TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol.14, No
.4, Dece
mbe
r
2016, pp. 12
28~123
4
ISSN: 1693-6
930,
accredited
A
by DIKTI, De
cree No: 58/DIK
T
I/Kep/2013
DOI
:
10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v14i4.3792
1228
Re
cei
v
ed
Jun
e
29, 2016; Revi
sed Aug
u
st
30, 2016; Accepted Sept
em
ber 14, 20
16
Analysis of Transmission Lightning Arrester Locations
Using Tflash
M. I. Jambak
1
,
Z
.
N
a
wa
wi
2
, R.F. Kurnia
3
, Z. Buntat*
4
M. A. B. Sidik*
5
, Y. Z.
Arief
6
,
A. A. Wah
a
b
7
, Z. Ramli
8
,
M. E. Raml
y
9
1, 2,
3,5
Department of Electrical
Engi
neer
in
g,
F
a
cult
y of Engi
n
eeri
ng, Univ
er
s
i
tas Sri
w
ij
a
y
a,
306
62 Indr
ala
y
a,
Ogan Ilir, Sout
h Sumatra, Ind
ones
ia
4,5,
6
Institute of
High V
o
ltag
e a
nd Hi
gh Curr
en
t
(IVAT
)
, F
a
culty of Electric
al
Engi
neer
in
g
Univers
i
ti T
e
knolo
g
i Mal
a
ysia,
8131
0 UT
M Johor Ba
hru, Jo
hor, Mala
ys
ia
7,8,
9
T
enaga N
a
sion
al Berh
ad,
Mala
ysi
a
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
authors, e-m
a
il: zolk
afle@fk
e
.utm.m
y
4
, abu
bakar@
unsr
i
.a
c.id
5
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
r
opical
co
unt
ries w
i
th
exte
nsive
li
ghtni
ng
activity, suc
h
as M
a
lays
ia,
enc
ount
er n
u
mero
us
problem
s
on
their el
ectrical trans
m
i
ssion
and distribution system
s.
Many
over
head lines
trip because
of
back flashover
of lightning
and shie
lding f
a
ilures
of the gr
ounding syst
em
.
To ov
ercome
the pr
oblem
and
improve tra
n
s
m
iss
i
on
lin
e p
e
r
forma
n
ce, a
d
e
tail
ed l
i
ght
ni
n
g
study is re
qu
ired to
ana
lyse
the corres
pon
din
g
lines
a
nd
deter
mi
ne th
e b
e
st l
o
catio
n
for tra
n
smissio
n
l
i
n
e
arrester (T
LA)
install
a
tio
n
. W
e
use
d
T
F
l
ash
to
ana
lyse a TL
A install
a
tio
n
on a
132-kV
SSWW-BBST
overh
ead tra
n
s
miss
ion
lin
e
system l
o
cate
d in
Sela
ngor, Mal
a
ysia. Base
d on the resu
lts, the install
a
tio
n
of the T
L
A at the opti
m
u
m
qu
antity an
d at
appr
opri
a
te to
w
e
rs have red
u
ced t
he
nu
mb
er of lines that
trip.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
overh
ead
tran
smiss
i
on
l
i
ne,
trans
miss
ion
li
ght
ni
ng
arr
e
ster, li
ne
pe
rforma
nce, lig
htni
n
g
protectio
n
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2016 Un
ive
r
sita
s Ah
mad
Dah
l
an
. All rig
h
t
s r
ese
rved
.
1. Introduc
tion
Tropi
cal
coun
tries l
o
cated
along
the e
q
u
a
tori
al
belt h
a
v
e high
atmo
sph
e
ri
c h
u
mi
dity and
sola
r heatin
g
.
These cond
itions lead to
the devel
op
ment of cum
u
lonimb
us
cl
oud
s, espe
ci
ally
durin
g the we
t season. Cu
mulonim
b
u
s
clou
ds o
r
thu
nderclo
u
d
s
are typical clo
u
d
s that produ
ce
lightning eve
n
ts. In additi
on to its sp
e
c
tacu
lar and
fascin
a
ting meteorologi
cal
phen
omen
on,
lightning
can
cau
s
e fatalitie
s and d
a
mag
e
to equipme
n
t and device
s
[1, 2].
Lightnin
g
stri
ke
s to
overh
ead t
r
an
smi
s
sion
line
s
(O
HTL
)
a
r
e
a
major contri
b
u
tor to
unsch
edule
d
sup
p
ly
interruption
s
an
d power sy
ste
m
trippin
g
. Strike
s have
caused exten
s
ive
damag
e to el
ectri
c
al e
quip
m
ent of the T
enag
a Na
sio
nal Berh
ad
(TNB) p
o
wer
system [3], a
nd it
is e
s
timated
that abo
ut 50–
60% of
trippin
g
of
the T
N
B’s po
wer sy
stem, espe
cial
ly of
transmissio
n
and di
strib
u
tion net
works, has
been
ca
u
s
ed
by lightni
ng [4]. In ord
e
r to re
du
ce t
h
is
numbe
r, T
N
B
ha
s be
en
co
ndu
cting n
u
m
e
rou
s
studi
es
to en
su
re th
e reli
ability a
nd
su
stainabi
lity
of the ele
c
tri
c
al p
o
wer
su
pply [5]. Several m
e
thod
s have be
en
prop
osed to
kee
p
failure rates
low a
nd to
avoid dam
ag
e and di
stu
r
ban
ce to the
OHTL
syst
em. The
s
e
method
s in
cl
ude
improvin
g tower fo
oting resi
stan
ce, in
stalling e
a
rth
wire
s, an
d tran
smi
ssi
on l
i
ghtning a
r
re
ste
r
(TLA) ins
t
allation [6-8].
Based
on reports
of various electri
c
al
utilities,
TLA installation at
OHTL towers is the
most efficie
n
t method com
pare
d
to othe
r method
s for improving
O
H
TL p
e
rfo
r
m
ance. Ho
wev
e
r,
due to e
c
on
omic
con
s
id
e
r
ation
s
, insta
llation of
a
TLA at every cond
ucto
r
of an OHTL
is
impra
c
tical. This pap
er p
r
e
s
ent
s an anal
ysis of
OHT
L
perform
an
ce
and a determination of TLA
optimum q
u
a
n
tity applied
at the 132
-kV Sungai
Se
menyih Wate
r Wo
rks to
wa
rds B
and
ar B
a
ru
Salak
Tinggi (SSWT-BBST).
2. Descrip
tio
n
of the Ov
erhead Line
s of the 1
3
2
-
k
V
SSWT-BBST
The 132-k
V
SSSW-BBST
OHTL s
y
s
t
em
is
loc
a
te
d in Selangor,
Malays
ia.
It cons
is
ts of
55 towe
rs that are mo
stly located in hil
l
y terra
in an
d
that have a doubl
e circuit
of 132 kV ra
ted
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Analysis of T
r
ansm
i
ssion Li
ghtning Arre
ster
Location
s
Usi
ng Tflash (M. I. Jam
bak)
1229
voltage. Com
m
issi
one
d on
14 Augu
st 2
007 for
Line 1
and on
1
5
August
2
007 for
Line 2,
th
e
pha
se condu
ctors used fo
r the OHT
L
a
r
e 2 × 30
0 mmsq alu
m
iniu
m cond
ucto
r
steel-rei
nforced
(ACSR Bata
n
g
) with a rout
e lengt
h of ap
proximately 1
4
.7 km.
a) Geo
g
raphi
cal profile
All tower lo
ca
tions
were pl
otted on G
o
o
g
le Earth to
deline
a
te the
OHT
L
end to
end, a
s
sho
w
n in Fig
u
re 1. The to
wers were given name
s
by usin
g T followed by contin
u
ous n
u
mbe
r
s.
Figure 1. Tower location
s
Figure 2
sho
w
s the li
ne
end-to
-e
nd t
e
rrain.
To
we
r T3
8A i
s
lo
cated
at the
high
est
elevation (1
4
3
m), while to
wers T2
1 and
T22 ar
e in
sta
lled at the lowest elevation
s
(14 m).
Figure 2. Tower elevation
s
b) Trip
ping
re
cords
Acco
rdi
ng to
the trippin
g
d
a
taba
se
Cent
ra
lized T
r
ippi
ng Inform
atio
n System (CTIS), a
total of nin
e
trips o
c
curre
d
from
20
07
until 20
11. T
h
is i
n
cl
ude
s
one
dou
ble-circuit
trippi
ng
in
2008
and two dou
ble-circuit trips in
20
10. Table
1
p
r
esents th
e d
e
tailed hi
story of trips for
the
132-kV SSWW-BBST.
Table 1. Tripping hi
story of the 132-kV SSWW-BBST
No. Date
Time
Circuit
Remarks
1
22/4/2011
16:37
L2
Line tripped - b
o
t
t
om phase
2
28/5/2010
16:47
L1
Line tripped - b
o
t
t
om phase
3
28/5/2010
16:47
L2
Line tripped - b
o
t
t
om phase
4
10/5/2010
17:45
L1
Line tripped - b
o
t
t
om phase
5
10/5/2010
17:45
L2
Line tripped - b
o
t
t
om phase
6
22/2/2010
19:31
L1
Line tripped - b
o
t
t
om phase
7
11/12/2008
17:09
L1
Line tripped - b
o
t
t
om phase
8
11/12/2008
17:09
L2
Line tripped - b
o
t
t
om phase
9 7/10/2007
17:23
L1
Line tripped due
to lightning
on distance prote
c
tion
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 14, No. 4, Dece
mb
er 201
6 : 1228 – 123
4
1230
3. Method
To dete
r
min
e
wheth
e
r
a transmi
ssion
line sy
st
em
re
quire
s
an im
provem
ent in
term
s of
perfo
rman
ce,
a lig
htning
p
e
rform
a
n
c
e
tripping
rate
h
a
s to
be
cal
c
ulated. Li
ghtn
ing p
e
rfo
r
ma
nce
is a
mea
s
u
r
e
of the lig
htn
i
ng-relate
d
flash
o
ver
fo
r
a tran
smi
s
sio
n
line. Ba
ck
flashove
r
(BF),
whi
c
h can o
c
cur
whe
n
lightning
stri
ke
s the g
r
ou
nd
wire
s o
r
to
wers, an
d sh
ielding fla
s
ho
ver,
whi
c
h o
c
curs when lig
htni
ng stri
ke
s th
e pha
se co
n
ducto
rs
and
excee
d
s the
voltage of the the
insul
a
tion
strength, are th
e types of fl
ash
o
vers
tha
t
occur
along
tran
smissio
n
lines. Fo
r th
is
study, the line perfo
rman
ce tripping
rate
was
cal
c
ulat
ed as:
100
/
,
(
1
)
Whe
r
e li
ghtni
ng pe
rforman
c
e
(
LP
) i
s
th
e trippi
ng (
T
) numb
e
r divi
ded by the
p
e
riod
of
s
e
r
v
ic
e year
s (
S
) and len
g
th of the lines
(
l
) in k
i
lometres
.
If the
LP
is l
e
ss than
1.8
2
trips pe
r 10
0 km
per
ye
a
r
, a lightnin
g
study is
not required.
Ho
wever,
if it
is m
o
re
than
1.82
the
n
a
study is ne
ce
ssary. From t
h
e
cal
c
ul
ation, t
he tri
p
ping
rate
for the 132
-kV SSWW-BB
ST line wa
s 1
6
.602 trip
s pe
r 100 km per
year.
The tower m
odel was d
e
velope
d usi
ng
TFlas
h software. All data
obtaine
d and
gathered
from the TNB
databa
se we
re tran
slate
d
into par
amet
ers fo
r the T
F
lash
software simul
a
tion. To
develop the
model an
d ru
n the simulati
on, the re
qui
r
ed data we
re
tower type, tower im
peda
n
c
e,
tower footin
g resi
stan
ce, in
stalled in
sulat
o
r,
circuit a
ssi
gnment an
d lightning fla
s
h
den
sity.
The si
mulatio
n
wa
s first ru
n before the
TLA
wa
s in
st
alled. When
dubio
u
s
re
sul
t
s we
re
obtaine
d, the
entered d
a
ta we
re
ch
ecked. Whe
n
t
he
relevant
data ha
d b
e
en obtai
ned,
the
locatio
n
and
quantity of the TLA wa
s d
e
termin
ed.
The re
sea
r
ch
methodol
ogy flowchart is
shown
in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Re
search meth
od
ology flowcha
r
t
4. Results a
nd Discu
ssi
on
In Figure
4, the firs
t
s
i
mulation of the 132-
k
V
SS
WW-BBST
without an ins
t
alled TLA
is
sho
w
n.
Figure 4. TFlash
simulatio
n
results (wit
hout TLA)
START
D
a
ta
co
llectio
n
at
se
lect
ed tr
a
n
sm
iss
i
on line
Ca
lcula
t
e line
pe
rf
orm
a
nce
No ligh
t
nin
g
st
ud
y
re
qu
i
r
ed
M
o
d
e
ling
to
wer
us
i
n
g TF
l
a
s
h
Simu
la
t
i
o
n
pr
oc
essin
g
u
s
in
g
TF
l
a
s
h
R
e
s
u
l
t
ev
a
l
ua
t
i
on
Re
sult eva
l
ua
tion
Re-
c
h
e
ck dat
a
en
te
r
e
d
I
r
re
l
e
v
a
nt
re
s
u
l
t
Qu
an
tity an
d
lo
cat
i
o
n
to
in
sta
ll
TL
A
gi
v
e
n
P
l
ac
em
en
t of
T
L
A
END
>1
.82
tr
ipp
i
ng
per
100
km
pe
r
yea
r
<
1
.8
2 t
r
ip
ping
p
e
r
10
0k
m per
ye
ar
A
fter
T
L
A
insta
llatio
n
Be
f
o
r
e
TL
A
in
sta
llatio
n
Lin
e
p
e
r
f
or
ma
nc
e
(
B
a
ck f
l
ash
o
ve
r
)
valu
e in
cr
eas
e
Lin
e
per
fo
rm
an
ce
(
B
ack flas
hov
er
)
valu
e r
e
d
u
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Analysis of T
r
ansm
i
ssion Li
ghtning Arre
ster
Location
s
Usi
ng Tflash (M. I. Jam
bak)
1231
Based
on th
e simul
a
tion
without the T
L
A, ther
e we
re 69
dire
ct li
ghtning
stri
ke
s to the
132-kV SS
WW-BBST lines per year. B
y
norm
aliz
ing the value per 100
km, 478 flashovers
per
100 km p
e
r y
ear were foun
d to occur.
The resulting
data for BF
s sho
w
ed th
at there
wa
s 0.
647
strike pe
r year, which
is equ
al
to one
st
rike
every
1.55
years.
TFla
s
h softwa
r
e
was
sp
ecifi
c
all
y
desi
g
ne
d t
o
ha
ndle
the
BF
issue. The ov
erall o
c
curren
ce of BFs at each towe
r is sho
w
n in Fig
u
re 5.
Figure 5. BF occurre
n
ce at the towers
From th
e d
a
ta, towe
rs 7,
35, 40, 4
1
a
n
d
45
expe
rie
n
ce
d mo
re th
an 0.0
2
BF p
e
r yea
r
.
This
rate
wo
uld de
crea
se
to belo
w
0.0
2
BF pe
r ye
ar, whi
c
h
wo
uld imp
r
ove t
r
an
smi
ssi
on l
i
ne
perfo
rman
ce,
by installing
a TLA.
To cal
c
ulate t
he rate of ba
ckflash, the P
hase Fla
s
h
o
ve
r Rep
o
rt (PF
R
) was exa
m
ined, as
pre
s
ente
d
in
Figure 6. ‘Ci
r
cuit 1–Ph
a
se
C’ and ‘
C
i
r
cui
t
2–Phase A’ have high
er
rates of BF th
an
other
circuits.
These data
were u
s
ed to
determi
ne wh
ich ph
ase in the towe
r wou
l
d be equi
ppe
d
with the TLA.
Figure 6. Phase flashover
report
Another
simul
a
tion (first sta
ge)
wa
s then
run
with an in
stalled T
L
A, and the ba
seli
ne and
first-stage
re
sults we
re co
mpared (Fi
g
u
r
e 7).
Figure 7. Co
mpari
s
o
n
of the first sta
ge
and befo
r
e th
e TLA installa
tion
Wi
t
h
o
u
t
A
rre
st
e
r
0
0.
0
2
0.
0
4
0.
0
6
0.
0
8
0.
1
0.
1
2
0.
1
4
1
6
11
16
21
26
3
1
36
41
46
51
To
w
e
r
B
a
c
k
f
l
as
h
o
v
e
r
/
y
e
ar
Wi
t
h
o
u
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 14, No. 4, Dece
mb
er 201
6 : 1228 – 123
4
1232
From
the fi
rst
-
stage
simul
a
tion, the BF
per ye
ar rate f
o
r tower
35
a
nd tower 40
were
still
above the target rate. Therefore,
the PFR from the first-stage si
mu
lation (Figu
r
e
8) was
referred
to in order to
identify other pha
se
s that requi
r
ed a
TLA installati
on. As sho
w
n in the repo
rt,
‘Circuit 1
–
Ph
ase
B’ an
d ‘
C
ircuit 2
–
Pha
s
e B’
have
hi
gher rat
e
s
of BFs. Th
er
efore, fou
r
u
n
its o
f
TLAs a
r
e re
q
u
ired fo
r Tower 35 an
d To
wer 4
0
.
Figure 8. First-stage Ph
ase Flash
o
ver
Rep
o
rt
Subse
que
ntly, another
sim
u
lation was
carri
ed
out
(seco
nd st
age
) in ord
e
r to
observe
transmissio
n line
pe
rforma
nce. Re
sult
s of
BF
pe
r
yea
r
for
t
h
e se
co
nd stage sh
o
w
ed
that
To
wer
39 was still
above the
ta
rget rate (Fi
gure
9). T
h
e
PFR
(Figu
r
e 10
) was then exa
m
ine
d
to
determi
ne an
other lo
cation
for the TLA.
Figure 9. Co
mpari
s
o
n
of first and
se
co
nd stag
es of
TLA installati
on
Figure 10. Secon
d
-stage P
hase Flashov
er Re
po
rt
From th
e PF
R of the
se
co
nd sta
ge, the
other T
L
A uni
ts nee
ded to
be in
stalled i
n
‘Ci
r
cuit
1–Pha
se B’ a
nd ‘Circuit 2–
Phase B’ of T
o
we
r 39.
0
0.0
2
0.0
4
0.0
6
0.0
8
0.
1
0.1
2
0.1
4
1
6
1
1
16
21
2
6
31
3
6
41
4
6
51
Tow
e
r
Ba
c
k
f
l
a
s
o
v
e
r
/
y
e
a
r
1s
t
st
a
g
e
in
s
t
a
l
led
TL
A
St
a
g
e
2
wi
t
h
ad
di
t
i
on
al
TL
A
Bac
kfl
ash
ov
er
/
yea
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Analysis of T
r
ansm
i
ssion Li
ghtning Arre
ster
Location
s
Usi
ng Tflash (M. I. Jam
bak)
1233
The third
sta
ge of the BF per yea
r
rate
(Figu
r
e 11
)
provide
d
an
accepta
b
le re
sult after
the installatio
n
of two units of TLA in Tower
3
9
, and the overall ta
rget (belo
w
0.
02 BF/year)
wa
s
achi
eved.
Figure 11. Co
mpari
s
o
n
of seco
nd an
d third stag
es of T
L
A installatio
n
Table 2. Re
q
u
ired n
u
mb
er of installed T
L
As
Circuit 1
Circuit 2
A B C
C B A
1 2
3
4
5 6
0 3
5
0
3 5
To
summ
ari
z
e the
entire
process, a
comp
ar
i
s
o
n
of BF p
e
r year befo
r
e
a
nd afte
r
installatio
n
of
TLAs i
s
sho
w
n in Fig
u
re
12
. In to
tal, 16 u
n
its of TLA
s
were requi
red
for the 1
32-kV
SSWW-BBST OHTL
(Table 2). Figu
res
12 and 13 s
h
ow the final res
u
lts
from this
s
i
mulation
before a
nd af
ter the third st
age of TLA in
stallation.
Figure 12. Co
mpari
s
o
n
of BF per year b
e
fore an
d after third
-
sta
g
e
TLA installati
on
As p
r
e
s
ente
d
in Fig
u
re 13,
the BF
rate
d
e
crea
sed
to 0
.
367/year,
wh
ich i
s
equal
to on
e BF
eve
r
y
2.72 years. At the same time, the tota
l flash
o
ver rate decrea
s
e
d
to 0.372.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 14, No. 4, Dece
mb
er 201
6 : 1228 – 123
4
1234
Figure 13. Lin
e
flashove
r
re
port after TLA
installation
5. Conclusio
n
An analy
s
is
of OHTL perf
ormance of t
he
132-kV S
S
WT-BBST
was accompl
i
shed by
usin
g TFla
s
h
software. F
r
om the
simu
lation, t
he lo
cation
and
q
uantity of TL
As requi
red
to
improve the t
r
an
smi
ssi
on l
i
nes
we
re ob
tained. Ba
se
d on the results, the BF wa
s su
cce
ssf
ully
redu
ce
d by approxim
ately 56.7%.
Ackn
o
w
l
e
dg
ements
The authors thank Univ
ers
i
ti Teknologi Ma
lay
s
ia for the financ
ial
s
u
pport provided
throug
hout
th
e pe
riod
of th
is
re
sea
r
ch a
nd M
r
. Zul
h
il
mi Ramli a
n
d
Mr. M
ohd
Erwan
Ramly from
Tenag
a Na
si
onal Berhad f
o
r the data p
r
ovided.
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ces
[1]
Z
Na
w
a
w
i
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e
a
d
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i
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P/EMT
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e tec
hni
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ues.
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urn
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heor
etical
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ied
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e
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ase trans
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[6]
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los. A
n
o
p
timal
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e
si
gn m
e
tho
d
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in
g th
e
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nin
g
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m
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l
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i
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ste
r
s on 69/13
8
kV do
ubl
e circ
uit trans
miss
io
n li
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