T
E
L
KO
M
N
I
KA
T
e
lec
om
m
u
n
icat
ion
,
Com
p
u
t
i
n
g,
E
lec
t
r
on
ics
an
d
Cont
r
ol
Vol.
18
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
,
pp.
1
~
9
I
S
S
N:
1693
-
6930,
a
c
c
r
e
dit
e
d
F
ir
s
t
G
r
a
de
by
Ke
me
nr
is
tekdikti
,
De
c
r
e
e
No:
21/E
/KP
T
/2018
DO
I
:
10.
12928/
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
.
v18i1.
13187
1
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
jour
nal.
uad
.
ac
.
id/
index
.
php/T
E
L
K
OM
N
I
K
A
Ove
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a
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h
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ve
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io
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De
an
n
e
Anak
E
d
win
,
S
h
af
r
id
a
S
ah
r
an
i
,
Ki
s
m
e
t
Anak
Ho
n
g
P
in
g
D
ep
ar
t
men
t
o
f
E
l
ect
r
i
cal
a
n
d
E
l
ect
r
o
n
i
c
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
,
Facu
l
t
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
eeri
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
ers
i
t
i
Mal
ay
s
i
a
Sara
w
ak
,
Mal
ay
s
i
a
Ar
t
icle
I
n
f
o
AB
S
T
RA
CT
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
tor
y
:
R
e
c
e
ived
M
a
y
21
,
2019
R
e
vis
e
d
J
un
30
,
2019
Ac
c
e
pted
J
ul
18,
2019
T
h
i
s
p
a
p
er
p
re
s
en
t
s
t
h
e
f
o
rw
ar
d
b
ack
w
ar
d
t
i
me
s
t
e
p
p
i
n
g
(FBT
S)
t
ech
n
i
q
u
e
w
i
t
h
f
i
n
i
t
e
d
i
fferen
ce
t
i
me
d
o
mai
n
(FD
T
D
)
met
h
o
d
an
d
o
v
er
s
et
g
ri
d
g
en
era
t
i
o
n
(O
G
G
)
met
h
o
d
w
a
s
ap
p
l
i
ed
fo
r
t
h
e
reco
n
s
t
ru
ct
i
o
n
o
f
o
b
j
ec
t
an
d
crack
d
et
ec
t
i
o
n
.
O
b
j
ect
an
d
crack
d
et
ect
i
o
n
i
s
w
i
d
e
l
y
u
s
ed
i
n
s
t
r
u
ct
u
ral
h
ea
l
t
h
mo
n
i
t
o
ri
n
g
(SH
M)
ap
p
l
i
ca
t
i
o
n
es
p
eci
a
l
l
y
i
n
ci
v
i
l
s
t
ru
ct
u
re
t
o
d
e
t
ect
t
h
e
b
u
r
i
ed
o
b
j
ect
a
n
d
al
s
o
crac
k
s
.
T
h
e
p
ro
p
o
s
ed
n
u
mer
i
c
al
ap
p
ro
ac
h
h
a
s
b
e
en
v
al
i
d
a
t
ed
b
y
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
n
g
d
i
ffere
n
t
k
i
n
d
o
f
ra
t
i
o
o
f
g
ri
d
s
i
ze
b
et
w
een
th
e
mai
n
mes
h
an
d
s
u
b
-
mes
h
.
T
h
e
n
,
t
h
e
p
ro
p
o
s
ed
n
u
meri
ca
l
ap
p
r
o
ach
i
s
i
mp
l
emen
t
ed
i
n
t
h
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
t
ect
i
o
n
o
f
o
b
j
e
ct
s
s
u
ch
as
c
o
n
cre
t
e
b
l
o
ck
s
an
d
crack
s
u
n
d
er
g
ro
u
n
d
.
H
ere,
t
h
e
n
u
mer
i
cal
err
o
rs
b
et
w
een
t
h
e
ac
t
u
a
l
res
u
l
t
an
d
s
i
mu
l
at
e
d
res
u
l
t
h
a
d
b
ee
n
c
al
c
u
l
a
t
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
rel
a
t
i
v
e
erro
r.
It
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
ap
p
ro
ac
h
h
a
s
5
.
2
2
%
erro
r
an
d
n
earer
t
o
t
h
e
act
u
al
v
al
u
e.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
ur
ied
objec
t
C
r
a
c
k
de
tec
ti
on
F
ini
te
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
ti
me
domain
F
or
wa
r
d
ba
c
kwa
r
d
ti
me
s
tepping
I
mage
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
Ove
r
s
e
t
gr
i
d
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e
.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
S
ha
f
r
ida
S
a
hr
a
ni
,
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
E
lec
tr
ica
l
a
nd
E
lec
tr
onic
E
nginee
r
i
ng,
F
a
c
ult
y
of
E
nginee
r
ing
,
Unive
r
s
it
i
M
a
lays
ia
S
a
r
a
wa
k,
94300
Kota
S
a
mar
a
ha
n,
S
a
r
a
wa
k
,
M
a
lays
ia
E
mail:
s
s
ha
f
r
ida@
unim
a
s
.
my
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
I
t
ha
s
a
lwa
ys
be
e
n
a
c
onc
e
r
n
of
publi
c
a
bout
the
buil
dings
a
nd
c
ivi
l
s
tr
uc
tur
e
that
ha
d
da
mage
d
by
s
e
is
mi
c
wa
ve
s
c
omi
ng
f
r
om
the
S
a
ba
h
e
a
r
thquake
in
M
a
lays
ia
[
1]
.
T
he
tr
e
mo
r
s
c
r
e
a
ted
he
a
vy
da
mage
s
a
nd
c
r
a
c
ks
to
s
ome
s
c
hool
a
nd
publi
c
buil
dings
,
inf
r
a
s
tr
uc
tur
e
s
a
nd
c
a
us
e
d
land
s
li
ps
.
I
n
a
wor
s
t
c
ondit
ion,
s
ome
of
the
c
oll
a
ps
e
d
buil
dings
a
r
e
bu
r
ied
unde
r
t
he
s
oil
a
nd
a
ls
o
s
ome
c
r
a
c
ks
unde
r
g
r
ound
that
a
r
e
c
r
e
a
ted
dur
ing
the
e
a
r
thquake
.
T
he
bu
r
ied
c
onc
r
e
te
a
nd
the
c
r
a
c
k
unde
r
gr
ound
c
a
n
a
f
f
e
c
t
the
int
e
gr
it
y
of
the
buil
dings
whic
h
it
c
a
us
e
s
s
tr
uc
tur
a
l
f
a
il
ur
e
s
a
nd
c
oll
a
ps
e
s
in
the
f
utur
e
[
2]
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion,
thi
s
s
it
ua
ti
on
c
a
n
a
ls
o
lea
d
uns
a
f
e
wo
r
king
e
nvir
onment
f
o
r
the
r
e
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
the
buil
dings
a
nd
in
f
r
a
s
tr
u
c
tur
e
s
in
the
f
utu
r
e
.
B
e
s
ides
,
the
dis
a
s
ter
c
a
n
c
r
e
a
te
the
li
n
ing
c
r
a
c
k
on
the
tunnel
c
a
n
a
ls
o
be
da
nge
r
ous
f
o
r
publi
c
e
s
pe
c
ially
thos
e
c
it
ies
that
ha
ve
highwa
y
tunnel.
I
n
thi
s
c
a
s
e
,
it
will
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
the
s
tabili
ty
o
f
th
e
tunnel
s
tr
uc
tur
e
,
the
s
a
f
e
ty
a
nd
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y
of
the
li
ni
ng
s
tr
uc
tur
e
a
nd
a
f
f
e
c
ts
the
nor
mal
us
e
of
th
e
tunnel,
a
nd
e
nda
nge
r
s
the
s
a
f
e
ty
o
f
d
r
iver
s
[
3]
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
the
pos
t
-
ha
z
a
r
d
a
s
s
e
s
s
ment
s
ha
ve
to
be
he
ld
t
o
e
ns
ur
e
the
qua
li
ty
a
nd
c
ondit
ion
of
the
da
mage
d
buil
di
ngs
,
inf
r
a
s
tr
uc
tur
e
s
a
nd
lands
be
f
or
e
c
onti
nue
to
u
s
e
it
in
the
f
utur
e
.
T
he
r
e
maining
of
the
c
oll
a
ps
e
d
buil
ding
s
hould
be
s
ur
ve
ye
d
in
or
de
r
to
know
the
e
xtent
of
da
mage
s
a
nd
a
ny
obvious
da
nge
r
s
be
f
or
e
a
ny
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
ha
ppe
n
[
2
]
.
T
he
da
mage
o
f
the
bui
l
ding
a
nd
c
ivi
l
s
tr
uc
tur
e
s
c
a
n
be
dis
c
ove
r
e
d
a
t
a
ve
r
y
ini
ti
a
l
s
tage
to
a
void
a
ny
f
a
il
u
r
e
s
that
will
r
e
s
ult
in
a
de
va
s
tating
f
a
talit
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
:
1
-
9
2
I
n
pa
s
t
ye
a
r
s
,
a
numbe
r
of
tec
hniques
ha
ve
be
e
n
us
e
d
f
or
the
de
tec
ti
on
o
f
the
bu
r
ied
objec
t
[4
–
10]
.
F
or
e
xa
mpl
e
,
a
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
the
de
tec
ti
on
of
unde
r
gr
ound
s
ubs
ur
f
a
c
e
laye
r
s
a
nd
bur
ied
objec
ts
by
us
ing
a
2D
F
ini
te
Dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
T
im
e
Doma
in
(
F
DT
D
)
mode
l
of
Gr
ound
P
e
ne
tr
a
ti
ng
r
a
da
r
(
GPR
)
tom
og
r
a
phy
[
6]
.
T
he
GPR
tom
og
r
a
phy
is
a
method
with
h
igh
r
e
s
ol
uti
on
r
a
ti
o
,
r
e
a
l
-
ti
me
dis
play
a
nd
f
lexible
to
im
ple
ment
f
or
de
tec
ti
ng
the
bu
r
ied
objec
t
[
6]
.
I
t
e
mi
ts
the
e
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
(
E
M
)
wa
ve
s
to
the
g
r
ound
a
nd
r
e
c
e
ive
the
ba
c
ks
c
a
tt
e
r
e
d
wa
ve
to
ge
t
the
im
a
ge
of
the
unde
r
gr
ound
s
ubs
ur
f
a
c
e
laye
r
s
a
nd
bur
ied
obje
c
ts
[
6]
.
Due
to
the
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
a
nd
f
lexibil
it
y
of
the
meth
od,
the
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
us
e
d
the
tec
hnique
to
obtain
the
de
pth
of
the
bur
ied
objec
t
,
c
onduc
ti
vit
y
a
nd
ge
ometr
y
of
t
he
bur
ied
objec
ts
,
f
or
e
xa
mpl
e
s
;
p
ipes
,
meta
l
ba
r
a
nd
s
tr
ip
a
nd
c
r
a
c
ks
unde
r
the
gr
ound
of
the
s
ubs
ur
f
a
c
e
la
ye
r
s
.
As
ide
f
r
om
the
GPR
method,
ther
e
is
a
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
by
us
ing
non
-
de
s
tr
uc
ti
ve
mi
c
r
owa
ve
r
a
da
r
to
ins
pe
c
t
bur
ied
objec
t
in
c
onc
r
e
te
s
tr
uc
tur
e
s
[
4
]
.
T
he
obj
e
c
ti
ve
of
the
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
to
ins
pe
c
t
the
s
a
f
e
ty
of
the
inner
s
tr
uc
tur
e
s
,
the
pos
it
ion
a
nd
the
e
s
ti
mation
o
f
a
bur
ie
d
objec
t.
I
n
thi
s
method
,
the
a
ntenna
is
t
r
a
ns
mi
tt
ing
the
mi
c
r
owa
ve
a
nd
will
be
r
e
f
r
a
c
ted
on
a
s
ubs
tr
a
te
-
a
ir
bounda
r
y
a
nd
a
n
a
ir
-
c
onc
r
e
te
bounda
r
y.
T
he
n,
it
will
be
r
e
f
l
e
c
ted
on
the
bur
ied
objec
t.
Af
ter
that,
the
wa
ve
is
r
e
f
r
a
c
ted
a
ga
in
on
a
c
onc
r
e
te
-
a
ir
bounda
r
y
a
nd
a
n
a
ir
-
s
ubs
tr
a
te
bounda
r
y
a
nd
las
tl
y
r
e
c
e
ived
on
the
r
e
c
e
iver
.
I
n
[
10]
,
the
p
r
opos
e
d
met
hod
is
ba
s
e
d
on
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
a
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ted
tes
t
mas
s
on
the
na
tur
a
l
f
r
e
que
nc
y
that
is
de
f
ined
a
s
a
s
tationar
y
mas
s
.
T
he
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ted
tes
t
mas
s
c
a
n
be
loca
ted
in
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
pos
it
ions
o
f
t
he
be
a
m
a
nd
c
a
nnot
be
s
e
pa
r
a
ted
f
r
om
the
be
a
m
.
He
r
e
,
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
is
c
a
lcula
ted
by
us
ing
T
im
os
he
nko
be
a
m
theor
y.
How
e
ve
r
,
thes
e
pr
e
vious
methods
ha
ve
s
ome
li
mi
tation
whe
n
it
c
omes
to
im
a
ge
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on.
F
ir
s
tl
y,
the
GPR
method
de
ter
mi
ne
d
the
bur
ied
objec
ts
f
r
om
the
r
e
f
lec
ted
wa
ve
of
the
bu
r
ied
objec
ts
.
S
e
c
ondly,
the
non
-
de
s
tr
uc
ti
ve
mi
c
r
owa
ve
r
a
da
r
c
a
n
only
ge
t
the
e
s
ti
mate
d
va
lues
f
or
the
bu
r
ied
objec
t’
s
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
a
nd
r
e
lative
pe
r
mi
tt
ivi
ty.
T
hir
dly
,
the
method
invol
ve
s
thr
e
e
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
a
s
pe
c
ts
;
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
c
r
a
c
ks
,
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
the
bounda
r
y
c
ondit
ions
,
a
nd
to
de
tec
t
loc
a
ti
on
a
nd
qua
li
f
ica
ti
on
of
c
r
a
c
ks
whe
n
the
b
ounda
r
y
c
ondit
ion
is
unc
e
r
tain.
He
nc
e
,
thes
e
methods
we
r
e
not
a
ble
to
pr
ovide
e
nough
inf
o
r
mation
f
o
r
the
r
e
s
ult
s
of
the
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ted
im
a
ge
.
I
n
thi
s
pa
pe
r
,
the
F
o
r
wa
r
d
B
a
c
kwa
r
d
T
i
me
S
tepping
(
F
B
T
S
)
tec
hnique
wit
h
F
DT
D
method
is
pr
opos
e
d
to
s
olve
the
li
mi
tation
of
the
p
r
e
vio
us
methods
.
I
n
F
B
T
S
tec
hnique
[
11
–
13]
,
a
b
r
oa
dba
nd
mi
c
r
owa
ve
s
ignals
a
r
e
uti
li
z
e
d
to
ove
r
c
ome
th
e
inver
s
e
s
c
a
tt
e
r
ing
pr
oblem
in
the
ti
me
doma
in
[
14]
.
F
B
T
S
tec
hnique
is
a
ble
to
ge
ne
r
a
te
im
a
ge
a
nd
give
be
ne
f
icia
l
qua
nti
tative
inf
or
mation
of
the
bu
r
ied
c
onc
r
e
te
a
nd
c
r
a
c
k
de
tec
ti
on
s
uc
h
a
s
the
loca
ti
ons
,
s
ize
s
,
s
ha
pe
a
nd
the
p
r
ope
r
ti
e
s
of
diele
c
tr
ic
of
the
unknown
objec
t
[
14
,
15
]
.
T
he
Ove
r
s
e
t
Gr
id
Ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
(
OG
G)
method
will
b
e
int
e
gr
a
ted
int
o
the
a
lgor
it
hm.
OG
G
method
is
c
a
pa
ble
to
e
nha
nc
e
the
qua
li
ty
of
the
im
a
ge
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
a
nd
c
los
e
ly
de
s
c
r
ibe
the
buil
ding
a
nd
land
s
tr
uc
tur
e
s
f
or
the
inver
s
e
s
c
a
tt
e
r
ing
pr
oc
e
dur
e
in
F
B
T
S
tec
hnique.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
thi
s
pa
pe
r
c
ombi
ne
s
the
a
dva
ntage
s
of
both
F
B
T
S
tec
hnique
a
nd
O
GG
method
in
F
DT
D
to
de
ve
lop
the
e
f
f
icie
nt
numer
ica
l
method
f
or
the
im
a
ge
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
in
the
de
tec
ti
o
n
of
bu
r
ied
c
onc
r
e
te
unde
r
the
s
oil
.
2.
F
ORWAR
D
B
AC
KWARD
T
I
M
E
S
T
E
P
P
I
NG
(
F
B
T
S
)
T
E
CHNI
QUE
T
he
f
or
wa
r
d
ba
c
kwa
r
d
ti
me
s
tep
ping
(
F
B
T
S
)
tec
hnique
is
us
ing
br
oa
dba
nd
mi
c
r
owa
ve
s
ignals
.
T
his
tec
hnique
is
us
e
d
to
s
olve
the
inve
r
s
e
s
c
a
tt
e
r
ing
pr
oblem
in
the
ti
me
domain
.
P
r
e
vious
ly,
F
B
T
S
tec
hnique
ha
s
be
e
n
a
ppli
e
d
f
or
tum
or
in
di
s
pe
r
s
ive
br
e
a
s
t
ti
s
s
ue
de
tec
ti
on
[
15
–
17]
a
nd
to
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
t
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
pa
r
a
mete
r
pr
of
i
les
of
s
c
a
tt
e
r
ing
objec
t
mor
e
a
c
c
ur
a
tely.
F
B
T
S
tec
hnique
c
a
n
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
t
im
a
g
e
s
that
give
the
be
ne
f
icia
l
nume
r
ica
l
da
ta
a
bout
t
he
s
ize
,
loca
ti
ons
,
s
ha
pe
s
a
nd
the
int
e
r
na
l
c
om
pos
it
ion
of
bur
ied
objec
t.
F
igur
e
1
il
lus
tr
a
tes
the
s
e
tt
ing
of
a
mi
c
r
owa
ve
to
mogr
a
phy
in
F
B
T
S
inver
s
e
s
c
a
tt
e
r
ing
pr
oblem
in
2D
view
[
18
]
.
An
unknown
s
c
a
tt
e
r
e
r
or
objec
t
is
pr
e
s
umed
to
be
bur
ied
in
a
f
r
e
e
s
pa
c
e
.
T
he
objec
t
is
ir
r
a
diate
d
c
onti
nuous
ly
by
M
s
hor
t
puls
e
d
wa
ve
s
pr
oduc
e
d
by
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
our
c
e
s
(
,
)
loca
ted
a
t
=
(
=
1
,
2
,
…
,
)
.
I
n
F
B
T
S
tec
hnique
[
12,
13,
15
,
17
]
,
the
e
r
r
or
s
of
c
a
lcula
ted
a
nd
mea
s
ur
e
d
mi
c
r
owa
ve
s
c
a
tt
e
r
ing
da
ta
wi
ll
be
c
ompar
e
d
in
t
he
ti
me
do
main.
He
r
e
,
the
e
r
r
or
f
unc
ti
ona
l
e
qua
ti
on
of
a
n
e
s
ti
mate
d
e
lec
tr
ica
l
p
a
r
a
mete
r
ve
c
tor
,
p
include
s
of
pe
r
mi
tt
ivi
ty
a
nd
c
onduc
ti
vit
y
is
given
by:
(
)
=
∫
∑
∑
|
(
;
,
)
−
̅
(
,
)
|
2
−
1
−
1
0
(
1)
whe
r
e
̅
(
,
)
is
the
mea
s
ur
e
d
e
lec
tr
ic
f
ield
in
the
ti
me
d
omain
a
t
the
r
e
c
e
ivi
ng
pos
it
ion
whic
h
c
a
us
e
d
by
a
puls
e
that
e
mi
tt
e
d
by
the
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
r
,
m
mea
nwhil
e
(
;
,
)
is
the
c
a
lcula
ted
e
lec
tr
ic
f
ield
f
o
r
a
n
a
s
s
umed
e
lec
tr
ic
pa
r
a
mete
r
p
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
T
he
g
r
a
di
e
n
t
of
the
e
r
r
or
f
unc
ti
ona
l
c
a
n
be
mea
s
ur
e
d
us
ing
a
f
or
wa
r
d
F
DT
D
c
omput
a
ti
on
whic
h
f
oll
owe
d
b
y
a
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
a
djoi
nt
F
DT
D
c
omput
a
ti
on
i
n
whic
h
r
e
maining
s
ignals
a
t
the
r
e
c
e
iver
s
igni
f
ied
a
s
[
(
;
,
)
−
̅
(
,
)
]
t
ha
t
is
us
e
d
a
s
e
quivale
nt
s
our
c
e
s
a
t
whic
h
the
ti
me
is
r
e
ve
r
s
e
d
[
19]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
Ov
e
r
s
e
t
gr
id
ge
ne
r
ati
on
w
it
h
inve
r
s
e
s
c
at
te
r
ing
tec
hnique
for
objec
t…
(
De
anne
A
nak
E
dw
in
)
3
F
igur
e
1.
C
onf
igur
a
ti
on
of
mi
c
r
owa
ve
tom
og
r
a
phy
f
or
F
B
T
S
pr
oblem
in
2D
view
[
18
]
3.
OVE
RSE
T
GRI
D
GE
NE
RA
T
I
ON
(
OG
G)
M
E
T
HO
D
Ove
r
s
e
t
Gr
id
Ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
(
OG
G)
method
is
c
om
monl
y
a
ppli
e
d
in
c
omput
a
ti
ona
l
f
lu
id
dyna
mi
c
s
(
C
F
D)
[
20
–
23
]
.
T
his
method
ba
s
ica
ll
y
invol
v
e
s
of
main
mes
h
a
nd
a
s
ub
mes
h
that
ov
e
r
lappe
d
one
a
nother
[
22]
.
E
ve
r
y
c
omponent
of
the
gr
ids
in
the
s
ub
mes
h
c
a
n
b
e
mea
s
ur
e
d
s
e
pa
r
a
tely
f
r
om
main
mes
h.
OG
G
method
us
e
d
bil
inea
r
int
e
r
polation
in
or
de
r
to
upda
te
a
nd
e
xc
ha
nge
the
inf
or
mation
of
the
ove
r
lappe
d
da
ta
of
main
mes
h
a
nd
s
ub
me
s
h
[
24]
.
F
igur
e
2
il
l
us
tr
a
tes
the
a
lgor
it
hm
of
s
pa
c
e
a
nd
ti
me
in
F
DT
D
method
a
nd
L
or
e
ntz
tr
a
ns
f
or
mation
us
ing
OG
G
method
[
25]
.
T
he
e
lec
tr
ic
f
ields
a
r
e
c
a
lcula
ted
in
both
main
mes
h
a
nd
s
ub
-
me
s
h
s
e
pa
r
a
tely
by
us
ing
F
DT
D
method
.
F
igur
e
2.
Alg
or
i
thm
of
s
pa
c
e
a
nd
ti
me
f
or
F
DT
D
method
a
nd
L
or
e
ntz
tr
a
ns
f
or
mat
ion
by
OG
G
meth
od
[
25]
I
n
F
igur
e
2
(
a
)
a
nd
F
igu
r
e
2
(
d)
s
how
the
c
ompon
e
nts
of
the
main
mes
h,
mea
nwhile
in
F
igur
e
2
(
b)
a
nd
F
igur
e
2
(
c
)
s
how
the
c
omponents
o
f
the
s
ub
-
mes
h.
T
he
c
omponents
of
E
M
f
ield
on
the
main
mes
h
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
2
(
a
)
a
r
e
int
e
r
polate
d
int
o
the
f
ield
c
omponents
in
s
ub
-
mes
h.
At
thi
s
s
tage
,
the
e
lec
tr
ic
f
ield
is
mea
s
ur
e
d
f
or
both
main
mes
h
a
nd
s
ub
mes
h
by
us
ing
F
DT
D
method.
T
he
n
,
the
va
lue
of
e
lec
tr
ic
f
ield
that
ha
d
be
e
n
c
a
lcula
ted
in
the
s
u
b
-
mes
h
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
2
(
c
)
is
int
e
r
polate
d
ba
c
k
to
the
main
mes
h
in
F
igu
r
e
2
(
d)
by
L
or
e
ntz
tr
a
ns
f
o
r
mation.
Note
that
,
the
ha
lf
ti
me
inc
r
e
ment
is
a
dv
a
nc
e
d
a
t
thi
s
s
tage
[
25,
26]
.
I
n
the
main
mes
h,
a
t
t
im
e
=
∆
a
nd
the
va
lue
f
or
the
c
omponents
of
ti
me
f
or
the
F
B
T
S
tec
hnique
with
F
DT
D
method
is
:
′
=
√
1
−
2
2
⁄
Δ
(
2)
s
o
that
i
t
c
a
n
be
de
ter
mi
ne
d
with
the
lea
pf
r
og
ti
me
-
s
tepping
in
the
F
DT
D
method
.
I
t
is
im
p
or
tant
to
int
e
r
polate
the
ti
me
c
omponent
,
=
a
t
=
in
or
de
r
to
o
btain
the
e
lec
tr
ic
f
ield
,
a
t
=
∆
,
=
∆
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
:
1
-
9
4
As
f
or
the
s
ub
-
mes
h,
the
ti
me
inc
r
e
ment
is
ha
lf
a
n
d
the
c
omponents
of
ti
me
f
or
F
B
T
S
tec
hnique
wit
h
F
DT
D
method
in
OG
G
method
is
obtaine
d
by
us
ing
:
′
=
(
√
1
−
2
2
⁄
Δ
)
2
⁄
(
3)
4.
F
ORWAR
D
B
AC
KWARD
T
I
M
E
S
T
E
P
P
I
NG
(
F
B
T
S
)
T
E
CHNI
QUE
WI
T
H
F
I
NI
T
E
DI
F
F
E
RE
NC
E
T
I
M
E
DOM
AI
N
(
F
DT
D)
M
E
T
HO
D
AN
D
OVE
RS
E
T
GRI
D
GE
NE
RA
T
I
ON
(
OG
G
)
M
E
T
HO
D
I
n
th
is
pa
pe
r
,
we
int
e
gr
a
te
F
B
T
S
tec
hnique
with
F
DT
D
method
int
o
OG
G
method
a
nd
a
ppli
e
d
it
in
the
im
a
ge
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
of
the
de
tec
ti
on
of
bur
ie
d
objec
t
unde
r
the
s
oil
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igu
r
e
3
.
F
ir
s
t
s
tep
of
the
pr
oc
e
s
s
is
the
m
e
a
s
ur
e
ment
s
e
tup
f
or
th
e
s
im
ulation
s
uc
h
a
s
load
the
or
igi
na
l
im
a
ge
of
bur
ied
c
on
c
r
e
te
f
or
s
im
ulation
a
nd
s
e
t
the
c
oor
dinate
s
of
the
bur
ied
c
onc
r
e
te.
T
he
ne
xt
s
tep
is
f
or
wa
r
d
-
ba
c
kwa
r
d
ti
me
s
tepping
s
e
tup.
I
n
thi
s
s
tep,
the
pos
it
ion
of
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
r
a
nd
r
e
c
e
iver
a
ntenna
is
a
s
s
igned
a
nd
a
ll
the
E
M
f
ields
a
r
e
s
e
t
to
z
e
r
os
a
s
the
ini
ti
a
l
pa
r
a
mete
r
.
Note
that
,
the
F
DT
D
-
OG
G
a
lgor
it
hm
is
a
ppli
e
d
in
the
F
B
T
S
s
i
mul
a
ti
on.
F
igur
e
3.
F
low
c
ha
r
t
f
or
the
im
a
ge
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
o
f
de
tec
ti
on
of
bur
ied
objec
t
a
nd
c
r
a
c
k
de
tec
ti
on
In
the
F
B
T
S
main
f
ield
r
e
gion,
the
ti
me
c
omponent
f
o
r
the
is
s
e
t
a
s
=
+
Δ
while
the
c
omponents
of
ti
me
in
F
DT
D
-
OG
G
a
lgor
it
hm
is
s
e
t
a
s
=
+
Δ
/
2
in
or
de
r
f
or
the
ti
me
c
omponent
on
the
main
mes
h
to
be
mea
s
ur
e
d
a
nd
int
e
r
polate
d
onto
the
s
ub
-
mes
h.
T
he
ti
me
s
tep
that
is
c
hos
e
n
in
thi
s
a
na
lys
is
ne
e
d
to
s
a
ti
s
f
y
the
C
our
a
nt
c
ondit
i
on
≤
Δ
∕
Δ
,
whe
r
e
is
the
ve
locity
of
li
ght,
=
2
.
998
×
10
8
/
[
27]
.
I
n
the
F
D
T
D
-
OG
G
a
lgor
it
hm
,
the
point
of
the
g
r
id
f
or
the
s
ub
-
mes
h
that
ove
r
lappe
d
with
the
main
mes
h
is
identif
ied.
He
r
e
,
both
of
the
main
mes
h
a
nd
s
ub
-
m
e
s
h
a
r
e
r
e
maine
d
s
tationar
y.
Ne
xt,
the
c
omponents
of
E
M
f
iel
d
on
the
main
mes
h
a
r
e
int
e
r
polate
d
int
o
s
ub
-
mes
h.
He
r
e
,
the
e
lec
tr
ic
f
ield
f
or
bo
th
main
mes
h
a
nd
s
ub
-
mes
h
a
r
e
c
a
lcul
a
ted
thr
ough
F
DT
D
method.
T
he
n,
the
e
lec
tr
ic
f
ield
’
s
va
lue
that
ha
d
be
e
n
c
a
l
c
ulate
d
in
the
s
ub
-
mes
h
is
upda
ted
int
o
main
f
ield
s
r
e
gion.
T
he
whole
pr
e
vious
p
r
oc
e
dur
e
is
r
e
pe
a
ted
to
m
e
a
s
ur
e
the
magne
ti
c
f
ield.
T
he
las
t
s
tep
of
the
pr
oc
e
s
s
,
the
E
M
f
ields
f
o
r
s
im
ulate
d
a
nd
mea
s
ur
e
d
E
M
f
i
e
lds
of
the
bur
ied
c
onc
r
e
te
in
ti
me
domain
a
r
e
c
a
lcula
ted.
T
he
e
nti
r
e
p
r
oc
e
s
s
is
r
e
pe
a
ted
unti
l
the
ti
me
s
teppi
ng
is
f
ini
s
he
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
Ov
e
r
s
e
t
gr
id
ge
ne
r
ati
on
w
it
h
inve
r
s
e
s
c
at
te
r
ing
tec
hnique
for
objec
t…
(
De
anne
A
nak
E
dw
in
)
5
5.
RE
S
UL
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
YSI
S
5
.
1.
Nu
m
e
r
ical
s
e
t
u
p
f
or
b
u
r
ied
c
on
c
r
e
t
e
d
e
t
e
c
t
ion
b
y
u
s
in
g
F
B
T
S
t
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
wit
h
F
DT
D
m
e
t
h
od
an
d
OGG
m
e
t
h
od
F
igur
e
4
de
mons
tr
a
tes
the
numer
ica
l
modelli
ng
of
the
bur
ied
objec
t
by
us
ing
F
B
T
S
tec
hnique
with
F
DT
D
method
a
nd
OG
G
method
on
the
ove
r
l
a
ppe
d
main
mes
h.
T
he
gr
id
’
s
number
f
o
r
main
mes
h
(
)
×
(
)
is
s
e
t
to
190
×
190
a
nd
the
number
o
f
g
r
ids
f
o
r
s
ub
-
mes
h
(
)
×
(
)
is
s
e
t
int
o
40
×
20
.
T
he
length
of
the
main
mes
h
a
nd
s
ub
-
mes
h
a
r
e
f
ixed
,
whe
r
e
=
0
.
20
a
nd
=
0
.
05
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly
.
I
n
thi
s
s
im
ulation,
Δ
is
s
e
t
to
2
.
3115
×
10
−
12
(
)
a
nd
it
s
a
ti
s
f
ied
the
C
our
a
nt
c
ondit
ion.
He
r
e
,
16
a
ntenna
s
a
r
e
s
ur
r
ounde
d
a
r
ound
the
r
e
gion
of
int
e
r
e
s
t
(
R
OI
)
.
T
he
mea
s
ur
e
ment
is
r
e
pe
a
ted
unti
l
the
number
of
a
ntenna
s
uti
li
z
e
d.
T
he
dis
tanc
e
be
twe
e
n
e
a
c
h
of
the
a
ntenn
a
s
is
s
e
t
a
s
170
.
All
thes
e
gr
ids
will
be
ter
mi
na
ted
by
the
C
onvolut
ional
P
e
r
f
e
c
tl
y
M
a
tche
d
L
a
ye
r
(
C
P
M
L
)
[
28
–
30]
.
T
he
outer
bounda
r
y
of
the
main
mes
h
is
the
C
P
M
L
with
the
thi
c
kne
s
s
of
15
.
F
igur
e
4
.
Nume
r
ica
l
model
of
bur
ied
c
o
nc
r
e
te
by
u
s
ing
F
B
T
S
tec
hnique
with
F
DT
D
method
a
nd
OG
G
method
A
s
inus
oidally
modul
a
ted
Ga
us
s
ian
pul
s
e
is
a
ppl
ied
a
s
e
xc
it
a
ti
on
s
ignal
with
a
c
e
nter
ba
ndwidth,
=
2
.
0
.
T
he
s
pa
c
e
incr
e
ment
of
the
gr
id
f
or
main
mes
h,
Δ
a
nd
Δ
is
s
e
t
to
1
.
As
the
r
a
ti
o
of
gr
id
s
ize
is
=
1
.
0
,
Δ
,
Δ
a
r
e
s
e
t
to
be
e
quivale
nt
to
Δ
,
Δ
.
T
he
r
a
dius
o
f
R
OI
is
s
e
t
to
50
mm
.
He
r
e
,
the
s
ub
-
mes
h
i
s
s
e
t
a
s
a
c
onc
r
e
te
block.
T
he
c
ir
c
ular
r
e
gion
of
int
e
r
e
s
t
is
r
e
plac
e
d
with
the
c
lay
r
e
gion.
T
he
ba
c
kgr
ound
medium
is
s
e
t
a
s
f
r
e
e
s
pa
c
e
in
or
de
r
the
e
quipm
e
nt
is
e
a
s
ier
to
be
mai
ntaine
d.
I
n
thi
s
a
na
lys
is
,
a
c
onc
r
e
te
is
a
s
s
umed
to
be
i
mm
e
r
s
e
d
in
c
lay
r
e
gion.
T
he
length
a
nd
the
width
of
the
c
onc
r
e
te
is
s
e
t
a
s
40
a
nd
20
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
T
he
e
mbe
dde
d
s
ub
mes
h
is
pos
it
ioned
a
t
the
c
e
nter
of
the
main
mes
h
with
=
90
,
=
100
.
T
he
r
e
lative
pe
r
mi
t
ti
vit
y
va
lue
f
or
the
c
onc
r
e
te
is
s
e
t
to
=
6
.
7
while
the
r
e
gion
of
int
e
r
e
s
t
is
s
e
t
a
s
=
12
.
0
.
5.
1.
1.
I
m
age
Re
c
on
s
t
r
u
c
t
ion
of
t
h
e
d
e
t
e
c
t
ion
of
b
u
r
ied
c
on
c
r
e
t
e
b
lock
u
s
in
g
F
B
T
S
t
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
wit
h
F
DT
D
m
e
t
h
od
an
d
OG
G
m
e
t
h
od
F
igur
e
5
(
a
)
il
lus
tr
a
tes
the
a
c
tual
im
a
ge
o
f
r
e
lative
pe
r
mi
tt
ivi
ty
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
f
or
a
c
onc
r
e
te
whic
h
is
a
s
s
umed
to
be
im
mer
s
e
d
in
c
lay
r
e
gion.
T
he
length
a
n
d
the
width
o
f
the
c
onc
r
e
te
is
s
e
t
a
s
40
a
nd
20
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
T
he
e
mbedde
d
s
ub
mes
h
is
f
ixed
a
t
the
c
e
ntr
e
of
the
main
mes
h
with
=
90
,
=
100
.
F
igur
e
5
(
b)
s
hows
the
im
a
ge
a
f
ter
the
r
e
c
ons
t
r
uc
ti
on
f
or
the
r
e
lative
pe
r
mi
tt
ivi
ty
.
F
igu
r
e
5
(
c
)
s
hows
the
c
r
os
s
-
s
e
c
ti
on
of
r
e
lative
pe
r
mi
tt
ivi
ty
of
the
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
im
a
ge
.
T
he
s
oli
d
li
ne
s
hows
the
a
c
tual
r
e
s
ult
whi
le
the
da
s
he
d
li
ne
is
the
s
im
ulate
d
r
e
s
ult
.
F
r
om
thi
s
r
e
s
ult
,
it
is
obs
e
r
ve
d
that
the
c
onc
r
e
te
block
is
a
ble
to
be
de
tec
ted
a
nd
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ted.
T
he
c
ompar
is
on
of
the
numer
ica
l
a
na
lys
is
be
twe
e
n
the
a
c
tual
va
lue
a
nd
the
s
im
ulate
d
va
lue
is
s
hown
in
T
a
ble
1.
T
h
e
a
c
tual
va
lue
a
nd
s
im
ulate
d
r
e
s
ult
f
or
c
r
os
s
-
s
e
c
ti
ona
l
view
of
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ted
r
e
lative
pe
r
mi
tt
ivi
ty
f
r
om
F
igu
r
e
5
(
c
)
a
r
e
c
ompar
e
d
a
s
s
hown
in
T
a
ble
1
.
T
he
numer
ica
l
e
r
r
or
s
be
twe
e
n
the
a
c
tual
r
e
s
ult
a
nd
s
im
ulate
d
r
e
s
ult
ha
d
be
e
n
c
a
lcula
ted
by
us
ing
r
e
lative
e
r
r
or
a
s
in
(
4
)
.
=
|
(
)
−
0
(
)
|
0
(
)
⁄
(
4)
T
he
pe
r
c
e
ntage
of
the
numer
ica
l
e
r
r
or
s
be
twe
e
n
both
r
e
s
ult
s
is
5.
22%
.
T
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
i
t
is
s
hown
that
the
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ted
im
a
ge
of
the
bu
r
ied
objec
t
a
ble
t
o
de
tec
t
a
nd
ne
a
r
ly
to
the
a
c
tual
va
lue.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
:
1
-
9
6
(
a
)
(
b)
(
c
)
F
igur
e
5.
I
mage
R
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
of
the
de
tec
ti
on
of
bur
ied
c
onc
r
e
te
block
us
ing
F
B
T
S
tec
hnique
with
F
DT
D
method
a
nd
OG
G
method:
(
a
)
Ac
tual
im
a
ge
o
f
r
e
la
ti
ve
pe
r
mi
tt
ivi
ty
,
(
b)
R
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ted
im
a
ge
of
r
e
lati
ve
pe
r
mi
tt
ivi
ty
,
(
c
)
C
r
os
s
-
s
e
c
ti
ona
l
view
of
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ted
im
a
ge
r
e
lative
pe
r
mi
tt
ivi
ty
T
a
ble
1.
E
r
r
or
a
na
lys
is
of
a
c
tual
r
e
s
ult
a
nd
s
im
ulat
e
d
r
e
s
ult
f
or
r
e
lative
pe
r
mi
tt
ivi
ty
va
lue
A
c
tu
a
l
V
a
lu
e
S
im
ul
a
te
d R
e
s
ul
t
R
e
la
ti
ve
P
e
r
mi
tt
iv
it
y
(
T
he
hi
ghe
s
t
va
lu
e
)
12.0
12.6269
P
e
r
c
e
nt
a
ge
of
R
e
la
ti
ve
E
r
r
or
(
%
)
5.22%
5
.
2.
Nu
m
e
r
ical
s
e
t
u
p
f
or
c
r
ac
k
d
e
t
e
c
t
ion
b
y
u
s
in
g
F
B
T
S
t
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
wit
h
F
DT
D
m
e
t
h
od
an
d
OG
G
m
e
t
h
od
F
igur
e
6
il
lus
tr
a
tes
the
numer
ica
l
model
f
or
th
e
c
r
a
c
k
de
tec
ti
on
unde
r
gr
ound
by
us
ing
F
B
T
S
tec
hnique
with
F
DT
D
method
a
nd
OG
G
meth
od
on
the
ove
r
lappe
d
main
mes
h.
A
s
im
il
a
r
s
e
tt
ing
a
s
the
numer
ica
l
model
in
F
igur
e
4
is
to
be
a
ppli
e
d
i
n
thi
s
s
im
ulation.
A
r
a
ndom
s
ha
pe
c
r
a
c
k
is
a
s
s
umed
to
be
a
dde
d
in
c
lay
r
e
gion.
T
he
r
e
lative
pe
r
mi
tt
ivi
ty
(
)
va
l
ue
f
or
the
s
ub
-
mes
h
is
s
e
t
to
=
1
.
0
while
the
R
OI
is
s
e
t
a
s
=
12
.
0
.
All
thes
e
gr
ids
will
be
ter
mi
na
ted
by
the
C
P
M
L
.
T
he
outer
bounda
r
y
of
the
main
mes
h
is
the
C
P
M
L
with
the
thi
c
kne
s
s
of
15
.
T
he
inc
r
e
ment
of
s
pa
c
e
be
twe
e
n
the
main
mes
h
a
nd
s
ub
-
mes
h
is
Δ
=
Δ
=
Δ
=
=
1
.
0
.
T
he
r
a
ti
o
o
f
g
r
id
s
ize
be
twe
e
n
the
main
mes
h
a
nd
s
ub
-
mes
h
is
given
by
=
1
.
0
.
He
r
e
,
e
a
c
h
of
the
16
point
s
wa
s
us
e
d
a
s
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
r
s
e
que
nti
a
ll
y
to
tr
a
ns
mi
t
the
E
M
wa
ve
a
t
a
ti
me
int
o
the
c
lay
r
e
gion
to
il
lum
inate
the
c
r
a
c
k
while
the
other
s
a
ntenna
s
a
c
t
a
s
r
e
c
e
iver
to
ga
ther
t
he
s
c
a
tt
e
r
e
d
s
ignal.
T
he
mea
s
ur
e
ment
is
r
e
pe
a
ted
unti
l
the
number
o
f
a
ntenna
s
uti
l
ize
d.
T
he
dis
tanc
e
be
t
we
e
n
e
a
c
h
of
the
a
ntenna
s
is
s
e
t
a
s
170
.
A
s
inus
oidall
y
modul
a
ted
Ga
us
s
ian
puls
e
is
a
ppli
e
d
a
s
e
xc
it
a
ti
on
s
ignal
with
a
c
e
nter
ba
ndwidth
,
=
2
.
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
Ov
e
r
s
e
t
gr
id
ge
ne
r
ati
on
w
it
h
inve
r
s
e
s
c
at
te
r
ing
tec
hnique
for
objec
t…
(
De
anne
A
nak
E
dw
in
)
7
F
igur
e
6
.
Nume
r
ica
l
M
ode
l
o
f
c
r
a
c
k
de
t
e
c
ti
on
b
y
u
s
ing
F
B
T
S
tec
hnique
with
F
DT
D
method
a
nd
OG
G
method
5.
2
.
1.
I
m
age
r
e
c
on
s
t
r
u
c
t
ion
of
t
h
e
c
r
ac
k
d
e
t
e
c
t
ion
u
s
in
g
F
B
T
S
t
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
wi
t
h
F
DT
D
m
e
t
h
od
an
d
OG
G
m
e
t
h
od
F
igur
e
7
(
a
)
de
mons
tr
a
tes
the
a
c
tual
im
a
ge
of
r
e
lative
pe
r
mi
tt
ivi
ty
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
of
a
c
r
a
c
k
is
a
s
s
umed
to
be
a
dde
d
in
c
lay
r
e
gion.
T
he
r
e
lative
pe
r
mi
tt
ivi
ty
(
)
va
lue
f
or
the
s
ub
-
mes
h
is
s
e
t
to
=
1
.
0
while
the
R
OI
is
s
e
t
a
s
=
12
.
0
.
F
igur
e
7
(
b)
s
hows
the
i
mage
a
f
ter
the
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
f
or
the
r
e
lative
pe
r
mi
tt
ivi
ty.
F
igur
e
7
(
c
)
i
ll
us
tr
a
tes
the
c
r
os
s
-
s
e
c
ti
on
of
r
e
lative
pe
r
mi
tt
ivi
ty
of
the
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
im
a
ge
.
T
he
s
oli
d
li
ne
s
hows
the
a
c
tual
r
e
s
ult
while
th
e
da
s
he
d
li
ne
is
the
s
im
ulate
d
r
e
s
ult
.
F
r
om
thi
s
r
e
s
ult
,
it
is
obs
e
r
ve
d
that
the
r
e
lative
pe
r
mi
tt
ivi
ty
of
the
c
r
a
c
k
c
a
n
be
identif
ied
a
nd
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ted.
(
a
)
(
b)
(
c
)
F
igur
e
7.
I
mage
R
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
of
the
c
r
a
c
k
de
tec
ti
on
us
ing
F
B
T
S
tec
hnique
with
F
DT
D
method
a
nd
OG
G
method:
(
a
)
a
c
tual
im
a
ge
o
f
r
e
lative
pe
r
mi
tt
i
vit
y
,
(
b)
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ted
im
a
ge
of
r
e
lative
pe
r
mi
tt
ivi
t
y
,
(
c
)
c
r
os
s
-
s
e
c
ti
ona
l
view
of
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ted
im
a
ge
r
e
l
a
ti
ve
pe
r
mi
tt
ivi
ty
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
:
1
-
9
8
T
he
c
ompar
is
on
of
the
a
c
tual
va
lue
a
nd
s
im
ulate
d
r
e
s
ult
s
f
or
c
r
os
s
-
s
e
c
ti
ona
l
view
of
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ted
r
e
l
a
ti
ve
pe
r
mi
tt
ivi
ty
f
r
om
F
igur
e
7
(
c
)
is
s
hown
i
n
T
a
ble
2
.
T
he
numer
ica
l
e
r
r
o
r
s
be
twe
e
n
the
a
c
tu
a
l
r
e
s
ult
a
nd
s
im
ulate
d
r
e
s
ult
ha
d
be
e
n
c
a
lcula
ted
by
us
in
g
r
e
lative
e
r
r
or
a
s
in
(
4)
.
T
he
pe
r
c
e
ntage
of
the
n
umer
ica
l
e
r
r
or
s
be
twe
e
n
both
r
e
s
ult
s
is
21
.
55%
.
T
he
pe
r
c
e
ntage
of
e
r
r
o
r
in
thi
s
a
na
lys
is
is
higher
than
the
a
n
a
lys
is
in
s
e
c
ti
on
5.
1.
1
due
to
the
li
mi
tation
of
bil
inea
r
int
e
r
polation
in
the
im
a
ge
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
f
or
ir
r
e
gular
s
ha
pe
of
the
objec
t.
How
e
ve
r
,
i
t
c
a
n
be
obs
e
r
ve
d
that
th
e
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ted
im
a
ge
of
th
e
c
r
a
c
k
de
tec
ti
on
is
a
ble
to
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
t
c
lea
r
ly.
T
a
ble
2.
E
r
r
or
a
na
lys
is
of
a
c
tual
r
e
s
ult
a
nd
s
im
ulat
e
d
r
e
s
ult
f
or
r
e
lative
pe
r
mi
tt
ivi
ty
va
lue
A
c
tu
a
l
V
a
lu
e
S
im
ul
a
te
d R
e
s
ul
t
R
e
la
ti
ve
P
e
r
mi
tt
iv
it
y (
T
he
hi
ghe
s
t
va
lu
e
)
12.0
14.5865
P
e
r
c
e
nt
a
ge
of
R
e
la
ti
ve
E
r
r
or
(
%
)
21.55%
6.
CONC
L
USI
ON
I
n
thi
s
pa
pe
r
,
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
numer
ica
l
a
ppr
oa
c
h
is
f
ur
ther
inves
ti
ga
ted
on
de
tec
ti
on
o
f
bu
r
ied
objec
t
a
nd
c
r
a
c
k
de
tec
ti
on.
T
he
im
a
ge
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
of
t
he
de
tec
ti
on
o
f
the
bur
ied
objec
ts
s
uc
h
a
s
c
onc
r
e
te
a
nd
a
ls
o
the
c
r
a
c
k
de
tec
ti
on
s
hows
that
the
F
B
T
S
tec
hnique
with
F
DT
D
method
a
nd
OG
G
method
a
r
e
a
ble
to
be
identif
ied
a
nd
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ted.
T
he
outcome
s
in
thi
s
pa
pe
r
f
or
the
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
o
f
de
tec
ti
on
of
c
r
a
c
k
a
nd
bur
ied
objec
t
ha
ve
only
e
xa
mi
ne
d
f
or
the
c
a
s
e
of
r
a
ti
o
of
gr
id
s
ize
be
twe
e
n
the
s
ub
-
me
s
h
a
nd
main
mes
h,
=
1
.
0
be
c
a
u
s
e
it
is
mor
e
s
table
a
nd
ha
s
potential
in
im
a
g
e
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
f
or
the
de
tec
ti
on
of
the
unknown
objec
t.
AC
KNOWL
E
DGE
M
E
NT
S
T
his
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
s
uppor
ted
by
Unive
r
s
it
i
M
a
la
ys
ia
S
a
r
a
wa
k
(
UN
I
M
AS)
thr
ough
F
unda
menta
l
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
Gr
a
nt
S
c
he
me
F
R
GS/
1/2015/
T
K04/UN
I
M
AS/
02/1,
M
ini
s
tr
y
of
Highe
r
E
duc
a
ti
on,
M
a
lays
ia.
RE
F
E
RE
NC
E
S
[1
]
Mu
g
u
n
t
an
V
an
ar,
R
u
b
e
n
Sari
o
a
n
d
S
t
ep
h
an
i
e
L
ee
,
“
St
r
o
n
g
E
ar
t
h
q
u
a
k
e
s
t
ri
k
e
s
Sab
a
h
.
T
h
e
St
ar
O
n
l
i
n
e
,”
[
O
n
l
i
n
e],
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
t
h
es
t
ar.
co
m.
my
/
n
e
w
s
/
n
a
t
i
o
n
/
2
0
1
5
/
0
6
/
0
5
/
s
ab
a
h
-
q
u
ak
e
/
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
]
Farrar
C
.
R
.
,
W
o
rd
en
K
.
,
“
A
n
In
t
ro
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
t
o
St
r
u
c
t
u
ra
l
H
eal
t
h
M
o
n
i
t
o
ri
n
g
,
”
P
h
i
l
o
s
h
o
p
i
ca
l
Tr
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
Th
e
R
o
y
a
l
S
o
c
i
et
y
A
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
5
,
n
o
.
1
8
5
1
,
p
p
.
3
0
3
-
3
1
5
,
2
0
0
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
8
/
rs
t
a.
2
0
0
6
.
1
9
2
8
.
[3
]
Z
h
an
g
N
.
,
Z
h
u
X
.
,
Ren
Y
.
,
“
A
n
al
y
s
i
s
an
d
St
u
d
y
o
n
Crack
Ch
aract
er
i
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
H
i
g
h
w
a
y
T
u
n
n
e
l
L
i
n
i
n
g
,”
Ci
vi
l
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
1
1
9
–
1
1
2
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
[4
]
K
u
b
o
M
.
,
O
k
amo
t
o
M
.
,
T
ak
ay
ama
J
.
,
“
Non
-
d
es
t
ru
c
t
i
v
e
i
n
s
p
ec
t
i
o
n
o
f
b
u
ri
e
d
o
b
j
ect
i
n
co
n
cre
t
e
s
t
r
u
ct
u
res
b
a
s
ed
o
n
i
mp
r
o
v
e
d
p
ro
p
ag
a
t
i
o
n
p
a
t
h
mo
d
el
u
s
i
n
g
mi
cro
w
av
e
rad
ar
,”
2
0
1
7
56
th
A
n
n
u
a
l
Co
n
f
er
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
S
o
ci
e
t
y
o
f
In
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
Co
n
t
r
o
l
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
s
o
f
Ja
p
a
n
(S
IC
E
)
,
p
p
.
6
9
5
–
6
9
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[5
]
R.
M.
N
aray
an
a
n
,
"
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
w
a
l
l
ra
d
ar
i
ma
g
i
n
g
u
s
i
n
g
U
W
B
n
o
i
s
e
w
a
v
ef
o
rms
,
"
2
0
0
8
IE
E
E
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
o
n
A
co
u
s
t
i
c
s
,
S
p
eec
h
a
n
d
S
i
g
n
a
l
P
r
o
ces
s
i
n
g
,
p
p
.
5
1
8
5
-
5
1
8
8
,
2
0
0
8
.
[6
]
Y
.
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,
“
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PML
(CPML
):
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Imp
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of
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rar
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Tech
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s
,
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.
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5
,
p
p
.
3
3
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,
2
0
0
0
.
[3
0
]
K
u
n
z
K
.
S
.
,
L
u
eb
b
ers
R
.
J
.
,
“
T
h
e
fi
n
i
t
e
d
i
fferen
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t
i
m
e
d
o
mai
n
met
h
o
d
fo
r
el
ect
r
o
mag
n
et
i
cs
,
”
CRC
Pres
s
.
2019
.
ISBN
:
9
7
8
0
8
4
9
3
8
6
5
7
2
.
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