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l.
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r
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20
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p
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1
58
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//telko
mn
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i
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Dete
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nces o
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MQ
-
se
ries g
a
s
sens
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specific ga
s co
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ntratio
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Aj
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R
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J
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l
14
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2
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1
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ev
is
ed
Dec
18
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ted
Dec
29
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MQ
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se
ries
g
a
s
se
n
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re
fre
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si
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lativ
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r’s
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).
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ly
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ted
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T
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e
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term
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g
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n
d
a
t
(
,
)
we
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d
a
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d
MQ
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6
g
a
s
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so
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sp
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se
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iate
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fo
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m
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g
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a
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t
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iate
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W.
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Sen
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itiv
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esis
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T
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s
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rticle
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CC B
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SA
li
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se
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C
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r
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
Ajib
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y
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Ay
e
T
aiwo
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
C
o
m
p
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ter
E
n
g
i
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ee
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g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
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f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
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y
,
Un
iv
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r
s
ity
o
f
I
lo
r
in
P.M
.
B
.
1
5
1
5
,
I
lo
r
in
,
Nig
e
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ia
E
m
ail:
ajib
o
y
e.
at@
u
n
ilo
r
in
.
e
d
u
.
n
g
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
MQ
-
s
er
ies
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
em
p
lo
y
ed
i
n
g
as
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
en
s
in
g
d
u
e
to
th
eir
h
ig
h
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
d
lo
w
co
s
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
alter
n
ativ
es
[
1
]
-
[
3
]
.
T
h
is
class
o
f
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
m
icr
o
alu
m
in
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m
o
x
id
e
(
AL
2
O
3
)
ce
r
am
ic
tu
b
e,
a
s
en
s
itiv
e
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er
o
f
tin
d
io
x
id
e
(
Sn
O
2
)
,
an
d
n
ick
e
l
-
ch
r
o
m
iu
m
allo
y
s
th
at
g
en
er
ate
t
h
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
h
e
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
d
esire
d
s
e
n
s
o
r
o
p
e
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
is
in
ter
f
ac
ed
with
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
cir
cu
its
an
d
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
v
ia
6
p
in
s
,
o
u
t
o
f
wh
ic
h
two
ar
e
u
s
ed
ea
ch
f
o
r
s
ig
n
al,
elec
tr
o
d
es,
an
d
h
ea
tin
g
co
ils
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
[
4
]
-
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
Sn
O
2
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
is
th
e
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
th
at
s
en
s
es
th
e
g
as
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
an
d
it h
as
a
v
a
r
iab
le
r
esis
tan
ce
with
g
as
co
n
c
en
tr
atio
n
a
n
d
th
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ty
p
e;
a
n
d
it
a
ls
o
p
o
s
s
ess
es
h
ig
h
r
esis
ta
n
ce
in
clea
n
air
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
r
esis
tan
ce
v
ar
ies
with
th
e
g
as
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
wh
e
n
th
e
y
ar
e
p
lace
d
in
th
e
v
icin
ity
o
f
th
e
g
as
to
b
e
s
en
s
e
d
[
8
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
cir
cu
it
o
u
tp
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t
s
ig
n
al
is
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
an
d
ty
p
e
o
f
th
e
g
as
[
7
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
1
2
]
a
n
d
th
e
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
m
etal
o
x
id
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
en
s
in
g
ar
ea
[
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
h
ea
tin
g
an
d
th
e
s
en
s
in
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s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
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s
en
s
o
r
ca
n
b
e
p
o
we
r
ed
b
y
a
s
ep
ar
ate
o
r
s
am
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
(
s
)
.
T
h
is
is
to
g
e
n
er
ate
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
h
ea
t
n
ee
d
e
d
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
in
th
e
ac
tiv
e
s
tate
an
d
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
en
s
ed
g
as
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
to
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
lo
ad
r
esis
to
r
in
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
cir
cu
it
[
6
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
Du
e
t
o
th
e
r
esis
tiv
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
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s
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r
’
s
s
en
s
in
g
e
lem
en
t
,
th
e
s
en
s
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
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t E
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tr
o
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Dete
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tio
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f o
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timu
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n
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s
o
f MQ
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s
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r
ies g
a
s
s
en
s
o
r
circu
it fo
r
…
(
A
jib
o
ye
A
ye
Ta
iw
o
)
159
g
as
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
is
n
o
r
m
ally
co
n
v
er
te
d
to
th
e
v
o
ltag
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ac
r
o
s
s
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e
lo
ad
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esis
to
r
in
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
cir
cu
it
[
6
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
s
en
s
o
r
cir
cu
it
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
ca
lib
r
atio
n
an
d
an
aly
s
is
o
f
Me
tal
Ox
i
d
e
(
MO
X)
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e:
s
en
s
o
r
ac
tiv
atio
n
v
o
ltag
e
(
CC
)
,
s
en
s
o
r
cir
cu
it
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
(
R
)
,
s
en
s
o
r
r
esis
tan
ce
in
th
e
b
ase
g
as
at
ca
lib
r
atio
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
cl
ea
n
air
(
)
[
1
6
]
,
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
r
es
is
tan
ce
(
S
)
an
d
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
(
L
)
[
4
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
p
r
ac
tice,
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
O
is
u
s
u
ally
d
eter
m
in
ed
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tally
[
4
]
,
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
o
n
ly
th
e
r
a
n
g
e
th
at
is
n
o
r
m
ally
g
iv
en
i
n
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
d
atash
ee
t;
an
d
m
o
r
e
s
o
it
is
p
r
ac
ti
ca
lly
im
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
h
av
e
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
with
th
e
s
am
e
v
alu
e
o
f
O
[
8
]
,
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
On
ce
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
O
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
,
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
r
esis
tan
ce
s
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
as
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
ca
n
th
en
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
en
s
itiv
ity
cu
r
v
e
in
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
d
atash
ee
t f
o
r
v
a
r
io
u
s
ty
p
es
o
f
g
ases
u
n
d
er
g
i
v
en
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
an
d
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
(
R
H)
[
2
]
.
Haija
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
,
s
tu
d
ied
MQ
-
2
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
was
u
s
ed
to
m
o
n
ito
r
air
q
u
ality
b
y
ad
o
p
tin
g
t
h
e
2
0
k
Ω
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
as
g
iv
en
in
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
d
atash
ee
t.
R
u
m
an
tr
i
et
a
l.
[
4
]
,
p
r
esen
ted
a
n
air
q
u
ality
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
c
o
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
a
n
MQ
-
7
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
a
n
d
two
o
th
er
s
.
B
u
t
a
l
o
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
1
KΩ
was
ad
o
p
ted
i
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
wh
ich
i
s
q
u
ite
n
o
t
with
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
(
5
k
Ω
-
4
7
k
Ω
)
g
iv
en
in
th
e
d
atash
ee
t
with
n
o
ju
s
tific
ati
o
n
g
iv
en
.
T
h
e
air
q
u
ality
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
in
[
2
0
]
u
s
ed
MQ
-
2
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
an
d
a
v
ar
iab
l
e
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
e
(
0
-
5
k
Ω
)
to
allo
w
f
o
r
s
en
s
itiv
ity
a
d
ju
s
tm
en
t
[
2
1
]
.
A
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
MQ
-
2
,
MQ
-
3
,
MQ
-
6
,
MQ
-
1
3
5
,
with
a
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
1
0
k
Ω
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
to
ea
ch
was
u
s
ed
in
[
5
]
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
o
lf
ac
tio
n
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
;
h
o
wev
er
,
th
e
c
h
o
ice
o
f
u
s
in
g
a
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
1
0
k
Ω
f
o
r
all
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
was
n
o
t
g
iv
e
n
.
T
h
e
2
0
k
Ω
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
i
n
th
e
M
Q
-
2
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
d
atash
ee
t
was
ad
o
p
ted
in
[2
2]
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
air
p
o
llu
tio
n
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
a
s
i
n
g
le
MQ
-
2
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
f
o
r
b
o
th
C
O
an
d
s
m
o
k
e
d
etec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
clea
n
air
s
en
s
o
r
r
esis
tan
ce
f
o
r
th
e
MQ
-
5
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
i
n
[
1
]
b
y
ar
b
itra
r
ily
s
elec
tin
g
2
0
k
Ω
f
o
r
th
e
lo
a
d
r
esis
tan
ce
.
I
n
a
d
ea
th
-
d
ef
y
in
g
g
as
in
tellig
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
y
s
tem
[
6
]
,
MQ
-
2
an
d
MQ
-
7
wer
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
en
s
in
g
f
lam
m
a
b
le
g
ases
an
d
ca
r
b
o
n
m
o
n
o
x
i
d
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
b
u
t
th
e
l
o
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
e
o
f
1
k
Ω
wh
ich
is
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
r
an
g
e
(
5
k
Ω
-
4
7
k
Ω
)
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
in
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
d
atash
ee
t
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
I
n
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
t
r
o
lle
r
-
b
ased
liq
u
e
f
ied
p
etr
o
leu
m
g
as
(
L
PG)
leak
ag
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
[
2
3
]
-
[
3
0
]
,
th
e
lea
k
ag
e
g
as
was
s
en
s
ed
i
n
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
in
g
MQ
-
2
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
MQ
-
6
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
, MQ
-
5
[
2
6
]
,
a
n
d
M
Q
-
4
[
3
0
]
g
as sen
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
lo
a
d
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
e
was a
r
b
itra
r
ily
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ma
x
im
u
m
s
en
s
itiv
it
y
an
d
to
ler
a
b
le
s
en
s
o
r
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
ar
e
th
e
m
ajo
r
f
ac
t
o
r
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
at
th
e
alar
m
p
o
in
t
[
1
3
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
s
h
o
u
ld
alwa
y
s
b
e
s
elec
ted
in
s
u
ch
a
way
as
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
ec
a
u
s
e
wh
en
it
is
to
o
lo
w
it
r
esu
lts
to
lo
w
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
d
wh
en
it is
h
ig
h
it g
iv
es less
ac
cu
r
ac
y
[
2
2
]
.
I
t
was
estab
lis
h
ed
in
[
3
]
th
at
an
d
b
o
th
d
ep
e
n
d
o
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
well
-
estab
lis
h
ed
ex
is
tin
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
d
eter
m
in
in
g
v
alu
e
th
at
ca
n
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
y
ield
an
d
to
le
r
ab
le
f
o
r
a
g
iv
en
v
alu
e
o
f
g
as
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
.
Als
o
,
th
e
m
eth
o
d
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
[
3
]
ass
u
m
ed
s
en
s
o
r
cir
cu
it
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
was
lin
ea
r
ly
r
elate
d
to
th
e
g
as
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
f
o
r
th
e
m
eth
o
d
t
o
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
it
m
u
s
t
b
e
ap
p
lied
t
o
th
e
lin
ea
r
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
wh
ich
will
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
d
d
itio
n
al
ef
f
o
r
ts
lik
e
p
h
y
s
ical
in
s
p
ec
tio
n
an
d
/o
r
lin
ea
r
ity
test
o
n
th
e
p
lo
t
to
lo
c
ate
th
e
p
o
r
tio
n
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
cir
cu
it
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
g
as
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
h
as
n
o
e
f
f
ec
t
a
s
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
f
o
r
a
n
y
g
iv
en
v
alu
e
o
f
g
as
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
m
ajo
r
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
f
o
p
tim
u
m
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
d
eter
m
i
n
atio
n
f
o
r
MQ
-
s
er
ies
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
f
o
r
an
y
g
iv
e
n
g
as
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
is
was
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
cir
cu
it
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
d
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
o
n
th
e
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
f
o
r
a
g
iv
en
g
as
ty
p
e
an
d
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
m
eth
o
d
o
f
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
f
o
r
MQ
-
s
er
ies g
as sen
s
o
r
cir
cu
it d
esig
n
er
s
.
Ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
m
o
d
el
eq
u
atio
n
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
[
3
]
,
th
e
e
q
u
atio
n
s
f
o
r
,
,
an
d
at
a
g
iv
en
g
as
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
wer
e
d
er
iv
e
d
.
T
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
eth
o
d
,
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
MQ
-
6
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
to
its
ass
o
ciate
d
g
ases
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
h
e
MQ
-
6
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
p
ar
am
eter
s
wer
e
s
u
b
s
titu
ted
i
n
to
th
e
,
,
an
d
,
eq
u
atio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
g
ases
.
T
h
e
cu
r
v
es o
f
an
d
wer
e
ea
ch
p
lo
tted
ag
ain
s
t
f
o
r
a
g
iv
en
v
alu
e
o
f
an
d
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
l
o
tted
cu
r
v
es
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
tr
en
d
o
f
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
,
an
d
th
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
v
al
u
e
o
f
was
d
eter
m
in
e
d
f
o
r
ea
c
h
o
f
th
e
g
ases
.
T
h
e
v
a
lu
e
th
at
r
esu
lted
in
h
i
g
h
est
an
d
<
s
e
t
thr
e
s
hol
d
is
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
f
o
r
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
cir
cu
it
f
o
r
a
g
i
v
en
g
as
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
v
alu
e.
Sin
ce
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
at
r
esu
lted
in
h
ig
h
est
an
d
also
s
atis
f
ied
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
f
o
r
all
th
e
MQ
-
6
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
ass
o
ciat
ed
g
ases
is
,
,
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
f
o
r
th
e
MQ
-
6
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
cir
cu
it
will
b
e
,
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
,
with
co
n
c
en
tr
atio
n
an
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
s
u
b
s
titu
tin
g
,
f
o
r
o
n
s
en
s
o
r
cir
cu
it o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
MQ
-
6
g
as sen
s
o
r
ass
o
ciate
d
g
ases
wer
e
also
in
v
esti
g
ated
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
is
d
e
v
o
ted
to
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
m
o
d
el
eq
u
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
d
er
iv
ed
f
o
r
,
,
an
d
,
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
Als
o
,
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
eq
u
atio
n
s
in
th
e
g
r
ap
h
ical
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
TEL
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
20
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
1
58
-
1
65
160
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
tim
u
m
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
,
,
was
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
u
s
in
g
MQ
-
6
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
r
esp
o
n
s
e
t
o
its
ass
o
ciate
d
g
ases
.
T
h
e
d
etail
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
g
r
ap
h
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
2
.
1
.
Dev
el
o
pm
ent
o
f
s
y
s
t
em
m
o
del e
qu
a
t
io
ns
T
h
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
s
en
s
o
r
r
esis
tan
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
g
as c
o
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
(
)
an
d
is
as sh
o
wn
in
(
1
)
[
3
]
.
=
10
^
(
10
+
10
+
10
)
(
1
)
=
l
o
g
10
(
2
)
−
l
o
g
10
(
1
)
l
o
g
10
(
2
)
−
l
o
g
10
(
1
)
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
(
1
,
1
)
an
d
(
2
,
2
)
ar
e
th
e
co
o
r
d
in
ate
s
o
f
an
y
two
d
if
f
er
e
n
t p
o
in
ts
o
n
th
e
s
tr
aig
h
t lin
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
a
g
iv
en
g
as o
n
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
en
s
itiv
ity
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
cu
r
v
e
.
c
=
10
^
(
)
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
q
is
th
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
i
n
ter
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
en
s
itiv
ity
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
cu
r
v
e
ass
o
cia
ted
with
a
g
iv
en
g
as
with
th
e
-
ax
is
.
Als
o
,
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
cir
cu
it o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
4
)
[
3
]
.
=
(
+
)
(
4
)
Su
b
s
titu
tin
g
(
1
)
in
(
4
)
y
ield
ed
(
5
)
.
=
(
10
^
(
10
+
10
+
10
)
+
)
(
5
)
As
r
ev
ea
led
in
(
5
)
,
is
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
,
an
d
b
ec
au
s
e
,
,
an
d
ar
e
co
n
s
tan
t
f
o
r
a
g
iv
en
s
en
s
o
r
cir
cu
it
an
d
g
as
ty
p
e
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
an
d
f
o
r
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
MQ
-
s
er
ies
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
is
alwa
y
s
s
p
ec
if
ied
in
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
d
atash
ee
t.
Sin
ce
is
th
e
o
n
ly
p
ar
am
eter
th
at
ca
n
b
e
v
ar
ied
b
y
th
e
cir
cu
it
d
esig
n
er
[
3
]
,
its
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
cir
cu
it
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
f
o
r
a
g
iv
en
v
alu
e
o
f
an
d
was in
v
esti
g
ated
f
o
r
its
o
p
tim
u
m
s
elec
tio
n
.
T
o
s
elec
t
,
th
e
h
ig
h
est
s
en
s
o
r
cir
cu
it sen
s
itiv
ity
an
d
to
ler
ab
le
s
en
s
o
r
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
m
u
s
t b
e
m
et
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
e
q
u
atio
n
f
o
r
was
d
er
iv
ed
b
y
d
if
f
er
en
tiatin
g
(
5
)
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
an
d
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
6
)
.
=
−
10
(
10
+
10
+
10
)
(
10
(
10
+
10
+
10
)
+
)
2
(
6
)
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
r
esis
tan
ce
,
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
7
)
[
3
]
.
=
2
(
+
)
2
(
7
)
T
h
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
,
f
o
r
a
g
iv
e
n
v
alu
e
o
f
an
d
was
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
f
in
d
in
g
th
e
d
er
iv
ativ
e
o
f
in
(
6
)
with
r
esp
ec
t to
an
d
th
en
s
o
lv
e
f
o
r
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
m
o
d
el
eq
u
atio
n
is
as e
x
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
8
)
.
,
=
10
^
(
10
+
10
+
10
)
(
8
)
I
n
(
8
)
v
alid
ates
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
itio
n
in
(
1
)
.
Usi
n
g
(
6
)
an
d
(
7
)
,
th
e
p
lo
ts
o
f
v
er
s
u
s
an
d
v
er
s
u
s
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
an
d
u
s
ed
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
tr
en
d
o
f
v
a
r
iatio
n
b
et
wee
n
an
d
;
an
d
also
an
d
.
T
h
is
wo
u
ld
allo
w
g
r
ap
h
ical
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
v
al
u
e
o
f
f
o
r
a
g
iv
en
v
al
u
e
o
f
an
d
.
Als
o
,
f
r
o
m
(
8
)
,
th
e
p
lo
t o
f
,
v
er
s
u
s
ca
n
b
e
g
en
er
at
ed
f
o
r
a
g
iv
en
v
alu
e
o
f
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
an
em
p
ir
ical
o
r
g
r
ap
h
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
t
h
e
latter
was
ap
p
lied
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
g
iv
en
i
n
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
d
atash
ee
t.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
v
al
u
e
o
f
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
ated
b
y
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
m
u
s
t
n
o
t
b
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
p
er
m
is
s
ib
le
v
alu
e
[
3
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
Dete
r
min
a
tio
n
o
f o
p
timu
m
lo
a
d
r
esis
ta
n
ce
s
o
f MQ
-
s
e
r
ies g
a
s
s
en
s
o
r
circu
it fo
r
…
(
A
jib
o
ye
A
ye
Ta
iw
o
)
161
2
.
2
.
De
m
o
ns
t
ra
t
io
n o
f
t
he
p
ro
po
s
ed
m
et
ho
d
T
o
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
on
an
d
, MQ
-
6
g
as sen
s
o
r
wa
s
u
s
ed
an
d
all
th
e
g
ases
th
at
ca
n
b
e
s
en
s
ed
b
y
th
is
s
e
n
s
o
r
wer
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
s
tep
in
th
e
p
lo
t
o
f
an
d
v
er
s
u
s
is
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
f
o
l
lo
win
g
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
:
,
,
,
an
d
an
d
th
en
s
u
b
s
titu
te
th
em
in
to
(
6
)
an
d
(
7
)
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
=
5
V
an
d
=
1
0
0
0
p
p
m
wer
e
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
all
th
e
g
ases
wh
ile
an
d
wer
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
(
2
)
an
d
(
3
)
f
o
r
ea
c
h
o
f
th
e
g
ases
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
e
x
p
lain
ed
in
s
u
b
-
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
1
.
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
,
th
e
g
r
a
p
h
o
f
v
er
s
u
s
was
p
lo
tted
(
u
s
in
g
L
PG
b
ein
g
t
h
e
b
a
s
e
g
as
f
o
r
MQ
-
6
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
)
,
f
o
r
10
k
Ω
≤
≤
47
k
Ω
,
10
k
Ω
≤
≤
60
k
Ω
an
d
=
1000
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Usi
n
g
(
6
)
an
d
(
7
)
,
th
e
p
lo
ts
o
f
v
er
s
u
s
an
d
v
er
s
u
s
f
o
r
all
MQ
-
6
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
ass
o
ciate
d
g
ases
f
o
r
10
k
Ω
≤
≤
180
k
Ω
wer
e
p
lo
tted
an
d
ar
e
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
es
2
a
n
d
3
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
ese
p
lo
ts
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
s
tu
d
y
t
h
e
tr
e
n
d
o
f
v
ar
i
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
ci
r
cu
it
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
,
wh
en
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
i
s
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
g
ases
wer
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
2
an
d
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
th
eir
co
m
p
li
an
ce
with
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
p
o
wer
d
i
s
s
ip
atio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
was c
ar
r
ied
o
u
t u
s
in
g
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Plo
ts
o
f
v
er
s
u
s
f
o
r
=
1000
at
v
ar
io
u
s
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Plo
ts
o
f
v
er
s
u
s
f
o
r
=
2
0
k
Ω
f
o
r
all
MQ
-
6
ass
o
ciate
d
g
ases
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Plo
ts
o
f
v
er
s
u
s
f
o
r
=
2
0
k
Ω
f
o
r
all
MQ
-
6
ass
o
ciate
d
g
ases
Usi
n
g
(
8
)
,
th
e
p
lo
ts
o
f
,
ag
ain
s
t
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
,
with
f
o
r
ea
c
h
o
f
th
e
MQ
-
6
ass
o
ciate
d
g
ases
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
b
y
u
s
in
g
(
5
)
,
th
e
g
r
ap
h
o
f
was
also
p
lo
tted
ag
ain
s
t
f
o
r
ea
ch
o
f
t
h
e
g
ases
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
two
p
lo
ts
o
n
th
e
s
am
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
TEL
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
20
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
1
58
-
1
65
162
g
r
ap
h
,
t
h
e
s
o
lid
lin
e
with
m
ar
k
er
s
(
L
PG
-
1
,
CH
4
-
1
,
H
2
-
1
,
Alco
h
o
l
-
1
an
d
C
O
-
1
)
is
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
itu
atio
n
wh
en
=
2
0
k
Ω
f
o
r
all
th
e
g
ases
an
d
th
e
d
ash
-
d
ash
lin
e
with
m
ar
k
e
r
s
(
L
PG
-
2
,
CH
4
-
2
,
H
2
-
2
,
Alco
h
o
l
-
2
an
d
C
O
-
2
)
is
f
o
r
wh
e
n
=
,
.
Fro
m
th
is
Fig
u
r
e,
th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
s
u
b
s
titu
tin
g
,
f
o
r
o
n
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
cir
cu
it o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
b
e
q
u
an
tifie
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Plo
ts
o
f
,
v
er
s
u
s
f
o
r
=
20
k
Ω
f
o
r
all
MQ
-
6
ass
o
ciate
d
g
ases
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Plo
ts
o
f
v
er
s
u
s
f
o
r
all
MQ
-
6
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
ass
o
ciate
d
g
ases
f
o
r
=
20
k
Ω
(
s
o
lid
lin
e)
an
d
=
,
(
d
ash
-
d
ash
lin
e
)
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
NS
T
h
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
1
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
1
,
th
at
=
,
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
f
o
r
10
k
Ω
≤
≤
60
k
Ω
an
d
10
k
Ω
≤
≤
60
k
Ω
an
d
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
s
en
s
itiv
ity
(
)
r
em
ai
n
s
co
n
s
tan
t
at
0
.
5
1
4
3
m
V/p
p
m
.
I
n
p
r
ac
tice,
10
k
Ω
≤
≤
47
k
Ω
[
3
2
]
,
b
u
t
as
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
1
to
o
b
tain
f
o
r
an
y
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
an
d
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
am
e,
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
th
at
o
f
(
10
k
Ω
≤
≤
60
k
Ω
)
was
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
estab
lis
h
ed
b
y
[
3
2
]
th
at
=
wh
en
MQ
-
6
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
is
in
th
e
v
icin
ity
o
f
th
e
b
ase
g
as
(
L
PG)
at
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
1
0
0
0
p
p
m
a
n
d
also
f
r
o
m
(
1
)
an
d
(
8
)
th
at
=
,
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
,
it
ca
n
b
e
i
n
f
er
r
ed
t
h
at
=
,
f
o
r
th
is
s
en
s
o
r
wh
ich
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Sin
ce
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
ca
lib
r
atio
n
o
f
MQ
-
6
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
at
1
0
0
0
p
p
m
o
f
L
PG
in
th
e
d
atash
ee
t
is
20
k
Ω
[
3
2
]
,
it
was
as
s
u
m
ed
th
at
,
=
20
k
Ω
f
o
r
th
is
s
en
s
o
r
wh
ich
m
ak
e
=
20
k
Ω
.
T
h
is
v
alu
e
is
v
er
y
cl
o
s
e
to
wh
at
was o
b
tain
ed
in
[
3
]
(
23
k
Ω
)
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
am
o
n
g
,
,
an
d
(
k
Ω
)
,
(
k
Ω
)
(
mv
/
p
p
m)
10
10
0
.
5
1
4
3
15
15
0
.
5
1
4
3
20
20
0
.
5
1
4
3
25
25
0
.
5
1
4
3
30
30
0
.
5
1
4
3
35
35
0
.
5
1
4
3
40
40
0
.
5
1
4
3
45
45
0
.
5
1
4
3
50
50
0
.
5
1
4
3
55
55
0
.
5
1
4
3
60
60
0
.
5
1
4
3
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
it
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
in
cr
e
ases
f
r
o
m
th
e
i
n
itial
v
alu
e
(
)
,
wh
en
=
10
k
Ω
,
to
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
v
al
u
e
at
=
,
f
o
r
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
g
ases
,
af
ter
wh
ich
it
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
to
th
e
f
in
al
v
alu
e
(
)
wh
ich
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
m
in
im
u
m
v
al
u
e
wh
en
=
1
8
0
k
Ω
.
T
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
f
o
r
in
th
e
d
at
ash
ee
t
is
10
k
Ω
≤
≤
47
k
Ω
,
im
p
ly
in
g
th
at
if
th
is
r
an
g
e
is
u
s
ed
,
th
e
cir
cu
it
will
o
n
ly
att
ain
its
m
ax
im
u
m
s
en
s
itiv
ity
u
n
d
er
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
L
PG
o
r
4
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
u
p
p
er
b
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
was
ex
ten
d
e
d
to
180
k
Ω
to
en
ab
l
e
th
e
cir
cu
it
attain
f
o
r
o
th
er
th
r
ee
g
ases
.
As
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
v
al
u
es
o
f
,
f
o
r
L
PG,
CH
4
,
H
2
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
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o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
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tr
o
l
Dete
r
min
a
tio
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o
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p
timu
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esis
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n
ce
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o
f MQ
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s
e
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ies g
a
s
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en
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o
r
circu
it fo
r
…
(
A
jib
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ye
A
ye
Ta
iw
o
)
163
Alco
h
o
l
an
d
C
O
a
r
e
2
0
,
2
4
,
6
4
,
1
2
0
an
d
1
5
2
k
Ω
,
r
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ec
tiv
ely
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r
r
esp
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n
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g
to
v
alu
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o
f
0
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5
1
4
3
,
0
.
5
0
1
7
,
0
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3
4
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.
2
0
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9
a
n
d
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8
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V/p
p
m
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Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
d
eter
m
in
in
g
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f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
o
n
ce
v
alu
e
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
,
f
o
r
an
y
o
f
th
e
g
ases
at
a
g
iv
en
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
en
s
itiv
ity
cu
r
v
es
n
o
r
m
ally
g
iv
en
in
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
d
atash
ee
t
s
in
ce
it
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ev
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led
i
n
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is
s
tu
d
y
th
at
=
,
at
a
g
iv
en
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
f
o
r
all
g
ases
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
n
o
ted
t
h
at
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
cir
cu
it
to
s
ati
s
f
y
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
s
en
s
itiv
ity
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
=
,
m
u
s
t
b
e
f
u
lf
illed
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
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ce
r
n
ed
g
as.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
t
h
at,
th
e
in
itial
p
o
w
er
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
v
alu
e
(
,
)
o
b
tai
n
ed
at
=
10
k
Ω
is
th
e
h
ig
h
est
v
alu
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
wh
en
it
is
u
n
d
er
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
g
ases
.
As
in
cr
ea
s
es,
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
,
to
th
e
f
in
al
v
alu
e
(
,
)
wh
en
=
180
k
Ω
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
wh
en
=
,
(
,
,
)
f
o
r
L
PG,
CH
4
,
H
2
,
Alco
h
o
l a
n
d
C
O
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
3
as
0
.
3
1
2
5
,
0
.
2
5
8
9
,
0
.
0
9
7
7
,
0
.
0
5
2
1
,
an
d
0
.
0
4
1
1
m
W
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
d
is
s
ip
ated
po
wer
wh
e
n
=
,
(
,
,
)
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
with
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
,
v
alu
e.
L
PG,
th
e
b
ase
g
as,
h
as
th
e
h
ig
h
est
v
alu
e
o
f
,
,
(
0
.
3
1
2
5
m
W
)
,
th
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
at
,
,
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
will
b
e
m
ax
im
u
m
an
d
it
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
f
o
r
th
e
o
th
er
g
ases
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
,
.
I
t
ca
n
also
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
th
at,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e
,
,
(
0
.
3
1
2
5
m
W
)
is
f
ar
less
th
an
th
e
to
ler
a
b
le
v
alu
e
(
15
m
W
[
3
1
]
)
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
th
at
th
e
in
itial
v
alu
e
o
f
,
(
,
,
)
wh
ich
is
m
ax
im
u
m
f
o
r
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
g
ases
was
o
b
tain
ed
wh
en
=
2
0
0
p
p
m
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
,
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
,
,
to
th
e
f
i
n
al
v
a
lu
e
(
,
,
)
wh
ich
is
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
f
o
r
e
ac
h
o
f
th
e
g
ases
at
=
1
0
0
0
0
p
p
m
.
I
t
is
also
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
b
ase
g
as
h
as
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
v
alu
es
o
f
b
o
th
,
,
an
d
,
,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
t
h
er
g
ases
.
,
g
en
er
ally
,
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
with
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
an
d
its
v
alu
e
at
an
y
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
d
e
ter
m
in
ed
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
4
f
o
r
all
MQ
-
6
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
ass
o
ciate
d
g
ases
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
4
r
e
v
ea
led
th
at
,
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
b
o
th
th
e
g
as ty
p
e
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
th
e
in
itial
an
d
f
in
al
s
en
s
o
r
cir
c
u
it
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
es
(
,
an
d
,
)
ar
e
attain
e
d
wh
en
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
ar
e
2
0
0
a
n
d
1
0
,
0
0
0
p
p
m
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
f
o
r
=
20
k
Ω
.
Als
o
,
th
e
in
itial
an
d
f
in
al
s
en
s
o
r
cir
cu
it
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
es
wh
en
=
,
(
,
,
an
d
,
,
)
ar
e
attain
ed
wh
e
n
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
ar
e
2
0
0
an
d
1
0
,
0
0
0
p
p
m
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
p
an
w
h
en
=
20
k
Ω
an
d
=
,
ar
e
d
en
o
ted
b
y
,
an
d
,
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
5
th
at
,
,
>
,
an
d
,
,
>
,
ex
ce
p
t
f
o
r
L
PG
wh
er
e
,
,
=
,
an
d
,
,
=
,
b
ec
au
s
e
=
,
=
20
k
Ω
.
Fo
r
CH
4
,
H
2
,
Alco
h
o
l
an
d
C
O
,
,
>
,
wh
ile
,
,
=
,
f
o
r
L
PG.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
5
th
at
th
er
e
is
an
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
b
o
th
th
e
s
p
an
an
d
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
cir
cu
it
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wh
en
=
,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
wh
en
=
20
k
Ω
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
t
h
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
o
f
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
ci
r
cu
it
is
m
ax
im
u
m
wh
en
=
,
,
,
,
<
15
m
W
(
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
s
en
s
o
r
p
o
wer
d
i
s
s
ip
atio
n
th
r
esh
o
ld
[
3
1
]
)
an
d
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
cir
c
u
it
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
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s
p
an
is
m
ax
im
u
m
wh
en
=
,
f
o
r
ea
ch
o
f
th
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g
ases
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n
th
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r
esu
lts
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
v
al
u
e
f
o
r
is
,
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
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T
h
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
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r
d
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r
m
in
in
g
th
e
MQ
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s
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ies g
as sen
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o
r
s
cir
cu
it o
p
tim
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m
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alu
e
f
o
r
a
g
i
v
e
n
v
alu
e
o
f
g
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n
ce
n
tr
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was
estab
lis
h
ed
.
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h
e
m
eth
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d
is
ap
p
r
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p
r
iate
f
o
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th
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d
ete
r
m
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atio
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f
wh
en
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g
as
s
en
s
o
r
cir
cu
it
with
a
v
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en
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itiv
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alar
m
p
o
in
t
is
to
b
e
d
esig
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ed
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r
a
g
iv
en
v
al
u
e
o
f
an
d
,
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
cir
cu
it
d
y
n
am
ics
m
o
d
el
e
q
u
a
tio
n
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
:
(
i)
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
a
n
d
(
ii)
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
.
I
t
was
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
tu
n
ed
t
o
to
o
b
tain
f
o
r
L
PG
wh
ich
is
th
e
b
ase
g
as
a
n
d
th
e
v
alu
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r
e
m
ain
s
co
n
s
tan
t
f
o
r
an
y
v
alu
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o
f
.
T
h
e
=
2
0
k
Ω
r
e
co
m
m
en
d
e
d
f
o
r
MQ
-
6
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
in
th
e
d
atash
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t
wh
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th
e
L
PG
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n
c
en
tr
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is
1
0
0
0
p
p
m
w
as
r
ei
n
f
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ce
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in
th
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s
tu
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ield
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g
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d
to
ler
a
b
le
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f
0
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5
1
4
3
m
V/p
p
m
a
n
d
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3125
mW
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
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h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
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f
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r
th
e
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eter
m
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atio
n
o
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tim
e
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s
av
in
g
,
co
s
t
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ec
tiv
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f
lex
ib
le
an
d
r
eliab
le.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
o
f
b
o
th
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d
on
as
r
ev
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led
in
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
f
o
r
L
PG
wh
ich
is
th
e
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ase
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as,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
t
h
at
th
e
MQ
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s
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ies
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en
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o
r
m
a
n
u
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er
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e
a
m
ea
n
s
o
f
in
cr
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i
n
g
th
e
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al
u
e
o
f
s
o
th
at
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ca
n
b
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
will
also
aid
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
ci
r
cu
it
ca
lib
r
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
in
ce
th
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
o
p
tim
u
m
(
,
)
will
g
iv
e
,
ac
ce
p
tab
le
an
d
an
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
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b
o
th
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a
n
g
e
an
d
s
p
an
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h
e
s
en
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cir
c
u
it
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t
p
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v
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ltag
e
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
l
ed
th
at
th
e
r
an
g
e
in
t
h
e
d
ata
s
h
ee
t
(
10
k
Ω
≤
≤
47
k
Ω
)
m
u
s
t
b
e
ex
ten
d
ed
to
(
10
k
Ω
≤
≤
180
k
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s
o
th
at
,
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
all
th
e
MQ
-
6
ass
o
ciate
d
g
ases
.
T
h
e
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
f
,
v
alu
e
o
n
g
as
ty
p
e
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
is
also
p
ar
am
etr
ically
r
ev
ea
led
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
o
p
tim
al
r
esu
lts
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
MQ
-
s
er
ies
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
cir
cu
it
wh
en
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
=
,
is
m
et
f
o
r
a
g
iv
e
n
g
as ty
p
e
a
n
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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20
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Feb
r
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20
22
:
1
58
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1
65
164
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e
d
a
M
a
ste
r
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
d
e
g
re
e
a
n
d
a
D
o
c
to
ra
l
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ilo
ri
n
,
Il
o
rin
,
Nig
e
ria
in
2
0
0
5
a
n
d
2
0
1
2
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
He
is
a
se
n
i
o
r
lec
tu
r
e
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ilo
rin
,
Ilo
r
in
,
Ni
g
e
ria
a
n
d
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
in
I
n
stru
m
e
n
tatio
n
a
n
d
C
o
n
tro
l
S
y
ste
m
s
d
e
sig
n
,
sim
u
lati
o
n
,
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
t
e
d
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
ji
b
o
y
e
.
a
t@u
n
i
lo
ri
n
.
e
d
u
.
n
g
.
Dr
.
O
p
a
d
iji
J
a
y
e
o
l
a
Fem
i
is
a
Re
a
d
e
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Il
o
rin
,
Ilo
rin
,
Nig
e
ria
with
o
v
e
r
twe
n
t
y
y
e
a
rs
wo
rk
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
in
th
e
a
c
a
d
e
m
ia
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
n
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
in
d
u
str
y
.
He
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(B.
En
g
.
)
a
n
d
M
a
ste
r
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(M
.
E
n
g
.
)
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
th
e
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Ilo
rin
,
Nig
e
ria
a
n
d
a
D
o
c
to
r
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(Dr.E
n
g
.
)
d
e
g
r
e
e
in
C
o
m
p
u
ter
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
Ko
b
e
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Ja
p
a
n
.
Dr.
Op
a
d
ij
i
is
a
Co
u
n
c
il
f
o
r
Re
g
u
latio
n
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
i
n
Ni
g
e
ria
(COREN)
Re
g
istere
d
E
n
g
in
e
e
r
a
n
d
a
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
Nig
e
rian
S
o
c
iety
o
f
E
n
g
in
e
e
rs
(NSE
)
.
His
a
re
a
o
f
s
p
e
c
ializa
ti
o
n
is
S
y
ste
m
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
c
s
a
n
d
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
c
u
t
a
c
ro
ss
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
sy
ste
m
s,
m
u
lt
iag
e
n
t
s
y
ste
m
s,
in
d
u
str
y
4
.
0
a
n
d
sc
ien
c
e
a
n
d
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
jo
p
a
d
i
ji
@u
n
il
o
rin
.
e
d
u
.
n
g
.
Aja
y
i
Adebi
m
p
e
Rut
h
h
o
l
d
s
a
B.
Tec
h
d
e
g
re
e
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
,
Lad
o
k
e
Ak
in
t
o
la
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(LAUTE
CH),
Og
b
o
m
o
so
,
Oy
o
S
tate
,
Nig
e
ria
i
n
2
0
0
8
a
n
d
M
.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
fr
o
m
th
e
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Ilo
rin
,
I
lo
ri
n
,
Kw
a
ra
S
tate
,
Ni
g
e
ri
a
in
2
0
2
1
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
Lec
t
u
re
r
II
in
t
h
e
d
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
o
f
th
e
sa
m
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
H
e
r
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
:
d
i
g
it
a
l
sig
n
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
a
n
d
m
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
i
n
g
.
Sh
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
jay
i.
ra
@u
n
il
o
ri
n
.
e
d
u
.
n
g
.
Po
p
o
o
l
a
J
o
shu
a
O
lu
so
g
o
is
a
Re
se
a
rc
h
F
e
ll
o
w
in
t
h
e
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Ilo
r
i
n
,
Ilo
rin
,
Ni
g
e
ria.
He
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(B.
En
g
.
)
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
t
h
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ilo
rin
,
Nig
e
ria
in
1
9
9
5
a
n
d
M
a
ste
r
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
(M
.
S
c
.
)
d
e
g
r
e
e
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
a
n
d
Ne
two
r
k
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
S
h
e
ffield
Ha
ll
a
m
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Un
it
e
d
Kin
g
d
o
m
in
2
0
1
7
.
He
is a Co
u
n
c
il
fo
r
Re
g
u
latio
n
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
i
n
Nig
e
ria
(COREN)
Re
g
istere
d
E
n
g
in
e
e
r
a
n
d
a
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
Nig
e
rian
S
o
c
iety
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rs
(NSE
).
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
o
l
u
so
g
o
@u
n
il
o
rin
.
e
d
u
.
n
g
.
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