T
E
L
KO
M
N
I
KA
T
e
lec
om
m
u
n
icat
ion
,
Com
p
u
t
i
n
g,
E
lec
t
r
on
ics
an
d
Cont
r
ol
Vol.
1
8
,
No.
4
,
Augus
t
2020
,
pp.
2158
~
2168
I
S
S
N:
1693
-
6930,
a
c
c
r
e
dit
e
d
F
ir
s
t
G
r
a
de
by
Ke
me
nr
is
tekdikti
,
De
c
r
e
e
No:
21/E
/KP
T
/2018
DO
I
:
10.
12928/
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
.
v1
8
i
4
.
15159
2158
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
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.
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a
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4
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2020
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r
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c
e
pted
Apr
12
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2020
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h
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M
G.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
Dis
tr
ibut
e
d
e
ne
r
gy
s
tor
a
ge
s
ys
tem
M
icr
o
-
gr
ids
R
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
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t
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c
l
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u
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CC
B
Y
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SA
l
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ce
n
s
e
.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
I
br
a
him
Alha
mr
oun
i,
E
lec
tr
ica
l
E
ng
inee
r
ing
S
e
c
ti
on
,
Unive
r
s
it
i
Kua
la
L
umpur
B
r
it
is
h
M
a
lays
ian
I
ns
ti
tu
te
(
UniKL
B
M
I
)
,
Gomba
k
53100,
M
a
lays
ia.
E
mail:
ib
r
a
him
.
mohame
d@unikl
.
e
du.
my
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
I
n
thi
s
wor
ld,
ther
e
a
r
e
two
types
of
r
e
s
our
c
e
e
ne
r
gies
that
a
r
e
be
ing
us
e
d
a
s
powe
r
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
f
or
e
lec
tr
icity
whic
h
a
r
e
non
-
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
a
nd
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy.
T
he
non
-
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
a
nd
a
l
s
o
known
a
s
the
f
ini
te
r
e
s
our
c
e
,
whe
r
e
the
r
e
s
our
c
e
c
a
nnot
b
e
r
e
c
r
e
a
ted
by
it
s
e
lf
a
t
a
s
uf
f
icie
nt
r
a
te
that
f
oll
ow
s
the
r
a
te
of
the
c
ons
umer
f
or
the
a
c
c
e
ptable
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c
onomi
c
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xtr
a
c
ti
on
whe
r
e
s
ome
of
the
non
-
r
e
ne
wa
ble
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
c
a
nnot
be
r
e
plac
e
d
a
s
f
a
s
t
a
s
they
a
r
e
be
ing
c
ons
umed.
I
n
a
d
dit
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it
ne
e
ds
thous
a
nds
of
ye
a
r
s
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or
med
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t
ur
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ll
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o
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c
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n
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umed
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ga
in.
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
f
e
w
e
xa
mpl
e
s
of
non
-
r
e
ne
wa
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ne
r
gy
s
uc
h
a
s
c
oa
l,
pe
tr
oleum
a
nd
na
tur
a
l
ga
s
.
R
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
is
a
n
e
ne
r
gy
e
xtr
a
c
t
e
d
f
r
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m
the
na
tu
r
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e
s
our
c
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s
whe
r
e
it
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xis
ts
witho
ut
a
c
ti
ons
of
humankin
d
.
T
his
include
s
a
ll
the
va
lued
c
ha
r
a
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ter
is
ti
c
s
,
f
o
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mpl
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magne
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lec
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ica
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pr
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a
vit
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l
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nd
f
or
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s
.
On
e
a
r
th,
it
include
s
the
s
u
nli
ght,
a
tm
os
phe
r
e
,
wa
ter
a
nd
wind.
T
he
s
e
na
tur
a
l
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
a
r
e
be
ing
c
r
e
a
ted
by
the
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
na
tur
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a
nd
f
o
r
c
e
s
that
a
r
e
c
r
e
a
ted
f
r
om
the
na
tu
r
a
l
e
ve
nt
in
th
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na
tur
a
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
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l
Optimal
pow
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s
c
he
duli
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of
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w
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ne
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s
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in
mic
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gr
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(
I
br
ahim
A
lhamr
ouni
)
2159
e
nvir
onment.
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
r
e
ne
wa
ble
r
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s
our
c
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s
that
a
r
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int
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mi
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a
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oc
c
ur
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ing
,
a
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mate
r
ials
th
a
t
c
a
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be
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yc
led
whe
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thes
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M
or
e
ove
r
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R
ibeir
o
e
t
a
l.
[
1
]
p
lanne
d
a
n
is
lande
d
M
G,
whic
h
wa
s
ba
s
e
d
on
hybr
id
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
whe
r
e
the
M
G
c
ons
is
ts
of
in
tegr
a
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
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wind
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bine
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on,
s
ol
a
r
pa
ne
l
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
ba
tt
e
r
ies
in
or
de
r
to
mee
t
the
powe
r
de
mand
of
a
n
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land
M
G
that
is
s
it
ua
ted
in
B
r
a
z
il
.
C
ontr
ol
s
tr
a
tegy
a
nd
ope
r
a
ti
on
de
ve
loped
on
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DC
mi
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o
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c
ons
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tt
e
r
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ne
r
gy
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tor
a
ge
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ys
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bine
ge
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r
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ti
on
,
a
nd
DC
load
Xu
a
nd
C
he
n
[
2
]
.
Olivar
e
s
e
t
a
l
.
[
3
]
de
s
igned
a
th
r
e
e
-
pha
s
e
M
G
ba
s
e
d
on
the
mathe
matica
l
model
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f
a
n
is
olate
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M
G
by
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r
e
a
c
ti
ve
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uppor
t
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o
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r
to
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s
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lt
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ge
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wings
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A
f
uz
z
y
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ontr
oll
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is
us
e
d
to
c
ontr
ol
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
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t
or
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ge
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
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or
s
tor
ing
e
ne
r
gy
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nd
s
upply
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gy
in
a
n
is
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d
hyb
r
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AC
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mi
c
r
o
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r
op
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d
by
Hos
s
e
inza
de
h
a
nd
S
a
lm
a
s
i
[
4
]
.
F
o
r
a
n
is
lande
d
M
G
c
a
s
e
,
the
lar
ge
ba
tt
e
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tor
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ge
is
us
e
d
to
s
upply
th
e
s
tor
e
d
e
lec
tr
icity
ba
c
k
to
the
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
(
M
G)
a
nd
s
tor
e
the
s
ur
plus
e
ne
r
gy
f
r
om
the
M
G.
T
he
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
with
a
high
r
e
a
c
ti
on
is
ne
e
de
d
to
mana
ge
the
powe
r
s
upply
be
c
a
us
e
of
the
int
e
r
mi
tt
e
nt
na
tur
e
of
R
E
S
s
.
I
n
o
r
de
r
to
a
c
hieve
thi
s
,
a
ne
w
type
o
f
s
tor
a
ge
de
vice
is
be
ing
int
r
oduc
e
d
whic
h
is
the
ult
r
a
-
c
a
pa
c
it
or
s
a
long
with
a
ba
tt
e
r
y
ba
nk
.
I
n
[
5
,
6
]
s
ugge
s
ted
that
the
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
of
the
int
e
r
mi
tt
e
nt
na
tur
e
of
R
E
S
s
a
nd
load
that
c
a
us
ing
the
powe
r
s
upply
s
wings
c
ould
be
c
ompens
a
ted
by
us
ing
the
ult
r
a
-
c
a
pa
c
it
or
in
de
c
e
ntr
a
li
z
e
d
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
s
ys
tem
whe
r
e
the
s
ys
tem
is
ba
s
e
d
on
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy.
S
oon
,
the
r
e
w
il
l
be
mi
ll
ions
of
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
e
ne
r
gy
s
tor
a
ge
s
ys
tem
DE
S
S
that
c
a
n
be
us
e
d
a
nd
int
e
gr
a
ted
int
o
the
pr
e
s
e
nt
powe
r
s
ys
tem
Ke
mpt
on
e
t
a
l.
[
7
]
.
T
he
int
e
gr
a
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
the
R
E
S
s
a
nd
DE
S
S
will
give
a
s
e
c
ur
e
s
olut
ion,
e
ne
r
gy
e
f
f
icie
nt
a
nd
c
os
t
-
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
to
the
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
(
M
G)
.
Dis
c
ha
r
ging
a
nd
c
ha
r
ging
modes
o
f
DE
S
S
ha
ve
a
c
r
uc
ial
r
ole
in
powe
r
s
ys
tem
mana
ge
ment.
On
the
other
ha
nd,
th
e
unc
oor
dina
ted
dis
c
ha
r
ging
a
nd
c
ha
r
ging
modes
of
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
c
a
n
de
ve
lop
s
ome
r
e
a
l
pr
oblems
f
or
e
xa
mpl
e
incr
e
a
s
e
d
f
a
ult
leve
ls
,
high
powe
r
e
ne
r
gy
los
s
e
s
,
volt
a
ge
de
viation
a
nd
s
ome
other
powe
r
qua
li
ty
p
r
oblems
P
a
ha
s
a
e
t
a
l.
[
8
-
10
]
.
Allowing
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
to
d
is
c
ha
r
ge
a
nd
c
ha
r
ge
wi
thout
a
ny
c
ont
r
ol
s
tr
a
tegy
may
lea
d
t
o
powe
r
e
ne
r
g
y
s
wings
in
the
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
(
M
G)
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
a
be
tt
e
r
s
tr
uc
tur
e
f
or
powe
r
e
ne
r
gy
c
ontr
ol
is
ne
e
de
d
to
or
ga
nize
the
dis
c
ha
r
ging
a
nd
c
ha
r
ging
modes
o
f
ba
tt
e
r
y
in
the
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
(
M
G)
.
B
y
a
c
hieving
that
,
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
c
a
n
be
e
mpl
oye
d
a
nd
leve
r
a
ge
d
in
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
o
pe
r
a
ti
on
c
ondit
ions
to
s
e
r
ve
a
s
a
n
indepe
nde
nt
a
s
we
ll
a
s
g
r
i
d
c
onne
c
ted
s
our
c
e
[
1
1
,
12
]
.
T
he
a
f
or
e
s
a
id
dis
c
us
s
ions
de
duc
e
that
they
a
r
e
c
ons
ider
a
ble
wor
k
ha
s
be
e
n
done
whe
r
e
the
wor
k
is
f
oc
us
e
d
on
the
opti
mal
powe
r
mana
ge
ment
of
ba
tt
e
r
ies
s
tor
a
ge
in
M
Gs
c
oor
dinate
d
with
R
E
S
s
.
Ne
v
e
r
thele
s
s
,
the
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
s
ha
ve
not
ga
ined
much
in
ter
e
s
t
in
c
o
nduc
ti
ng
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ba
s
e
d
on
the
int
e
gr
a
ti
on
o
f
D
E
S
S
f
o
r
M
G
s
tabili
s
a
ti
on.
I
n
thi
s
li
ter
a
tu
r
e
,
powe
r
s
c
he
duli
ng
of
R
E
S
s
us
ing
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
f
or
r
e
li
a
ble
ope
r
a
ti
on
of
M
Gs
with
r
e
s
pe
c
t
to
the
volt
a
ge
of
the
s
y
s
tem
is
n
ot
dis
c
us
s
e
d.
Als
o,
mos
t
of
the
wor
k
f
ound
in
thi
s
li
ter
a
tur
e
ha
s
not
c
ons
ider
e
d
indi
vidual
ne
e
ds
of
DE
S
S
a
lt
h
ough
the
powe
r
f
low
mana
ge
ment
is
thr
ough
the
DE
S
S
in
M
Gs
,
f
or
e
xa
mpl
e
,
S
OC
li
mi
ts
[
13
-
17]
.
A
c
ompl
e
te
s
c
he
matic
diagr
a
m
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
M
G
s
ys
tem
int
e
gr
a
tes
with
the
R
E
S
s
,
DE
S
S
a
nd
load
s
is
de
mons
tr
a
ted
in
F
igur
e
1
.
T
he
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
is
c
on
ne
c
ted
to
the
uti
li
ty
g
r
id
but
the
s
ys
tem
will
not
de
pe
nd
on
the
uti
li
ty
gr
id
a
s
it
s
powe
r
s
our
c
e
.
T
wo
types
o
f
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
of
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
s
R
E
S
s
in
the
M
G.
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
thr
e
e
loads
whe
r
e
it
is
na
med
a
s
the
hous
e
f
or
the
r
e
s
idential
load.
T
o
incr
e
a
s
e
d
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y
on
s
upplyi
ng
e
ne
r
gy
a
t
the
loads
a
c
c
or
ding
to
thei
r
de
mands
,
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
is
ins
talled
in
the
s
ugge
s
ted
M
G
whe
r
e
it
will
int
e
gr
a
te
with
dr
oop
c
ontr
oll
e
r
,
in
a
nothe
r
na
me
is
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
oll
e
r
whe
r
e
it
will
c
ontr
ol
the
dis
c
ha
r
ging
a
nd
c
ha
r
ging
modes
of
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
[
18
,
19
]
.
F
igur
e
1.
T
he
s
c
he
matic
diagr
a
m
f
o
r
the
pr
opos
e
d
s
ys
tem
f
or
the
M
G.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
the
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
of
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
g
e
whe
n
it
is
in
c
ha
r
ging
or
dis
c
ha
r
ging
modes
is
a
s
s
umed
the
s
a
me
f
or
va
r
ying
c
ha
r
ging
or
dis
c
ha
r
ging
r
a
tes
f
or
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
.
F
r
om
the
a
bove
-
mentioned
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
1
8
,
No
.
4
,
Augus
t
2020
:
2158
-
21
68
2160
pr
oblems
,
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
pr
opos
e
s
a
powe
r
s
c
he
duli
ng
c
ontr
ol
s
tr
a
tegy
in
o
r
de
r
to
s
e
c
ur
e
a
nd
s
us
tain
the
ope
r
a
ti
on
of
M
G
int
e
gr
a
ted
with
DE
S
S
a
nd
R
E
S
s
.
T
wo
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
R
E
S
s
,
i.
e
.
s
olar
,
a
nd
wind
ha
ve
be
e
n
int
r
o
duc
e
d
in
a
n
is
olate
d
M
G.
T
o
c
ontr
ol
the
powe
r
mana
ge
ment
f
or
the
D
E
S
S
,
P
owe
r
or
volt
a
ge
dr
oop
c
on
tr
oll
e
r
ha
s
be
e
n
us
e
d
in
the
M
G
s
ys
tem
whe
r
e
it
will
mana
ge
t
he
c
ha
r
ging
a
nd
dis
c
ha
r
ging
modes
o
f
D
E
S
S
a
n
d
c
ontr
ol
the
powe
r
dis
tr
ibut
ion
be
twe
e
n
the
R
E
S
s
,
D
E
S
S
a
nd
loads
in
M
G.
T
he
s
ha
r
ing
powe
r
a
mong
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
a
nd
loads
is
ba
s
e
d
on
powe
r
dr
oop
[
20
,
21
]
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
oll
ows
the
objec
ti
ve
s
whic
h
a
r
e
the
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
oc
us
e
d
on
e
ne
r
gy
mana
ge
ment
be
twe
e
n
the
R
E
S
s
,
DE
S
S
a
nd
loads
int
e
gr
a
ted
with
the
ne
twor
k
of
the
is
lande
d
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
by
de
s
igni
ng
it
in
M
AT
L
AB
S
im
uli
nk
s
of
twa
r
e
.
Ne
xt,
the
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
ls
o
f
oc
us
e
d
on
de
ter
mi
ning
the
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
on
e
mpl
oying
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
oll
e
r
f
o
r
opti
mal
dis
tr
ibut
ion
o
f
po
we
r
a
mong
loads
a
nd
DE
S
S
in
M
G
whe
r
e
the
DE
S
S
a
c
t
a
s
load
a
nd
a
n
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
,
de
pe
nding
to
the
powe
r
de
mands
by
the
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
(
M
G)
.
F
inally
,
the
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
ls
o
c
ons
ider
e
d
on
e
ns
ur
ing
a
las
ti
ng
ope
r
a
ti
on
o
f
the
pr
opos
e
d
f
r
a
mew
or
k
dur
ing
e
me
r
ge
nc
y
c
a
s
e
s
f
or
e
xa
mpl
e
f
a
il
ur
e
o
r
dis
tur
ba
nc
e
o
f
a
ny
r
e
ne
wa
ble
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
s
our
c
e
s
thr
ough
the
r
e
gulation
o
f
dis
c
ha
r
ging
a
nd
c
ha
r
ging
modes
of
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
[
22
,
2
3
]
.
T
h
is
wor
k
is
a
r
r
a
n
ge
d
a
s
f
oll
ows
.
S
e
c
ti
on
2
dis
c
us
s
e
s
modelli
ng
of
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
c
omponents
of
the
planne
d
M
G.
S
e
c
ti
on
3
p
r
e
s
e
nts
the
p
r
oblem
f
or
mul
a
ti
on
.
W
hil
e
s
e
c
ti
on
4
s
hows
th
e
r
e
s
ult
s
a
nd
their
a
na
lys
is
.
F
inally
,
c
onc
lus
ion
is
d
r
a
wn
in
s
e
c
ti
on
5
.
2.
RE
S
E
AR
CH
M
E
T
HO
D
I
n
thi
s
wor
k,
the
de
s
igned
M
G
will
c
ons
is
t
of
tw
o
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
R
E
S
s
(
s
olar
a
nd
wind)
,
DG
,
e
lec
tr
ica
l
loads
a
nd
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
oll
e
r
whe
r
e
it
will
int
e
gr
a
te
be
twe
e
n
the
DE
S
S
a
nd
the
M
G.
T
he
p
r
opos
e
d
s
ys
tem
will
not
de
pe
nd
on
the
uti
li
ty
gr
id
.
2.
1.
Win
d
p
owe
r
ge
n
e
r
at
ion
m
od
e
l
W
he
r
e
r
is
the
r
a
dius
of
the
wind
tur
bine,
v
is
the
wi
nd
s
pe
e
d,
ρ
is
the
a
ir
de
ns
it
y
a
nd
η
is
the
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
of
the
wind
tur
bine
.
T
he
powe
r
that
is
ge
ne
r
a
ted
(
P
wtg)
by
a
wind
tu
r
bine
c
a
n
be
c
a
lcula
ted
a
s
:
P
wtg
=
π
/2r
²v³ρη
(
1)
2.
2.
S
olar
p
an
e
l
ge
n
e
r
at
io
n
m
od
e
l
T
he
s
olar
pa
ne
l
output
powe
r
mos
tl
y
r
e
li
e
s
on
ge
ogr
a
phica
l
loca
ti
ons
a
nd
a
tm
os
phe
r
ic
c
ondit
ions
.
T
he
output
powe
r
of
a
pa
r
ti
c
ular
s
olar
P
V
pa
ne
l
,
(
P
pv)
,
a
t
a
ny
ti
me,
t
,
is
a
f
unc
ti
on
o
f
a
tm
os
phe
r
ic
tem
pe
r
a
tur
e
a
nd
s
olar
r
a
diation,
whic
h
c
a
n
be
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
d
a
s
:
P
pv(
t)
=
P
r
a
t
f
los
s
[
Gh/Gs
]
[
1
+
α
p(
T
c
−
T
s
)
]
(
2)
w
he
r
e
P
r
a
t
is
the
powe
r
r
a
ted
f
o
r
the
output
c
a
pa
c
it
y
of
the
s
olar
P
V
pa
ne
l,
f
los
s
is
the
los
s
f
a
c
tor
o
f
t
he
s
olar
pa
ne
l
due
to
s
ha
dow,
dir
t
a
nd
tempe
r
a
tur
e
.
Gh
is
the
hour
ly
s
olar
r
a
diation
that
int
e
r
a
c
ts
in
be
twe
e
n
the
s
un
a
nd
the
s
olar
P
V
pa
ne
l
(
W
/m
^
2)
,
Gs
is
the
s
tanda
r
d
opti
c
a
l
phe
nomenon
r
a
diation
(
1000W
/m
^
2)
,
α
p
is
the
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
of
the
tempe
r
a
tur
e
f
or
the
powe
r
b
a
s
e
d
on
the
types
of
P
V
c
e
ll
us
e
d,
T
c
is
t
he
s
olar
P
V
pa
ne
l
c
e
ll
tempe
r
a
tur
e
in
the
c
ur
r
e
nt
ti
me
s
tep
a
nd
T
s
i
s
the
s
olar
P
V
pa
ne
l
c
e
ll
tempe
r
a
tur
e
unde
r
s
tanda
r
d
tes
t
c
ondit
ions
whic
h
a
r
e
27℃
a
nd
25℃
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
2.
3.
Dis
t
r
ib
u
t
e
d
e
n
e
r
gy
s
t
or
age
s
ys
t
e
m
F
or
the
c
a
s
e
of
DE
S
S
,
the
main
c
omponent
is
the
s
tor
a
ge
ba
tt
e
r
y
whe
r
e
it
s
type
is
lea
d
a
c
id
a
nd
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
oll
e
r
.
T
he
s
ur
plus
e
ne
r
gy
in
the
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
M
G
is
a
bs
or
be
d
in
the
DE
S
S
a
nd
DE
S
S
will
pr
ovide
e
ne
r
gy
whe
n
the
M
G
is
in
low
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on.
T
h
e
c
ha
r
ging
a
nd
dis
c
ha
r
ging
modes
a
r
e
be
ing
m
a
int
a
ined
a
nd
moni
tor
e
d
with
in
the
s
pe
c
if
ied
li
mi
ts
.
S
tate
of
c
ha
r
ge
(
S
OC
)
of
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
c
a
n
be
c
a
lcula
ted
a
s
:
S
O
C
(
)
=
S
O
C
(
t
-
1
)
+
∫
I
0
/
Cb
a
t.dt
(
3)
w
he
r
e
the
S
OC
(
t
-
1)
is
the
ini
ti
a
l
s
tate
of
c
ha
r
ge
(
%
)
f
or
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
,
I
is
the
c
ha
r
ge
o
r
dis
c
ha
r
ge
c
ur
r
e
nt
(
A)
a
nd
C
ba
t
is
the
c
a
pa
c
it
y
f
or
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
(
AH
)
2.
4.
Dis
t
r
ib
u
t
e
d
ge
n
e
r
at
or
s
in
m
icr
o
-
gr
id
n
e
t
wo
r
k
Dis
tr
ibut
e
d
ge
ne
r
a
tor
s
in
the
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
a
r
e
us
ua
ll
y
us
ing
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
a
s
their
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
in
or
de
r
to
pr
oduc
e
e
lec
tr
icity
a
nd
s
upply
it
to
the
lo
c
a
l
loads
.
T
he
us
e
of
the
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
a
s
the
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
f
or
the
powe
r
s
upply
gives
many
be
ne
f
it
s
e
s
pe
c
ially
invol
ving
the
e
nvir
onment,
whe
r
e
the
s
y
s
tem
of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
Optimal
pow
e
r
s
c
he
duli
ng
of
r
e
ne
w
able
e
ne
r
gy
s
o
ur
c
e
s
in
mic
r
o
-
gr
id
v
ia
…
(
I
br
ahim
A
lhamr
ouni
)
2161
the
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
us
e
s
r
e
ne
wa
ble
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
that
ha
ve
low
e
mi
s
s
ion
of
gr
e
e
nhous
e
ga
s
s
e
s
that
c
ould
lea
d
t
o
global
wa
r
mi
ng.
I
n
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
the
dis
tr
ibu
ted
ge
ne
r
a
tor
s
will
be
f
oc
us
e
d
on
the
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gies
,
m
a
inl
y
on
the
wind
powe
r
a
nd
s
olar
powe
r
invol
ving
the
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
ne
twor
k.
T
he
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
will
us
e
only
is
lande
d
mode
w
he
r
e
the
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
will
be
s
tanda
lone
without
c
onne
c
ti
ng
it
to
the
gr
id,
in
or
de
r
to
p
r
ovide
e
lec
tr
i
c
it
y
f
or
the
loads
whe
r
e
thi
s
is
invol
ving
of
the
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y
of
the
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
s
ys
tem
a
s
we
ll
a
s
i
ts
s
e
c
ur
it
y.
T
h
e
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
s
hould
be
a
ble
to
s
upply
s
pe
c
if
ic
vo
lt
a
ge
f
or
the
e
lec
tr
icity
by
us
ing
the
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
ge
ne
r
a
tor
s
t
ha
t
will
f
oll
ow
the
ne
e
ds
of
the
us
e
r
s
with
the
a
id
of
s
om
e
a
uxil
iar
y
de
vice
s
[
10
,
13
]
.
T
he
tot
a
l
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ted
by
R
E
S
s
a
t
a
ny
ti
me
t
is
de
f
ined
a
s
P
r
e
(
t)
a
nd
it
c
a
n
be
given
a
s
:
P
r
e
(
t)
=
{P
pv
(
t)
+
P
wtg(
t
)
}
(
4)
w
he
r
e
P
pv(
t
)
is
the
tot
a
l
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ted
by
s
olar
P
V
pa
ne
ls
a
nd
P
wtg
(
t)
is
the
tot
a
l
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ted
by
wind
tur
bines
.
T
he
tot
a
l
e
lec
tr
ica
l
load
de
mand
a
t
a
ny
ti
me
t
is
de
f
ined
a
s
P
load(
t
)
a
nd
i
t
is
p
r
e
s
e
nted
a
s
:
P
load(
t)
=
{P
load1(
t)
+
P
load2(
t)
+
P
load3(
t
)
(
5)
w
he
r
e
P
load1(
t)
is
the
hous
e
1
load,
P
load2(
t
)
is
th
e
hous
e
2
load
a
nd
P
load3(
t)
is
the
hous
e
3
load.
2.
5.
P
owe
r
c
on
t
r
ol
b
y
d
r
oop
c
h
ar
ac
t
e
r
is
t
ics
I
n
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
oll
e
r
or
powe
r
dr
oop
c
ontr
ol
ler
is
r
e
s
pons
ibl
e
f
or
c
ontr
ol
li
ng
the
volt
a
ge
o
f
the
M
G
a
s
we
ll
a
s
the
r
e
s
pons
ibi
li
ty
of
c
ontr
oll
ing
the
dis
c
ha
r
ging
a
nd
c
ha
r
ging
modes
of
the
DE
S
S
in
the
M
G.
I
nit
ially
,
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
oll
e
r
will
r
e
c
e
ive
the
s
ignal
f
r
om
powe
r
s
e
c
onda
r
y
f
r
om
M
G.
T
he
powe
r
s
e
c
onda
r
y,
P
s
e
c
,
c
a
n
be
g
iven
a
s
P
s
e
c
(
t)
=
P
r
e
(
t)
−
P
load(
t
)
(
6)
T
he
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
oll
e
r
a
ls
o
de
pe
nds
on
the
S
OC
li
m
it
,
whe
r
e
the
S
OC
mi
n
is
0%
a
nd
S
OC
max
is
100%
.
I
f
the
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ted
is
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
tor
y
a
nd
gr
e
a
ter
th
a
n
load
ne
e
ds
{P
r
e
(
t)
}
>
=
{
P
load(
t)
}
,
then
the
load
de
mand
c
a
n
be
f
ulf
i
ll
e
d
dir
e
c
tl
y
by
the
R
E
S
s
a
nd
the
e
xtr
a
powe
r
f
r
om
the
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
c
a
n
be
pr
ovided
to
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
thr
ough
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ont
r
oll
e
r
,
whe
r
e
the
P
owe
r
s
e
c
onda
r
y
will
s
ignal
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
ol
ler
t
o
c
ha
r
ge
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
whe
n
it
is
in
pos
it
ive
va
lue
.
I
f
the
{P
r
e
(
t)
}
<
=
{P
load(
t)
}
,
the
P
s
e
c
will
s
ignal
th
e
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
oll
e
r
to
dis
c
ha
r
ge
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
whe
n
it
i
s
in
ne
ga
ti
ve
va
lue,
in
o
r
de
r
to
s
upply
the
r
e
mainin
g
powe
r
to
the
load
de
mand
.
W
h
e
n
{
S
O
C
(
t
)
}
>
{
S
O
C
m
i
n
(
t
)
}
,
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
w
i
l
l
b
e
i
n
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
e
x
c
e
s
s
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
n
t
h
e
M
G
a
n
d
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
R
E
S
s
c
a
n
n
o
t
s
a
t
i
s
f
y
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
.
I
f
t
h
e
{
S
O
C
(
t
)
}
<
{
S
O
C
m
i
n
(
t
)
}
,
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
will
be
c
ha
r
ging
whe
n
ther
e
is
s
ur
plus
e
ne
r
gy
in
the
M
G
a
nd
will
not
c
ha
r
ge
whe
n
ther
e
is
n
o
e
xc
e
s
s
e
ne
r
gy
in
the
s
ys
tem.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
whe
n
the
{S
OC
(
t)
}
=
{S
OC
max(
t)
}
,
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
will
not
c
ha
r
ge
or
dis
c
ha
r
ge
be
c
a
us
e
it
is
not
be
ing
pe
r
f
or
med
by
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
oll
e
r
a
nd
i
f
ther
e
is
a
n
e
xc
e
s
s
e
ne
r
gy,
t
he
e
ne
r
gy
will
be
s
tor
e
d
in
the
M
G
s
ys
tem
a
nd
it
will
be
pr
o
vided
to
the
load
de
mand
if
the
R
E
S
s
powe
r
is
not
e
nough.
T
he
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
oll
e
r
will
pe
r
f
or
m
a
ga
in
whe
n
the
R
E
S
s
c
a
nnot
s
a
ti
s
f
y
the
load
de
mand
a
nd
will
dis
c
ha
r
ge
to
s
e
r
ve
the
load.
T
he
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
e
ne
r
gy
f
low
is
c
ont
r
oll
e
d
by
a
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
oll
e
r
f
or
c
ha
r
ging
a
nd
dis
c
ha
r
ging
modes
.
T
he
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
will
s
tor
e
the
e
xc
e
s
s
powe
r
in
the
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
whe
r
e
thi
s
pr
oc
e
s
s
is
k
nown
a
s
c
ha
r
ging.
T
he
p
r
oc
e
s
s
of
dis
c
ha
r
ging
oc
c
ur
s
w
he
n
ther
e
is
powe
r
s
hor
tage
in
the
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
s
ys
tem.
T
he
m
ic
r
oa
r
r
a
y
is
c
onne
c
ted
to
the
s
tep
-
down
tr
a
ns
f
or
mer
whe
r
e
it
lowe
r
s
the
vol
tage
f
r
om
6.
6kV
to
2
00V
a
nd
c
onne
c
ted
to
the
powe
r
ne
twor
k
.
T
he
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
n
e
r
gy
s
our
c
e
s
whic
h
a
r
e
the
wind
tu
r
bine
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
the
s
olar
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
a
r
e
di
r
e
c
t
powe
r
powe
r
s
ou
r
c
e
s
a
nd
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
is
a
ls
o
one
of
the
di
r
e
c
t
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
our
c
e
s
.
T
he
c
ont
r
ol
s
tr
a
tegy
a
s
s
umes
that
the
po
we
r
s
uppli
e
d
f
r
om
the
wind
tur
bine
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on,
s
o
lar
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
s
tor
a
ge
is
a
lwa
ys
e
nough
whe
r
e
the
s
ys
tem
will
not
de
pe
nd
on
the
p
owe
r
that
will
be
s
uppli
e
d
f
r
om
the
powe
r
g
r
id
a
s
in
[
24
,
25]
.
T
he
s
im
ulation
r
e
s
ult
s
ha
ve
be
e
n
obtaine
d
a
c
c
or
di
ng
to
a
da
il
y
load
p
r
of
il
e
(
24
hour
s
)
a
nd
the
ti
me
int
e
r
va
l
is
60
s
e
c
onds
.
F
igur
e
2
s
hows
that
whe
n
s
tate
of
c
ha
r
ge
(
S
OC
)
f
o
r
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
r
e
a
c
he
s
0%
whic
h
is
the
mi
nim
um
,
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
will
be
c
ha
r
ge
d
whe
n
the
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
s
pr
oduc
e
m
or
e
than
the
e
ne
r
gy
o
f
load
de
mand
but
i
t
wil
l
not
do
a
ny
thi
ng
whe
n
the
load
de
mand
is
higher
than
the
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
s
.
F
igur
e
2
a
ls
o
s
howe
d
that
whe
n
the
s
tate
of
c
ha
r
ge
r
e
a
c
he
s
100%
,
whic
h
is
the
maxim
u
m
va
lue
f
or
s
tate
of
c
ha
r
ge
,
that
will
ke
e
p
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
e
ne
r
g
y
r
e
main
a
t
z
e
r
o,
s
ince
the
c
ha
r
ging
a
nd
d
is
c
ha
r
ging
is
not
be
ing
c
ontr
oll
e
d
by
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ont
r
oll
e
r
.
W
he
n
t
he
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
f
r
om
the
wind
tur
bine
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
s
olar
pa
ne
l
P
V
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
i
s
not
e
nough
to
s
uppo
r
t
the
load
de
mand
e
ne
r
gy,
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
dis
c
ha
r
gin
g
will
be
c
ontr
oll
e
d
by
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ont
r
oll
e
r
a
s
in
[
26
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
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T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
1
8
,
No
.
4
,
Augus
t
2020
:
2158
-
21
68
2162
F
igur
e
2.
F
lowc
ha
r
t
of
the
P
r
opos
e
d
M
-
G
3.
S
I
M
UL
AT
I
ONS
AN
D
RE
S
UL
T
S
T
a
ble
1
s
hows
the
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
va
lues
f
or
the
wind
tur
bine,
s
olar
pa
ne
l
P
V
,
load
r
e
s
idential
whic
h
a
r
e
4.
238kW
,
5kW
a
nd
2.
5kW
on
e
a
c
h
load.
T
he
pe
a
k
va
lue
f
or
the
load
is
7.
5kW
in
tot
a
l
f
or
thr
e
e
loads
.
T
he
mi
nim
u
m
s
tate
o
f
c
ha
r
ge
(
S
OC
mi
n)
is
0%
a
nd
the
max
im
um
s
tate
of
c
ha
r
ge
is
100%
f
o
r
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
a
nd
the
ini
ti
a
l
s
tate
of
c
ha
r
ge
f
or
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
is
80%
.
T
he
ba
tt
e
r
y
AH
is
1000
us
e
d
f
or
the
m
icr
o
-
gr
id
s
ys
tem
with
nomi
na
l
volt
a
ge
12V
.
T
a
ble
1.
S
im
ulation
P
a
r
a
mete
r
s
P
a
r
a
me
te
r
s
V
a
lu
e
W
in
d
tu
r
bi
ne
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
0
-
4.238 kW
S
ol
a
r
P
V
pa
ne
l
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
0
-
5 kW
L
oa
d (
r
e
s
id
e
nt
ia
l)
0
–
2.5 kW
i
n e
a
c
h l
oa
d
P
e
a
k l
oa
d
7.5 kW
S
O
C
mi
n
0%
S
O
C
ma
x
100%
I
ni
ti
a
l
S
O
C
80%
N
omi
na
l
vol
ta
ge
f
or
ba
tt
e
r
y
12V
B
a
tt
e
r
y A
H
1000
T
he
p
r
opos
e
d
of
the
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
to
s
how
the
po
we
r
e
ne
r
gy
s
ha
r
ing
a
mong
the
ba
tt
e
r
y,
r
e
ne
wa
bl
e
e
ne
r
gies
a
nd
loads
.
T
he
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
oll
e
r
a
c
t
a
s
a
c
ontr
oll
e
r
f
or
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
ol
to
he
lp
th
e
e
ne
r
gy
dis
tr
ibut
ion
f
r
om
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
int
o
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
f
or
c
ha
r
ging
pur
pos
e
whe
n
ther
e
is
a
n
e
xtr
a
e
ne
r
gy
f
r
om
the
s
ys
tem
a
nd
it
will
dis
c
ha
r
ge
the
e
ne
r
gy
f
r
om
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
int
o
the
s
ys
tem
whe
n
the
load
c
a
nnot
ge
t
e
nough
powe
r
s
upply
f
r
om
the
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy.
T
he
s
tor
a
ge
ba
tt
e
r
y
will
s
upply
e
ne
r
gy
whe
n
ther
e
is
ins
uf
f
icie
nt
powe
r
f
r
om
the
mi
c
r
og
r
id
a
nd
a
bs
or
bs
the
e
xc
e
s
s
e
ne
r
gy
f
r
om
the
mi
c
r
ogr
id
whe
n
i
ts
powe
r
e
xc
e
e
ds
the
load
e
ne
r
gy.
T
he
s
olar
,
wind
a
nd
load
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
da
ta
is
take
n
f
r
o
m
the
NA
S
A
s
ur
f
a
c
e
we
a
ther
f
or
e
c
a
s
ti
ng
we
bs
it
e
.
B
y
us
ing
the
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
da
ta,
the
s
olar
powe
r
P
V
i
s
c
a
lcula
ted
us
ing
in
(
1
)
.
F
igur
e
3
de
mons
tr
a
tes
th
e
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ted
by
s
olar
P
V
on
a
da
y
.
T
he
s
olar
pa
ne
l
powe
r
is
ba
s
e
d
on
the
da
ta
of
the
ir
r
a
dianc
e
a
nd
ba
s
e
d
on
the
s
olar
pa
ne
l
in
(
1
)
whe
r
e
the
powe
r
r
a
ti
ng
f
o
r
the
s
olar
pa
ne
l
is
5kW
a
nd
the
tempe
r
a
tu
r
e
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
is
0.
5
%
whe
r
e
the
mate
r
ial
f
or
the
s
olar
pa
ne
l
us
e
d
is
a
mo
noc
r
ys
talli
ne
s
olar
c
e
ll
.
B
a
s
e
d
on
the
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
da
ta,
the
output
powe
r
o
f
the
wind
tur
bine
ge
ne
r
a
tor
s
is
c
a
lcula
ted
us
ing
in
(
2)
.
F
igur
e
4
s
hows
the
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ted
b
y
the
wind
tur
bine
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
on
the
s
a
me
da
y.
Ne
xt,
the
wind
tur
bine
powe
r
is
c
ons
tr
uc
ted
ba
s
e
d
on
the
da
ta
of
the
wind
a
nd
ba
s
e
d
on
the
wind
tur
bine
in
(
2
)
,
whe
r
e
the
c
ons
tants
of
the
wind
tur
bine
a
r
e
the
r
a
dius
whic
h
is
e
qua
l
to
2.
618m,
a
ir
de
ns
it
y,
ρ
=
1
.
2kg/m
³,
e
f
f
icie
nc
y,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
Optimal
pow
e
r
s
c
he
duli
ng
of
r
e
ne
w
able
e
ne
r
gy
s
o
ur
c
e
s
in
mic
r
o
-
gr
id
v
ia
…
(
I
br
ahim
A
lhamr
ouni
)
2163
η
=
40%
a
nd
i
t
will
p
r
oduc
e
a
c
ons
tant
with
va
l
ue
of
278,
in
o
r
de
r
to
ge
t
the
powe
r
of
the
wind
tur
bine,
the
c
ons
tant,
278
is
mul
ti
pli
e
d
with
the
wind
a
c
c
or
ding
to
the
f
or
mul
a
o
f
the
wind
tur
bine
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
.
Fi
gur
e
5
s
hows
the
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
da
ta
of
the
load
de
mand
f
or
a
typi
c
a
l
r
e
s
ident
load,
whe
r
e
a
ll
thr
e
e
loads
will
r
e
c
e
ive
the
s
a
me
da
ta
a
nd
the
powe
r
de
mand
of
the
load
is
the
tot
a
l
of
the
th
r
e
e
loads
de
mand.
F
igur
e
3.
P
owe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
by
S
olar
P
V
ge
ne
r
a
tor
a
t
the
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
F
igur
e
4.
P
owe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
by
wind
tu
r
bine
F
igur
e
5.
L
oa
d
de
mand
a
t
m
icr
o
-
gr
id
F
igur
e
6
s
hows
the
powe
r
that
ha
s
be
e
n
ge
ne
r
a
ted
by
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
s
our
c
e
s
,
the
wind,
s
olar
P
V
,
ba
tt
e
r
y
,
s
e
c
onda
r
y
a
nd
load
de
mand
on
the
s
a
me
da
y.
T
he
c
a
pa
c
it
y
of
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
in
both
modes
(
c
ha
r
gi
ng
a
nd
dis
c
ha
r
ging)
withi
n
24
hou
r
s
is
s
hown
F
igu
r
e
7.
W
he
r
e
s
tate
o
f
c
ha
r
ge
o
f
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
thr
oughout
the
2
4
hour
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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S
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N
:
1693
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T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
1
8
,
No
.
4
,
Augus
t
2020
:
2158
-
21
68
2164
whic
h
is
de
pe
nde
nt
on
the
we
a
ther
c
ondit
ions
is
il
lu
s
tr
a
ted
in
F
igur
e
8.
T
he
s
c
he
duli
ng
be
twe
e
n
the
r
e
n
e
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
s
a
nd
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
whe
r
e
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
w
ould
be
s
uppli
e
d
is
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
9.
F
igur
e
6.
T
o
tal
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
by
R
E
S
s
,
load
de
mand,
s
ur
plus
powe
r
(
P
s
e
c
)
a
nd
ba
tt
e
r
y
powe
r
r
e
quir
e
ment
(
c
ha
r
ging
a
nd
dis
c
ha
r
ging
modes
)
a
t
M
G
F
igur
e
7.
B
a
tt
e
r
y
P
owe
r
on
c
ha
r
ging
a
nd
d
is
c
ha
r
ging
modes
a
t
the
m
icr
o
-
gr
id
F
igur
e
8.
S
tate
o
f
c
ha
r
ge
of
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
a
t
the
m
icr
o
-
gr
id
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
Optimal
pow
e
r
s
c
he
duli
ng
of
r
e
ne
w
able
e
ne
r
gy
s
o
ur
c
e
s
in
mic
r
o
-
gr
id
v
ia
…
(
I
br
ahim
A
lhamr
ouni
)
2165
F
igur
e
9.
P
owe
r
dis
tr
ibut
ion
a
nd
ba
tt
e
r
y
powe
r
on
c
ha
r
ging
a
nd
dis
c
ha
r
ging
a
t
the
mi
c
r
og
r
id
F
r
om
the
F
igu
r
e
10,
the
s
ur
plus
a
nd
s
hor
tage
e
ne
r
gy
c
a
n
be
f
ound
by
ha
ving
a
tot
a
l
in
be
twe
e
n
the
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
on
tot
a
l
of
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
f
r
om
s
olar
P
V
pa
ne
l
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on,
wind
tur
bine
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
load
de
mand
whe
r
e
if
the
va
lue
is
in
pos
it
ive,
it
mea
ns
th
a
t
it
is
a
n
e
xc
e
s
s
e
ne
r
gy
a
t
M
G
a
nd
c
a
n
be
us
e
d
f
o
r
c
ha
r
ging
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
.
W
he
n
the
va
lue
is
in
ne
ga
ti
ve
,
it
s
howe
d
that
the
M
G
is
in
s
hor
tage
o
f
e
ne
r
gy
a
nd
ne
e
d
to
e
xtr
a
c
t
e
ne
r
gy
f
r
om
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
b
y
dis
c
ha
r
ging
it
a
c
c
or
dingl
y
on
load
de
mand
e
ne
r
gy
.
T
he
r
e
is
s
ur
plus
powe
r
s
e
c
onda
r
y
(
P
s
e
c
)
in
the
s
y
s
tem
a
t
17
hour
s
unti
l
2000
hour
s
be
c
a
us
e
the
s
tate
of
c
ha
r
ge
f
or
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
r
e
a
c
he
d
100%
whe
r
e
the
c
ha
r
ging
a
nd
dis
c
ha
r
ging
is
not
be
ing
c
ontr
oll
e
d
by
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
oll
e
r
a
nd
whe
n
the
s
ys
tem
ha
s
a
s
hor
tage
e
ne
r
gy,
the
s
ur
plus
e
ne
r
gy
f
r
om
P
s
e
c
will
be
s
uppli
e
d
to
the
load
de
mand
.
W
he
n
the
s
ys
tem
s
ti
ll
ha
s
a
s
ho
r
tage
of
e
ne
r
gy
,
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
wil
l
dis
c
ha
r
ge
it
s
e
ne
r
gy
whe
r
e
it
is
be
ing
pe
r
f
or
med
by
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
oll
e
r
to
s
upply
the
load
de
mand.
F
igur
e
10.
T
o
tal
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
by
R
E
S
a
nd
loa
d
de
mand,
s
ur
plus
powe
r
(
P
s
e
c
)
a
nd
ba
tt
e
r
y
powe
r
a
t
M
G
F
igur
e
11
s
hows
the
powe
r
s
e
c
onda
r
y
whe
r
e
it
c
a
n
be
c
a
lcula
ted
ba
s
e
d
on
the
(
6)
,
whe
r
e
it
s
ignals
the
M
G
a
nd
the
s
ignal
will
be
r
e
a
d
by
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ont
r
oll
e
r
in
o
r
de
r
to
p
e
r
f
or
m
the
c
ha
r
ging
o
r
dis
c
ha
r
gi
ng
mode
f
or
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
.
At
1500
hour
s
unti
l
1800
ho
ur
s
,
the
va
lue
is
a
t
z
e
r
o
be
c
a
us
e
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
oll
e
r
is
not
pe
r
f
or
med
f
o
r
the
c
ha
r
ging
a
nd
dis
c
ha
r
ging
modes
f
or
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
.
At
1800
hour
s
,
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
oll
e
r
is
pe
r
f
or
med
be
c
a
us
e
of
the
s
ignal
f
r
om
the
powe
r
s
e
c
onda
r
y
whe
r
e
the
va
lue
of
the
s
ignal
is
in
a
ne
ga
ti
ve
va
lue,
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
will
dis
c
ha
r
ge
it
s
powe
r
t
o
s
a
ti
s
f
y
the
loads
'
de
mand.
3.
1.
Cas
e
s
t
u
d
y:
s
olar
P
V
p
owe
r
ge
n
e
r
at
ion
s
u
d
d
e
n
d
e
c
r
e
as
e
I
n
thi
s
s
e
gment,
a
c
a
s
e
s
tudy
whe
r
e
a
s
udde
n
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
the
s
olar
powe
r
ha
s
be
e
n
c
ons
ider
e
d
in
be
twe
e
n
0900
a
nd
1000
hour
s
.
T
his
s
it
ua
ti
on
us
ua
ll
y
c
a
us
e
d
by
the
e
nvir
onment
or
na
tur
a
l
phe
n
omenon.
F
or
e
xa
mpl
e
,
c
loudy
e
nvir
onment
whe
r
e
thi
s
wil
l
a
f
f
e
c
t
the
output
e
ne
r
gy
f
r
om
the
s
olar
powe
r
,
whe
r
e
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
1
8
,
No
.
4
,
Augus
t
2020
:
2158
-
21
68
2166
de
pe
nds
on
the
ir
r
a
diation
f
r
om
s
unli
ght.
F
r
om
0
900
hour
s
unti
l
1000
hour
s
,
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
1
2,
whe
r
e
a
s
udde
n
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
s
olar
powe
r
c
a
us
e
d
the
de
man
d
load
of
6559W
whic
h
e
xc
e
e
ds
the
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
c
a
pa
c
it
y
by
3171W
.
T
his
c
a
us
e
d
the
s
ys
tem
a
t
powe
r
s
e
c
onda
r
y
to
ge
ne
r
a
te
a
s
ignal
of
-
1378W
,
whic
h
is
r
e
quir
e
d
f
r
om
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
e
ne
r
gy
s
tor
a
ge
to
dis
c
ha
r
ge
int
o
the
s
ys
tem
to
f
ul
f
il
the
load
de
mand
a
s
in
[
27
].
At
1000
h
our
s
,
the
powe
r
plant
e
ne
r
gy
ope
r
a
ti
on
a
s
us
ua
l
a
nd
s
uppli
e
s
the
ge
ne
r
a
ted
powe
r
to
the
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id,
whe
r
e
the
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
c
a
pa
c
it
y
is
6369W
,
whic
h
e
xc
e
e
ds
the
load
de
man
d
whic
h
is
3257W
.
T
he
powe
r
s
e
c
onda
r
y
pr
oduc
e
s
a
s
ignal
of
3112W
c
a
us
ing
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
to
c
ha
r
ge
be
c
a
us
e
of
the
e
xc
e
s
s
e
ne
r
gy
in
the
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
M
G
s
ys
tem.
F
igur
e
11.
T
o
tal
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
by
R
E
S
a
nd
loa
d
de
mand
a
nd
s
ur
plus
powe
r
(
P
s
e
c
)
a
nd
ba
tt
e
r
y
powe
r
a
t
M
G
F
igur
e
12.
R
E
S
s
a
nd
DE
S
s
powe
r
a
f
ter
a
s
udde
n
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
s
olar
powe
r
plant
F
r
om
F
igur
e
13
,
it
’
s
s
hown
that
the
s
tate
of
c
ha
r
ge
f
or
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
f
r
om
83.
54%
to
82.
97%
whe
r
e
dis
c
ha
r
ging
mode
oc
c
ur
s
a
t
0900
h
our
s
be
c
a
us
e
it
r
e
c
e
ives
a
s
ignal
f
r
om
the
s
e
c
onda
r
y
powe
r
f
or
-
1378W
.
At
1000
hour
s
,
the
s
tate
o
f
c
ha
r
ge
f
or
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
inc
r
e
a
s
e
s
be
c
a
us
e
it
r
e
c
e
ives
a
s
ig
na
l
f
r
om
s
e
c
onda
r
y
powe
r
(
P
s
e
c
)
with
a
va
lue
o
f
3112W
,
whic
h
is
c
a
us
ing
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
to
be
in
c
ha
r
g
ing
mode
a
nd
c
a
us
ing
the
incr
e
a
s
e
on
s
tate
o
f
c
ha
r
ge
of
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
f
r
om
82.
97
%
to
84.
85
%
a
t
110
0
hour
s
.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
s
s
howe
d
that,
the
pr
opos
e
d
s
c
he
me
m
a
na
ge
s
to
s
olve
the
s
udde
n
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
of
a
ny
e
ne
r
g
y
s
our
c
e
e
s
pe
c
ially,
in
thi
s
c
a
s
e
invol
ving
the
s
olar
pow
e
r
plant
whe
r
e
the
e
ne
r
gy
pr
oduc
e
d
va
r
ies
a
c
c
o
r
ding
to
the
ir
r
a
dianc
e
that
be
ing
pr
ovided
by
the
s
unli
ght
a
nd
c
ould
be
dis
tur
be
d
if
the
we
a
ther
is
c
loudy
or
a
ny
e
ve
nt
that
c
ould
dis
tur
b
the
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
r
e
c
e
ivi
ng
s
unli
ght
by
the
s
olar
powe
r
plant
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
[
28
].
S
olar
powe
r
dis
tur
ba
nc
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
Optimal
pow
e
r
s
c
he
duli
ng
of
r
e
ne
w
able
e
ne
r
gy
s
o
ur
c
e
s
in
mic
r
o
-
gr
id
v
ia
…
(
I
br
ahim
A
lhamr
ouni
)
2167
F
igur
e
13.
S
OC
a
f
te
r
a
s
udde
n
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
s
olar
po
we
r
plant
3.
2.
Anal
ys
is
an
d
d
is
c
u
s
s
ion
T
he
c
ha
r
ging
a
nd
d
is
c
ha
r
ging
modes
of
the
ba
t
ter
y
s
tor
a
ge
a
r
e
be
ing
pe
r
f
or
med
by
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
oll
e
r
whe
r
e
in
thi
s
s
tudy
the
powe
r
dr
oop
c
ont
r
oll
e
r
is
be
ing
us
e
d.
T
he
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
is
in
c
ha
r
gi
ng
mode
whe
n
ther
e
is
s
ur
plus
e
ne
r
gy
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
f
r
om
th
e
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
s
.
Als
o,
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
t
or
a
ge
is
in
dis
c
ha
r
ging
modes
in
or
de
r
to
s
e
r
ve
the
loads
whe
n
the
ge
ne
r
a
ted
e
ne
r
gy
c
a
nnot
s
a
ti
s
f
y
the
load
de
mand
a
nd
us
ing
the
s
e
c
onda
r
y
powe
r
,
P
s
e
c
a
s
powe
r
s
ig
na
l
that
will
be
r
e
a
d
by
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
oll
e
r
a
s
in
F
igur
e
9.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
s
s
how
the
c
oor
dinate
d
c
ha
r
ging
a
nd
dis
c
ha
r
ging
of
the
DE
S
S
whe
r
e
thi
s
c
a
n
a
void
a
lot
of
powe
r
qua
li
ty
is
s
ue
s
,
whe
r
e
it
is
be
ing
de
ter
mi
ne
d
by
P
a
h
a
s
a
e
t
a
l.
2015
that
unc
oor
dinate
d
c
ha
r
g
ing
a
nd
dis
c
ha
r
ging
c
a
n
c
a
us
e
s
e
r
ious
is
s
ue
s
in
powe
r
s
ys
t
e
m
s
uc
h
a
s
high
powe
r
los
s
e
s
,
incr
e
a
s
e
d
f
a
ult
s
lev
e
ls
,
a
nd
volt
a
ge
de
viations
.
T
he
s
tate
of
c
ha
r
ge
o
f
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
is
one
of
the
main
f
oc
us
e
s
whic
h
is
be
ing
c
ons
ider
e
d
in
thi
s
s
tudy,
whe
r
e
the
s
tate
of
c
ha
r
ge
is
li
mi
ted
in
be
tw
e
e
n
the
mi
nim
um
a
nd
maxi
mum
whic
h
a
r
e
0
%
a
n
d
100%
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
W
he
n
ther
e
is
s
ur
plus
e
ne
r
gy
in
t
he
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id,
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
c
ha
r
ging
is
n
ot
be
ing
pe
r
f
or
med
by
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
oll
e
r
.
On
the
o
ther
ha
nd,
whe
n
the
s
tate
of
c
ha
r
ge
of
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
r
e
a
c
h
e
d
100%
whe
r
e
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
e
ne
r
gy
will
r
e
main
z
e
r
o
a
nd
the
e
xc
e
s
s
e
ne
r
gy
will
be
s
uppli
e
d
to
the
loads
whe
n
ther
e
is
ins
uf
f
icie
nt
e
ne
r
gy
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
f
r
o
m
R
E
S
s
to
s
e
r
ve
the
loads
a
s
in
F
igur
e
10.
T
he
dis
c
ha
r
ging
mode
of
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
wi
ll
be
pe
r
f
or
med
by
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
ol
ler
whe
n
the
powe
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
f
r
om
R
E
S
s
a
nd
s
ur
plus
e
ne
r
gy
in
M
G
c
a
nnot
s
a
ti
s
f
y
the
loads
de
m
a
nd
a
s
in
F
igur
e
11
.
F
r
om
the
c
a
s
e
s
tudy,
the
c
ha
r
ging
a
nd
dis
c
ha
r
ging
modes
of
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
tor
a
ge
a
r
e
be
ing
pe
r
f
or
med
by
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
o
ll
e
r
a
c
c
or
dingl
y,
whe
r
e
it
s
hows
the
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
e
ve
n
i
f
ther
e
is
powe
r
di
s
tur
ba
nc
e
f
r
om
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
s
our
c
e
s
ge
ne
r
a
t
ion
a
s
in
F
igur
e
12.
4.
CONC
L
USI
ON
I
n
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
the
int
e
r
a
c
ti
ons
be
twe
e
n
the
pr
opos
e
d
DE
S
S
,
pr
opos
e
d
R
E
S
s
a
nd
pr
opos
e
d
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
M
G
ha
s
be
e
n
e
xa
mi
ne
d.
T
he
main
f
oc
us
f
or
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
on
e
xa
mi
ning
the
c
ha
r
ging
a
nd
dis
c
ha
r
ging
modes
of
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
be
twe
e
n
the
DE
S
S
a
nd
the
M
G
in
or
de
r
to
s
olve
the
ir
r
e
gular
i
ty
is
s
ue
s
oc
c
ur
r
e
d
in
the
M
G
s
ys
tem
r
e
late
d
to
the
R
E
S
s
po
we
r
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on.
P
owe
r
s
ha
r
ing
s
ys
tem
of
the
mi
c
r
o
-
gr
id
ha
s
be
e
n
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ull
y
a
c
hieve
d
by
us
ing
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
on
tr
oll
e
r
ba
s
e
d
on
the
dr
oop
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
tec
hniques
,
whe
r
e
t
he
DE
S
S
is
c
ontr
ol
led
by
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
o
ll
e
r
f
or
the
c
ha
r
g
ing
a
nd
dis
c
ha
r
ging
modes
in
the
m
icr
o
-
gr
id
s
ys
tem.
T
he
s
im
ulation
r
e
s
ult
s
ve
r
if
ied
the
e
f
f
ici
e
nc
y
on
the
DE
S
S
on
ha
ndli
ng
the
powe
r
dis
tr
i
buti
on
in
the
typi
c
a
l
M
G
by
us
ing
the
ba
tt
e
r
y
c
ontr
oll
e
r
.
I
mpac
t
of
the
D
E
S
S
ha
s
be
e
n
dis
c
us
s
e
d
in
c
a
s
e
of
s
udde
n
de
c
r
e
a
s
ing
of
a
ny
one
of
the
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
s
ys
tem
ha
s
be
e
n
e
xe
c
uted
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
tor
il
y
a
nd
ha
s
obtaine
d
pr
omi
s
ing
r
e
s
ult
s
.
AC
KNOWL
E
DGE
M
E
NT
S
T
he
a
uthor
s
would
li
ke
to
e
xpr
e
s
s
their
g
r
a
ti
tude
to
Unive
r
s
it
i
Kua
la
L
umpur
f
or
s
uppor
ti
ng
a
nd
f
unding
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
unde
r
gr
a
nt
No.
s
tr
18005.
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