TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol.14, No
.1, March 2
0
1
6
, pp. 14~2
0
ISSN: 1693-6
930,
accredited
A
by DIKTI, De
cree No: 58/DIK
T
I/Kep/2013
DOI
:
10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v14i1.1356
14
Re
cei
v
ed
No
vem
ber 7, 20
15; Re
vised
Febr
uary 2, 2
016; Accepte
d
February 1
4
, 2016
A Simple Checking Algorithm with Perturb and Observe
Maximu
m Power Point Trackin
g
for Partially Shaded
Photovoltaic System
Ro
zana Alik*
1
, A
w
a
n
g Ju
soh
2
, Tole Sutikno
3
1,2
Department of Electrical Po
w
e
r, F
a
cult
y
of Electr
ical E
ngi
neer
ing, Un
iver
siti T
e
knologi
Mala
ysi
a
813
10 Sku
dai,
Johor, Mal
a
ysi
a
3
Departme
n
t of Electrical En
gi
neer
ing, F
a
cult
y of
Industri
a
l
T
e
chnolog
y, U
n
iversit
a
s Ahm
ad Da
hla
n
,
Yog
y
ak
arta 55
164, Ind
ones
ia
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: rozana
26@
li
ve.utm.m
y
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
h
is pap
er pr
esents a si
mp
le check
i
n
g
al
gorit
hm
for
maxim
u
m
power point tracking (MPPT)
techni
qu
e for
Photovo
l
taic (P
V) system
usin
g Perturb
an
d
Observe (P&O
) alg
o
rith
m. Th
e mai
n
b
enefit
of
this checki
ng
alg
o
rith
m is th
e simplic
ity an
d effi
ciency
of the system w
h
ose duty cycl
e
produc
ed by t
he
MPPT
is smo
o
ther a
nd ch
an
g
e
s faster accor
d
in
g to
maxi
mum
pow
er p
o
in
t (MPP). T
h
is checki
ng a
l
g
o
rit
h
m
can deter
min
e
the max
i
mu
m pow
er firs
t before the P&O alg
o
rith
m take
s pl
ace to id
e
n
tify the voltag
e at
MPP (V
MP
P
),
which is n
e
e
d
e
d
to calcul
ate the duty cycle fo
r
the boost co
n
v
erter. To test
the effectiven
e
ss
of the algorit
h
m
, a simulati
o
n
mo
del of PV
syst
em has b
een carri
ed o
u
t
using MATLAB/Simu
li
nk under
different lev
e
l
of irradi
ation; o
r
in
other w
o
rd
s partial
ly sha
d
ed con
d
iti
on of
PV array. T
he results from t
he
system us
in
g the pr
opos
ed
a
ppro
a
ch pr
ove
to have f
a
st
er
respo
n
se
and
low
ripp
le. Be
sides, the r
e
su
lts
are close to the desired outputs an
d ex
hibit
an
approximatel
y 98.25% of
the system
ef
ficiency. On the
other ha
nd, the
system w
i
th conve
n
tio
nal P&
O MPPT
seems to be unstabl
e and h
a
s hi
gh
er perce
ntag
e of
error. In summary, the propos
ed metho
d
is useful un
der
var
y
ing lev
e
l of irr
adi
ation w
i
th hi
gher effici
ency
of
the system
.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
max
i
mu
m
po
w
e
r poi
nt tra
cking,
pertur
b
an
d
observ
e
a
l
gor
ith
m
,
solar
en
ergy,
sol
a
r
photov
olta
ic, checki
ng al
gor
ithm
Copy
right
©
2016 Un
ive
r
sita
s Ah
mad
Dah
l
an
. All rig
h
t
s r
ese
rved
.
1. Introduc
tion
Develo
pment
of alternative
ene
rgy i
s
rap
i
dly gro
w
in
g a
r
oun
d the
world. Beca
use o
f
the
increa
se in
u
s
ag
e of natu
r
al ene
rgy, the wo
rl
d fa
ce
s probl
ems
of depletio
n of natural
so
urces
su
ch
as pet
ro
leum
and
coa
l
. Therefore,
many effo
rt
s
are
bein
g
m
a
de in
findin
g
t
he m
o
st
suita
b
le
and be
st way
of preservi
ng
the natural source.
Most re
sea
r
chers nowada
ys
focus
on
upgradi
n
g
th
e efficie
n
cy
of the
sola
r
power
conve
r
si
on, l
o
we
ring
the
cost of
photov
oltaic
(PV)
sy
stem
s, a
s
wel
l
as imp
r
ovin
g the
relia
bility of
the PV systems. The ef
ficien
cy of solar cells
ca
n be affecte
d
by many factors
such as
temperature,
insol
a
tion,
spe
c
tral
cha
r
acte
ri
stics o
f
sunlig
ht, PV array’
s
degradatio
n
and
s
h
adow [1].
Maximum po
wer point tra
cki
ng
(MPPT
) techniqu
e i
s
on
e of the
method
s u
s
ed to
increa
se the
efficien
cy of the
PV syste
m
s, wh
ere it
function
s to e
x
tract the ma
ximum availa
ble
power from the PV arrays so that the
system
s ca
n operate at optimum conditi
on. There h
a
v
e
been m
o
re t
han 19 di
stin
ct MPPT techniqu
es in
tro
duced by re
sea
r
che
r
s [2]
.
Refere
nce [3]
stated th
at fixed d
u
ty cycl
e
is th
e e
a
sie
s
t offline
meth
od that
ca
n b
e
u
s
ed
a
s
it d
oes not
req
u
i
r
e
any feed
ba
ck implem
entati
on. However,
if ther
e a
r
e
chang
es in th
e
ope
rating
en
vironme
n
t, the
efficiency will be low.
Re
sea
r
che
r
s
have sugge
st
ed Fractio
nal
Shor
t Ci
rcuit Curre
n
t (SCC) a
nd F
r
a
c
tional
Open
Ci
rcuit Voltage (OCV) as the imp
r
oveme
n
t of
the fixed duty
cycle [4,
5]. In these meth
ods,
the Max
i
mu
m Pow
e
r P
o
int (MPP)
cu
rre
nt, I
MP
P
and Maxim
u
m
Powe
r Poi
n
t Voltage
(M
PP)
voltage, V
MP
P
are fou
nd
b
y
cal
c
ulatin
g
the p
r
odu
ct
o
f
sho
r
t
cir
c
uit
cu
rr
ent
wit
h
k
1
(0.78 < k1<
0.9)
and
op
e
n
ci
rcuit volta
ge
with
k
2
(0.
71 <
k
2
<
0.7
8
), respe
c
tively. The MPP
values of th
e
s
e
method
s are, however, less accurate
b
e
cause they are
only approxi
m
ated.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
A Sim
p
le Checki
ng Algo
rith
m
with Perturb and Ob
se
rve Maxim
u
m
Powe
r Point…
(Ro
z
a
na Alik)
15
In the m
eanti
m
e, some
re
sea
r
che
r
s su
gge
st
the use
of som
e
so
ft
comp
uting based
method
su
ch
as Artificial
Neu
r
al
Net
w
ork (A
NN)
an
d Fu
zzy Lo
gic
Cont
rol
(FL
C
) [6-9]. T
h
e
s
e
method
s ca
n
assure a g
ood pe
rform
ance and
can perfo
rm
well in vario
u
s atmo
sph
e
r
ic
con
d
ition, b
e
sid
e
s n
o
t requi
ring
accurate
m
a
thematical modellin
g. Neverth
e
le
ss,
the
effectivene
ss of the
s
e
m
e
thod
s d
epe
nds on
the
use
r
kn
owle
dge.
T
he users
mu
st ha
ve
backg
rou
nd kno
w
le
dge a
bout
PV
a
r
rays study
t
o
get
optimi
z
ation
u
s
e.
Particle
Swa
r
m
Optimizatio
n
(PSO
) i
s
a
n
adva
n
ce t
e
ch
niqu
e u
s
ed by
re
se
a
r
ch
es [10
-
12
]. It gives g
r
eat
perfo
rman
ce
in any
con
d
ition compa
r
ed to th
e ot
hers b
u
t the
method i
s
t
oo complex
and
expen
sive for domesti
c use.
The mo
st co
mmon a
ppro
a
ch to fin
d
M
PP is usi
ng P
e
rturb & Ob
serve (P&O
) al
gorithm
[13-19]. The t
e
ch
niqu
e is si
mple and
req
u
ire
s
lo
w
co
st for implemen
tation. The method op
erat
e
s
by detecting the output po
wer of
the PV array. P&O operates
stag
e by stage for pertu
rbin
g and
comp
ares th
e
output po
we
r by applyin
g
the pertu
rbe
d
voltage to
cha
nge the
o
peratin
g volta
g
e
of the PV array. However,
the co
nventi
onal P&O
M
PPT has lot
s
of flaws, e
s
p
e
cially
when
the
sun i
r
radiatio
n is
not unifo
rm. Thi
s
cau
s
e
s
ineffi
ci
en
cy of the PV
system.
Nev
e
rtheless, in
this
resea
r
ch, P&O algo
rithm
has b
een
used as th
e
M
PPT of the system, with some adj
ustm
ents
made to incre
a
se the effici
ency, as
will be elab
orate
d
in the next section.
2. Partial Shading Condition
Partial shadin
g
co
ndition i
s
one of the
crucial
i
s
sue
s
i
n
PV system
s. The irradia
n
c
e level
become
s
in
consi
s
tent wh
en pa
rt of the sun
ray is
being bl
ocke
d by the clou
d, trees
or n
earby
building
s
[2
0-24]. The
sh
a
ded
cell
s m
a
y get reve
rsed bi
as; p
r
o
duci
ng hi
gh
resi
stan
ce
wh
ich
con
s
um
es m
o
re po
we
r an
d con
s
e
que
ntly reduces th
e load current
, I
L
.
In addition, this co
ndition
would exhibit
multiple local MPP and cau
s
e no
nline
a
rit
y
to the
PV curve. Th
e conve
n
tion
al P&O MPPT woul
d
und
ergo
som
e
confusi
on to track the true
MPP
for the PV system to op
e
r
ate at o
p
tim
u
m condition.
Figure 1
sh
ows mo
re d
e
s
cription
on t
he
partial shadi
n
g
con
d
ition.
Figure 1. PV
curve u
nde
r u
n
ifor
m an
d no
n-unifo
rm irra
diation
The n
o
rm
al o
peratio
n of P
&
O MPPT is
pertu
rb
in
g to
the next volta
ge b
a
sed o
n
the la
st
sign
of in
cre
m
ent of
po
we
r u
n
til the
MPP is
re
ac
hed. In
the other word
s,
a
s
th
e p
o
we
r
i
n
crea
ses,
the next perturb voltage will incre
a
se.
Once the
po
wer d
e
crea
se
s, the perturb
voltage will start
to
de
crea
se. For no
rmal condition,
th
e
t
r
ackin
g
pro
c
e
s
s would
not
have a
n
y p
r
o
b
lem
sin
c
e
th
ere
is only o
ne p
eak, a
s
sho
w
n in the figu
re. Ho
wever,
f
o
r the va
ryin
g level of irra
diation, the P
&
O
MPPT wo
uld
most p
r
ob
abl
y be tra
pped
at the first M
PP, which
is
arou
nd
12V,
due to th
e b
a
s
ic
operation of the P&O MPPT.
Lots
of re
se
arche
r
s have
contri
bute
d
in
modifying the
co
nventional
P&O MPPT
so th
at it
can be
u
s
e
d
in
partially sh
aded
PV syst
em.
Refe
re
n
c
e [13] de
sign
ed a
scheme
that is abl
e to
improve th
e p
e
rform
a
n
c
e o
f
P&O MPPT by elimi
natin
g the ste
ady
state
o
scill
ation an
d avoidi
ng
the divergen
ce of the
algo
rithm fro
m
th
e MPP
lo
cus with b
u
ck-bo
o
st
conve
r
ter as th
e
DC-DC
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2
016 : 14 – 20
16
conve
r
ter. Re
feren
c
e [24]
prop
osed a d
r
ift free
P&O MPPT using
dire
ct ratio
control te
chni
q
ue
with SEPIC converter on the system
. T
here i
s
also an innovative idea from ref
e
rence [6] whi
c
h
inclu
d
e
s
a ch
ecking alg
o
rit
h
m to search
the real
MPP. The propo
sed
system consi
s
ts of a PV
array an
d g
r
i
d
-conn
ecte
d
PV inverter.
In sho
r
t, the
b
a
si
c id
ea
of t
hese th
ree
m
e
thod
s i
s
to
use
an extra che
cki
ng co
nditio
n
in the traditional P&O
algorithm to improve the pe
rforman
c
e of the
MPPT. The
conve
n
tional
P&O MPPT
woul
d n
o
t
operate
well
unde
r
different level of
sun
irra
diation unt
il it has been
modified.
3. Proposed
Modified P&O MPPT
As mention
e
d
earli
er, pa
rtial sha
d
ing
condition
woul
d cont
ribute t
o
multiple ma
ximum
power poi
nt (MPP). The idea for the p
r
opo
se
d me
t
hod o
r
iginate
s
from the p
r
evious
works by
other re
sea
r
chers.
The differen
c
e of
the
prop
osed m
e
thod
with th
e three
previous m
ention
e
d
method
s: it was mu
ch
sim
p
ler, by which a ch
e
cki
ng
algorith
m
is
adde
d to the
P&O algo
rithm
that ca
n tra
ck the real MPP
first, a
s
p
r
e
s
ented i
n
Fig
u
re 2. Th
e p
r
op
ose
d
system
wa
s
con
nect
e
d
to the boost converte
r whi
c
h will be de
scribed in d
e
tail
in the next section.
Figure 2. Pro
posed Modifi
ed P&O MPPT with ch
ecki
ng algo
rithm
The che
cki
ng
algorith
m
is
simply comp
a
r
ing the
po
we
r, P
n
with the
previou
s
p
o
wer, P
n-
1
. If P
n-1
is larger than P
n
, the value
of
P
n-1
will be
chosen and
comp
ared again with the
next
power.
Eventually, the largest val
ue of
power
will be
chosen as the
MPP
for the algorithm.
Then, the voltage at MPP (V
MPP
) can be tracke
d easily based o
n
the tracked
global MPP by
usin
g
smalle
r
st
ep
si
ze f
o
r
bet
t
e
r a
c
cu
ra
cy
.
On
ce t
h
e
V
MPP
has b
e
e
n
tra
c
ked, the
duty cy
cle
wi
ll
(D) be calcul
ated usi
ng th
e boo
st conv
erter e
quatio
n:
D = 1
-(V
in
/ V
ou
t
)
(
1
)
In this
study,
the outp
u
t vol
t
age o
r
n
a
me
d loa
d
voltag
e, Vout was
deci
ded
to b
e
fixed
at 40V. In o
r
d
e
r to
en
sure t
he effe
ctiven
ess of
th
e bo
ost
conve
r
ter,
the
calculate
d
D
wa
s limit
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
A Sim
p
le Checki
ng Algo
rith
m
with Perturb and Ob
se
rve Maxim
u
m
Powe
r Point…
(Ro
z
a
na Alik)
17
to be
betwee
n
0.1
and
0.8
.
A simul
a
tion
usi
ng
MATL
AB/Simulink
wa
s d
one
to t
e
st the
p
r
op
o
s
ed
algorith
m
.
4. Simulink
Model of Ph
otov
oltaic Sy
stem
For
sim
u
latio
n
in thi
s
stu
d
y, the full
syste
m
con
s
iste
d
of 36
se
rie
s
solar cells,
pro
posed
MPPT algorit
hm, boo
st converte
r and
resi
stor
as
the load, as sho
w
n in F
i
gure
3. Boost
conve
r
ter wa
s
cho
s
e
n
fo
r t
he
system
du
e to it
s
simpli
city,
highe
r a
c
cura
cy and
co
st
saving. The
swit
chin
g fre
quen
cy for t
he bo
ost
con
v
erter
wa
s 3
0000
Hz while the value f
o
r ind
u
cto
r
a
n
d
cap
a
cito
r u
s
e
d
we
re 1
6
mH and 3
75µF, resp
ectively. A 1000
Ω
of resi
stor
wa
s u
s
ed
as th
e lo
ad
for the s
y
s
t
em.
Figure 3. Simulink mo
del for photovoltai
c
syste
m
Mean
while, the irra
dian
ce
was varie
d
with time, as sho
w
n in Fig
u
re 4. The values fo
r
the sola
r irra
dian
ce we
re
cho
s
en b
a
sed on the
previous
works by other re
sea
r
che
r
s. T
he
irra
dian
ce wa
s set up for the photovolta
ic system
to unde
rgo the
partial shadi
n
g
conditio
n
. The
aim of thi
s
st
udy was to v
e
rify the effi
ci
ency
of the
o
u
tput at the
l
oad
sid
e
, current, I
out
, voltage
,
V
out
, and power, P
out
under
varying level of solar i
rra
di
ation.
Figure 4. Solar Irradiation
versu
s
time
5. Results a
nd Discu
ssi
ons
This p
u
rp
ose
of this pap
er is to pre
s
e
n
t comp
ari
s
on
and di
scuss t
he re
sult
s fro
m
the
two meth
od
s
of conve
n
tion
al P&O an
d p
r
opo
se
d
che
c
king
algo
rith
m with P&O.
It is kn
own th
at
the voltage a
nd cu
rrent produ
ced by th
e sola
r mo
d
u
l
e
, as well as
the duty cycl
e need
ed by
the
boost converter, are affe
cted by the solar irradi
ation. Different l
e
vel
of irradi
ance will
cause
nonlin
earity to the PV curv
e as well as v
a
rying the M
PP.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
500
600
700
800
900
1000
G
Ti
m
e
(
s
e
c
)
F
u
l
l
_
syst
e
m
/
S
o
l
a
r
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
:
P
S
C
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ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2
016 : 14 – 20
18
Figure 5. The
result
s of D
prod
uced by two di
stinct m
e
thod
s
It can be
see
n
that the co
n
v
entional P&
O MPPT
pro
d
u
ce
d almo
st
a co
nsta
nt D,
at 0.5
,
whi
c
h th
en
sli
ghtly de
cre
a
sed
within
10 t
o
15
se
cond
s. This might
be d
ue to
the
ab
rupt
ch
an
ge
in the irradia
n
ce level, fro
m
1000
W/m
2
to 800 W/m
2
. In the meantime, the propo
sed
che
c
king
algorith
m
dep
icted a better
duty cycle; it cha
nge
d
inst
antly accordi
ng to the cha
nging irra
dian
ce.
Figure 6(a
)
. Output cu
rren
t at the load side
Figure 6(b
)
. Output voltag
e at the load side
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
A Sim
p
le Checki
ng Algo
rith
m
with Perturb and Ob
se
rve Maxim
u
m
Powe
r Point…
(Ro
z
a
na Alik)
19
Figure 6(c).
Output po
wer at the load si
de
From the re
sults obtaine
d for
the duty cycle, it can be
ex
pected tha
t
the output current,
voltage and p
o
we
r wo
uld a
l
so be differe
nt if appli
ed on the three di
stinct alg
o
rith
ms. The boo
st
conve
r
ter
will
operate a
c
cordin
g to the
given D
from
the MPPT an
d also the in
p
u
t voltage fro
m
the PV array. The results f
o
r the I
out
, V
ou
t
and P
out
for two meth
od
s (conve
n
tional
and p
r
op
ose
d
)
are p
r
e
s
ente
d
in Figure 6 (a), (b) an
d (c).
It was sho
w
n
that the proposed ch
ecki
ng algo
rithm of P&O algorithm gave a faster
output
re
sp
o
n
se, who
s
e system start
ed
to
be
in
steady stat
e at 2.1s, compa
r
ed to
the
conve
n
tional
P&O algo
rith
m, wh
ose ti
me to
be i
n
stea
dy stat
e sta
r
ted
at
6s. Be
sid
e
s,
the
prop
osed
me
thod p
r
ovid
ed
lower ri
pple
resp
on
se
th
an
the
co
nventi
onal
metho
d
. As me
ntion
ed
earlie
r, the d
e
sired voltag
e for the bo
o
s
t conve
r
ter
wa
s 40V. Fro
m
the obtain
ed re
sult
s (Fi
gure.
6 (b
)), it
can
be seen
that the
voltage
produ
ced
by th
e syste
m
with
pro
p
o
s
ed ch
ecking algo
rith
m
wa
s nea
rly 4
0
V. It was d
i
fferent from
the sy
stem
with co
nventi
onal P&O al
gorithm,
whi
c
h
prod
uced in
consi
s
tent volt
age a
nd ap
p
a
rently not
e
qual to the
re
quire
d voltag
e. This h
app
ened
becau
se of
th
e
majo
r drawback of
the
convention
a
l a
l
gorithm
-un
a
b
l
e to track th
e
true
maximu
m
power poi
nt (MPP) as it had been influe
nce
d
by the di
fferent level of irradiatio
n. In contra
st, the
prop
osed m
e
thod for th
e
MPPT syste
m
ha
s proven
t
hat in any le
vel of irra
diati
on, the MPP
can
still be tracke
d and produ
ce the
need
ed
output for the
system.
4. Conclusio
n
The
photovol
taic
system
i
s
hi
ghly affe
cted by
the
p
a
rtial
sha
d
ing
co
ndition,
which
is
one
of the
crucial
issu
es i
n
ha
rve
s
ting
sola
r
ene
rgy. Nume
ro
us
te
chni
que
s hav
e
be
en propo
sed
and elab
orated extensivel
y by res
earchers to tackl
e the partial sh
a
d
ing issu
e, but most of the
method
s are
complex an
d co
stly. The obtaine
d
s
i
mulation res
u
lts
have verified that the
prop
osed te
chniqu
e-a
si
m
p
le
che
c
king
algo
ri
thm fo
r Pe
rturb
an
d Ob
se
rve
(P&O) Maxim
u
m
Powe
r
Poi
n
t Tra
cki
ng (MP
P
T) - can
be
use
d
u
nde
r
several
levels
of irradiatio
n
effectively. The
obtaine
d re
su
lts from the system with the prop
os
ed a
ppro
a
ch are clo
s
e to the d
e
sired outp
u
t. It
gives
app
roxi
mately only
1
.
75% of e
r
ror,
thus ha
s
98.
25% system
efficien
cy. On
the
other ha
nd,
the system
with conventio
nal P&O MPPT seem
s to
be un
stable
and ha
s hi
gh
er pe
rcentag
e of
error. In sh
ort
,
the propo
se
d techni
que i
s
a si
m
p
le an
d inexpen
sive
method with
only addition
of
a che
c
king al
gorithm into t
he P&O MPPT, yet gives a better re
sult for the sy
stem
.
Ackn
o
w
l
e
dg
ement
The autho
rs
woul
d like to thank Mini
stry of
Education of Malaysia
(MOE) and
Universiti
Tekn
ologi M
a
laysia (UTM
) for providin
g
Resear
ch
University Gra
n
t (RUG) u
n
der vote num
ber
Q.J13
000
0.2
523.07
H8
2 for this re
se
arch work.
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ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2
016 : 14 – 20
20
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