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s
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s
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g
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itiv
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m
p
ir
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ata
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L
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T
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is i
s
a
n
o
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n
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c
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se
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s
p
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r
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am
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en
ter
f
o
r
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m
m
u
n
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ch
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I
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lti Ke
ju
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NT
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D
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tr
an
s
f
o
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m
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f
r
o
m
v
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ice
co
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m
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to
th
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m
u
ltim
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ap
p
licatio
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an
d
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
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th
e
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ter
n
e
t
o
f
th
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g
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I
o
T
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tech
n
o
lo
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y
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cr
ea
s
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th
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d
o
f
s
p
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tr
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m
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eq
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en
cy
in
th
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en
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d
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t
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tain
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m
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d
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n
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in
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[
1
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Hen
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T
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KOM
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p
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y
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Acc
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io
d
,
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
h
o
les
ar
e
d
etec
ted
an
d
ev
alu
a
ted
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
SU
to
ac
ce
s
s
a
ch
an
n
el
with
o
u
t
i
n
ter
f
er
in
g
with
th
e
PU
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
p
ap
e
r
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws
,
s
ec
tio
n
2
ex
p
lai
n
s
th
e
a
d
etailed
r
esear
ch
m
et
h
o
d
an
d
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
m
o
d
ellin
g
th
e
PU
ac
tiv
ity
b
ased
o
n
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
m
o
d
el
,
an
d
s
ec
tio
n
3
d
is
cu
s
s
e
s
a
r
esu
lt
an
d
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
ta
l
m
o
d
els
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
tio
n
4
co
n
clu
d
es
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
p
r
esen
ts
in
th
is
p
ap
er
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
S
T
h
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
g
ap
s
in
wir
eless
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
em
ain
ed
ce
n
tr
al
d
u
r
in
g
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
id
en
tify
in
g
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
t
o
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
way
s
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
cc
u
p
an
cy
in
ti
m
e,
s
p
ac
e,
o
r
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
o
m
ain
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
an
d
test
b
ed
s
d
ep
en
d
o
n
s
tu
d
y
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
s
im
p
le
to
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
licated
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
wir
eless
lo
ca
l
ar
ea
n
etwo
r
k
(
W
L
AN)
s
ig
n
als
ca
n
b
e
m
e
asu
r
ed
to
o
b
tain
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
in
tim
e
d
o
m
ai
n
.
T
h
e
test
b
ed
to
d
etec
t PU
s
ig
n
al
ca
n
b
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
an
an
ten
n
a
f
o
r
s
ig
n
al
d
etec
tio
n
,
as
well
as
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
in
t
an
d
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
an
al
y
s
er
to
d
is
p
lay
th
e
d
etec
ted
s
ig
n
als
.
T
h
is
test
b
ed
k
n
o
w
n
as
an
te
n
n
a
-
b
ased
W
L
AN
s
etu
p
.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t f
o
r
t
h
e
PU a
c
tiv
ity
p
atter
n
s
etu
p
was stu
d
ie
d
b
y
[
8
,
1
3
-
1
5
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
8
]
,
a
co
m
p
lex
W
L
AN
b
aseb
an
d
s
ig
n
al
is
d
et
ec
ted
b
y
a
v
ec
to
r
s
ig
n
al
a
n
aly
s
er
th
at
u
s
es
b
o
th
an
ten
n
a
-
b
ased
an
d
is
o
lated
R
F
s
etu
p
s
th
at
g
u
ar
an
tee
to
b
e
f
r
ee
o
f
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
ad
jace
n
t
d
ev
ices.
Me
an
wh
ile,
in
[
1
4
]
t
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
was
u
s
ed
to
d
etec
t
two
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
W
L
AN
s
y
s
tem
s
u
n
d
er
th
e
in
d
o
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
ely
,
[
1
3
]
h
as c
o
m
b
in
e
d
a
c
o
m
m
o
d
ity
o
f
8
0
2
.
1
1
wir
eless
L
AN
ca
r
d
with
2
.
4
GHz
R
F
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
I
C
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
s
p
e
ctr
u
m
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
.
A
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
m
o
d
el
was
b
u
ilt
u
s
in
g
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
ac
tiv
ity
o
f
th
e
8
0
2
.
1
1
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
8
0
2
.
1
1
s
ep
ar
ately
.
So
m
e
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
u
s
e
a
u
n
iv
er
s
al
s
o
f
twar
e
r
ad
io
p
er
ip
h
er
al
(
USR
P)
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
W
L
AN
s
ig
n
al
an
d
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
wo
r
k
s
.
T
h
ese
wo
r
k
s
[
1
6
-
1
9
]
h
av
e
b
e
en
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
t
h
eir
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
u
s
in
g
USR
P
as
an
in
ter
f
ac
e
to
co
n
n
ec
t
with
s
o
f
twar
es su
ch
as GN
U
R
ad
io
,
L
ab
VI
E
W
,
an
d
MA
T
L
AB
.
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
An
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
W
ir
eless
L
o
ca
l
Ar
ea
Netwo
r
k
(
W
L
AN)
s
ig
n
al
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
r
an
d
o
m
PU
ac
tiv
ity
lik
e
a
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
wir
eless
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
s
am
e
test
b
ed
o
f
W
L
AN
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
in
[
14
,
19]
t
o
m
ax
i
m
ize
th
e
SU
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
b
y
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
th
e
id
le
tim
e.
T
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
s
tatio
n
s
(
STAs)
an
d
a
wir
eless
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
in
t
1
(
AP1
)
.
B
o
th
STAs
ar
e
r
ec
o
g
n
is
ed
as
STA1
an
d
STA2
an
d
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
AP1
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
wir
ed
an
d
wir
eless
L
AN,
r
es
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
STA1
an
d
STA2
s
h
ar
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata
(
i.e
.
f
ile)
,
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
AP1
.
T
h
e
STA2
r
etr
iev
es
th
e
d
ata
f
ile
f
r
o
m
STA1
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
MS
W
in
d
o
ws
f
ile
s
h
ar
in
g
f
ac
ilit
y
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
th
e
lar
g
e
d
ata
f
ile
is
u
s
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
d
o
wn
lo
ad
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
c
o
m
p
leted
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
r
esu
ltan
t
tr
a
f
f
ic
v
ia
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
W
L
AN
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as f
u
ll
-
b
u
f
f
er
i
n
g
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
th
e
o
th
er
two
s
tatio
n
s
,
STA3
an
d
STA4
ar
e
ad
d
e
d
u
p
i
n
th
e
s
am
e
ch
an
n
el.
B
o
th
STA3
an
d
ST
A4
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
wir
eless
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
in
t
2
(
AP2
)
s
im
ilar
as
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
W
L
AN
s
y
s
tem
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
p
ac
k
et
ac
ce
s
s
ed
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
d
is
c
o
v
er
ed
b
y
th
e
d
etec
tin
g
an
ten
n
a
(
DA)
,
wh
ich
is
a
wir
eles
s
L
AN
Om
n
i
-
an
ten
n
a.
T
h
e
DA
is
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
a
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
a
n
aly
s
er
,
SA2
6
0
0
(
T
ec
h
tr
o
n
ic)
to
d
is
p
lay
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
ac
t
iv
ities
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
in
an
in
d
o
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
a
n
ten
n
a
is
lo
ca
ted
n
e
ar
to
AP1
a
n
d
AP2
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
d
etec
ted
s
ig
n
al.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
f
alse
alar
m
s
an
d
m
is
s
d
etec
tio
n
s
ar
e
av
o
id
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
a
te
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
s
etu
p
,
an
d
th
e
s
p
ec
if
i
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
d
etec
to
r
ar
e
lis
ted
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
7
3
0
-
7
3
7
732
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
o
f
W
L
AN
s
y
s
tem
s
etu
p
f
o
r
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
o
f
W
L
AN
s
y
s
tem
s
etu
p
f
o
r
s
ce
n
ar
io
2
T
ab
le
1
.
Sp
ec
if
icatio
n
o
f
W
L
AN
s
y
s
tem
W
LA
N
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
I
EEE
8
0
2
.
1
a
Tr
a
n
sm
i
ssi
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
1
2
%
o
f
t
h
e
P
r
e
scr
i
b
e
d
W
LA
N
Ex
t
e
n
si
o
n
N
EC
C
o
r
p
.
,
P
A
-
W
L
5
4
S
U
2
A
c
c
e
ss
P
o
i
n
t
Lo
g
i
t
e
c
h
C
o
r
p
.
,
LA
N
-
W
A
G
E/
A
P
3
.
1
.
M
o
dellin
g
o
f
prim
a
r
y
u
s
er
a
ct
iv
it
y
ba
s
ed
o
n t
he
empirica
l m
o
del
(
E
M
-
P
uO
)
T
h
e
d
etec
ted
s
ig
n
als
o
f
th
e
w
ir
eless
n
etwo
r
k
ar
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
AP1
an
d
AP2
as
d
is
p
la
y
ed
in
th
e
SA2
6
0
0
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
an
aly
s
er
a
n
d
ar
e
th
en
s
av
ed
f
o
r
o
f
f
lin
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
an
aly
s
er
ca
p
tu
r
ed
a
m
in
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
PS
D
s
am
p
les
in
tim
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
wh
ich
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
th
e
s
a
m
p
lin
g
r
ate
an
d
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
is
ex
ec
u
ted
in
d
o
o
r
an
d
ev
alu
ated
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
ca
m
p
aig
n
.
T
h
e
d
etec
ted
s
ig
n
al
d
is
p
lay
ed
is
an
OFD
M
s
ig
n
al
with
th
e
g
iv
en
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
is
th
en
co
n
v
er
ted
to
PS
D
v
s
tim
e
to
ex
ec
u
te
ev
alu
atio
n
in
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
.
T
h
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
s
ig
n
al
em
u
lated
as
PU
ac
tiv
ity
in
a
ch
an
n
el
with
f
ix
e
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
in
a
ch
a
n
g
in
g
v
al
u
e
o
f
tim
e.
T
h
e
T
O
L
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
e
x
tr
a
cted
f
r
o
m
th
e
W
L
AN
s
ig
n
al
is
m
o
d
elled
as
E
M
-
Pu
O.
T
h
e
E
M
-
Pu
O
is
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
d
a
ta
o
f
th
e
PU
.
I
t
is
im
itated
b
y
th
e
W
L
AN
s
y
s
tem
as
r
an
d
o
m
PU
ac
tiv
ity
f
o
r
SU
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
is
tic
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
elled
E
M
-
Pu
O
is
u
s
ed
to
f
o
r
m
th
e
r
ea
lis
tic
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
c
cu
p
an
cy
o
f
th
e
PU
ch
an
n
els b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
ea
l
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t o
f
t
h
e
W
L
AN
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
MA
C
p
r
o
to
co
l
o
f
th
e
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
a
s
tan
d
a
r
d
,
t
h
e
W
L
AN
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
in
d
ef
in
i
n
g
th
e
s
tates
s
p
ac
e
a
n
d
an
aly
s
ed
th
em
.
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
a
h
as
d
if
f
er
en
t
ac
ce
s
s
m
o
d
es
w
h
ich
ar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
DC
F)
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
ac
ce
s
s
(
E
DC
A)
.
T
h
e
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
a
MA
C
p
r
o
to
co
ls
h
av
e
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
len
g
th
o
f
in
ter
f
r
am
e
s
p
ac
e
(
I
FS
)
,
wh
ich
d
e
p
en
d
s
u
p
o
n
th
e
p
r
e
v
i
o
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s
f
r
am
e
ty
p
e
,
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f
o
llo
win
g
f
r
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e
ty
p
e
,
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e
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
u
s
e
an
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th
e
p
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y
s
ical
lay
er
(
PHY
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ty
p
e
[
2
0
]
.
T
ab
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Par
am
eter
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ig
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r
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mp
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i
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c
t
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o
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a
l
3
.
2
.
Cha
ra
c
t
er
i
s
a
t
io
n o
f
WL
AN
s
ig
na
l
T
h
e
d
etec
ted
W
L
AN
s
ig
n
al
is
class
if
ied
in
to
f
o
u
r
(
4
)
ty
p
e
o
f
s
tates
wh
ich
ar
e
th
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
et,
s
h
o
r
t
in
ter
-
f
r
am
e
s
p
ac
in
g
(
SIFS)
,
AC
K,
an
d
a
s
to
p
p
er
io
d
,
t
p
.
T
h
e
s
to
p
p
er
i
o
d
t
p
is
a
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
p
ac
in
g
(
DI
FS
)
an
d
th
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
b
ac
k
-
o
f
f
tim
e
t
RB
.
E
ac
h
in
ter
f
r
am
e
s
p
ac
es
(
I
FS
)
will
d
ef
in
e
th
e
p
r
io
r
ity
f
o
r
a
s
tatio
n
to
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
wir
eless
ch
an
n
el.
T
h
e
tem
p
o
r
al
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
an
d
s
c
en
ar
io
2
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
o
n
e
cy
cle
s
ig
n
al
as
illu
s
tr
ate
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
4
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
,
o
n
ly
one
PU
is
g
en
er
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
wh
er
e
th
e
s
ig
n
al
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
1
,
,
an
d
f
o
r
o
n
e
cy
cle
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
a
l.
T
h
e
1
s
p
ac
es
with
5
m
W
p
o
wer
th
at
d
is
p
lay
s
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
in
d
icate
d
as
th
e
PU
s
ig
n
al.
I
n
th
e
s
tan
d
a
r
d
tr
a
n
s
m
is
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i
o
n
d
ata
p
ac
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th
e
ap
p
ea
r
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ce
o
f
SIFS
in
d
icate
s
t
h
e
en
d
o
f
t
h
e
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ata
p
ac
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a
n
d
th
e
AC
K
s
ig
n
al
i
s
s
en
t
b
y
AP
t
o
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k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
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T
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o
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m
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p
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n
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ile,
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
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er
e
a
r
e
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d
if
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er
en
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wer
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f
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ig
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als
wh
ich
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e
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5
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d
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,
b
o
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r
ep
r
esen
t PU
1
a
n
d
SU
1
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
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h
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
etec
ted
W
L
AN
s
ig
n
al
with
t
h
e
B
USY
an
d
I
DL
E
s
tates
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
et_
SIFSan
d
t_
DI
F
Ss
p
ac
e
class
if
ied
as
B
US
Y
s
tat
e
as
th
e
in
ter
f
r
am
e
s
p
ac
es
h
av
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
W
L
AN
s
ig
n
al
s
eq
u
en
ce
,
w
h
ich
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ac
c
ess
ed
b
y
SU.
T
h
et_
SIFSis
th
e
s
h
o
r
ter
I
FS
th
at
in
d
icate
th
e
e
n
d
o
f
th
e
d
ata
f
r
a
m
e
an
d
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
AC
K
s
ig
n
al.
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m
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
in
th
is
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
PU
also
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
s
en
s
in
g
t
o
d
etec
t
wir
eless
ac
ce
s
s
,
an
d
in
d
etec
tin
g
an
y
ac
ce
s
s
d
u
r
in
g
t_
R
B
wh
er
eb
y
,
if
d
etec
ted
,
th
e
co
u
n
td
o
wn
o
f
th
e
b
ac
k
-
o
f
f
is
im
m
ed
iately
s
to
p
p
ed
.
Du
r
in
g
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
,
th
e
SU
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
ei
v
er
ar
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
u
s
in
g
s
h
o
r
t
-
r
an
g
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
with
m
in
im
al
s
ig
n
al
p
o
wer
.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
ev
en
t
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
SU
s
ig
n
al
is
lo
w,
it
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
h
ar
m
f
u
l
in
ter
f
e
r
en
ce
to
th
e
PU
d
u
e
to
th
e
clo
s
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
SU
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
th
e
PU
r
ec
eiv
er
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
in
th
is
s
itu
atio
n
,
th
e
PU
is
n
o
t
ab
le
to
d
etec
t
a
cc
ess
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
b
u
t
in
s
tead
,
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
h
id
d
en
n
o
d
e
ter
m
in
al
in
ter
f
e
r
en
ce
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
t
o
av
o
i
d
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
,
th
e
SU
will
o
n
ly
e
x
p
lo
it
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
b
ac
k
-
o
f
f
p
e
r
io
d
,
t_
R
B
.
T
h
e
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
o
f
a
d
at
a
s
er
ies,
1
,
,
an
d
p
er
io
d
s
th
er
eb
y
s
p
ec
if
y
th
at
th
e
ch
a
n
n
el
is
in
th
e
b
u
s
y
s
tate
an
d
is
k
n
o
wn
as
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
u
n
n
in
g
r
an
d
o
m
b
ac
k
-
o
f
f
tim
e,
th
e
ch
an
n
el
is
id
en
tifi
ed
as
th
e
id
le
s
tate
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
e
l.
T
h
e
s
tates
o
f
B
USY
an
d
I
DL
E
ar
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as g
iv
en
b
y
:
=
1
+
+
+
(
1
)
=
−
(
2
)
=
(
3
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
W
L
AN
s
ig
n
al
wh
en
o
n
l
y
PU1
in
th
e
ch
an
n
el
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
W
L
AN
s
ig
n
al
wh
en
PU1
an
d
SU1
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
ch
an
n
el
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
i
s
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
etec
ted
W
L
AN
s
ig
n
al
3
.
3
.
P
r
o
ba
bil
it
y
o
f
g
ener
a
lis
ed
P
a
re
t
o
(
G
P
)
dis
t
ributio
n
T
h
e
s
tatis
tical
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
atio
n
o
f
th
e
c
h
an
n
el
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
s
p
ec
if
y
th
e
ac
cu
r
ate
PU
ac
tiv
ity
tr
af
f
ic.
A
s
tatis
t
ical
b
eh
av
io
u
r
will
b
e
ca
p
tu
r
ed
b
y
f
in
d
in
g
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
id
le
a
n
d
b
u
s
y
tim
e.
T
h
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
7
3
0
-
7
3
7
734
s
ec
tio
n
an
aly
s
es
th
e
s
u
itab
le
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
c
d
f
m
o
d
els
in
d
escr
i
b
in
g
b
o
th
id
le
an
d
b
u
s
y
tim
e
b
y
em
p
lo
y
in
g
th
e
KS
d
is
tan
ce
test
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
len
g
th
o
f
an
d
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata,
a
c
u
m
u
lativ
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
(
C
DF)
was
d
er
iv
ed
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
i
lity
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
g
en
er
ali
s
ed
Par
eto
(
GP)
h
as
g
ain
ed
atten
tio
n
f
o
r
esti
m
atin
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
p
r
ac
tical
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
GP
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
m
o
d
el
h
as
ca
p
tu
r
ed
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
u
s
er
tr
a
f
f
ics
v
ar
iatio
n
ac
c
u
r
ately
in
[3
,
21
,
22]
a
n
d
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
th
e
SU th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
b
y
5
%
in
[
2
3
].
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
o
r
GP is g
iv
en
as
[
2
4
]
:
(
|
,
)
=
1
(
1
+
−
)
(
−
1
−
1
)
(
4
)
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
cu
m
u
lativ
e
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
GP
(
,
,
)
is
g
iv
en
as:
(
)
=
{
1
−
[
1
−
(
−
)
1
1
−
−
−
,
=
0
,
≠
0
(
5
)
wh
er
e
≠
0
d
en
o
tes
th
e
s
h
a
p
e
p
ar
am
eter
,
is
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
is
th
e
s
ca
le.
No
ted
th
at,
f
o
r
=
0
,
th
e
GP
co
n
v
er
g
es
to
th
e
ex
p
o
n
en
tial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
(
)
=
−
1
f
o
r
s
h
ap
e
>
1
.
T
h
e
Ko
lg
o
m
o
r
o
v
-
Sm
in
o
r
v
(
K
S)
test
is
ca
lcu
lated
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
an
d
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
it
to
q
u
an
tify
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
,
:
=
{
|
(
)
−
(
)
|
}
(
6
)
w
h
er
e
is
em
p
ir
ical
C
DF
o
f
.
Af
ter
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
th
e
KS
test
,
th
e
an
d
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
th
e
ex
p
o
n
e
n
tial d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
r
a
n
d
o
m
v
ar
iab
les as
an
d
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
ly
.
ML
E
is
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
m
eth
o
d
o
f
esti
m
atio
n
in
a
s
tatis
tic.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
ef
f
icien
t
esti
m
ato
r
s
th
an
o
th
er
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
h
as b
ee
n
well
-
k
n
o
wn
in
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
f
itti
n
g
.
A
lik
elih
o
o
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
g
iv
en
a
s
:
(
)
=
(
1
|
)
×
.
.
.
×
(
|
)
(
7
)
wh
er
e
th
e
(
|
)
=
(
=
)
is
th
e
u
n
k
n
o
wn
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
with
a
s
am
p
le
1
,
.
.
.
,
th
at
wa
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
(
)
tells
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
s
am
p
le
as:
(
)
=
(
1
|
)
×
.
.
.
×
(
|
)
=
(
1
)
×
.
.
.
×
(
)
=
(
1
,
.
.
.
,
)
(
8
)
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
in
d
icate
s
th
e
M
L
E
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
th
e
lar
g
est
l
ik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
d
at
a.
T
h
e
ML
E
o
f
ten
m
ax
im
izes
{
(
)
}
if
th
e
d
ata
is
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
a
n
d
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
ar
e
(
)
=
(
)
,
Sin
ce
m
ax
im
izin
g
{
(
)
}
eq
u
iv
alen
t to
m
ax
im
ize
(
)
th
e
lo
g
-
lik
elih
o
o
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
ca
n
b
e
w
r
itten
as
in
[
2
5
]
as:
{
(
)
}
=
∑
(
|
)
=
1
(
9
)
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
ML
E
o
r
l
o
g
-
lik
elih
o
o
d
in
d
icate
s
th
e
b
est
f
its
o
f
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
t
o
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
[
2
6
]
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
T
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
d
etec
ted
id
le
tim
e
in
b
o
th
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
id
le
tim
es
d
etec
ted
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
2
is
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
with
1
8
3
id
le
tim
es.
T
h
is
s
itu
atio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
as
th
er
e
ar
e
two
s
tatio
n
s
wh
ich
ar
e
PU
an
d
SU c
o
m
p
eted
to
g
et
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
tr
an
s
m
it in
th
e
c
h
an
n
el.
Me
an
wh
ile,
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
o
n
ly
1
5
6
id
le
tim
es
d
etec
ted
d
u
e
to
n
o
co
m
p
e
titi
o
n
b
etwe
en
s
tatio
n
s
as
th
er
e
ar
e
o
n
ly
o
n
e
PU
in
th
e
ch
an
n
el.
Nev
er
th
el
ess
,
th
e
d
etec
ted
id
le
tim
e
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
h
av
e
l
o
n
g
er
p
er
io
d
th
an
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
2
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
of
wh
ich
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
id
le
t
im
e
b
ase
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
its
.
T
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
e
m
p
ir
ical
d
ata
in
th
is
wo
r
k
co
m
p
ar
e
d
th
e
b
est
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
f
it
b
y
p
ar
am
eter
o
f
D
KS
an
d
ML
E
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
D
KS
v
alu
e,
th
e
GP
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
th
e
b
est
f
it
f
o
r
id
le
p
er
io
d
,
in
b
o
th
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
b
est
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate
f
it
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
v
alu
es
o
f
D
KS
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
f
it
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
[
2
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
am
o
n
g
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
its
lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
3
,
th
e
GP
s
h
o
wed
th
e
h
ig
h
est
v
alu
e
o
f
lo
g
lik
eh
o
o
d
in
.
T
h
e
GP
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
also
ap
p
ea
r
e
d
as
th
e
b
est
f
it
to
th
e
em
p
i
r
ical
d
ata
in
o
t
h
er
s
er
v
ices a
s
p
o
in
ted
in
[
2
7
,
2
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
E
n
h
a
n
ce
d
th
e
a
cc
u
r
a
cy
o
f i
d
le
time
in
co
g
n
itive
r
a
d
io
n
etw
o
r
k
(
M.
H.
Mo
h
a
ma
d
)
735
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
id
le
t
im
e
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
it f
o
r
id
le
tim
e
D
i
st
r
.
F
i
t
I
d
l
e
t
i
me
,
S
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
1
S
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
2
D
KS
M
LE
D
KS
M
LE
GP
0
.
2
6
6
1
3
0
0
0
.
3
3
7
3
1
8
5
Ex
0
.
2
7
2
1
3
0
0
0
.
3
5
3
1
3
9
9
N
o
r
mal
0
.
3
0
6
1
2
2
8
.
2
0
.
3
8
0
2
5
6
7
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
C
DF
an
d
th
e
f
itted
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
id
le
tim
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
its
s
tar
te
d
to
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
C
DF w
h
en
th
e
id
le
tim
e
r
ea
ch
e
d
0
.
4
m
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
h
o
r
ter
id
le
tim
e,
w
h
ich
is
0
.
2
m
s
,
th
e
r
e
a
r
e
a
b
ig
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
C
DF
an
d
o
th
er
s
f
itted
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
KS
tes
t,
th
e
GP
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
th
e
b
est
f
it
f
o
r
id
le
p
er
io
d
wit
h
=0
.
2
6
6
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
also
i
n
d
icate
d
th
at
5
0
%
o
f
th
e
d
etec
ted
id
le
tim
es in
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
a
r
e
lo
wer
th
a
n
0
.
1
m
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
E
m
p
ir
ical
C
DF a
n
d
f
itted
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
o
r
id
le
p
e
r
io
d
f
o
r
s
ce
n
a
r
io
1
T
h
e
em
p
ir
ical
C
DF
an
d
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
f
it
f
o
r
id
le
tim
e
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
2
illu
s
tr
ated
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
is
f
ig
u
r
e
s
h
o
ws
th
at
alm
o
s
t
5
0
%
o
f
t
h
e
d
etec
ted
id
le
tim
es
ar
e
b
elo
w
th
an
0
.
0
6
m
s
,
w
h
ich
is
s
h
o
r
ter
th
an
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
.
T
h
e
b
est
f
it
f
o
r
is
GP
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
wi
th
=0
.
3
3
7
0
an
d
ML
E
=
3
1
8
5
.
I
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
2
with
two
u
s
er
s
wh
ich
is
PU1
an
d
SU1
(
r
ef
er
Fig
u
r
e
2
)
ac
ce
s
s
a
ch
an
n
el,
th
e
id
le
tim
e
(
t
RB
)
is
s
lig
h
tly
s
h
o
r
ter
p
er
io
d
th
an
th
e
id
le
tim
e
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
)
.
T
h
e
s
h
o
r
ter
p
er
i
o
d
in
s
ce
n
a
r
io
2
h
ap
p
en
as
th
er
e
is
a
co
m
p
etitiv
e
co
n
d
itio
n
as
m
an
y
u
s
er
s
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
ch
an
n
el
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e.
T
h
e
W
L
AN
s
y
s
t
em
g
en
er
ates
m
o
r
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
t
RB
to
g
iv
e
eq
u
al
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
o
t
h
er
u
s
er
s
to
tr
an
s
m
it in
th
e
ch
an
n
el.
W
h
ile
lo
n
g
er
id
le
tim
e
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
will o
p
en
th
e
lo
n
g
e
r
v
ac
an
t tim
e
f
o
r
SU to
ex
p
l
o
it.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
7
3
0
-
7
3
7
736
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
E
m
p
ir
ical
C
DF a
n
d
f
itted
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
o
r
id
le
p
e
r
io
d
f
o
r
s
ce
n
a
r
io
2
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
a
n
aly
s
es
th
e
id
le
tim
e
d
etec
ted
in
t
h
e
W
L
AN
an
d
co
m
p
a
r
ed
th
e
d
u
r
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
id
le
tim
e
in
two
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
.
T
h
e
n
a
s
tatis
tical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ev
alu
at
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
etec
ted
id
le
a
n
d
b
u
s
y
tim
e
t
o
p
r
o
v
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d
e
th
e
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est
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it.
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h
e
g
en
er
alis
ed
Par
eto
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is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
u
tp
e
r
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o
r
m
ed
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th
er
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
in
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
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g
id
le
tim
e
with
th
e
lo
west
v
alu
e
o
f
D
KS
=
0
.
2
6
6
,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
t
th
at
t
h
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
was
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
r
ep
r
esen
ted
th
e
e
m
p
ir
ical
d
ata.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
wis
h
to
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
Un
i
v
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
ik
al
M
alay
s
ia
Me
lak
a
(
UT
eM
)
f
o
r
f
u
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
w
o
r
k
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n
d
p
r
o
v
id
i
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g
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t
test
b
ed
an
d
lab
o
r
at
o
r
y
f
ac
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
Fu
n
d
am
en
t
al
R
esear
ch
Gr
an
t
Sch
em
e
(
FR
GS)
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
Ma
lay
s
ia
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
en
t
itled
‘
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x
im
izin
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
u
s
in
g
h
y
b
r
id
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
ac
ce
s
s
in
C
o
g
n
itiv
e
R
ad
io
Netwo
r
k
f
o
r
I
o
T
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
’
(
FR
GS/2
0
1
8
/FKEKK
-
C
E
T
R
I
/F0
0
3
6
0
)
is
also
d
u
ly
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
S
a
a
d
,
W.
K.,
Ism
a
il
,
M
.
,
No
r
d
in
,
R.
,
El
-
S
a
leh
,
A.
A.
,
“
S
p
e
c
tr
u
m
se
n
sin
g
sc
h
e
m
e
s
fo
r
sta
ti
c
p
rima
ry
u
se
r
sig
n
a
l
u
n
d
e
r
AWG
N
a
n
d
Ra
y
leig
h
fa
d
in
g
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
h
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
e
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
7
2
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
2
9
1
-
3
0
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
]
L´o
p
e
z
-
Be
n
it
e
z
,
M
.
a
n
d
Ca
sa
d
e
v
a
ll
,
F
.
,
“
Ti
m
e
-
d
ime
n
si
o
n
m
o
d
e
ls
o
f
sp
e
c
tru
m
u
sa
g
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
a
n
a
ly
s
is,
d
e
sig
n
,
a
n
d
sim
u
latio
n
o
f
c
o
g
n
it
i
v
e
ra
d
i
o
n
e
t
wo
rk
s,”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Ve
h
icu
l
a
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
62
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
0
9
1
-
2
1
0
4
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
]
Lo
p
e
z
-
Be
n
it
e
z
,
M
.
a
n
d
Ca
sa
d
e
v
a
ll
,
F
.
,
“
S
p
e
c
tru
m
u
sa
g
e
in
c
o
g
n
i
t
iv
e
ra
d
i
o
n
e
two
r
k
s:
fro
m
field
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
to
e
m
p
iri
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
ls,”
IEI
CE
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
9
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
4
2
-
2
5
0
,
2
0
1
4
.
[4
]
S
ib
o
m
a
n
a
,
L.
,
Zep
e
r
n
ick
,
H.
J
.
,
Tran
,
H.
,
&
N
g
o
g
a
,
S
.
R.
,
“
P
a
c
k
e
t
tran
sm
issio
n
fo
r
m
u
lt
ise
rv
ice
c
o
g
n
i
ti
v
e
ra
d
io
n
e
two
rk
s
with
fi
n
it
e
b
u
ffe
r
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
,
”
I
n
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
W
ire
les
s
2
0
1
3
;
1
9
t
h
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
W
ire
les
s
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
2
0
1
3
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
[5
]
Jia
n
g
,
Ch
u
n
x
iao
,
Ya
n
Ch
e
n
,
K
.
J
.
Ra
y
Li
u
,
a
n
d
Y
o
n
g
Re
n
.
,
"
R
e
n
e
wa
l
-
th
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
d
y
n
a
m
ic
sp
e
c
tru
m
a
c
c
e
ss
in
c
o
g
n
i
ti
v
e
ra
d
i
o
n
e
tw
o
rk
wit
h
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
p
r
ima
ry
b
e
h
a
v
io
r,
"
IEE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
n
S
e
lec
ted
Are
a
s
in
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
3
1
,
n
o
.
3
p
p
.
4
0
6
-
4
1
6
,
2
0
1
3
.
[6
]
Ali,
Am
jad
,
M
d
P
iran
,
Ha
n
so
o
Kim
,
Jih
y
e
o
k
Yu
n
,
a
n
d
D
o
u
g
Y
o
u
n
g
S
u
h
,
"
P
a
d
-
m
a
c
:
P
rima
ry
u
s
e
r
a
c
ti
v
it
y
-
a
wa
re
d
istri
b
u
ted
m
a
c
fo
r
m
u
lt
i
-
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
ra
d
io
n
e
two
r
k
s
,
"
S
e
n
so
rs
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
7
6
5
8
-
7
6
9
0
,
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
G
a
b
ra
n
,
Wes
a
m
,
Ch
u
n
-
Ha
o
Li
u
,
P
rz
e
m
y
sla
w
P
a
we
lcz
a
k
,
a
n
d
Da
n
ij
e
la
Ca
b
ric,
"
P
rima
ry
u
se
r
traffic
e
stim
a
ti
o
n
fo
r
d
y
n
a
m
ic sp
e
c
tru
m
a
c
c
e
ss
,
"
IEE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
n
S
e
lec
ted
Are
a
s in
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
3
1
,
n
o
.
3
p
p
.
5
4
4
-
5
5
8
,
2
0
1
3
.
[8
]
G
e
irh
o
fe
r,
S
tefa
n
,
Lan
g
T
o
n
g
,
a
n
d
Brian
M
.
S
a
d
ler,
"
C
o
g
n
it
i
v
e
ra
d
io
s
fo
r
d
y
n
a
m
ic
sp
e
c
tru
m
a
c
c
e
s
s
-
d
y
n
a
m
ic
sp
e
c
tru
m
a
c
c
e
s
s
in
th
e
ti
m
e
d
o
m
a
in
:
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
e
x
p
lo
it
in
g
wh
it
e
sp
a
c
e
,
"
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
M
a
g
a
zi
n
e
,
v
o
l.
4
5
,
n
o
.
5
p
p
.
6
6
-
7
2
,
2
0
1
7
.
[9
]
G
e
irh
o
fe
r,
S
tefa
n
,
Lan
g
T
o
n
g
,
a
n
d
Brian
M
.
S
a
d
ler,
"
D
y
n
a
m
ic
sp
e
c
tru
m
a
c
c
e
ss
in
WL
AN
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls:
Emp
iri
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
a
n
d
it
s
sto
c
h
a
stic
a
n
a
ly
sis,"
I
n
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
fi
rs
t
in
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
wo
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
p
o
li
c
y
fo
r
a
c
c
e
ss
in
g
sp
e
c
tru
m
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
0
]
S
tab
e
ll
in
i,
L
u
c
a
,
"
Q
u
a
n
ti
f
y
i
n
g
a
n
d
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
s
p
e
c
tru
m
o
p
p
o
rtu
n
it
i
e
s
in
a
re
a
l
wire
les
s
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
"
In
2
0
1
0
I
EE
E
W
ire
les
s Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Ne
t
wo
rk
in
g
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
IEE
E,
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
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KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
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f i
d
le
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co
g
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itive
r
a
d
io
n
etw
o
r
k
(
M.
H.
Mo
h
a
ma
d
)
737
[1
1
]
S
a
lee
m
,
Ya
sir,
a
n
d
M
u
b
a
sh
ir
Hu
s
a
in
Re
h
m
a
n
i
,
"
P
rima
ry
ra
d
i
o
u
se
r
a
c
ti
v
it
y
m
o
d
e
ls
fo
r
c
o
g
n
it
i
v
e
ra
d
io
n
e
two
r
k
s:
A
su
rv
e
y
,
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J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ne
two
rk
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
43
,
pp
.
1
-
1
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
2
]
M
o
h
a
m
a
d
M
.
H.
,
a
n
d
S
a
n
i
N
.
M
.
,
“
En
e
rg
y
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
in
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
ra
d
i
o
sy
ste
m
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
IJ
ET
-
IJ
ENS
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
6
9
-
7
3
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
3
]
Wo
ll
e
n
b
e
rg
T.
,
Ba
d
e
r
S
.
,
&
Ah
re
n
s
,
“
M
e
a
su
rin
g
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
o
c
c
u
p
a
n
c
y
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r
8
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1
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wire
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in
th
e
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Hz
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M
b
a
n
d
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I
n
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
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s
o
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e
1
5
t
h
ACM
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ter
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ti
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o
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a
n
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n
d
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l
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ti
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f
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n
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ms
,
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
3
0
5
-
3
0
8
.
[1
4
]
G
o
to
,
M
a
sa
y
u
k
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
P
ro
t
o
c
o
l
a
n
a
ly
sis o
f
sig
n
a
l
d
e
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ti
o
n
f
o
r
d
e
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in
g
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m
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o
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istan
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e
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q
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e
n
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y
re
c
y
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li
n
g
u
n
d
e
r
WL
AN
,
"
IEE
E
R
a
d
i
o
a
n
d
W
ire
les
s S
y
mp
o
siu
m (R
W
S
)
,
IEE
E,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
5
]
Ra
jab
S
.
A.,
Ba
li
d
W
.
,
&
Re
fa
i
H.
H.,
“
To
wa
rd
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
w
irele
ss
c
o
e
x
isten
c
e
in
IS
M
b
a
n
d
v
ia
tem
p
o
ra
l
c
h
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ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
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n
d
m
o
d
e
ll
i
n
g
o
f
8
0
2
.
1
1
b
/g
/
n
n
e
two
r
k
s,”
W
ire
les
s
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
M
o
b
il
e
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
16
,
n
o
.
1
8
,
p
p
.
3
2
1
2
-
3
2
2
9
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
6
]
G
a
u
ti
e
r
M
.
,
La
u
g
e
o
is
M
.
,
&
H
o
st
io
u
P
.
,
“
Cy
c
l
o
sta
ti
o
n
a
rit
y
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
DV
B
-
T
S
ig
n
a
l:
tes
t
b
e
d
a
n
d
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t,
”
In
th
e
Fi
rs
t
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s in
C
o
g
n
it
ive
Ra
d
io
(COCO
RA
)
,
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
6
4
-
69
.
[1
7
]
Tru
o
n
g
N.
B.
,
S
u
h
Y.
J.,
&
Yu
C.
,
“
Late
n
c
y
a
n
a
ly
sis
i
n
G
N
U
ra
d
io
/US
RP
-
b
a
se
d
so
ftwa
re
ra
d
io
p
latf
o
rm
s,”
In
M
I
L
COM
2
0
1
3
-
2
0
1
3
I
EE
E
M
i
li
ta
ry
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
s Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
2
0
1
3
,
p
p
.
3
0
5
-
3
1
0
.
[1
8
]
S
h
a
rm
a
N.,
Ra
wa
t
D.
B
.
,
Bista
B.
B.
,
&
S
h
e
tt
y
S
.
,
“
A
tes
tb
e
d
u
sin
g
U
S
RP
(tm)
a
n
d
Lab
VIEW
(r)
fo
r
d
y
n
a
m
ic
sp
e
c
tru
m
a
c
c
e
ss
in
c
o
g
n
it
i
v
e
ra
d
i
o
n
e
two
r
k
s,”
In
2
0
1
5
IE
EE
2
9
t
h
I
n
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
Ne
two
rk
in
g
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
7
3
5
-
7
4
0
.
[1
9
]
M
o
h
a
m
a
d
,
M
a
s
Ha
slin
d
a
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
Clu
ste
rin
g
tran
sm
issio
n
o
p
p
o
rtu
n
it
y
len
g
t
h
(CTOL)
m
o
d
e
l
o
v
e
r
c
o
g
n
i
ti
v
e
ra
d
i
o
n
e
two
rk
,
"
S
e
n
so
rs
,
v
o
l
.
18
,
n
o
.
12
,
p
p
.
4
3
5
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
0
]
Bu
rto
n
,
M
a
rc
u
s,
a
n
d
G
.
T.
Hi
ll
.
,
"
8
0
2
.
1
1
Arb
it
ra
ti
o
n
,
"
W
h
it
e
Pa
p
e
r,
Ce
rtif
ied
W
ire
les
s
Ne
two
rk
Pr
o
fes
sio
n
a
l
I
n
c
.
,
Du
rh
a
m,
NC
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
1
]
Ló
p
e
z
-
Be
n
ít
e
z
,
M
ig
u
e
l,
a
n
d
F
e
rn
a
n
d
o
Ca
sa
d
e
v
a
ll
.
,
"
S
p
e
c
tru
m
u
sa
g
e
m
o
d
e
ls
fo
r
t
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis,
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
sim
u
lat
io
n
o
f
c
o
g
n
it
i
v
e
ra
d
io
n
e
two
r
k
s,"
I
n
Co
g
n
it
ive
ra
d
io
a
n
d
it
s
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
n
e
x
t
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
c
e
ll
u
l
a
r
a
n
d
wire
les
s
n
e
two
rk
s
,
p
p
.
2
7
-
73
,
S
p
r
in
g
e
r,
Do
rd
re
c
h
t,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
2
]
Al
-
Tah
m
e
e
ss
c
h
i,
Ah
m
e
d
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
n
g
t
h
e
e
stim
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
rima
ry
o
c
c
u
p
a
n
c
y
p
a
tt
e
rn
s
u
n
d
e
r
imp
e
rfe
c
t
sp
e
c
tru
m
se
n
sin
g
,
"
IEE
E
W
ire
les
s
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
in
g
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
s
(W
CNC
W
)
,
IEE
E,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
3
]
Ra
j
V.,
Dia
s
I.
,
Th
o
leti
T.
,
&
Ka
ly
a
n
i
S
.
,
“
S
p
e
c
tru
m
a
c
c
e
ss
in
c
o
g
n
it
i
v
e
ra
d
io
u
si
n
g
a
two
-
sta
g
e
re
in
fo
rc
e
m
e
n
t
lea
rn
in
g
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
”
I
EE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
e
lec
ted
T
o
p
ics
in
S
i
g
n
a
l
Pr
o
c
e
ss
in
g
,
v
o
l.
12
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
20
-
3
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
4
]
M
ierlu
s
-
M
a
z
il
u
I.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
On
g
e
n
e
ra
li
z
e
d
p
a
re
to
d
istri
b
u
t
io
n
s,
”
Ro
ma
n
i
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Eco
n
o
mic
Fo
re
c
a
stin
g
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
-
1
1
7
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
5
]
Kn
e
ib
T.
,
“
Ap
p
l
ied
S
tatisti
c
a
l
I
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
:
Li
k
e
li
h
o
o
d
a
n
d
Ba
y
e
s.
L.
He
ld
a
n
d
D.
S
a
b
a
n
é
s
B
o
v
é
(2
0
1
4
).
He
i
d
e
lb
e
rg
:
S
p
rin
g
e
r.
3
7
6
p
a
g
e
s,
IS
BN:
3
6
4
2
3
7
8
8
6
2
,
”
B
io
me
trica
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
5
7
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
6
2
-
3
6
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
6
]
M
y
u
n
g
I
.
J.,
“
T
u
to
rial
o
n
m
a
x
imu
m
li
k
e
li
h
o
o
d
e
stim
a
ti
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
a
th
e
ma
t
ica
l
Psy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
4
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
9
0
-
1
0
0
,
2
0
0
3
.
[2
7
]
Lu
ís,
M
ig
u
e
l,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
C
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
isti
c
se
r
v
ice
ti
m
e
in
c
o
g
n
it
i
v
e
ra
d
i
o
n
e
two
rk
s,"
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Co
g
n
i
ti
v
e
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s a
n
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
in
g
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
8
8
-
3
0
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
8
]
Lu
is,
M
i
g
u
e
l,
e
t
a
l
.,
"
RF
-
sp
e
c
tru
m
o
p
p
o
rtu
n
it
ies
fo
r
c
o
g
n
i
ti
v
e
ra
d
i
o
n
e
two
r
k
s
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
o
v
e
r
G
S
M
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls,"
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Co
g
n
i
ti
v
e
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s a
n
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
in
g
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
7
3
1
-
7
3
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
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