T
E
L
KO
M
N
I
KA
T
e
lec
om
m
u
n
icat
ion
,
Com
p
u
t
i
n
g,
E
lec
t
r
on
ics
an
d
Cont
r
ol
Vol.
1
8
,
No.
3
,
J
une
2020
,
pp.
12
3
7
~
12
4
2
I
S
S
N:
1693
-
6930,
a
c
c
r
e
dit
e
d
F
ir
s
t
G
r
a
de
by
Ke
me
nr
is
tekdikti
,
De
c
r
e
e
No:
21/E
/KP
T
/2018
DO
I
:
10.
12928/
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
.
v1
8
i
3
.
15720
1237
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omepage
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tp:
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eak
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w
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e
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t
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a.
It
h
o
l
d
s
t
h
e
ab
i
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t
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t
o
co
n
t
i
n
u
e
s
t
eer
i
t
s
b
eam
at
a
s
w
ap
p
i
n
g
freq
u
e
n
cy
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
d
o
n
e
w
i
t
h
accep
t
ab
l
e
i
mp
e
d
an
ce
ma
t
ch
i
n
g
w
h
i
l
e
s
ca
n
n
i
n
g
an
d
v
ery
l
i
t
t
l
e
g
a
i
n
v
ari
a
t
i
o
n
.
In
v
es
t
i
g
at
i
o
n
i
s
carri
ed
o
u
t
o
n
L
W
A
s
’
co
n
t
ro
l
rad
i
a
t
i
o
n
p
a
t
t
er
n
i
n
s
t
e
p
s
at
a
b
an
d
freq
u
en
c
y
v
i
a
v
er
t
i
ca
l
an
d
h
o
ri
z
o
n
t
al
s
l
o
t
s
.
T
h
e
en
h
an
ceme
n
t
i
s
real
i
ze
d
b
y
et
c
h
i
n
g
h
o
r
i
zo
n
t
a
l
an
d
v
er
t
i
ca
l
s
l
o
t
s
o
n
t
h
e
ra
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
e
l
emen
t
.
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
a
l
s
o
p
res
e
n
t
s
a
n
o
v
el
h
al
f
-
w
i
d
t
h
mi
cr
o
s
t
r
i
p
l
ea
k
y
w
av
e
an
t
en
n
a
(L
W
A
).
T
h
e
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
i
s
ma
d
e
u
p
o
f
t
h
e
fo
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
b
a
s
i
c
s
t
r
u
ct
u
re
s
g
ro
u
p
’
s
v
er
t
i
c
al
a
n
d
h
o
r
i
zo
n
t
a
l
s
l
o
t
s
.
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h
e
reac
t
an
ce
p
r
o
fi
l
e
at
t
h
e
mi
cr
o
s
t
ri
p
’s
free
ed
g
e
a
n
d
t
h
u
s
t
h
e
ma
i
n
b
eam
d
i
rect
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o
n
i
s
ch
an
g
ed
o
n
ce
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
ro
l
-
ce
l
l
s
t
a
t
es
ar
e
c
h
an
g
ed
.
T
h
e
rad
i
at
i
o
n
p
a
t
t
er
n
d
i
rec
t
i
o
n
c
h
an
g
es
b
y
s
w
eep
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
p
erat
i
n
g
freq
u
en
c
y
b
et
w
een
4
G
H
z
t
o
6
G
H
z.
T
h
e
mai
n
b
eam
may
b
e
d
i
r
ect
ed
b
y
t
h
e
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
b
et
w
een
1
5
o
an
d
5
5
o
.
C
b
a
n
d
ach
i
ev
e
d
t
h
e
mea
s
u
re
d
p
e
a
k
g
a
i
n
o
f
t
h
e
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
o
f
1
0
d
Bi
at
4
.
3
G
H
z
b
eam
s
ca
n
n
i
n
g
ran
g
e.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
e
a
m
s
tee
r
ing
HW
-
L
W
A
a
r
r
a
y
L
W
A
R
a
diation
pa
tt
e
r
n
S
lot
s
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e
.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
M
owa
f
a
k
K.
M
ohs
e
n,
Unive
r
s
it
y
of
Ke
r
ba
la
,
Ka
r
ba
la,
I
r
a
q.
E
mail:
s
a
a
r
i@ut
e
m.
e
du
.
my
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
S
ince
the
p
r
opos
a
l
of
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip
L
W
As
(
M
L
W
As
)
in
1978
,
c
ons
ider
a
ble
int
e
r
e
s
t
in
it
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
oll
owe
d
[1
-
9]
.
W
ir
e
les
s
wa
ve
s
with
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
ha
ve
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
that
c
ould
be
mor
e
s
ui
table
f
or
a
c
e
r
tain
type
of
wir
e
les
s
de
vice
[
10
-
12]
.
Due
to
their
la
r
ge
ba
ndwidth,
a
bil
it
y
to
int
e
gr
a
te
e
a
s
il
y
with
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
nd
mi
ll
im
e
t
r
e
-
wa
ve
c
ir
c
uit
s
,
plana
r
low
-
pr
of
il
e
c
onf
igu
r
a
ti
on,
inher
e
nt
be
a
m
-
s
c
a
n
ning
a
bil
it
ies
with
f
r
e
que
nc
y
a
nd
na
r
r
ow
be
a
m
[
13
,
14]
,
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip
L
W
As
c
onti
nue
to
be
a
popular
c
hoice
.
T
he
e
qua
ti
on
s
in
−1
(
β
/k
o
)
gives
the
main
be
a
m’
s
dir
e
c
ti
on
(
θ)
a
s
mea
s
ur
e
d
f
r
om
the
bor
e
s
ight
of
a
L
W
A,
in
whic
h
k
o
r
e
f
e
r
s
to
the
f
r
e
e
-
s
pa
c
e
wa
ve
number
while
β
r
e
f
e
r
s
to
the
pha
s
e
c
ons
tant.
I
n
r
e
lation
to
thi
s
,
the
dir
e
c
ti
on
that
li
e
s
a
t
90
de
g
r
e
e
s
to
the
plane
o
f
th
e
a
ntenna
is
the
bor
e
s
ight
.
T
he
main
be
a
m
dir
e
c
ti
on
c
ha
nge
s
a
s
the
va
lue
o
f
(
β
/k
o
)
f
luctua
tes
with
f
r
e
que
nc
y.
Us
ua
ll
y,
wir
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
o
n
s
ys
tems
f
unc
ti
on
in
pr
e
de
f
ined
f
r
e
que
nc
y
ba
nd
a
lt
hough
the
L
W
As
s
c
a
n
the
be
a
m
via
s
we
e
ping
the
ope
r
a
ti
ng
f
r
e
que
nc
y.
M
uc
h
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
c
ti
vit
ies
ha
ve
tar
ge
ted
the
topi
c
of
be
a
m
s
tee
r
ing
by
c
ha
nging
the
ope
r
a
ti
ng
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
uc
h
a
s
.
How
e
ve
r
,
a
huge
numbe
r
o
f
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
uti
li
z
e
d
f
ixed
f
r
e
que
nc
y
while
be
a
m
s
c
a
nning.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
ther
e
is
a
lac
k
of
s
tudy
to
pr
ov
ide
f
ixed
f
r
e
que
nc
y
–
be
a
m
s
t
e
e
r
ing
ba
s
e
d
on
a
n
HW
–
M
L
W
A.
As
s
uc
h,
be
a
m
s
c
a
nning
a
t
a
f
ixed
f
r
e
que
nc
y
be
c
omes
the
de
s
ir
e
d
f
unc
ti
on.
S
e
ve
r
a
l
L
W
As
ha
ve
be
e
n
b
uil
t
f
o
r
the
pur
pos
e
of
f
ixed
-
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
c
a
nning,
whic
h
include
s
a
mu
lt
it
e
r
mi
na
l
M
L
W
A
[
15]
,
F
a
b
r
y
-
P
e
r
ot
L
W
A,
c
ompos
it
e
lef
t/
r
ight
-
ha
nde
d
(
C
R
L
H)
L
W
A
[
16]
,
a
nd
ha
l
f
-
width
M
L
W
As
[
17]
.
S
ince
ther
e
is
a
s
tr
ong
a
tt
a
c
hment
of
e
lec
tr
ic
f
ield
be
twe
e
n
the
gr
ound
pl
a
ne
a
nd
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip,
the
f
unda
menta
l
mode
of
a
m
icr
os
tr
ip
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
1
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
12
3
7
-
124
2
1238
li
ne
ne
ve
r
r
a
diate
s
.
L
e
a
ky
wa
ve
s
a
r
e
r
a
diate
d
by
s
ome
higher
-
or
de
r
modes
.
An
e
lec
tr
ic
f
ield
-
null
make
s
up
the
f
ir
s
t
highe
r
-
or
de
r
mode
a
nd
a
pha
s
e
r
e
ve
r
s
a
l
a
l
ong
the
c
e
nter
o
f
the
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip.
C
ons
ider
a
ti
ons
of
the
f
i
r
s
t
higher
-
or
de
r
mode’
s
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
led
to
the
de
s
ign
of
a
M
L
W
A
in
whi
c
h
the
c
e
nter
of
the
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip
is
f
ixed
with
a
s
hor
ti
ng
wa
ll
.
T
his
c
a
us
e
s
the
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip
li
ne
’
s
width
to
be
r
e
duc
e
d
by
ha
lf
.
S
uc
h
a
ntenna
is
a
ls
o
t
e
r
med
a
s
ha
lf
-
width
(
HW
)
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip
L
W
A
(
HW
-
M
L
W
A)
[
18]
.
T
he
r
e
qui
r
e
ment
of
not
e
xc
it
ing
a
nyth
ing
e
ls
e
a
p
a
r
t
f
r
om
the
f
i
r
s
t
higher
or
de
r
mode
c
ompl
ica
tes
the
f
e
e
ding
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
a
tr
a
dit
ional
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip
L
W
A.
B
e
ne
a
th
the
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip,
the
e
lec
tr
ic
f
ield
’
s
nor
mal
c
omponent
is
the
mode’
s
pe
c
uli
a
r
a
s
pe
c
t.
As
s
uc
h,
e
xc
it
a
ti
on
c
a
n
only
be
a
c
hieve
d
by
uti
li
z
ing
two
of
f
s
e
t
f
e
e
ds
that
a
r
e
dr
iven
180
out
of
pha
s
e
.
Via
s
that
c
onne
c
t
a
ha
lf
-
width
li
ne
with
one
e
dge
to
the
plane
of
th
e
gr
ound
a
nd
ha
ving
a
s
ingl
e
o
f
f
s
e
t
f
e
e
d
wa
s
r
e
c
e
ntl
y
s
ugge
s
ted
by
Z
e
li
ns
ki
e
t
a
l.
T
his
a
r
r
a
nge
ment
c
r
e
a
tes
a
n
e
lec
tr
ic
wa
ll
a
t
a
loca
ti
on
in
whic
h
f
ull
-
width
a
ntenna
’
s
e
l
e
c
tr
ic
f
ield
be
c
omes
z
e
r
o.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
to
uti
li
z
ing
a
s
im
pler
f
e
e
d
s
ys
tem,
thi
s
im
pleme
ntation
be
ne
f
i
ts
by
ha
ving
only
one
r
a
diating
e
dge
.
L
umpe
d
c
a
pa
c
it
or
s
c
ould
be
c
ombi
ne
d
to
s
uc
h
s
ingl
e
e
dg
e
a
s
s
ugge
s
ted
by
L
a
h
e
ur
te
a
nd
L
uxe
y,
in
or
de
r
to
give
the
r
e
quir
e
d
r
e
a
c
tanc
e
to
potentially
a
lt
e
r
the
main
be
a
m’
s
d
ir
e
c
ti
on
towa
r
ds
a
ny
a
ngle
f
r
om
b
r
oa
ds
ide
to
e
ndf
i
r
e
.
T
his
pa
pe
r
pr
ovides
a
n
ins
ight
int
o
the
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
a
method
that
a
ll
ows
a
M
L
W
As
to
r
e
a
c
h
be
a
m
s
c
a
nning
a
nd
a
ls
o
s
ugge
s
ti
ons
on
a
nove
l
HW
-
M
L
W
A
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on
be
c
a
us
e
t
he
hi
gh
-
ga
i
n
a
n
d
t
he
hi
ghl
y
di
re
c
t
i
ona
l
a
nt
e
nna
a
t
t
he
t
ra
ns
m
i
t
t
e
r
(T
X
)
a
nd
t
he
re
c
e
i
ve
r
(
RX
)
re
i
nfo
rc
e
s
t
he
s
ui
t
a
bi
l
i
t
y
o
f
w
i
re
l
e
s
s
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
ons
.
Us
e
d
two
gr
oup
of
s
lot
s
ve
r
ti
c
a
l
a
nd
hor
izonta
l
in
or
de
r
to
c
a
n
c
ontr
ol
r
a
diation
pa
tt
e
r
n
by
s
we
e
ping
the
ope
r
a
ti
on
f
r
e
que
nc
y.
T
his
ne
w
de
s
ign
is
s
ui
table
f
or
C
ba
nd
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
in
r
a
da
r
s
ys
tem.
2.
AN
T
E
NN
A
CONF
I
GURA
T
I
ON
T
he
s
tr
uc
tur
e
pr
opos
e
d
is
a
modi
f
ied
one
e
leme
nts
of
ha
lf
width
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip
lea
ky
wa
ve
a
ntenna
with
24
pe
r
iodi
c
c
ontr
ol
uni
t
s
lot
c
e
ll
s
in
e
leme
nt
a
s
s
hown
in
F
ig
ur
e
1
(
a
)
.
T
he
p
r
opos
e
d
a
ntenna
of
h
a
lf
width
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip
lea
ky
wa
ve
a
ntenna
(
HW
-
M
L
W
A
)
is
de
s
igned
on
R
og
e
r
s
R
T
5880
s
ubs
tr
a
te
with
ε
r
=
2.
2,
a
nd
tanδ
=
0
.
0009.
L
e
ngth
(
L
)
,
width
(
W
)
,
a
nd
he
ight
(
h)
of
the
s
ubs
tr
a
te
is
2
50
mm
(
3.
3347λ
o
)
,
100
mm
(
1.
33
λ
o
)
,
a
nd
1.
575
mm
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly,
whe
r
e
λ
o
de
notes
the
f
r
e
e
-
s
pa
c
e
wa
v
e
length
that
is
c
a
lcula
ted
a
t
4
GH
z
.
L
e
ngth
a
nd
width
of
the
gr
ound
plane
ha
s
the
s
a
me
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
dim
e
ns
ions
of
the
s
ubs
tr
a
te.
T
he
length
(
l
p
)
a
nd
the
width
(
w
p
)
of
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip
li
ne
is
222
mm
(
3.
108λ
o
)
a
nd
12
mm
(
0
.
168λ
o
)
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
HW
-
M
L
W
A
a
r
r
a
y
is
f
e
d
f
r
om
one
e
nd
of
the
r
a
dia
ti
on
e
leme
nt
us
ing
a
s
tanda
r
d
S
M
A
f
e
e
d
a
nd
the
o
uter
f
r
e
e
c
or
ne
r
of
e
a
c
h
br
a
nc
h
is
s
hor
ted
to
the
gr
ound
plan
e
by
a
via
to
a
void
r
e
f
lec
ti
on
a
nd
to
a
c
hieve
good
i
mpeda
nc
e
matc
hing
a
s
de
mons
tr
a
ted
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
(
b)
.
Dimens
ions
of
the
f
e
e
d
li
ne
a
r
e
opti
mi
z
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
ding
to
s
ome
pa
r
a
metr
ic
s
tudi
e
s
.
T
he
opti
mum
pa
r
a
mete
r
va
lues
f
or
the
length
l
p
a
nd
l
p1
a
r
e
4
m
m
a
nd
6.
32
mm
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
T
he
width
o
f
the
f
e
e
d
w
f1
a
r
e
7.
6
mm
.
One
e
dge
of
m
icr
os
tr
ip
li
ne
is
c
onne
c
ted
to
the
gr
ound
us
ing
a
vias
a
r
r
a
y,
whic
h
is
pl
a
c
e
d
a
long
the
e
dge
of
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip
li
ne
.
M
a
jor
pu
r
pos
e
of
the
vi
a
s
a
r
r
a
y
is
to
a
void
the
p
r
opa
ga
ti
on
of
the
f
und
a
menta
l
tr
a
ns
ve
r
s
a
l
e
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
(
T
E
M
)
wa
ve
a
nd
to
s
uppor
t
the
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
of
f
ir
s
t
higher
-
or
de
r
mode
th
r
ough
the
s
tr
uc
tur
e
[
19]
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
a
ntenna
to
s
hor
ten
the
e
dge
of
e
a
c
h
e
leme
nt
a
r
e
us
e
d
60
via
s
.
T
h
e
de
s
ign
c
onf
igur
a
ti
ons
of
thes
e
s
tr
uc
tur
e
s
ha
ve
be
e
n
p
r
e
s
e
nted
in.
T
he
meta
ll
ize
d
diame
ter
(
D
)
a
nd
dis
tanc
e
(
P
)
be
twe
e
n
the
two
a
djac
e
nt
vias
c
a
n
be
c
a
lcula
ted
us
ing
the
f
oll
owing
e
qua
ti
ons
,
that
s
e
t
the
de
s
ign
r
ules
[
20]
.
5
.
0
,
2
.
0
P
D
D
o
(
2)
T
he
dis
tanc
e
(
P
)
be
twe
e
n
the
two
vias
is
1
.
5
m
m,
a
nd
the
va
lue
of
the
diame
ter
(
D
)
of
e
a
c
h
via
is
0.
8
mm
.
T
he
a
ppr
opr
iate
hor
izonta
l
s
lot
(
S
1
)
a
nd
the
ve
r
ti
c
a
l
s
lot
(
S
2
)
c
ont
r
ol
c
e
ll
a
r
e
3
.
2
mm
a
nd
8.
5
mm
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly
,
a
s
s
hown
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
(
c
)
.
T
he
s
e
s
lot
s
a
r
e
r
e
quir
e
d
to
f
o
r
c
e
the
wa
ve
towa
r
d
the
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip
e
dge
s
a
nd
im
pr
ove
matc
hing
im
pe
da
nc
e
[
21
]
.
T
he
c
onc
e
pt
of
c
a
s
c
a
ding
mul
ti
ple
type
of
s
lot
s
unit
c
e
ll
s
t
o
c
r
e
a
te
a
lar
ge
r
c
e
ll
ha
s
be
e
n
pr
e
vious
ly
s
tudi
e
d
by
[
22]
f
or
nonr
e
c
onf
igur
a
ble
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
s
.
M
a
jor
dr
a
wba
c
k
in
that
a
ppr
oa
c
h
is
that
thi
s
de
s
ign
s
ys
tem
is
nonr
e
c
onf
igu
r
a
ble,
whic
h
mea
ns
lar
ge
c
e
ll
s
c
a
nnot
be
ope
r
a
ted
f
or
other
c
onf
igur
a
ti
ons
a
f
ter
f
a
br
ica
ti
on.
I
n
thi
s
pa
pe
r
,
the
id
e
a
of
a
hor
izonta
l
a
nd
ve
r
ti
c
a
l
s
lot
s
is
pr
e
s
e
nted.
T
h
e
de
s
ign
a
ll
ows
to
dyna
mi
c
a
ll
y
c
ha
nge
the
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
a
nd
s
ize
of
the
la
r
ge
-
c
e
ll
.
T
he
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip
li
ne
c
ontains
(
24
)
e
qua
ll
y
s
pa
c
e
d
unit
c
ontr
ol
c
e
ll
s
o
f
e
a
c
h
e
leme
nt
w
it
h
a
s
pa
c
e
s
e
pa
r
a
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
c
e
ll
s
(
g
1
)
o
f
4
.
6
mm
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
R
adiat
ion
be
am
s
c
anning
for
leak
y
w
av
e
antenna
by
us
ing
s
lot
s
(
J
.
S
.
K
as
im
)
1239
(
a
)
(
b)
(
c
)
F
ig
ur
e
1.
R
e
c
onf
igur
a
ble
S
I
W
a
ntenna
:
(
a
)
top
vie
w,
(
b
)
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip
f
e
e
d
li
ne
,
(
c
)
c
ontr
ol
un
it
s
lot
c
e
ll
3.
RE
S
UL
T
S
&
DI
S
CU
S
S
I
ON
T
he
unit
c
e
ll
s
lot
s
that
a
r
e
u
ti
li
z
e
d
f
o
r
thi
s
tes
t
a
r
e
t
a
ke
n
a
s
the
be
s
t
a
ntenna
a
nd
the
s
lot
in
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip
pa
tch
is
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted
by
c
a
pa
c
it
a
nc
e
.
E
xtr
a
c
ontr
ol
o
ve
r
thi
s
r
e
a
c
ti
on
p
r
of
il
e
is
a
tt
r
ibut
e
d
to
ha
ving
thes
e
c
ontr
ol
c
e
ll
s
in
the
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip’
s
f
r
e
e
-
e
dge
.
C
S
T
M
icr
owa
ve
S
tudi
o
wa
s
put
in
to
c
ons
ider
a
ti
on
f
o
r
the
de
ve
lop
ment
a
nd
s
tudy
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
a
ntenna
.
L
owe
r
c
a
pa
c
it
a
nc
e
c
a
us
e
s
a
main
be
a
m
that
l
ies
a
t
a
g
r
e
a
ter
d
is
tanc
e
f
r
om
br
oa
ds
ide
while
the
higher
c
a
pa
c
it
a
nc
e
c
a
us
e
s
the
main
be
a
m
to
li
e
ne
a
r
e
r
to
the
b
r
oa
ds
ide
.T
he
ga
in
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
whe
n
the
be
a
m
is
ne
a
r
the
e
nd
f
ir
e
be
c
a
us
e
of
the
poor
r
a
diation
in
the
e
nd
f
ir
e
.
T
he
r
a
diation
powe
r
is
de
pe
nde
nt
on
the
HW
–
M
L
W
A
length
lp
a
nd
lea
ka
ge
r
a
te
(
α
)
.
As
obs
e
r
ve
d
in
F
igur
e
2,
the
lea
ky
wa
ve
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
ha
s
a
n
e
xpone
nti
a
l
f
unc
t
ion
whe
n
the
be
a
m
s
c
a
nning
is
f
r
om
the
br
oa
ds
ide
towa
r
ds
e
nd
f
ir
e
.
F
igur
e
2.
P
r
opa
ga
ti
on
of
lea
ky
wa
ve
in
HW
-
M
L
W
A
I
n
c
ompar
is
on
to
the
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
c
a
pa
c
it
a
nc
e
withou
t
pa
tche
s
,
the
longe
r
pa
tche
s
br
ing
out
a
r
e
duc
e
d
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
c
a
pa
c
it
a
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
the
r
a
diating
e
dge
a
nd
gr
ound.
T
hus
,
s
lot
s
c
a
us
e
the
di
r
e
c
ti
on
o
f
the
m
a
in
be
a
m
to
be
moved
towa
r
ds
the
e
ndf
ir
e
.
Alter
a
ti
ons
to
t
he
s
lot
s
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on
f
or
a
given
pa
tch
length
c
a
n
f
ur
ther
c
a
us
e
s
c
h
a
nge
s
to
the
main
be
a
m’
s
dir
e
c
ti
on.
T
he
s
we
e
ping
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
a
s
e
s
a
nd
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
dir
e
c
ti
on
of
main
be
a
ms
a
t
4
to
6
GH
z
.
T
he
r
e
tur
n
los
s
of
the
p
r
opos
e
d
a
ntenna
ge
t
it
wide
ba
nd
a
nd
wid
e
s
c
a
nning
r
a
nge
,
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
3
.
T
he
y
s
how
that
f
or
thes
e
s
w
e
e
ping
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
a
s
e
,
the
a
ntenna
is
highl
y
c
oor
d
inate
d
a
t
5
GH
z
.
C
ompar
e
d
to
the
c
a
pa
c
it
a
nc
e
of
the
s
lot
s
,
t
he
c
a
pa
c
it
a
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
the
gr
ound
plane
a
nd
f
r
e
e
e
dge
of
the
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip
l
ine
is
gr
e
a
ter
than
a
t
5
GH
z
.
T
he
a
dmi
tt
a
nc
e
pr
of
il
e
a
t
the
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip
li
ne
’
s
r
a
diating
e
dge
is
a
lt
e
r
e
d
by
the
c
ha
nge
o
f
ope
r
a
ti
ng
f
r
e
que
nc
y
,
a
nd
t
hus
c
a
us
ing
a
lt
e
r
a
ti
ons
to
the
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
β
of
the
s
tr
u
c
tur
e
.
F
ig
ur
e
4
s
hows
the
r
a
diation
pa
tt
e
r
n
f
o
r
the
f
ive
dis
t
inct
ope
r
a
ti
ng
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
e
tt
ings
.
I
t
is
obs
e
r
va
ble
that
f
o
r
s
tate
1
whe
n
ope
r
a
ti
on
f
r
e
que
nc
y
is
4.
3G
Hz
the
main
be
a
m
di
r
e
c
ti
on
c
ombi
ne
towa
r
ds
(
1
5
o
)
ne
a
r
of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
1
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
12
3
7
-
124
2
1240
br
oa
ds
ide.
F
or
s
tate
5
whe
n
the
ope
r
a
ti
ng
f
r
e
que
nc
y
is
5
.
5
GHz
the
main
be
a
ms
a
r
e
dir
e
c
ted
towa
r
ds
(
55
o
)
ne
a
r
of
the
e
nd
f
ir
e
.
T
he
ga
in
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
whe
n
the
be
a
m
is
ne
a
r
the
e
nd
f
ir
e
be
c
a
us
e
of
the
poo
r
r
a
diation
i
n
the
e
nd
f
ir
e
.
T
he
r
a
diation
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
of
the
p
r
opos
e
d
de
s
ign
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
gr
a
dua
ll
y
whe
n
the
main
be
a
m
dir
e
c
ti
on
be
c
omes
c
los
e
r
to
the
e
ndf
ir
e
a
nd
is
high
ne
a
r
b
r
oa
ds
ide.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
HW
–
M
L
W
A
wa
s
tes
ted
u
s
ing
the
C
S
T
M
icr
owa
ve
S
tudi
o
.
T
he
s
c
a
nning
r
a
nge
of
HW
–
M
L
W
A
is
r
e
a
li
z
e
d
by
ve
r
ti
c
a
l
a
nd
hor
izont
a
l
s
lot
s
on
the
the
r
a
diation
e
leme
nt
.
T
he
e
tching
s
lot
s
in
the
r
a
diation
pa
r
t
did
not
incr
e
a
s
e
the
s
ize
of
the
a
n
tenna
,
a
nd
the
r
a
diation
pa
tt
e
r
n
ha
d
a
s
mall
e
f
f
e
c
t.
T
he
s
lot
s
tec
hnique
on
the
r
a
diation
e
leme
nts
led
to
a
n
incr
e
a
s
e
in
the
ba
ndwidth,
whe
r
e
a
s
the
e
tching
of
ve
r
t
ica
l
s
lot
s
c
los
e
to
the
matc
hing
load
is
us
e
d
to
incr
e
a
s
e
the
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
ur
f
a
c
e
f
ield
in
the
e
nti
r
e
a
nd
to
matc
h
the
i
mpeda
nc
e
f
or
pr
opos
e
d
a
ntenna
.
T
he
s
ha
pe
of
the
s
lot
on
the
r
a
diation
e
leme
nt
is
ve
r
y
c
r
it
ica
l.
T
he
p
r
opos
e
d
de
s
ign
us
e
d
a
ve
r
ti
c
a
l
a
nd
hor
izonta
l
s
lot
to
incr
e
a
s
e
the
ba
ndwidth
with
good
matc
hing
im
pe
da
nc
e
a
nd
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
the
c
r
os
s
polar
iza
ti
on
of
the
a
ntenna
.
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y (G
H
z
)
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
S
11 (d
B)
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
-18
0
-15
0
-12
0
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
120
150
-4
0
4
8
-4
0
4
8
-4
0
4
8
-4
0
4
8
f
=
4
.
3
G
H
z
f
=
4
.
5
G
H
z
f
=
4
.
7
G
H
z
f
=
5
G
H
z
f
=
5
.
5
G
H
z
F
igur
e
3.
R
e
tur
n
los
s
f
o
r
p
r
opos
e
d
HW
-
M
L
W
A
without
hor
izonta
l
a
nd
ve
r
ti
c
a
l
s
lot
s
F
igur
e
4.
R
a
diation
pa
tt
e
r
ns
(x
-
z
-
plane
)
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
HW
–
M
L
W
A
(
P
hi
=
0)
T
he
VSWR
is
the
r
a
ti
o
be
twe
e
n
the
maximum
R
F
volt
a
ge
s
to
a
mi
nim
u
m
a
long
the
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
li
ne
.
T
he
s
tanding
wa
ve
is
the
c
ompanion
o
f
the
o
r
igi
na
l
s
ignal
pr
opa
ga
ted
in
the
a
ntenna
a
nd
r
e
f
lec
ted
wa
ve
.
T
he
r
a
ti
o
be
twe
e
n
thes
e
wa
ve
s
is
known
a
s
the
vo
lt
a
ge
s
tanding
wa
ve
r
a
ti
o
(
VSWR
)
.
T
his
pa
r
a
mete
r
is
us
e
d
to
mea
s
ur
e
the
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
im
pe
da
nc
e
of
the
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
li
ne
a
nd
matc
he
s
the
ter
mi
na
l
im
pe
da
nc
e
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
a
ntenna
.
I
t
is
a
ls
o
us
e
d
to
de
s
c
r
ibe
th
e
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
a
ntenna
with
a
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
li
ne
.
F
igur
e
5
s
hows
that
the
VSWR
is
≤
2
,
whic
h
mea
ns
the
pr
opos
e
d
a
ntenna
ha
s
good
matc
hing
im
pe
da
nc
e
.
T
he
volt
a
ge
s
tanding
wa
ve
r
a
ti
o
(
VSWR
)
indi
c
a
te
s
the
im
pe
da
nc
e
matc
hing
of
a
ntenna
.
T
he
va
lue
o
f
VSWR
s
hould
li
e
be
twe
e
n
1
a
nd
2
.
T
he
main
be
a
m
f
o
r
the
p
r
opos
e
d
a
ntenna
c
a
n
s
c
a
n
b
y
c
ha
nging
it
s
ope
r
a
t
ing
f
r
e
que
nc
y,
whe
n
a
c
ha
nge
in
the
ope
r
a
ti
ng
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
e
s
ult
s
in
a
c
ha
nge
in
the
va
lue
of
β
/k
o
then
the
main
be
a
m
dir
e
c
ti
on
c
ha
nge
s
.
Va
r
ious
s
tudi
e
s
ha
ve
e
xplor
e
d
L
W
As
be
a
m
s
c
a
nning
by
c
ha
nging
the
ope
r
a
ti
on
f
r
e
que
nc
y.
Although
mos
t
of
thes
e
s
tudi
e
s
ha
ve
f
oc
us
e
d
on
be
a
m
s
c
a
nning,
f
e
w
s
tudi
e
s
ha
ve
f
oc
us
e
d
on
incr
e
a
s
ing
the
ba
ndwidth
lea
d
to
obtaining
wide
r
a
nge
be
a
m
s
c
a
nning.
T
he
bounda
r
y
ba
ndwidth
o
f
the
pr
opos
e
d
a
ntenna
is
4.
3
GH
z
to
6.
3
GH
z
.
W
he
n
the
ope
r
a
ti
on
f
r
e
que
nc
y
be
twe
e
n
thi
s
ba
nd
a
nd
the
main
be
a
m
dir
e
c
ti
on
is
c
ha
nge
d,
s
uc
h
a
s
whe
n
the
e
leva
ti
on
a
ngle
of
the
main
be
a
m
is
+
15
o
a
t
4
.
3
GH
z
a
nd
th
e
main
be
a
m
di
r
e
c
ti
on
is
+
55
o
a
t
5
.
5
GH
z
,
the
mai
n
lobe
is
s
c
a
nne
d
be
twe
e
n
the
br
oa
ds
ides
towa
r
ds
e
ndf
ir
e
d
i
r
e
c
ti
on.
T
he
r
e
a
li
z
e
d
ga
in
is
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
whe
n
the
be
a
m
s
c
a
n
is
c
los
e
to
e
ndf
ir
e
be
c
a
us
e
of
the
poor
r
a
diation
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
in
e
ndf
ir
e
.
As
the
be
a
m
point
s
ge
t
ne
a
r
e
r
to
the
f
o
r
e
s
ig
ht,
the
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
o
f
a
M
L
W
A’
s
r
a
diation
is
high.
T
he
r
a
diation
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
lowe
r
s
a
s
the
be
a
m
move
towa
r
ds
the
e
ndf
ir
e
[
23
-
25]
.
C
onve
r
s
e
ly,
a
s
the
be
a
m
s
c
a
ns
the
s
a
me
r
a
nge
a
t
4
.
3
GH
z
,
the
r
e
c
onf
igur
a
ble
H
W
-
M
L
W
A’
s
r
a
diation
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
lowe
r
s
by
only
4
.
4%
-
f
r
o
m
94.
6%
to
90.
2%
.
As
the
a
ntenna
is
pr
ope
r
ly
s
im
il
a
r
f
or
a
ll
the
s
e
lec
ted
ope
r
a
ti
on
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
tate
s
,
the
r
e
c
onf
igur
a
ble
a
ntenna
’
s
tot
a
l
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
a
lm
os
t
matc
he
s
a
ll
thos
e
s
tate
s
’
r
a
diation
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
I
n
bo
th
f
or
ms
of
L
W
A’
s
,
whe
n
the
be
a
m
is
s
tee
r
e
d
towa
r
ds
the
dir
e
c
ti
on
o
f
e
nd
-
f
ir
e
,
the
lowe
r
ing
of
r
a
diation
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
c
ompens
a
tes
f
or
the
r
is
e
in
di
r
e
c
ti
vit
y.
I
n
thi
s
c
a
s
e
,
withi
n
the
c
ontext
of
a
pr
ope
r
L
W
A
de
s
ign,
p
r
odu
c
ti
on
by
thi
s
ga
in
va
r
iation
may
be
lowe
r
than
the
indus
tr
ial
s
tanda
r
d
3dB
li
mi
t
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
R
adiat
ion
be
am
s
c
anning
for
leak
y
w
av
e
antenna
by
us
ing
s
lot
s
(
J
.
S
.
K
as
im
)
1241
T
his
is
the
main
pr
oblem
with
a
pe
r
iod
ic
HW
-
M
L
W
A1
that
is
de
s
igned
not
us
ing
a
ny
s
lot
s
.
T
his
is
be
c
a
us
e
the
r
a
diation
f
r
om
the
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip
l
ine
is
p
olar
ize
d
in
the
x
-
dir
e
c
ti
on
whe
r
e
a
s
r
a
diation
f
r
om
the
f
r
e
e
e
dge
of
uni
f
or
m
HW
-
M
L
W
A1
is
polar
ize
d
in
th
e
y
-
dir
e
c
ti
on.
S
o
,
a
n
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
wa
y
is
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
to
r
e
duc
e
the
c
r
os
s
-
polar
iza
ti
on
while
maintaining
the
dis
ta
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
s
lot
s
.
F
igur
e
6
s
hows
the
c
r
os
s
polar
i
z
a
ti
on
of
pr
opos
e
d
HW
–
M
L
W
A.
I
t
c
a
n
be
obs
e
r
ve
d
that
the
c
r
os
s
–
polar
iza
ti
on
incr
e
a
s
e
s
whe
n
the
main
be
a
m
moves
to
f
or
wa
r
d
di
r
e
c
ti
on,
f
r
o
m
lowe
r
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
to
the
hi
ghe
r
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
.
I
t
is
obs
e
r
ve
d
in
the
pr
e
vious
de
s
ign
that
the
c
r
os
s
-
polar
iza
ti
on
incr
e
a
s
e
s
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
wh
e
n
the
be
a
m
s
c
a
ns
c
los
e
to
e
ndf
ir
e
a
nd
be
yond
it
int
o
the
f
or
wa
r
d
dir
e
c
ti
on.
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y (G
H
z
)
4
.
0
4
.
5
5
.
0
5
.
5
6
.
0
6
.
5
7
.
0
V
S
W
R
1
.
0
1
.
2
1
.
4
1
.
6
1
.
8
2
.
0
M
ai
n
Be
am
D
i
r
e
c
ti
on
(D
e
gr
e
e
)
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
C
r
os
s
-P
ol
ai
z
at
i
on
(d
B)
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
U
n
i
f
or
m
H
W
-
M
L
W
A
W
i
t
h
ou
t
S
l
ot
s
U
n
i
f
or
m
H
W
-
M
L
W
A
W
i
t
h
S
l
ot
s
F
igur
e
5.
VSWA
f
or
the
pr
opos
e
d
uni
f
or
m
HW
–
M
L
W
A
F
igur
e
6.
C
r
os
s
-
polar
iza
ti
on
leve
l
of
p
r
opos
e
d
unif
or
m
HW
-
M
L
W
A
with
ve
r
ti
c
a
l
a
nd
hor
izonta
l
s
lot
s
4.
CONC
L
USI
ON
A
ne
w
de
s
ign
to
c
ont
r
ol
the
r
a
diations
of
pe
r
iodi
c
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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T
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Vol.
1
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
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2020:
12
3
7
-
124
2
1242
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