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y
cr
ea
tin
g
a
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
ilm
a
n
d
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
h
ea
t
(
th
e
L
E
D
c
h
ip
s
)
,
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
h
ea
tin
g
.
W
ith
a
s
u
f
f
icien
t
g
ap
d
eter
m
in
ed
wh
en
d
esig
n
i
n
g
th
e
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
lim
i
t
th
e
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
lig
h
t
r
a
y
s
b
ac
k
s
ca
tter
ed
an
d
cir
cu
lated
in
s
id
e
th
e
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
o
n
e
in
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
h
ea
t
o
f
L
E
D,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
t
h
e
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
lu
m
e
n
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
th
e
ch
r
o
m
atic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
f
o
r
W
L
E
Ds
[
1
1
-
1
6
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
h
as
tu
r
n
ed
o
u
t
t
o
b
e
q
u
alif
ied
f
o
r
r
eg
u
lar
lig
h
tin
g
,
it
co
u
l
d
n
o
t
c
o
m
p
letely
f
u
lf
ill
th
e
a
d
v
an
ce
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
lig
h
tin
g
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
He
n
ce
,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
t
h
e
n
ex
t
W
L
E
D
g
en
er
atio
n
th
a
t
ca
n
ca
tch
u
p
with
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
s
tate
-
of
-
th
e
-
a
r
t
d
ev
ices.
Fo
r
f
u
r
th
er
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t,
s
o
m
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
th
e
b
ac
k
s
ca
tter
in
g
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
-
em
itti
n
g
lig
h
ts
to
war
d
s
th
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
s
an
d
th
e
en
r
ich
m
en
t
o
f
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
ef
f
icien
cy
.
A
s
tu
d
y
i
n
2
0
1
5
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
-
em
itti
n
g
lig
h
ts
ar
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
r
e
d
ir
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
W
L
E
D’
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
with
an
in
v
e
r
ted
co
n
e
len
s
en
ca
p
s
u
lan
t
an
d
a
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
in
g
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
,
lead
i
n
g
to
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
t
h
e
in
ter
n
al
lig
h
t
lo
s
s
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
d
u
e
to
th
e
lig
h
t
r
ef
lectio
n
in
s
id
e
th
e
W
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
es [
1
7
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
an
g
u
lar
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t CC
T
an
d
co
lo
r
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
L
E
Ds ca
n
b
e
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
p
atte
r
n
ed
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
o
d
el
in
wh
ich
a
clea
r
r
eg
io
n
in
th
e
p
er
i
m
eter
zo
n
e
is
n
o
t
co
ated
with
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
[
1
8
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
p
atter
n
ed
s
ap
p
h
i
r
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
in
th
i
s
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
ca
n
b
r
in
g
a
W
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
e
a
l
o
t
h
ig
h
e
r
C
C
T
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
in
a
f
ar
-
f
i
eld
p
atter
n
t
h
an
in
a
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
p
atter
n
[
1
9
-
2
2
]
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
two
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
ilm
s
h
as
b
ee
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
t
h
e
o
p
tical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
L
E
Ds.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
ch
r
o
m
atic
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
an
d
em
itted
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
f
o
r
p
c
-
W
L
E
Ds
with
th
e
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
Yet,
th
ese
ar
ticles
o
n
ly
co
n
c
en
tr
ated
o
n
s
in
g
le
-
ch
i
p
L
E
Ds
h
av
in
g
lo
w
C
C
T
s
wh
ile
h
eig
h
ten
in
g
o
p
tical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
C
C
T
W
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
e
with
th
e
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
d
esig
n
is
v
er
y
co
m
p
licated
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
er
e
h
av
e
b
ee
n
n
o
s
tu
d
ies
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
u
al
-
lay
e
r
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
r
s
m
ay
f
in
d
it
h
ar
d
t
o
s
elec
t
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
in
g
h
ig
h
er
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
o
r
em
itted
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
two
d
u
al
-
lay
er
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
f
o
r
th
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
W
L
E
D
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
at
th
e
C
C
T
o
f
8
5
0
0
K.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
u
s
es
a
g
r
ee
n
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
to
h
a
v
e
th
e
g
r
ee
n
lig
h
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
in
s
id
e
W
L
E
Ds
in
cr
ea
s
ed
an
d
lead
to
h
ig
h
er
lu
m
i
n
escen
ce
ef
f
icie
n
cy
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
d
el,
a
r
e
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
o
f
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
is
ad
d
ed
f
o
r
th
e
r
is
e
o
f
th
e
r
ed
-
li
g
h
t
am
o
u
n
ts
in
W
L
E
Ds
an
d
th
e
n
lead
in
g
t
o
in
c
r
ea
s
e
d
C
R
I
as
w
ell
as
im
p
r
o
v
ed
C
QS.
I
n
ad
d
it
io
n
,
th
e
p
a
p
er
also
in
clu
d
es
a
d
etailed
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
an
d
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
ch
em
ical
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
wh
ic
h
af
f
ec
t
th
e
lig
h
tin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
ap
e
r
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
i
n
C
R
I
an
d
C
Q
S
wh
en
ad
d
i
n
g
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
in
to
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
an
d
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
c
h
o
s
en
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
to
p
r
ev
en
t
a
s
teep
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
ch
r
o
m
atic
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
o
r
lu
m
en
ef
f
icac
y
wh
en
b
lu
e
o
r
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
ex
ce
s
s
iv
ely
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
two
m
ain
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
es
wh
en
p
lacin
g
a
th
i
n
f
ilm
o
f
r
ed
o
r
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
ab
o
v
e
t
h
e
y
ello
w
YAG:Ce
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
:
(
1
)
T
h
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
th
e
b
lu
e
o
r
r
e
d
li
g
h
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
wh
ite
-
lig
h
t
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
wh
ich
is
a
v
ital
e
lem
en
t
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
ch
r
o
m
atic
ity
o
f
th
e
g
en
er
ated
wh
ite
lig
h
ts
.
(
2
)
T
h
e
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
d
lig
h
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
s
id
e
W
L
E
Ds
ar
e
in
v
er
s
ely
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
t
o
th
e
g
r
ee
n
o
r
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
d
eter
m
in
in
g
s
u
itab
le
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
f
o
r
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
ater
ials
is
cr
u
cial
to
th
e
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
2.
P
RE
P
ARA
T
I
O
N
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
,
a
ty
p
e
o
f
y
ell
o
w
-
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
,
an
d
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
p
ar
ticles
h
av
e
m
an
y
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
q
u
alities
s
u
ch
as
h
ig
h
q
u
an
tu
m
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
a
n
d
s
tr
en
g
th
at
h
i
g
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
th
u
s
th
ey
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
an
d
m
o
r
e
attr
ac
tiv
e
[
2
3
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
an
d
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
ar
e
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
v
er
y
h
ig
h
-
lo
ad
in
g
an
d
lo
n
g
life
tim
e
f
lu
o
r
escen
t
lam
p
s
.
C
h
em
ical
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
g
r
ea
tly
a
f
f
ec
ts
th
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e
,
wh
en
ap
p
ly
in
g
to
W
L
E
Ds,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
ca
r
e
f
u
lly
a
n
al
y
ze
ea
ch
o
f
th
eir
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
g
lo
ws
g
r
ee
n
at
a
p
ea
k
wav
elen
g
th
at
5
4
4
n
m
.
T
h
e
e
x
is
ten
ce
o
f
io
n
Tb
3+
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
Z
n
S:
Sn
2+
em
its
r
ed
lig
h
t
with
p
ea
k
wav
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r
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ich
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at
o
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e
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h
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s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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is
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en
e
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icial
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a
b
s
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itted
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g
h
t
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v
ar
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a
n
d
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e
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at
th
e
b
l
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s
a
r
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th
e
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ts
f
r
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,
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s
o
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s
p
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tr
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f
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2
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i
s
also
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id
e,
wh
ich
is
f
r
o
m
2
5
0
n
m
to
5
5
0
n
m
.
B
ef
o
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e
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
o
p
tical
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
an
d
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
,
th
eir
ty
p
in
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
ize,
an
d
th
eir
s
tim
u
lu
s
,
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
a
n
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a,
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ac
c
u
r
ately
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
ex
p
er
im
e
n
ts
.
Am
o
n
g
th
o
s
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
an
d
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
ar
e
th
e
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n
k
n
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wn
s
to
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im
p
r
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e
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en
t
o
f
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lo
r
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u
ality
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d
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
W
LED
s
.
M
ea
n
wh
ile,
th
eir
in
p
u
t
s
p
ec
tr
al
v
alu
es
ar
e
f
ix
ed
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
,
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
g
r
ain
s
h
as
a
f
ix
ed
a
v
er
ag
e
d
iam
eter
o
f
1
4
.
5
µm
[
2
4
,
2
5
]
.
Me
a
n
wh
ile,
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
an
d
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
is
ca
lib
r
ated
to
f
in
d
th
e
o
p
tim
al
v
alu
e
.
T
h
is
is
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
W
L
E
Ds
h
av
in
g
9
in
ter
n
al
ch
ip
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
.
E
ac
h
b
lu
e
ch
ip
h
as
1
.
6
W
o
u
t
p
u
t
a
n
d
4
5
3
n
m
p
ea
k
wav
elen
g
th
.
Deta
ils
o
f
o
p
tic
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
L
E
D
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
a
r
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Y
2
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2
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a
n
d
Z
n
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n
2+
,
n
ex
t,
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
o
d
els
m
u
s
t
b
e
b
u
ilt.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
ap
e
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
two
d
u
al
-
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
g
r
ee
n
-
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
(
GYC)
an
d
r
e
d
-
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
a
tio
n
(
R
YC
)
.
B
o
th
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
ar
e
co
m
p
r
is
ed
o
f
t
wo
p
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o
s
p
h
o
r
f
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s
ab
o
v
e
th
e
n
in
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
s
,
an
d
th
e
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
is
lo
ca
t
ed
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
g
r
ee
n
an
d
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
ilm
s
.
Sp
ec
if
icall
y
,
in
GYC
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
th
e
lay
e
r
ab
o
v
e
th
e
y
ello
w
YAG:Ce
3
+
is
g
r
ee
n
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
lay
er
,
a
n
d
f
o
r
th
e
R
YC
,
th
e
g
r
ee
n
lay
e
r
is
r
ep
lace
d
b
y
th
e
r
e
d
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
o
n
e,
as
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
c
)
an
d
(
d
)
.
T
h
e
ap
p
l
icatio
n
o
f
GYC
an
d
R
YC
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
aim
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
co
lo
r
an
d
o
p
tical
q
u
ality
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
th
e
g
r
ee
n
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
d
th
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
r
ed
lig
h
t in
W
L
E
Ds.
Ho
wev
er
,
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
an
d
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ad
j
u
s
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
ly
.
L
ea
d
f
r
am
e:
4
.
7
m
m
J
en
tech
S
ize
-
S
L
E
D
ch
ip
: V
4
5
H
Die
attac
h
: Su
m
ito
m
o
1
2
9
5
S
A
Go
ld
W
ir
e:
1
.
0
m
il
Ph
o
s
p
h
o
r
: I
T
C
NYAG
4
_
E
L
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
(
a
)
T
h
e
ac
tu
al
MCW
-
L
E
Ds an
d
(
b
)
its
p
ar
am
eter
s
;
(
c)
I
llu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
GYC,
an
d
(
d
)
R
YC
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
tr
en
d
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
s
o
f
g
r
ee
n
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
,
r
ed
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
a
n
d
y
ello
w
YAG:Ce
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
.
T
h
is
ch
an
g
e
b
r
in
g
s
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
to
av
er
ag
e
C
C
T
s
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
an
d
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
n
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
ilm
s
’
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
d
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
.
T
h
i
s
ce
r
tain
ly
im
p
ac
ts
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
th
e
co
lo
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
b
u
t
also
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
ef
f
icie
n
cy
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
e
lectio
n
o
f
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
an
d
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
W
h
en
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
an
d
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
tu
r
n
u
p
f
r
o
m
2
%
t
o
2
0
%
wt.
,
YAG:Ce
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
a
tio
n
d
r
o
p
s
to
k
ee
p
a
v
er
ag
e
C
C
T
.
T
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
o
cc
u
r
s
eq
u
ally
with
W
L
E
Ds
with
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
8
5
0
0
K.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
n
o
ticea
b
le
is
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
o
n
th
e
W
L
E
Ds’
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
De
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
'
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
,
th
e
ch
o
ice
is
m
ad
e.
W
L
E
Ds
with
h
ig
h
co
l
o
r
q
u
ality
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
a
s
m
all
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
.
T
h
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
em
is
s
io
n
i
n
t
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
4
2
0
-
4
8
0
n
m
an
d
5
0
0
-
6
4
0
n
m
in
cr
ea
s
es
with
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
two
r
eg
i
o
n
s
'
s
p
ec
tr
al
em
is
s
io
n
en
h
an
c
em
en
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
in
cr
e
ased
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
.
Al
s
o
,
wh
en
th
e
b
lu
e
-
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
in
W
L
E
D
d
ev
elo
p
s
,
it
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
ca
tter
in
g
in
W
L
E
Ds
in
cr
ea
s
es
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lt
i
s
b
en
ef
icial
f
o
r
th
e
co
p
p
er
co
lo
r
.
T
h
is
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
esu
lt
wh
en
u
s
in
g
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
18
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
2
7
5
7
-
2763
2760
Ob
v
io
u
s
ly
,
th
e
ten
d
e
n
cy
o
f
r
e
d
lig
h
t
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
f
r
o
m
6
4
8
n
m
to
7
3
8
n
m
in
c
r
ea
s
es with
Z
n
S:
Sn
2+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
is
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
with
o
u
t
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
th
e
two
r
em
ain
i
n
g
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
4
2
0
n
m
-
4
8
0
n
m
an
d
5
0
0
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6
4
0
n
m
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
th
e
two
4
2
0
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4
8
0
n
m
r
eg
io
n
s
d
e
v
elo
p
s
th
e
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
lu
x
o
f
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
(
b
lu
e
-
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
)
.
I
n
s
h
o
r
t
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
th
at
as
th
e
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
is
es,
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
em
is
s
io
n
in
cr
ea
s
es,
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
co
lo
r
an
d
o
p
ti
ca
l
q
u
ality
ar
e
ex
h
ib
ited
as
a
r
esu
lt.
T
h
is
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
e
s
u
lt
wh
en
ap
p
ly
in
g
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
,
esp
ec
ially
th
e
q
u
ali
ty
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
h
ig
h
-
C
C
T
W
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
es
is
v
er
y
d
if
f
icu
lt.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
id
en
tifie
s
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
h
as a
b
ilit
y
to
y
ield
b
etter
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
f
o
r
W
L
E
Ds h
av
in
g
h
ig
h
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
8
5
0
0
K)
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
ch
a
n
g
e
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
GYC an
d
R
YC
f
o
r
k
ee
p
in
g
th
e
av
er
ag
e
C
C
T
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
GYC an
d
R
YC
3.
CO
M
P
UT
AT
I
O
N
AND
DI
S
CUSS
I
O
N
T
h
e
co
lo
r
r
en
d
e
r
in
g
i
n
d
ex
(
C
R
I
)
ev
alu
ates
h
o
w
a
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
ex
p
o
s
e
th
e
tr
u
e
to
n
e
o
f
c
o
lo
r
o
f
an
o
b
ject
it
illu
m
in
ates.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
g
r
ee
n
-
lig
h
t
am
o
u
n
t
ca
u
s
es
th
e
co
lo
r
im
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
th
r
ee
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
co
lo
r
s
co
m
p
o
s
in
g
th
e
wh
ite
lig
h
t:
b
lu
e,
y
ello
w
an
d
g
r
ee
n
.
T
h
is
im
b
alan
ce
p
r
o
b
a
b
ly
h
as
n
e
g
a
tiv
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
o
n
th
e
co
lo
r
in
teg
r
it
y
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
p
r
e
s
en
ts
th
e
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
o
f
C
R
I
with
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
B
u
t
th
is
is
ac
ce
p
tab
le
b
ec
au
s
e
C
R
I
is
o
n
ly
a
g
o
o
d
f
ac
to
r
o
f
C
QS.
W
h
en
co
m
p
ar
in
g
b
etwe
en
C
R
I
an
d
C
QS,
C
QS
i
s
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
licated
,
cr
u
cial,
an
d
s
tr
en
u
o
u
s
v
alu
e
to
o
b
tain
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
C
QS
is
co
n
s
tan
t
as
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
is
less
th
a
n
8
%.
T
h
u
s
,
8
%
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
ca
n
b
e
s
elec
ted
to
ap
p
ly
af
ter
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
em
itted
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
th
e
co
lo
r
r
en
d
e
r
in
g
in
d
ex
in
cr
ea
s
ed
with
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
.
W
h
en
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
ab
s
o
r
b
s
th
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
-
em
itti
n
g
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
it
tu
r
n
s
th
ese
b
lu
e
lig
h
ts
in
to
r
ed
li
g
h
ts
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
b
lu
e
lig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
L
E
D
ch
ip
s
,
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
s
till
ab
s
o
r
b
s
y
ello
w
lig
h
ts
.
Yet,
wh
en
d
r
awin
g
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
y
ello
w
-
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
an
d
th
e
b
lu
e
-
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
th
e
latter
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
h
a
p
p
en
s
m
o
r
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
o
win
g
t
o
th
e
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
r
e
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
.
An
d
s
o
,
th
e
r
ed
-
lig
h
t
am
o
u
n
t
in
W
L
E
Ds
g
r
o
ws
with
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
co
n
ten
ts
o
f
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
,
an
d
th
is
lead
s
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
lo
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
in
d
e
x
(
C
R
I
)
.
W
h
en
ch
o
o
s
in
g
a
m
o
d
er
n
W
L
E
D
p
r
o
d
u
ct,
C
R
I
b
ec
o
m
es
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
v
i
t
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
W
L
E
D
h
av
in
g
h
ig
h
C
R
I
will
co
s
t
m
o
r
e
th
an
th
e
o
th
er
s
with
lo
wer
C
R
I
.
Nev
er
t
h
ele
s
s
,
th
e
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
u
s
in
g
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
ar
e
lo
w
c
o
s
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
ca
n
b
e
wi
d
ely
u
s
ed
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
as
m
en
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e,
C
R
I
is
an
elem
en
t
f
o
r
ju
d
g
in
g
th
e
c
o
lo
r
q
u
ality
in
clu
d
ed
in
a
m
o
r
e
o
v
e
r
all
p
ar
am
eter
C
QS.
So
,
it is
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
ay
g
o
o
d
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
wh
en
th
e
C
R
I
is
h
ig
h
.
C
QS
is
an
in
d
ex
co
m
p
r
is
ed
o
f
th
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
:
th
e
f
ir
s
t
is
th
e
C
R
I
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
i
s
th
e
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
o
f
th
e
v
iewe
r
,
an
d
th
e
t
h
ir
d
is
t
h
e
co
lo
r
co
o
r
d
in
ate.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
co
v
er
in
g
th
r
ee
v
ital
elem
e
n
ts
,
C
QS
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
tr
u
e
o
v
er
all
c
o
lo
r
q
u
ality
i
n
d
ex
.
T
h
e
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
C
QS
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
t
h
e
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
An
d
wh
en
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
f
o
r
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
,
C
QS
al
s
o
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
.
C
lear
ly
,
u
s
in
g
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
wh
it
e
-
lig
h
t
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
f
o
r
W
L
E
Ds
wh
en
ap
p
ly
in
g
d
u
al
-
lay
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
d
esig
n
.
T
h
is
is
a
cr
u
cial
r
esu
lt
o
f
r
esear
ch
with
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
b
etter
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
it is
im
p
o
s
s
ib
le
n
o
t to
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
to
em
itted
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
.
T
h
e
m
ath
em
atic
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
an
d
co
n
v
er
ted
y
ello
w
lig
h
t
in
th
e
d
u
al
-
lay
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
p
r
esen
t
ed
in
th
is
p
ar
t.
T
h
en
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
attain
e
d
r
esu
lts
,
we
ca
n
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
L
E
D
ef
f
icien
cy
m
u
ch
b
etter
.
Fo
r
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
an
d
th
e
co
n
v
er
ted
y
ello
w
lig
h
t
in
th
e
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
with
a
lay
er
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
wh
o
s
e
th
ic
k
n
ess
is
2h
,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
a
p
p
ly
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
:
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h
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ted
w
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h
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h
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th
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p
u
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th
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o
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em
en
tio
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h
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th
e
d
u
al
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p
h
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s
p
h
o
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p
ac
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in
g
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u
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ich
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e
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h
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u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
co
lo
r
r
en
d
er
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g
in
d
ex
as a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
an
d
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
s
ca
le
as a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
an
d
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
I
n
th
ese
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
,
h
s
y
m
b
o
lizes
th
e
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
ea
ch
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
ilm
in
th
e
r
em
o
te
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
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h
e
s
in
g
le
an
d
d
u
al
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em
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te
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h
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h
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u
ctu
r
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e
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p
r
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ed
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y
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h
e
s
u
b
s
cr
ip
ts
“1
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a
n
d
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,
r
esp
ec
tiv
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I
n
d
icate
d
b
y
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is
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
f
o
r
th
e
b
lu
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li
g
h
t
co
n
v
er
tin
g
to
th
e
y
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w
lig
h
t
wh
ile
γ
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
y
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w
lig
h
t’
s
r
e
f
lectio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t.
PB
0
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th
e
lig
h
t
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te
n
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ity
f
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o
m
t
h
e
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lu
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L
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ch
ip
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ich
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co
m
p
r
is
ed
o
f
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lu
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(
PB
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an
d
y
ello
w
(
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lig
h
t
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ten
s
ities
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α
B
an
d
α
Y
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ize
th
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
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o
s
s
o
f
b
lu
e
an
d
y
ello
w
lig
h
ts
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
m
u
ltip
licatio
n
in
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
s
ep
ar
ately
.
T
h
e
d
u
al
-
lay
er
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
h
o
ws
th
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ab
le
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
in
th
e
lig
h
ti
n
g
e
f
f
icac
y
o
f
W
L
E
Ds,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
s
i
n
g
le
-
lay
er
o
n
e:
(
2
+
2
)
−
(
1
+
1
)
1
+
1
>
0
(
5
)
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
th
eo
r
y
is
u
s
ed
to
an
aly
s
ed
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticl
es,
an
d
ca
lcu
late
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
C
sca
f
o
r
s
p
h
er
ical
p
ar
ticles.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
L
am
b
er
t
-
B
ee
r
law
is
ap
p
lied
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
lig
h
t p
o
wer
:
I
= I
0
ex
p
(
-
µ
ext
L)
(
6
)
wh
er
e,
I
0
,
L,
an
d
µ
ext
in
d
icat
e
th
e
in
cid
en
t
lig
h
t
p
o
wer
,
t
h
e
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
(
m
m
)
,
an
d
th
e
ex
tin
ctio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t,
in
t
u
r
n
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
co
m
p
u
tati
o
n
o
f
th
e
e
x
tin
ctio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
µ
ext
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
e
d
as:
µ
ext
=
N
r
.C
ext
,
in
wh
ich
N
r
i
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
d
en
s
ity
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticles
(
m
m
-
3
)
,
wh
ile
C
ext
(mm
2
)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
ar
ticles’
ex
tin
ctio
n
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
.
Fro
m
(
5
)
,
we
ca
n
s
ee
th
e
l
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
b
u
ilt
with
two
s
ep
ar
ated
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
ilm
s
is
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
p
ac
k
ag
es
h
av
in
g
o
n
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
p
ap
er
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
em
itti
n
g
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
o
f
th
is
d
u
al
-
lay
er
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
at
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
lu
x
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
with
th
e
g
r
o
wth
in
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
f
r
o
m
2
%
wt.
to
2
0
%
wt
..
Nev
er
th
eless
,
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
h
as
n
e
g
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
t
h
e
em
itted
.
C
lear
ly
,
b
ased
o
n
L
am
b
er
t
-
B
ee
r
law,
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
f
a
ct
o
r
µ
ext
is
in
d
ir
ec
t
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
to
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
b
u
t
in
in
v
er
s
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
to
th
e
lig
h
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
th
ick
n
ess
es
o
f
b
o
th
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
ilm
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
f
ix
ed
.
Ph
o
to
lu
m
i
n
escen
ce
em
itted
m
ay
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
18
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
2
7
5
7
-
2763
2762
wh
en
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Z
n
S
:Sn
2+
in
cr
ea
s
es.
An
d
in
d
ee
d
,
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
.
W
h
en
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
at
2
0
% wt.
,
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
Ho
wev
er
,
c
o
n
s
id
er
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es o
f
th
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
im
p
r
o
v
e
C
R
I
an
d
C
QS.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
d
u
a
l
-
lay
er
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
r
esu
lts
in
h
ig
h
er
l
u
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t,
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
lay
e
r
o
n
e
(
with
o
u
t
th
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
ilm
)
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
ac
ce
p
t th
is
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
wh
en
u
s
in
g
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
lay
er
in
W
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
es
.
T
h
e
last
p
r
o
b
lem
is
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
o
f
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
,
d
e
p
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
wh
ich
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
is
o
f
f
er
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
ese
W
L
E
Ds in
b
u
lk
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
lu
m
e
n
o
u
t
p
u
t a
s
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
an
d
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
g
r
ee
n
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
an
d
r
e
d
Z
n
S:
Sn
2+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
o
n
C
R
I
,
C
QS,
an
d
lu
m
en
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
d
o
u
b
le
-
lay
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
o
d
els
ar
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
ap
er
.
B
y
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
th
e
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
th
eo
r
y
in
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
with
th
e
L
am
b
er
t
-
B
ee
r
r
u
le,
th
is
ar
ticle
h
as su
cc
ess
f
u
lly
ass
u
r
ed
th
at
th
e
r
ig
h
t
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
ater
ial
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
co
l
o
r
q
u
ality
is
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
,
wh
ile
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
i
s
th
e
s
u
itab
le
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
th
e
b
etter
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
tr
u
e
f
o
r
th
e
W
L
E
Ds
h
av
in
g
eith
er
lo
w
o
r
h
ig
h
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
es,
esp
ec
ially
th
e
o
n
e
with
c
o
lo
r
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
h
ig
h
er
th
an
8
5
0
0
K.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
ac
c
o
m
p
lis
h
ed
its
o
b
jectiv
e,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
w
h
ite
lig
h
t
co
lo
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
wh
ich
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
if
f
icu
lt
task
s
f
o
r
r
em
o
te
-
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
till
h
as
a
s
m
all
d
r
awb
ac
k
t
o
th
e
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
.
W
h
en
in
cr
ea
s
ed
c
o
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
s
o
f
Y
2
O
2
S:Tb
3+
o
r
Z
n
S:S
n
2+
ar
e
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e,
th
e
in
f
e
r
io
r
co
l
o
r
q
u
ality
o
r
lu
m
en
ef
f
icac
y
ca
n
b
e
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
,
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
in
W
L
E
D
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
is
to
d
eter
m
in
e
an
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
ater
ials
.
An
d
th
e
ar
ticle
h
as
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
m
u
ch
im
p
o
r
tan
t in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
in
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
b
ett
er
q
u
ality
W
L
E
Ds.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
G
.
He
,
L
.
Zh
e
n
g
,
“
A
m
o
d
e
l
fo
r
LE
D
sp
e
c
tra
a
t
d
iffere
n
t
d
ri
v
e
c
u
rre
n
ts
,”
Ch
in
e
se
Op
ti
c
s
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
11
,
pp.
1
0
9
0
-
1
0
9
4
,
2
0
1
0
.
[
2
]
Ya
n
ru
Ta
n
g
Y
.
R
.
,
S
h
e
n
g
m
in
g
Zh
o
u
S
.
M
.
,
Ch
o
n
g
C
h
e
n
C
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Co
m
p
o
site
p
h
a
se
c
e
ra
m
ic
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
o
f
Al2
O3
-
Ce
:YAG
fo
r
h
ig
h
e
fficie
n
c
y
li
g
h
t
e
m
it
ti
n
g
,”
O
p
ti
c
s E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
23
,
n
o
.
14
,
p
p
.
1
7
9
2
3
-
1
7
9
2
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
[
3
]
P
e
n
g
Y
.
,
Li
R
.
X
.
,
G
u
o
X
.
,
Zh
e
n
g
H
.
,
C
h
e
n
M
.
X.
,
“
Op
ti
c
a
l
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
imp
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
-
in
-
g
las
s
b
a
se
d
wh
it
e
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
i
o
d
e
s
th
ro
u
g
h
o
p
t
imiz
e
d
p
a
c
k
a
g
in
g
str
u
c
tu
re
,”
A
p
p
l
ied
O
p
ti
c
s
,
v
o
l.
55
,
n
o
.
29
,
pp.
8
1
8
9
-
8
1
9
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[
4
]
Wan
g
Q
.
,
Li
T
.
,
He
Q
.
H.
,
“
Dim
m
a
b
le
a
n
d
Co
st
-
Eff
e
c
ti
v
e
DC
Dr
iv
in
g
Tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
fo
r
F
l
ick
e
r
M
it
i
g
a
ti
o
n
in
L
ED
Li
g
h
t
in
g
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Disp
l
a
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
10
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
7
6
6
-
7
7
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
5
]
Li
n
H
.
T
.
,
Ti
e
n
C
.
H
.
,
Hs
u
C
.
P
.
,
Ho
rn
g
R
.
H.
,
“
Wh
it
e
th
i
n
-
fil
m
fli
p
-
c
h
ip
LE
Ds
with
u
n
if
o
rm
c
o
lo
r
t
e
m
p
e
ra
tu
re
u
sin
g
las
e
r
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