
I
)
is
f
low
ing
f
r
om
n
-
type
to
p
-
type
mate
r
ial
due
to
tempe
r
a
tu
r
e
gr
a
dient
(Δ
T
=
T
Hs
–
T
Cs
)
[
37
]
F
igur
e
3
.
S
e
e
be
c
k
e
f
f
e
c
t
on
T
E
G
[
38
]
2.
2.
TEG
App
li
c
a
t
ion
f
or
p
owe
r
p
lan
t
s
wit
h
s
e
l
f
h
e
at
in
g
T
E
G
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
f
or
powe
r
plants
with
s
e
lf
he
a
t
ing
c
a
n
be
made
in
the
f
or
m
of
b
lock
diagr
a
ms
s
uc
h
a
s
F
igur
e
4
.
I
n
box
1,
ther
e
is
a
50
w
a
tt
/220
v
olt
he
a
ter
to
he
a
t
meta
l
p
late
s
in
the
f
o
r
m
of
a
l
umi
num.
T
he
he
a
t
f
r
om
a
lum
inu
m
is
then
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
r
e
d
to
th
e
hot
s
ide
of
the
T
E
G
pe
lt
ier
.
And
the
c
old
s
ide
t
he
T
E
G
P
e
lt
ier
is
plac
e
d
on
the
he
a
t
s
ink
(
a
s
a
he
a
t
dis
s
ipation
meta
l)
.
About
ha
lf
or
mor
e
of
the
h
e
a
ts
ink
is
s
ubmer
ge
d
in
wa
ter
.
I
f
the
tempe
r
a
tur
e
o
f
the
meta
l
be
ing
he
a
ted
a
nd
the
tempe
r
a
tur
e
of
the
he
a
t
dis
s
ipation
meta
l
r
e
a
c
he
s
a
c
e
r
tain
tempe
r
a
tur
e
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
,
then
the
t
e
mper
a
tur
e
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
wi
ll
c
a
us
e
the
T
E
G
to
s
tar
t
wor
king.
W
it
h
a
c
e
r
tain
tem
pe
r
a
tur
e
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
the
two
pe
lt
ier
s
ides
,
the
two
s
ides
of
the
c
oppe
r
c
onne
c
ti
ng
to
the
ther
moele
c
tr
ic
will
give
r
is
e
to
volt
a
ge
a
nd
c
u
r
r
e
nt.
T
he
volt
a
ge
ge
ne
r
a
ted
is
in
the
r
a
nge
of
2
-
5
v
olt
dc
with
a
c
ur
r
e
nt
of
2
-
3
a
mper
e
.
T
E
G
5
0
W
a
t
t
/
2
2
0
V
o
l
t
a
c
5
V
o
l
t
d
c
/
2
-
3
A
m
p
e
r
e
3
0
V
o
l
t
d
c
/
2
-
3
A
m
p
e
r
e
B
o
x
1
H
e
a
t
e
r
S
t
e
p
U
p
3
0
V
o
l
t
d
c
/
1
5
A
m
p
e
r
e
2
5
0
V
o
l
t
a
c
/
1
5
A
m
p
e
r
e
B
o
x
3
B
o
x
2
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
B
o
o
s
t
e
r
3
0
V
o
l
t
d
c
/
1
5
A
m
p
e
r
e
H
i
g
h
t
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
S
t
e
p
D
o
w
n
A
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
o
r
3
0
V
o
l
t
d
c
/
1
0
0
A
h
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
2
0
0
0
W
a
t
t
2
2
0
V
o
l
t
a
c
L
o
a
d
F
igur
e
4.
B
lock
diagr
a
m
of
the
T
E
G
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
f
o
r
powe
r
p
lants
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
1
8
,
No
.
4
,
Augus
t
2020
:
2186
-
2192
2190
3.
RE
S
UL
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
YSI
S
3.
1.
T
ool
d
e
s
ign
in
g
I
n
de
s
igni
ng,
T
E
G
us
e
d
is
type
T
E
G
S
P
1848
-
27
1
45
S
A
F
igur
e
5
(
a
)
a
s
many
a
s
2
piec
e
s
a
r
r
a
nge
d
in
pa
r
a
ll
e
l,
50
W
a
tt
/220
Volt
a
c
he
a
ter
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
5
(
b
)
a
s
many
a
s
1
piec
e
,
a
nd
he
a
ts
ink
F
igur
e
5
(
c
)
a
s
many
a
s
5
piec
e
s
.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
s
of
tool
de
s
igni
ng
a
r
e
s
uc
h
a
s
F
igur
e
6
(
a
)
,
with
the
va
r
y
ing
L
E
D
loads
a
s
F
igur
e
6
(
b)
.
F
igur
e
5.
(
a
)
T
he
r
moele
c
tr
ic
ge
ne
r
a
tor
type
S
P
184
8
–
27
145
S
A
,
(
b)
he
a
ter
50
w
a
tt
/
220
-
volt
a
c
,
(
c
)
he
a
ts
ink
F
igur
e
6.
(
a
)
De
s
ign
r
e
s
ult
s
,
(
b)
va
r
ying
L
E
D
loads
3.
2.
Re
s
u
lt
s
of
m
e
as
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
T
he
r
e
s
ult
s
of
mea
s
ur
e
ment
s
howe
d
that
the
temp
e
r
a
tur
e
of
the
hot
s
ide
of
the
pe
lt
ier
o
f
T
E
G
wa
s
74
o
C
a
nd
the
tempe
r
a
tur
e
of
the
c
old
s
ide
o
f
the
p
e
lt
ier
wa
s
42
o
C
.
T
he
output
volt
a
ge
a
nd
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
r
om
T
E
G
f
or
the
va
r
ying
loads
a
s
T
a
ble
2.
T
a
ble
2
.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
s
of
mea
s
ur
e
ment
o
f
outgoi
ng
v
olt
a
nd
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
r
om
T
E
G
with
va
r
ying
loads
L
oa
ds
(
W
a
tt
)
O
ut
goi
ng
V
ol
ta
ge
(
V
ol
t)
O
ut
goi
ng C
ur
r
e
nt
(
A
mpe
r
e
)
D
e
s
c
r
ip
ti
on
60
75
90
130
180
300
500
5.43
5.25
5.08
4.95
4.78
4.13
4.07
2.87
2.73
2.57
2.45
2.36
2.11
2.09
L
oa
de
d w
it
h L
E
D
l
ig
ht
s
of
H
a
nnoc
hs
br
a
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
T
he
us
age
of
ther
moe
lec
tr
ic
ge
ne
r
ator
as
a
r
e
ne
w
a
ble
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
(
C
e
k
ma
s
C
e
k
din
)
2191
3.
3
.
Anal
ys
is
T
a
ble
2
indi
c
a
tes
that
the
gr
e
a
ter
s
ys
tem
loads
,
t
he
lowe
r
outgoi
ng
volt
a
ge
a
nd
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
r
om
T
E
G
dr
a
s
ti
c
a
ll
y,
while
tempe
r
a
tur
e
of
hot
s
ide
a
nd
c
old
s
ide
pe
lt
ier
is
f
ixed.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
of
mea
s
ur
e
ment
of
outgoi
ng
volt
a
ge
a
nd
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
r
om
T
E
G
is
s
howe
d
g
r
a
phic
a
ll
y
a
s
F
igur
e
7.
Outgoing
volt
a
ge
f
r
om
T
E
G
will
be
r
a
is
e
d
by
a
s
tep
-
up
c
ir
c
uit
to
30
Volt
dc
a
nd
a
f
ixed
c
ur
r
e
nt.
T
his
s
tep
up
c
ir
c
uit
is
in
box
2
in
F
igur
e
4.
T
he
output
c
ur
r
e
nt
o
f
thi
s
s
tep
-
up
c
ir
c
uit
it
will
be
r
a
is
e
d
a
ga
in
by
a
s
e
r
ies
o
f
C
ur
r
e
nt
B
oos
t
e
r
C
ir
c
uit
s
.
T
he
C
ur
r
e
nt
B
oos
ter
c
ir
c
uit
is
a
c
ir
c
uit
that
s
e
r
ve
s
to
r
a
is
e
a
s
mall
input
c
ur
r
e
nt
int
o
a
lar
ge
output
c
ur
r
e
nt
,
whe
r
e
the
outpu
t
c
ur
r
e
nt
(
I
out)
c
a
n
be
a
djus
ted
a
c
c
or
ding
to
ne
e
ds
.
T
he
c
u
r
r
e
nt
output
f
r
om
S
tep
Up
is
s
ti
ll
ve
r
y
s
mall,
r
a
ngi
ng
f
r
o
m
2
Ampe
r
to
a
maximum
of
3
Ampe
r
e
s
.
T
his
C
ur
r
e
nt
B
oos
ter
c
ir
c
ui
t
incr
e
a
s
e
s
the
c
ur
r
e
nt
to
9
Am
pe
r
with
a
wor
king
volt
a
ge
o
f
30
Volt
dc
.
T
he
output
v
olt
a
ge
of
the
C
ur
r
e
nt
B
oos
ter
c
ir
c
uit
is
r
a
is
e
d
a
ga
in
by
the
High
Voltage
C
ir
c
uit
o
r
c
a
ll
e
d
the
High
V
olt
a
ge
B
oos
t
C
onve
r
ter
C
ir
c
uit
.
T
he
High
Voltage
c
ir
c
uit
is
a
volt
a
ge
boos
ter
c
ir
c
uit
that
c
a
n
incr
e
a
s
e
a
s
mall
input
volt
a
ge
f
r
om
6
Volt
dc
to
12
Volt
dc
int
o
a
n
output
volt
a
ge
r
a
nging
f
r
om
100
Volt
dc
to
1000
Volt
dc
de
pe
nding
on
the
ne
e
d,
while
the
out
put
c
ur
r
e
nt
is
c
ons
tant.
I
n
de
s
igni
ng
thi
s
high
volt
a
ge
with
a
maximu
m
p
owe
r
of
2250
W
a
tt
s
.
T
he
High
Voltage
c
ir
c
uit
is
us
e
f
ul
f
or
s
tor
ing
powe
r
.
T
he
powe
r
in
the
high
volt
a
ge
c
ir
c
uit
will
be
c
ha
nne
led
to
the
load
(
±
1200
W
a
tt
)
a
n
d
to
he
a
t
the
he
a
ter
a
ga
in
.
6
0
O
u
t
g
o
i
n
g
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
o
l
t
)
O
u
t
g
o
i
n
g
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
m
p
e
r
e
)
5
.
4
3
7
5
5
.
2
5
9
0
5
.
0
8
1
3
0
4
.
9
5
1
8
0
4
.
7
8
3
0
0
4
.
1
3
5
0
0
4
.
0
7
L
o
a
d
(
W
a
t
t
)
2
.
8
7
2
.
7
3
2
.
5
7
2
.
4
5
2
.
3
6
2
.
1
1
2
.
0
9
O
u
t
g
o
i
n
g
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
F
igur
e
7.
T
he
mea
s
ur
e
ment
r
e
s
ult
of
outgoi
ng
volt
a
ge
a
nd
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
r
om
T
E
G
with
va
r
ying
loads
4.
CONC
L
USI
ON
B
a
s
e
d
on
the
r
e
s
ult
s
of
mate
r
ial
s
e
lec
ti
on
a
nd
de
s
ign,
the
opti
mal
ther
moele
c
tr
ic
ge
ne
r
a
tor
type
is
the
type
of
T
E
G
S
P
1848
-
27
145
S
A
a
s
many
a
s
2
piec
e
s
a
r
r
a
nge
d
in
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
.
W
he
n
he
a
ted
with
a
he
a
ter
of
50
W
a
tt
/220
Volt
a
c
the
tempe
r
a
tur
e
o
f
hot
s
ide
o
f
the
T
E
G
pe
lt
ier
is
74
o
C
a
nd
the
tempe
r
a
tur
e
of
the
c
old
s
ide
of
the
T
E
G
pe
lt
ier
is
42
o
C.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
indi
c
a
tes
th
a
t
the
gr
e
a
ter
s
ys
tem
loads
,
the
lowe
r
outgoi
ng
vol
tage
a
nd
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
r
om
T
E
G
d
r
a
s
ti
c
a
ll
y,
while
tempe
r
a
tu
r
e
o
f
hot
s
ide
a
nd
c
old
s
ide
pe
lt
ier
is
f
ixed.
T
he
s
e
volt
a
ge
s
a
nd
c
ur
r
e
nts
a
r
e
incr
e
a
s
e
d
gr
a
dua
ll
y
thr
ough
s
e
ve
r
a
l
c
ir
c
uit
s
in
or
de
r
to
be
a
ble
to
mee
t
the
ne
e
ds
of
e
lec
tr
ic
powe
r
in
one
hous
e
hold
of
±
1200
w
a
tt
.
RE
F
E
RE
NC
E
S
[1
]
E
l
s
h
e
i
k
h
M
.
H
.
,
et
al
.
,
“
A
re
v
i
e
w
o
n
t
h
ermo
e
l
ect
r
i
c
ren
ew
a
b
l
e
e
n
erg
y
:
p
ri
n
ci
p
l
e
p
aramet
er
s
t
h
at
affec
t
t
h
ei
r
p
erfo
rma
n
ce
,”
R
en
ew
a
b
l
e
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
R
ev
i
ew
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
p
p
.
3
3
7
-
3
3
5
,
Feb
r
u
ary
2
0
1
4
.
[2
]
Ri
ffat
S
.
B
.
,
Ma
X
.
,
“
T
h
erm
o
el
ec
t
ri
c
s
:
a
re
v
i
e
w
o
f
p
re
s
en
t
an
d
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
al
a
p
p
l
i
ca
t
i
o
n
s
,”
A
p
p
l
i
ed
T
h
er
m
al
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
,
8
,
p
p
.
9
1
3
-
9
3
5
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
0
3
.
[3
]
T
w
a
h
a
S
.
,
et
al
.
,
“
A
co
mp
re
h
en
s
i
v
e
rev
i
e
w
o
f
t
h
erm
o
el
ect
r
i
c
t
ech
n
o
l
o
g
y
:
mat
er
i
al
s
,
ap
p
l
i
ca
t
i
o
n
s
,
mo
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
an
d
p
erfo
rma
n
ce
i
mp
r
o
v
eme
n
t
,”
R
en
ew
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
er
g
y
R
ev
i
ews
,
v
o
l
.
6
5
,
p
p
.
6
9
8
-
7
2
6
,
N
o
v
em
b
er
2
0
1
6
.
[4
]
V
u
l
l
er
s
R
.
,
et
al
.
, “
Mi
cro
p
o
w
er
en
er
g
y
h
arv
e
s
t
i
n
g
,”
S
o
l
i
d
-
S
t
a
t
e
E
l
ec
t
r
,
v
o
l
.
5
3
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
6
8
4
-
6
9
3
,
J
u
l
y
2
0
0
9
.
[5
]
Ran
a
S
.
,
et
al
.
,
“
Mo
d
el
l
i
n
g
an
d
o
p
t
i
m
i
zat
i
o
n
o
f
l
o
w
-
t
emp
erat
u
re
w
a
s
t
e
h
eat
t
h
ermo
e
l
ect
r
i
c
g
e
n
erat
o
r
s
y
s
t
em
,”
E
n
e
r
g
y
P
r
o
ced
i
a
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
9
6
-
2
0
1
,
March
2
0
1
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
1
8
,
No
.
4
,
Augus
t
2020
:
2186
-
2192
2192
[6
]
L
eBl
an
c
S
.
,
“
T
h
ermo
e
l
ect
r
i
c
g
en
era
t
o
r
s
:
l
i
n
k
i
n
g
mat
eri
a
l
p
ro
p
er
t
i
e
s
an
d
s
y
s
t
em
s
en
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
fo
r
w
a
s
t
e
h
eat
reco
v
ery
ap
p
l
i
ca
t
i
o
n
s
,”
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
M
a
t
e
r
r
i
a
l
s
a
n
d
Tech
n
o
l
o
g
i
es
,
v
o
l
.
1
-
2
,
p
p
.
2
6
-
3
5
,
D
ecemb
er
2
0
1
4
.
[7
]
H
en
d
ri
c
k
s
T
.
J
.
,
et
al
.
“
N
e
w
p
ers
p
ect
i
v
e
s
i
n
t
h
erm
o
el
ec
t
ri
c
e
n
erg
y
rec
o
v
er
y
s
y
s
t
em
d
e
s
i
g
n
o
p
t
i
mi
za
t
i
o
n
,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
ic
M
a
t
er
i
a
l
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
2
,
n
o
.
7
,
2
0
1
3
.
[8
]
J
o
h
n
s
o
n
I
.
,
Ch
o
a
t
e
W
T
.
D
av
i
d
s
o
n
A
,
“
W
as
t
e
H
ea
t
Rec
o
v
er
y
.
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
an
d
O
p
p
o
rt
u
n
i
t
i
es
U
S
I
n
d
u
s
t
ry
,”
L
a
u
r
e
l
(M
D
,
U
n
i
t
ed
S
t
a
t
es
):
B
CS
,
In
c
,
2
0
0
8
.
[9
]
Co
mmi
s
s
i
o
n
E
.
,
“
Cri
t
i
cal
ra
w
mat
er
i
al
s
fo
r
t
h
e
E
U
.
Rep
o
r
t
o
f
A
d
-
h
o
c
W
o
rk
i
n
g
G
ro
u
p
o
n
d
efi
n
i
n
g
cr
i
t
i
cal
r
aw
mat
eri
a
l
s
,”
Ad
-
h
o
c
W
o
r
ki
n
g
G
r
o
u
p
,
J
u
l
y
2
0
1
0
.
[1
0
]
Mah
mo
u
d
i
n
ez
h
ad
S
.
,
et
al
.
,
“
Per
fo
rman
ce
ev
al
u
at
i
o
n
o
f
a
h
i
g
h
-
t
emp
e
rat
u
re
t
h
erm
o
el
ec
t
ri
c
g
e
n
erat
o
r
u
n
d
er
d
i
ffer
en
t
s
o
l
ar
co
n
ce
n
t
ra
t
i
o
n
s
,”
E
n
e
r
g
y
P
r
o
ced
i
a
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
7
,
p
p
.
6
2
4
-
6
3
0
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2
0
1
8
.
[1
1
]
G
erl
i
n
g
er
M
.
,
et
al
.
,
“
In
t
rat
u
mo
r
h
et
er
o
g
e
n
ei
t
y
a
n
d
b
ran
c
h
ed
ev
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
rev
ea
l
ed
b
y
mu
l
t
i
reg
i
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
ci
n
g
,”
N
.
E
n
g
J
.
M
ed
.
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
7
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
Sep
t
emb
er
2
0
1
2
.
[1
2
]
Z
u
o
mi
n
g
Q
u
,
et
al
.
,
“
O
p
t
i
mi
za
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
erm
o
el
ec
t
ri
c
g
e
n
erat
o
r
i
n
t
e
g
rat
e
d
recu
p
era
t
o
r
,”
E
n
er
g
y
P
r
o
c
ed
i
a
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
8
,
p
p
.
2
0
5
8
-
2
0
6
3
,
Feb
ru
ar
y
2
0
1
9
.
[1
3
]
L
i
u
X
.
,
et
al
.
,
“A
n
en
erg
y
-
h
ar
v
es
t
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
em
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
rmo
el
ec
t
ri
c
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
erat
i
o
n
fo
r
au
t
o
mo
t
i
v
e
ap
p
l
i
ca
t
i
o
n
,
”
In
t
J
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l
ect
r
P
o
we
r
E
n
er
g
y
S
ys
t
,
v
o
l
.
6
7
,
p
p
.
5
1
0
-
5
1
6
,
M
ay
2
0
1
5
[1
4
]
Pri
t
es
h
G
o
k
h
a
l
e,
et
al
.
,
“
D
ev
el
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
t
h
ermo
e
l
ect
r
i
c
cel
l
s
p
erf
o
rman
ce
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
ermo
e
l
ect
r
i
c
mat
er
i
al
s
fo
r
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
erat
i
o
n
,”
E
n
e
r
g
y
P
r
o
ced
i
a
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
2
8
1
-
2
8
5
,
March
2
0
1
7
.
[1
5
]
La
G
ran
d
eu
r
J
.
,
et
al
,
“
A
u
t
o
mo
t
i
v
e
w
as
t
e
h
ea
t
co
n
v
ers
i
o
n
t
o
el
ect
r
i
c
p
o
w
er
u
s
i
n
g
s
k
u
t
t
er
u
d
i
t
e
T
A
G
S
Pb
T
e
an
d
Bi
T
e,
”
2
5
t
h
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
o
n
t
h
er
m
o
e
l
ect
r
i
c
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2
0
0
6
.
[1
6
]
So
n
g
L
a
n
,
et
al
.
,
“
A
d
y
n
ami
c
m
o
d
e
l
fo
r
t
h
erm
o
el
e
ct
r
i
c
g
en
era
t
o
r
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
t
o
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
w
a
s
t
e
h
eat
rec
o
v
er
y
,”
A
p
p
l
i
ed
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
2
7
-
3
3
8
,
J
a
n
u
ar
y
2
0
1
8
.
[1
7
]
Y
an
g
J
.
,
“
Po
t
en
t
i
a
l
ap
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
ermo
e
l
ect
r
i
c
w
a
s
t
e
h
eat
reco
v
er
y
i
n
t
h
e
au
t
o
m
o
t
i
v
e
i
n
d
u
s
t
ry
,”
ICT
2
0
0
5
.
2
4
t
h
i
n
t
er
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
o
n
t
h
er
m
o
e
l
ect
r
i
c
,
O
ct
2
0
0
5
.
[1
8
]
So
n
g
L
an
,
et
al
.
,
“
Pred
i
ct
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
fu
el
ec
o
n
o
my
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
fo
r
a
s
k
u
t
t
eru
d
i
t
e
t
h
erm
o
e
l
ect
r
i
c
g
en
era
t
o
r
i
n
l
i
g
h
t
-
d
u
t
y
v
eh
i
cl
e
ap
p
l
i
cat
i
o
n
s
,”
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
E
n
er
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
1
,
p
p
.
6
8
-
7
9
,
D
ecem
b
er
2
0
1
8
.
[1
9
]
H
s
u
C
.
T
.
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
E
x
p
e
ri
me
n
t
s
an
d
s
i
m
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l
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
l
o
w
-
t
emp
erat
u
re
w
as
t
e
h
ea
t
h
ar
v
es
t
i
n
g
s
y
s
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em
b
y
t
h
ermo
e
l
ect
ri
c
p
o
w
er
g
en
era
t
o
r
s
,”
A
p
p
l
i
ed
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
8
8
,
p
p
.
1
2
9
1
-
1
2
9
7
,
A
p
ri
l
2
0
1
1
.
[2
0
]
O
rr
B
.
,
et
al
.
,
“
Pro
s
p
ect
s
o
f
w
a
s
t
e
h
eat
reco
v
ery
an
d
p
o
w
er
g
en
era
t
i
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
ermo
e
l
ect
r
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c
g
en
era
t
o
r
s
,
”
E
n
e
r
g
y
P
r
o
ced
i
a
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
0
,
p
p
.
2
5
0
-
2
5
5
,
March
2
0
1
7
.
[2
1
]
Is
mai
l
B
.
I
.
,
A
h
med
W
H
,
“
T
h
ermo
e
l
ect
r
i
c
Po
w
er
G
en
erat
o
r
U
s
i
n
g
W
a
s
t
e
-
H
eat
E
n
erg
y
as
an
A
l
t
ern
a
t
i
v
e
G
reen
T
ech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,”
R
ece
n
t
P
a
t
e
n
t
o
n
E
l
ec
t
r
i
ca
l
s
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
J
an
u
ary
2
0
1
0
.
[2
2
]
Y
o
d
o
v
ard
P
.
,
et
al
.
,
“
T
h
e
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
al
o
f
w
as
t
e
h
eat
t
h
ermo
el
ect
r
i
c
p
o
w
er
g
en
era
t
i
o
n
fro
m
d
i
e
s
el
cy
c
l
e
an
d
g
a
s
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
co
g
e
n
erat
i
o
n
p
l
a
n
t
s
,”
Ene
r
g
y
S
o
u
r
ce
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
2
0
0
1
.
[2
3
]
Ma
X
.
,
et
al
.
,
“
O
p
t
i
mi
za
t
i
o
n
o
f
l
e
n
g
t
h
rat
i
o
s
e
g
men
t
ed
t
h
ermo
e
l
ect
r
i
c
g
en
era
t
o
r
s
fo
r
en
g
i
n
e’
s
w
as
t
e
h
eat
reco
v
e
ry
,”
E
n
e
r
g
y
P
r
o
ce
d
i
a
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
8
,
p
p
.
5
8
3
-
5
8
8
,
Feb
ru
ar
y
2
0
1
9
.
[
2
4
]
P
u
t
r
a
N
.
,
“
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
T
h
e
r
m
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
P
o
w
e
r
P
l
a
n
t
f
o
r
H
y
b
r
i
d
V
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
,”
M
a
k
a
r
a
J
o
u
n
a
l
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
5
]
Su
g
i
y
an
t
o
,
et
al
.
,
“
D
es
i
g
n
i
n
g
o
f
T
E
G
(T
h
erm
o
el
ec
t
r
i
c
G
en
erat
o
r)
Co
n
s
t
r
u
ct
i
o
n
o
n
Mo
t
o
rc
y
cl
e
E
x
h
a
u
s
t
s
fo
r
In
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
Po
w
er
P
l
an
t
s
,”
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
t
h
e
U
G
M
Tec
h
n
i
ca
l
F
o
r
u
m
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
6
]
Is
mai
l
B
.
I
.
,
A
h
med
W
H
,
“
T
h
ermo
e
l
ect
r
i
c
p
o
w
er
g
en
erat
o
r
u
s
i
n
g
w
as
t
e
-
h
ea
t
en
erg
y
as
an
al
t
ern
a
t
i
v
e
g
r
een
t
ech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,”
R
ece
n
t
P
a
t
e
n
t
o
n
E
l
ec
t
r
i
ca
l
s
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
7
-
3
9
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
7
]
G
o
u
l
d
C
.
A
.
,
et
al
.
,
“
A
co
mp
re
h
en
s
i
v
e
rev
i
ew
o
f
t
h
erm
o
el
ec
t
ri
c
t
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
mi
cro
-
e
l
ect
r
i
cal
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
g
en
era
t
i
o
n
p
ro
p
ert
i
es
,
”
P
r
o
cee
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
2
6
t
h
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
m
i
c
r
o
e
l
ect
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
May
2
0
0
8
.
[2
8
]
G
o
u
l
d
C
.
A
.
,
Sh
ammas
N
Y
A
,
“
A
re
v
i
e
w
o
f
t
h
erm
o
el
ec
t
ri
c
mems
d
e
v
i
ce
s
fo
r
mi
cr
o
-
p
o
w
er
g
en
era
t
i
o
n
,
h
ea
t
i
n
g
an
d
co
o
l
i
n
g
ap
p
l
i
cat
i
o
n
s
,”
P
r
o
cee
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
i
c
r
o
el
ect
r
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n
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c
a
n
d
m
ec
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
-
24,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
9
]
Fran
ci
o
s
o
I
.
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
Fl
ex
i
b
l
e
t
h
ermo
e
l
ect
r
i
c
g
en
era
t
o
r
fo
r
amb
i
en
t
a
s
s
i
s
t
ed
l
i
v
i
n
g
w
earab
l
e
b
i
o
met
r
i
c
s
e
n
s
o
rs
,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
wer
S
o
u
r
ces
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
3
2
3
9
-
3
2
4
3
,
March
2
0
1
1
.
[3
0
]
Mah
al
a
k
s
h
mi
P
.
,
K
al
a
i
s
e
l
v
i
S
.
,
“
E
n
erg
y
h
ar
v
es
t
i
n
g
fr
o
m
h
u
man
b
o
d
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
erm
o
el
ec
t
ri
c
g
en
era
t
o
r
,”
I
n
t
J
A
d
v
R
es
E
l
ec
t
r
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
1
]
W
ei
-
H
s
i
n
C
h
en
,
“
Yi
-
X
i
a
n
L
i
n
.
Perfo
rma
n
ce
c
o
mp
ar
i
s
o
n
o
f
t
h
erm
o
el
ec
t
ri
c
g
en
er
at
o
rs
u
s
i
n
g
d
i
ffere
n
t
ma
t
eri
al
s
,”
E
n
e
r
g
y
P
r
o
ce
d
i
a
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
8
,
p
p
.
1
3
8
8
-
1
3
9
3
,
Feb
ru
ar
y
2
0
1
9
.
[3
2
]
Su
emo
r
i
K
.
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
Fl
ex
i
b
l
e
a
n
d
l
i
g
h
t
w
e
i
g
h
t
t
h
erm
o
el
e
ct
ri
c
g
en
era
t
o
r
s
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
car
b
o
n
n
a
n
o
t
u
b
e
-
p
o
l
y
s
t
y
r
en
e
co
mp
o
s
i
t
e
s
p
ri
n
t
e
d
o
n
fi
l
m
s
u
b
s
t
r
at
e
,”
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
P
h
y
s
i
c
s
L
et
t
e
r
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
3
,
p
p
.
1
-
4,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
3
]
H
ea
W
.
,
et
al
.
,
“
Rece
n
t
d
ev
e
l
o
p
men
t
an
d
ap
p
l
i
cat
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
rmo
e
l
ect
r
i
c
g
e
n
erat
o
r
an
d
co
o
l
er
,”
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
E
n
er
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
3
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
5
,
A
p
ri
l
2
0
1
5
.
[3
4
]
U
l
l
ah
K
.
R
.
,
et
al
.
,
“
A
rev
i
ew
o
f
s
o
l
ar
t
h
ermal
refr
i
g
era
t
i
o
n
an
d
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
met
h
o
d
s
,”
R
en
ew
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
R
ev
i
ew
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
p
p
.
4
9
9
-
5
1
3
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2
0
1
3
.
[3
5
]
O
rr
B
.
,
et
al
.
,
“
E
l
ect
ri
c
i
t
y
g
en
e
rat
i
o
n
fro
m
ex
h
a
u
s
t
h
eat
reco
v
er
y
s
y
s
t
em
u
t
i
l
i
s
i
n
g
t
h
erm
o
el
e
ct
r
i
c
cel
l
s
an
d
h
ea
t
p
i
p
e
s
,”
A
p
p
l
i
ed
Th
e
r
m
al
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
7
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
8
8
-
5
9
7
,
D
ecemb
er
2
0
1
4
.
[3
6
]
Z
h
en
g
Z
.
,
et
al
.
,
“
E
n
h
a
n
ced
t
h
erm
o
el
ec
t
ri
c
p
r
o
p
er
t
i
e
s
o
f
an
t
i
mo
n
y
t
el
l
u
r
i
d
e
t
h
i
n
fi
l
ms
w
i
t
h
p
referre
d
o
ri
en
t
at
i
o
n
p
rep
are
d
b
y
s
p
u
t
t
eri
n
g
a
fan
-
s
h
a
p
ed
b
i
n
ary
co
m
p
o
s
i
t
e
t
a
rg
et
,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
c
t
r
o
n
ic
M
a
t
er
i
a
l
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
2
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
7
]
Rai
h
a
n
A
.
,
et
al
.
,
“
A
rev
i
ew
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
at
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
c
i
en
ce
o
n
w
earab
l
e
t
h
ermo
e
l
ec
t
ri
c
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
era
t
o
r
s
(T
E
G
s
)
an
d
t
h
ei
r
ex
i
s
t
i
n
g
ch
al
l
en
g
es
,”
R
e
n
e
wa
b
l
e
a
n
d
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
R
evi
ews
,
v
o
l
.
7
3
,
p
p
.
7
3
0
-
7
4
4
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
7
.
[3
8
]
Ro
w
e
D
.
M
.
,
“
CRC
H
an
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
T
h
erm
o
el
ec
t
ri
c
s
,”
CR
C
P
r
es
s
,
1
9
9
5
.
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