ISSN: 1693-6
930
¢
73
DEVELOPMENT OF FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL
FOR VEHICLE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
Henry
Nasution
Dep
a
rtme
nt of Mechani
cal
Engi
nee
ring,
Bung Hatta University
Gadja
h
Mada
Street, Gunu
ng Pangilu
n, Padang 2
514
3
Phone: +6
2 7
51 705
465
7, Fax: +62 751
70513
41
email: hen
ryn
a
sutio
n
@ya
h
oo.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
A vehicl
e air conditioni
ng
system
is expe
ri
m
entally inve
stigated.
Measu
r
em
e
nts we
re
taken
du
ring t
he e
x
pe
rim
en
t
al peri
od at
a
tim
e in
terval
of one m
i
nute
for a
set
poi
nt tem
perature
of 22, 23 an
d
24
o
C with in
ternal h
eat lo
ads of 0, 1
a
nd 2 kW. Th
e cabi
n tem
peratu
r
e an
d the
spe
ed of the com
pre
ssor
were va
rie
d a
nd t
he perfo
rm
ance of the system
, energy con
s
um
ption
and en
erg
y
savin
g wa
re a
nalyze
d. The
m
ain objecti
ve of the e
x
p
erim
ental wo
rk is to e
v
alu
a
te
the en
erg
y
savin
g o
btaine
d when
the f
uzzy logi
c
co
ntrol
(FL
C
) al
gorithm
, thro
ugh
an i
nvert
er,
contin
uou
sl
y
regul
ates the
com
presso
r
spe
ed. It
de
m
onstrate
s
b
e
tter control
of the com
p
ressor
operation in t
erm
s of ene
rgy
con
s
um
ption as
co
m
pa
r
ed to the
co
ntrol b
y
usi
n
g a therm
ost
at
im
posing On/
O
f
f
cycl
es o
n t
he com
pre
s
s
or at
t
he nom
inal f
r
equ
en
c
y
of
50 H
z
.
The ex
perim
en
t
al
set-u
p co
nsi
s
ts of original
com
pone
nts from
the air conditionin
g system
of a com
pact passe
nger
vehi
cle. The
exp
erim
ental
result
s indi
cate t
hat the prop
osed techniqu
e ca
n save e
nergy a
nd
im
prove in
do
or com
f
ort significa
ntly fo
r ve
hicle ai
r conditio
ning
system
s co
m
pared to the
con
v
e
n
tional (On/Off) control
techni
que.
Key
words
:
F
u
z
zy lo
gic
co
nt
rol,
ene
rg
y sa
ving, vehi
cl
e air co
nditio
ning
Abs
t
rak
Telah dila
ku
kan penelitia
n
suatu si
ste
m
pendingin ken
daraan. Pengu
ku
ran di
laku
ka
n
selam
a pen
el
itian deng
an i
nterval waktu
satu m
enit denga
n tem
peratur diteta
pkan se
be
sar
2
2,
23 and 24
o
C dan beba
n
pendin
g
in internal 0, 1
dan 2 kW. Pada penel
itian ini dian
alisa
tem
peratur kabin
a
nd ke
cepatan kom
p
resor ya
ng
d
i
vari
asi
k
a
n,
u
njuk ke
rja si
stem
,
kon
s
u
m
s
i
energi d
an
peng
hem
atan
ene
rgi. Tuj
uan
utam
a penelitian
ini
adala
h u
ntuk m
eng
eval
uasi
peng
hem
atan
energi de
n
gan m
engg
u
nakan al
gorit
m
a kendali l
ogika fuzzy
(FL
C
), m
elal
u
i
inve
rter,
se
cara te
ru
s m
enerus a
k
an
diatur
kece
patan
kom
p
reso
r. Pen
e
litian m
enunj
ukkan
operasi
kom
pre
so
r dala
m
pem
akaia
n ene
rgi a
k
an lebih
ba
ik m
enggu
n
aka
n FL
C j
i
ka
diban
ding
kan
dengan
ke
ndali On/Off
yang di
ke
san berda
sarkan
sikl
us kom
presor pa
da
freku
en
s
i n
o
m
inal 50 Hz.
Peralata
n e
k
spe
r
im
en dib
angu
n de
nga
n kom
ponen
asli
suatu
si
stem
pendi
ngin
ke
ndaraan
pe
n
um
pang. Hasil penelitia
n
m
enunjukka
n
bah
wa te
kni
k
yan
g diu
s
ul
kan
untuk si
stem
pen
dingin
kenda
raa
n d
a
pat m
enghe
m
at pem
akaian e
nergi d
an m
em
perb
aiki
ken
y
am
ana
n dalam
ruan
ga
n kabi
n diba
n
ding
k
an d
eng
an tekni
k
ken
dali kon
v
e
nsi
onal (O
n/Off).
Kata kunci
:
Kendali logi
ka fuzzy, pen
g
hem
atan ene
rgi, pendi
ngin
kend
ara
a
n
1. INTRO
DUCTIO
N
In gene
ral, th
e vehicle
air
con
d
itioning
(VAC
) sy
stem
pre
s
ent
s so
me pe
culia
rities
with
respe
c
t to its comm
erci
al and indu
strial
counte
r
pa
rts. On one han
d, its operation
is
cha
r
a
c
teri
ze
d
by significa
n
t
thermal loa
d variation
s
, whi
c
h de
pen
d on seve
ral
factors such
as:
openi
ng of
a
door,
ch
angi
ng of
sun
loa
d thro
ugh t
he
wind
shi
eld
a
nd
side
gla
s
s wind
ows, a
n
d
numbe
r of p
assen
gers o
n boa
rd. On
the other h
and, the refri
geratio
n syst
em must p
r
o
v
ide
comfo
r
t unde
r highly tran
si
ent con
d
ition
s
and, at the
same time, b
e
com
pact a
n
d
efficient. Th
is
requi
re
s a proper d
esi
gn a
nd sel
ectio
n of air con
ditio
ning (A
C) sy
stem [1].
In tropical
co
untrie
s
, the peak lo
ad which is
b
e
twe
e
n
12.00 no
on
to 3.00 pm drives the
AC syst
em to ope
rate at
maximum capa
city
. However, at oth
e
r time
s wh
en the
syste
m
De
velo
pm
ent of Fuzzy Lo
g
i
c Co
ntrol for
Vehi
cle Air
Conditionin
g
System
(Henry Nasution)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
¢
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
74
experie
nces
partial lo
ad
condition
s (l
o
w
sen
s
ible
he
at
load),
espe
cially at nig
h
t or
whe
n
it ra
ins,
it still op
erat
es
at maxim
u
m capa
city. This
lea
d
s
to an
un
co
mfortable
col
d
conditio
n
f
o
r
passe
nge
rs.
The overco
ol
ing is d
ue to
the absen
ce
of any provi
s
ion to mo
du
late the syst
em
cap
acity to match the
drastic
red
uctio
n in t
he imp
o
se
d co
oling
load. On th
e other
hand
, AC
system
s are often over-de
s
ign
ed:
first to ensure
a fast re
spo
nse so that the ca
bin tempe
r
at
ure
drop
s q
u
ickly
whe
n
the
system i
s
switched o
n
,
and se
con
d
to
ov
ercome
th
e
irregul
ar and rare
con
d
ition
s
of extremely high humidity and high
atm
osp
heri
c
tem
peratu
r
e. Thu
s
, unde
r normal
con
d
ition
s
, a lot of the energy is unn
ece
s
sarily
wa
ste
d and re
sult
s in a higher
consumption of
fuel. The
r
efo
r
e, attention
h
a
s
bee
n d
r
a
w
n towa
rds
de
signi
ng ene
rg
y-saving
AC system
s with
out
sacrifici
ng thermal comfort.
Becau
s
e
VAC is a
com
p
e
t
itive and technolo
g
y
ori
e
n
t
ed indu
stry, t
he literature
provide
s
only a
limited
num
ber of
studies con
c
e
r
ning th
e
experime
n
tal p
e
rforman
c
e
of t
hese
system
s.
Davis
et al.
[2] pre
s
ente
d
a compute
r
pro
g
ra
m for perfo
rma
n
ce
analyses of
sep
a
rate V
A
C
comp
one
nts
as
well a
s
th
at for pe
rform
ance sim
ula
ti
on of the inte
grated A
C
system. Kyle et al.
[3] carried
o
u
t a pe
rform
ance si
mulati
on of a
VA
C system
on t
he ba
si
s of t
he pe
rforman
c
e
analysi
s
p
r
o
g
ram
written
for the resi
dential h
eat
pump m
odel.
Jun
g
et al.
[4] studied
the
thermo
dynam
ic p
erfo
r
man
c
e
of su
pple
m
entary
or
retrofit refri
g
e
r
ant mixtures for
R12
VAC
system
s p
r
o
duced befo
r
e 1995. L
ee
and Yo [5]
con
duct
ed
perfo
rman
ce
analyse
s
of
the
comp
one
nts
of a VAC sy
stem an
d d
evel
oped
an
in
teg
r
ated
mod
e
l t
o
sim
u
late th
e entire
syste
m.
Ratts an
d Brown [6] exp
e
rime
ntally analyze
d
t
he effect of refri
gera
n
t cha
r
g
e
level on the
perfo
rman
ce
of a VAC system. Al-Rab
ghi and Ni
ya
z [7] retrofitted an R12 VA
C system to
use
R13
4a an
d compa
r
ed the
coeffici
ent of perfo
rman
ce
(COP) for the
two refrig
era
nts. Jab
ard
o et
al. [8] develo
ped a
ste
ady
state
com
p
u
t
er si
mulation
model f
o
r
a
VAC sy
ste
m
with va
ria
b
le
cap
a
city com
p
re
ssor
and
investigate
d
its valid
ity on an expe
rim
ental unit. Joudi et al. [9]
develop
ed a
comp
uter m
o
del sim
ulatin
g the pe
rf
orm
ance of an id
eal VAC
syst
em wo
rking
with
several
refrig
erant
s. Kayn
akli
and
Horu
z [10]
analy
z
ed the
expe
ri
mental p
erfo
r
mance of
a V
A
C
system u
s
in
g
R134
a in order to dete
r
m
i
ne the
optim
um ope
rating
conditio
ns.
Ho
so
z and
Direk
[11] integrate
d VAC and
air-to
-
ai
r hea
t pump sy
ste
m
using
R13
4a with varyi
ng com
pressor
spe
ed to evaluate the ef
fect of the operatin
g c
o
n
d
itions o
n
the cap
a
city, COP, com
p
resso
r
discha
rge te
mperature
an
d the rate of
exergy
de
stroyed by each
comp
onent
of the system
for
both ope
ratin
g mode
s. Ho
so
z and E
r
tu
nc [12]
predi
cted vari
ou
s perfo
rman
ce
para
m
eters o
f
VAC sy
stem
usin
g a
n a
r
tificial
neu
ral
ne
twork m
odel.
Ra
zi et
al. [13
]
pre
s
ent
s a
n
euro
-
p
r
edi
ctive
controlle
r fo
r tempe
r
atu
r
e
co
ntrol
of
VAC sy
stem
and
a
nu
m
e
rical m
odel
for
autom
otive
refrig
eratio
n cycle, whi
c
h in
clud
es tra
nsi
ent
operating
con
d
ition
s
e
m
ployed in si
mulation
s.
In this
wo
rk, an in
novat
ive VAC
system
ha
s b
een
pro
po
s
e
d to ove
r
co
me the
sho
r
tco
m
ing
s
of the existi
ng sy
stem u
s
ing
mult
iple-ci
r
cuit AC
system
(M
CA
CS). In
su
ch
a
system mo
re
than one unit
can be u
s
ed
, each unit sh
are
s
the eva
porato
r
surfa
c
e area an
d this
is kno
w
n a
s
f
ace
-to-fa
ce
e
v
aporato
r
co
ntrol.
The
ma
in advanta
g
e
s
of the
MCA
C
S con
c
ept
are
of its
simple
i
n
stallatio
n
an
d mainte
nan
ce toget
h
e
r
wit
h
the
potentia
l to con
s
erve
energy. Shou
ld
one
com
p
ressor fail to
fu
nction, th
e o
t
her
circuit
can
still suppl
y som
e
cool
ed ai
r to
th
e
passe
nge
rs
u
ntil repai
r wo
rk
can
be p
e
r
forme
d. Ho
wever, this
re
search i
s
focu
sed
on e
nergy
saving
usi
n
g
fuzzy logi
c
controlle
r. Th
e main i
dea
of desi
gnin
g
the co
ntroll
er is to m
aximize
energy saving and
therma
l comfo
r
t for
an ai
r c
onditi
oning
syste
m
appli
c
ation t
h
rou
gh va
ria
b
le
speed drive
control. The result
of the fuzzy logi
c controller
(F
LC) will be compared with
the
On/Off c
ontrol.
2. COEFFICI
ENT OF PER
FORM
A
NCE
The
Coeffici
e
n
t of Perfo
r
mance
(COP) of a
ref
r
ige
r
ation
ma
chi
ne i
s
the
rati
o of the
energy remo
ved at th
e
evaporator
(refrig
e
ratin
g
effect) to
th
e en
ergy supplie
d to t
h
e
comp
re
ssor.
The COP follows the follo
wing g
ene
ral
formula [8]:
com
e
W
Q
h
h
h
h
=
−
−
=
)
(
)
(
COP
1
2
4
1
…………
……
…………
……
…………
……
……….(1)
and for the Carnot refrige
r
ation cycl
e [7]:
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 6, No. 2, Agustus 2
008 : 73 - 82
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOMNI
KA
ISSN:
1693-6930
■
75
De
velo
pm
ent of Fuzzy Lo
g
i
c Co
ntrol for
Vehi
cle Air
Conditionin
g
System
(Henry Nasution)
1
2
1
4
1
1
2
4
1
1
carnot
)
)(
(
)
(
COP
T
T
T
s
s
T
T
s
s
T
−
=
−
−
−
=
………………………………
……………...(2)
whe
r
e
h
1
,
h
2
(kJ/
kg
) a
r
e th
e
enthal
py at t
he
comp
re
ssor inl
et an
d o
utlet re
spe
c
ti
vely,
h
4
(k
J/k
g
) i
s
the enthal
py
at the evap
o
r
ator inlet,
Q
e
(kJ/kg
) i
s
t
he refrige
r
ati
ng effe
ct,
W
com
(k
J/
kg
) i
s
t
he
comp
re
s
s
ion
wor
k
,
T
1
(
o
C) is th
e
evaporating
temperature,
T
2
(
o
C) i
s
the co
nden
sing
temperature,
s
1
(kJ/kg.K) i
s
the
entro
py a
t
the
comp
re
ssor inl
e
t an
d
s
4
(kJ/kg.K) i
s
the
entro
py at
the evaporato
r
inlet.
3. FUZZY LO
GIC CO
NT
ROLLER
The majo
r co
mpone
nts of fuzzy logi
c controlle
r (FL
C
) a
r
e sh
own
in Figure 1. They are
the input a
n
d
output variable
s
, fuzzification,
infe
re
nce m
e
chani
sm, fuzzy rule ba
se
an
d
deffuzification
. FLC involve
s
re
ceivin
g in
put sign
al an
d conve
r
ting t
he sig
nal into
fuzzy vari
abl
e
(fuzzifier). Th
e fuzzy control rul
e
s
relat
e
the
input fuzz
y var
i
ables
to
an output fuzz
y var
i
able
whi
c
h is
call
ed fuzzy associative mem
o
ry (FAM),
a
nd defu
zzifyi
ng to obtain
cri
s
p value
s
to
operate the system (defu
z
zifier) [8].
Figure 1. Fuzzy cont
rol sy
stem
A linguistic variable in the antecedent of a fu
zzy
control rule forms a fuzzy input space
with respect to a certain universe of discourse,
while
that in the consequent of the rule forms a
fuzzy output space. The FLC will
have
two
inputs and one output. The two inputs are the
temperature error (
e
) and temperature rate-of-change-of-error (
Δ
e
), and the output is the
motor
speed change (
Δ
Z
). Table 1 shows the input and output
variables, linguistics and labels in the
FLC.
Table 1. Inpu
t and output fuzzy variable
The membership functions for fuzzy se
ts can have many different shapes, depending
on definition. Popular fuzzy membership
functi
ons used in many applications include triangular,
trapezoidal, bell-shaped and sigmoidal membership
function.
The
membership function used in
this study is the triangular type. This type
is simple and gives good controller performance as
well as easy to handle [8].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
¢
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
76
The universe of discourse of
e
is –2
o
C to +2
o
o
C, the universe of discourse of
Δ
e
is –2
C
to +
2
o
C, and the universe of discourse of
Δ
Z
is 0 to 5 V
dc
. The membership functions were
chosen to have moderate overlap with a –2, -1, -0
.5, 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 distribution
for
input
fuzzy
subsets and a 0, 1.25, 2, 2.5,
3, 3.75 and 5 distribution for
output fuzzy subsets. In the
adjustment process, the shapes of the
membership functions were not changed.
A
f
u
zzy
logic rule is called a f
u
zzy
associat
ion.
A
f
u
zzy
associat
iv
e memory
(FA
M
) is
formed
by partitioning the universe of discourse of
each condition variable according to the level
of fuzzy resolution chosen for these antecedents, t
hereby a grid of FAM
el
ements. The entry at
each grid element in the FAM
corresponds
to
fuzzy
action [8]. The FAM table must be written in
order to write the fuzzy rules for the motor
speed. The FAM table for the
motor
speed
has
two
inputs (temperature error and temperature ra
te-of-change-of-error) and one output (the motor
speed change). As the input and the output have thr
ee
fuzzy
variables, the FAM will be three by
three, containing nine rules. A FAM of a fuzzy
logic controller for the motor speed is shown in
the FAM diagram in Table 2. The rules base from Table 2 are as follows:
1.
If
e
is H an
d
Δ
e
is NE
The
n
Δ
Z
is SL
2.
If
e
is N an
d
Δ
e
is NE
The
n
Δ
Z
is SL
3.
If
e
is C an
d
Δ
e
is NE
The
n
Δ
Z
is SL
4.
If
e
is H an
d
Δ
e
is NO
Th
e
n
Δ
Z
is SL
5.
If
e
is N an
d
Δ
e
is NO
Th
e
n
Δ
Z
is SL
6.
If
e
is C an
d
Δ
e
is NO
Th
e
n
Δ
Z
is SL
7.
If
e
is H an
d
Δ
e
is PO
The
n
Δ
Z
is FT
8.
If
e
is N an
d
Δ
e
is PO
The
n
Δ
Z
is NM
9.
If
e
is C an
d
Δ
e
is PO
The
n
Δ
Z
is SL
Table 2. FAM
The output d
e
ci
sion of a fuzzy logic co
ntrolle
r is a fuzzy value and is rep
r
e
s
e
n
ted by a
membe
r
ship
function, to
pre
c
ise o
r
crisp
qua
nt
ity. A defuzzification strateg
y
is aimed
at
prod
uci
ng a
non-fu
zzy co
ntrol a
c
tion that best
rep
r
esents th
e possibility di
stributio
n of an
infer
r
ed fuzzy c
ontrol ac
tion. As
to defuz
z
i
fy th
e
fuz
z
y
c
o
ntr
o
l output
into c
r
is
p
values
,
the
centroid defu
zzifi
cation m
e
thod is u
s
e
d
. For practi
cal pu
rpo
s
e
s
, the centroi
d
method gi
ves
stable
ste
ady
state
re
sult,
yiel
d
sup
e
ri
or
re
sults an
d le
ss comp
utational
co
mplexity and
the
method shoul
d work in any
situation [8].
4. PRINCIPL
E OF MULTI CIR
CUIT
The conventi
onal VAC
sy
stem con
s
ist
s
of tw
o
evap
orato
r
s provi
ding conditio
ned
ai
r
to
the two rows
of the respe
c
tive passe
ng
ers’
co
mp
art
m
ent, two sta
ge con
den
se
rs (conn
ecte
d
in
seri
es)
a
nd one com
pre
ssor. The prin
ciple of
the
multi-ci
rcuit a
ppro
a
ch i
s
to
split the
wh
ole
system
into t
w
o
small
uni
ts, ea
ch
unit
is
driv
en
by
se
parate a
comp
re
ssor f
or exa
m
ple
one
comp
re
ssor
cap
acity has
0.50 of the total syst
em capa
city and the other com
pre
ssor for the
remin
der sy
stem
capa
city.
Figure 2
sho
w
s the
sche
matic di
ag
ra
m of the
ne
wly prop
osed
VAC
system. T
he
singl
e evap
orator i
s
divid
e
d
eq
ually in
to
se
parate fa
ce-to-fa
ce
sect
ions,
so th
e h
a
lf
se
ction of on
e evapo
rator i
s
conne
cted t
ogethe
r with
t
he half sectio
n of the other. Therefo
r
e, the
prop
osed VA
C
system
is
calle
d a
multi
-
ci
rcuit AC
sy
stem
with fa
ce-to-fa
ce
eva
porato
r
co
ntrol.
The two
stag
e con
den
se
r i
s
also divide
d into two se
parate
co
nde
nse
r
s
wh
ere
each unit ha
s its
TELKOM
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008 : 73 - 82
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TELKOMNI
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77
De
velo
pm
ent of Fuzzy Lo
g
i
c Co
ntrol for
Vehi
cle Air
Conditionin
g
System
(Henry Nasution)
own
conde
nser. To
ma
ke
the sy
stem
resp
ond
auto
m
atically to t
he
coolin
g lo
ad vari
ation,
an
orga
nizer or controlle
r
sh
ould
g
overn how many compresso
r
wi
ll
be
o
n
serv
ice (on
e
o
r
t
w
o
comp
re
ssors work
togeth
e
r).
Figure 2. Sch
e
matic dia
g
ra
m of the multi circuit VAC
5. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The experimental set-up shown in Figure 3
is
mainly
made up of original components
from a bus AC system, arranged in such a way to
emulate that of an actual bus. In order to
simulate
the
cooling load imposed on the passengers’ compartment, an electric heater was
immersed in the main air duct upstream to
the
ev
aporators. The evaporator inlet air temperature
was attained through the use of the electric heater
controller to obtain the sensible
cooling
load
while
the latent load was achieved
by mixing streams of external ai
r with that of cooled air from
the evaporator.
The air d
uct
s were in
sul
ated usi
ng pol
yurethan
e foam with a thickne
ss of 5
cm. The
refrig
era
nt
lines of
the system we
re
made
from
cop
per tu
bi
ng an
d insu
lated u
s
ing
an
elastom
e
ri
c material. Te
mperature, pressure, and
mass flow ra
te were me
a
s
ured at loca
tion
s
indicated in
F
igure
3. Th
e refrige
r
ant a
n
d
air temp
e
r
a
t
ures at vari
o
u
s
points of t
he
system
were
detecte
d by therm
o
couple
s
. The the
r
m
o
co
uple
s
for
the refri
geran
t temperatu
r
e
s
were i
n
sert
ed
insid
e the co
pper tub
es.
The inte
rio
r
surface tem
p
e
r
atures of the
si
mul
ated
pa
sseng
er
ca
bi
n were
me
asured
by
attachin
g five thermo
co
upl
es to th
e inte
rior
ca
bin
sid
es a
s
sho
w
n
in Figu
re 3.
Nine p
r
e
ssu
re
s at
variou
s poi
nts of the refri
gera
nt circuit
were mea
s
ured
by pre
s
sure ga
uge
s.
The ref
r
ige
r
ant
mass flow rate wa
s mea
s
u
r
ed u
s
ing a
re
frigerant flow
meter for
R-1
34a.
The control
system of th
e com
pre
sso
r
sp
eed
con
s
ists of a the
r
moco
uple in
the bus
cabi
n, an
On/
O
ff and
Fu
zzy logic subro
u
tine in
stalle
d on
a
com
p
u
t
er, an
invert
er a
nd
an
ele
c
tri
c
motor. The t
herm
o
couple
monitors the temperat
ure of the cabi
n and emit
s electri
c
al
sig
nal
s
prop
ortio
nal to the state o
f
the conditio
ned spa
c
e. T
his si
gnal i
s
filtered befo
r
e
it reache
s th
e
controlle
r, thus minimi
zing
noise, which may cau
s
e
error in the cont
rol syste
m
. The output sig
nal
is sup
plied to
the controlle
r and co
mput
er, whi
c
h s
e
n
ds out a cont
rol sig
nal that is a function of
the e
rro
r
be
tween
the v
a
lue
of the
monito
red
tempe
r
ature
and th
e
req
u
ired
set p
o
i
nt
temperature.
The
co
ntrol
si
gnal
output i
s
su
pplie
d to t
he inve
rter,
which
mod
ulat
es th
e el
ect
r
i
c
al
freque
ncy
su
pplied
to the
motor
su
ch
that it is
line
a
rly
prop
ortio
n
a
l
to
the co
ntrol
si
gnal. 50 Hz
electri
c
ity is
supplie
d to the inverte
r
, which
su
pp
lie
s variable
-
fre
q
uen
cy elect
r
i
c
ity to the motor.
The rotatio
na
l
speed of th
e motor is di
rectly pr
opo
rtional to the frequ
en
cy of the electri
c
ity
sup
p
lied to
the moto
r. Th
e inverte
r
co
nverts th
e
co
nstant volta
g
e
and
fre
que
ncy of a
thre
e-
pha
se po
we
r sup
ply into a dire
ct voltage
and then
co
nverts thi
s
direct voltage in
to a new thre
e-
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ISSN: 16
93-6
930
78
pha
se
po
wer
sup
p
ly with
v
a
riabl
e voltag
e an
d
freque
ncy. Th
e thre
e-ph
ase a
s
yn
chrono
us mot
o
r
has a
n
infinite spe
ed varia
t
ion adju
s
tme
n
t.
Figure 3. Sch
e
matic dia
g
ra
m of the experimental ri
g
The expe
rime
nts we
re
con
ducte
d at two
different con
ditions:
1.
The co
mpressor
system
wi
th On/Off con
t
roller.
2.
The varia
b
le
spe
ed comp
ressor
system
with FLC.
The expe
rime
ntal setting
s were:
o
1.
Cabi
n tempe
r
ature set poin
t
s : 22, 23, and 24
C.
2.
Internal he
at load
s : 0, 1 and 2 kW.
TELKOM
NIKA
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008 : 73 - 82
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TELKOMNI
KA
ISSN:
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■
79
De
velo
pm
ent of Fuzzy Lo
g
i
c Co
ntrol for
Vehi
cle Air
Conditionin
g
System
(Henry Nasution)
6. RESULTS
AND DISCUSSIONS
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
5
10
15
20
25
3
0
35
40
45
50
55
F
r
e
que
nc
y
(
H
z
)
C
a
bi
n Te
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
(
o
C)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
En
e
r
g
y
(
k
Wh
)
En
e
r
g
y
T
e
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
Figure 4. Steady-state
cab
in
temperature and en
ergy
con
s
um
ption
at various fre
quen
cie
s
21
22
23
24
25
26
0
1
02
03
04
0
5
0
6
Ti
m
e
(m
i
n
ute
)
T
em
p
er
at
u
r
e (
C
)
0
S
etpoi
nt
0 k
W
1 k
W
2 k
W
a. FLC
(T
=
22
C)
O
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
0
1
02
03
04
05
06
Ti
m
e
(
m
i
nute
)
T
em
p
er
at
u
r
e (
C
)
0
Re
f
.
T
e
m
p
.
0 k
W
1 k
W
2 k
W
b. FLC
(T
=
23
C)
O
23
24
25
26
27
0
1
02
03
04
05
0
6
T
i
m
e
(m
i
nut
e
)
T
em
p
er
at
u
r
e (
C
)
0
Re
f
.
T
e
m
p
.
0 k
W
1 k
W
2 k
W
c.
FLC
(T
=
24
C)
O
Figure 5. Te
mperature
re
spo
nses for F
LC
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ISSN: 16
93-6
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80
Figure 4
sho
w
s the
effect
of motor fre
q
uen
cie
s
o
n
th
e ste
ady
stat
e value
s
of t
he
cabi
n
temperature
and th
e en
ergy
con
s
u
m
ption d
uri
n
g
the te
st
perio
d of
o
ne h
our. En
ergy
con
s
um
ption
wa
s cal
c
ulate
d
from
the
st
art
of
th
e
m
otor usi
ng
th
e motor po
we
r multiplied by the
time of ope
ra
tion. The
re
sult indicates t
hat
the e
nerg
y
con
s
um
ptio
n is
depe
nde
nt on the
mot
or
freque
ncy. Whe
n
the freque
ncy increases the
e
nergy con
s
u
m
ption incre
ase
s. It can be
observed that
the cabin te
mper
ature a
c
hieved is lo
wer as th
e freq
uen
cy is incre
a
se
d.
Figure 5 shows the temperature responses at
various internal heat loads.
Initially
the
motor
was
set
to
run at the maximum speed (50 Hz). With the maximum compressor motor
speed, the cabin temperature decreases as
t
he time increases. Referring to the set point
temperature, the controller will minimize
the
error between the set point and the cabin
temperature.
The
figures show that the internal heat load affects the room temperature and the
speed of the motor. Increasing the internal heat
loads
results in a longer time to reach the
temperature setting, also the motor speed drops from the maximum compressor motor speed
as
the room temperature reaches the set point. The
results
indicated
that, the higher the internal
heat loads the higher is the energy consumpti
on. Figure 6 shows the energy
consumption
at
various internal heat loads.
Figure 6. The
energy con
s
umption for F
L
C
Figure 7 sho
w
s th
e ene
rg
y saving for
FLC in
com
p
arison
with th
e On/Off co
ntrolle
r for
different internal heat load
s. If the internal heat
load
s is high, the
energy con
s
umption is al
so
high. Furth
e
rmore, the hig
her the en
erg
y
c
onsumptio
n, the smalle
r is the energy saving.
51
.
3
9
54.
1
60.
62
52
.
5
2
42.
3
64.
35
52
.
9
5
39
.
1
4
56.
91
0
20
40
60
80
100
T
=
22 C
T
=
23 C
T
=
24 C
Te
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
S
e
t
t
i
n
g
S
avi
n
g
(
%
)
0 k
W
1 k
W
2 k
W
Figure 7. Energy saving: O
n
/Off – FLC
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 6, No. 2, Agustus 2
008 : 73 - 82
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TELKOMNI
KA
ISSN:
1693-6930
■
81
De
velo
pm
ent of Fuzzy Lo
g
i
c Co
ntrol for
Vehi
cle Air
Conditionin
g
System
(Henry Nasution)
7. CONCL
U
S
I
ON
A series of experiments for a variabl
e
speed
VAC
system has been conducted at
various
frequencies from 5 to 50 Hz. The impac
t of variable speed on the performance of the
system, the cabin temperature and energy
consumption
have been analyzed experimentally.
The results indicate that the cabin temper
ature,
the COP and energy consumption is dependent
on the frequency of the motor. The temperature of
the cabin decreases as the
frequency
of
the
motor
increases, and vice versa. The inverter a
llows for more than one temperature setting. For
this system, the steady state
temperature varies from 18.95
o
C to 28.54
o
C.
When the frequency
increases, the cabin temperature decreases wh
ile the energy consumption increases.
When
the
energy consumption increases, t
he COP decreases with the increase of the compressor’s motor
frequency. A higher energy saving is achieved w
hen
the motor runs at a lower frequency. The
high energy saving at a lower frequency is mo
stly
due
to the lesser compressor energy
consumption.
The
FLC
was developed to control the motor speed in order to maintain the cabin
temperature
at or close to the set point tem
perature. When the cabin
was thermally loaded, the
controller acted such that the
temperature
reduc
tion in the cabin is faster until the set point
temperature was achieved again. The energy
consumption
would
change with the change in
motor
speed.
When the motor speed increases, t
he cabin temperature decreases and the COP
decreases
with the increase in energy cons
umption. Furthermore, the higher the energy
consumption the smaller is the energy saving.
The research
has
sho
w
e
d
that fuzzy log
i
c
control
gives a hi
ghe
r saving and
provides
a
better
co
ntrol
than
the
On/
Off cont
rolle
r. The
sy
st
em’
s
p
e
rfo
r
ma
nce in te
rm
s
of
COP i
s
fo
und
to
follow simil
ar
trend
s for all the intern
al he
at loads.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1].
M. K. Man
s
our,
"Desi
gn and De
v
e
lopment of Bu
s Air
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ng Sy
stem
Resp
onding
to a
Variatio
n in Co
oling
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", PhD p
r
og
re
ss re
port, Faculty of
Mech
ani
cal
Enginee
ring,
Universiti Te
knologi Mal
a
ysia, 2006.
[2].
G. L. Davis
,
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e
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C. S
c
ott,
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uter
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e
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D. M. Kyle, V. C. Mei, an
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D.
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E
v
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lu
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e
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it Ref
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igerants for
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perimental
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e Air
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d
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xper
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t
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c
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tomo
tiv
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th
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,
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e Ev
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g
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[11].
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so
z an
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