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iq
1.
I
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s
tan
d
ar
d
test
co
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d
itio
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s
(
ST
C
)
[
1
]
.
So
ilin
g
is
d
escr
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as
th
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d
ir
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
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.
T
w
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w
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[
3
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,
af
f
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th
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E
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Du
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to
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h
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d
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ac
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[
4
]
.
I
n
ar
ticle
[
5
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,
a
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-
ti
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ex
p
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t.
Ot
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r
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[
6
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p
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co
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tr
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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Mo
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[
7
]
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[
11]
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n
(
AR
)
p
r
o
p
er
ties
[
1
3
]
,
Dip
-
co
atin
g
m
eth
o
d
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
o
l
-
g
el
[
1
4
]
,
an
d
an
ti
-
ad
h
e
s
io
n
co
atin
g
s
[
1
5
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
a
s
i
n
[
1
6
]
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
o
f
f
er
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
clea
n
in
g
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
t
o
r
e
m
o
v
e
t
h
e
d
u
s
t
r
e
m
o
v
al
f
r
o
m
s
o
iled
s
o
lar
p
an
els.
I
n
[
1
7
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
clea
n
in
g
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
b
y
s
o
d
iu
m
s
o
l
u
tio
n
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
g
en
er
ated
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
w
h
en
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
i
s
co
n
ta
m
i
n
ated
w
it
h
n
at
u
r
al
d
u
s
t
a
n
d
p
ar
ticu
late
m
atter
,
b
u
t
its
e
f
f
ec
t
is
li
m
ited
o
n
s
o
il
a
n
d
C
aC
O
3
.
Se
v
er
al
s
t
u
d
ies
w
er
e
d
o
n
e
to
an
al
y
s
e
t
h
e
d
u
s
t
co
m
p
o
s
i
tio
n
,
b
u
t w
e
w
ill
f
o
cu
s
o
n
t
h
is
ar
tic
le
o
n
I
r
aq
s
tu
d
ies.
I
n
[
1
8
]
,
th
ey
ex
a
m
in
ed
s
a
m
p
les
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
ar
ea
s
o
f
I
r
aq
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
w
;
Ma
h
m
o
o
d
ia,
th
e
Kar
b
ala
-
Naj
af
d
eser
t
r
o
ad
,
h
as
a
h
ig
h
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
s
i
li
c
a
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
tr
ac
ed
b
ac
k
to
th
e
f
er
t
ile
v
alle
y
o
f
Me
s
o
p
o
ta
m
ia
w
it
h
p
r
ec
is
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
s
o
f
cla
y
a
n
d
s
il
t.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
s
o
f
p
ar
ticu
late
m
a
tter
(
P
M)
,
lead
,
an
d
s
u
lf
u
r
w
er
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
Fao
,
s
o
u
t
h
o
f
I
r
aq
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt w
as
i
n
d
icati
n
g
h
ig
h
c
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
atio
n
b
y
f
o
s
s
i
l
f
u
e
l c
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
.
A
r
ev
ie
w
ar
ticle
[
1
9
]
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
d
u
s
t o
n
P
V
in
a
s
ep
ar
ate
ar
ea
o
f
I
r
aq
w
as
d
ed
icate
d
to
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
d
esig
n
er
s
,
an
d
en
g
i
n
ee
r
s
d
ea
lin
g
w
it
h
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
in
I
r
aq
.
A
l
s
o
,
th
er
e
is
a
d
ed
icate
d
b
o
o
k
s
ec
tio
n
in
[
2
0
]
th
at
d
ed
icate
d
s
ev
er
al
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
I
r
a
q
i
u
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
j
o
u
r
n
al
t
h
at
d
escr
ib
ed
all
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
t
h
e
d
u
s
t
in
I
r
aq
a
n
d
its
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
P
V
S
y
s
te
m
s
.
As
in
I
r
aq
[
2
1
]
,
th
er
e
is
a
g
ap
b
e
t
w
ee
n
th
e
a
v
ailab
le
p
o
w
er
an
d
th
e
g
r
o
w
in
g
d
e
m
a
n
d
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
in
a
g
r
o
w
in
g
co
u
n
tr
y
.
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
i
n
[
2
2
]
-
[
25]
,
a
r
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
m
a
n
y
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
a
t
g
a
p
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
d
u
s
t
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
t
h
i
s
g
a
p
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
.
T
r
a
d
itio
n
al
clea
n
i
n
g
u
s
i
n
g
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
i
s
ti
m
e
-
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
,
co
s
tl
y
,
a
n
d
p
r
ef
er
ab
le
o
n
t
h
e
d
a
y
ti
m
e,
w
h
ic
h
co
n
f
lict
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
's
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
h
o
u
r
.
E
s
p
ec
ial
l
y
i
n
v
a
s
t
s
o
lar
f
ar
m
s
,
th
e
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
o
f
d
u
s
t
y
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
ar
r
ay
i
s
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
f
i
n
d
,
s
o
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
[
2
6
]
o
f
f
er
ed
a
s
tr
ateg
y
to
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
w
h
o
le
ar
r
a
y
v
ia
a
w
ir
ele
s
s
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
th
e
ar
ticle
[
3
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
p
r
esen
t
a
g
en
er
al
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
o
f
m
iti
g
atio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ag
ai
n
s
t
th
e
(
lik
el
y
)
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
o
n
P
V
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
ey
d
iv
id
e
th
e
w
o
r
ld
in
to
th
r
ee
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
i)
Gr
o
u
p
-
I
:
L
o
w
lat
itu
d
es
(
w
et,
w
et
-
d
r
y
,
a
n
d
d
r
y
tr
o
p
ical)
;
ii)
Gr
o
u
p
-
I
I
:
Mid
-
latitu
d
e
clim
a
te
(
st
ep
p
e,
Me
d
iter
r
an
ea
n
,
an
d
g
r
as
s
lan
d
cli
m
ate)
;
an
d
iii)
Gr
o
u
p
-
I
I
I
:
Hig
h
latit
u
d
e
cli
m
ate
(
tai
g
a,
an
d
tu
n
d
r
a
cli
m
ate
).
T
h
at
co
n
clu
d
es
u
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
latit
u
d
e
lo
ca
tio
n
h
as
less
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
s
i
n
ce
t
h
e
p
an
el
tilt
a
n
g
le
is
h
i
g
h
,
an
d
th
a
t
is
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
[
2
7
]
.
Ma
n
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
o
f
f
er
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
s
b
y
p
r
esen
ti
n
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
esig
n
s
f
o
r
clea
n
i
n
g
r
o
b
o
ts
,
b
u
t
in
g
e
n
er
al,
w
e
w
i
l
l
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
s
e
m
o
d
u
les
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
ir
clea
n
i
n
g
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
,
clea
n
i
n
g
t
i
m
e,
co
s
t
-
e
f
f
icien
t,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
s
i
m
p
licit
y
,
a
n
d
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
.
I
n
[
2
8
]
,
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
p
r
esen
t a
d
esi
g
n
th
at
n
ee
d
s
a
g
u
id
an
c
e
r
ail
to
clea
n
t
h
e
P
V
ar
r
ay
.
W
h
ile
in
[
2
9
]
,
a
clea
n
i
n
g
r
o
b
o
t
is
p
r
esen
ted
w
it
h
ad
h
esi
v
e
f
ee
t,
a
r
o
llin
g
b
r
u
s
h
,
a
n
d
a
d
u
s
t
s
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
el;
h
o
w
ev
er
,
co
s
t
an
d
s
i
m
p
lic
it
y
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
A
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
[
3
0
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
it
s
ee
m
s
n
o
t
p
r
ac
tical
s
in
ce
it
i
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
a
lo
n
g
clea
n
i
n
g
ti
m
e
a
n
d
n
o
t
s
u
i
tab
le
f
o
r
th
e
tilt
ed
an
g
l
e
w
h
er
e
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
ar
r
ay
s
a
r
e.
I
n
[
3
1
]
,
a
n
e
w
t
y
p
e
o
f
b
r
u
s
h
u
s
es
s
ilico
n
e
r
u
b
b
er
f
o
a
m
f
la
p
s
m
o
u
n
ted
o
n
to
a
n
A
l
u
m
i
n
iu
m
co
r
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
is
m
o
d
u
le
is
n
o
t
s
elf
-
p
o
w
er
ed
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
g
u
id
an
ce
r
ail
.
I
n
[
3
2
]
,
a
r
o
b
o
tic
clea
n
er
w
as
p
r
esen
ted
w
it
h
t
h
r
ee
m
o
to
r
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
a
co
as
tal
P
V
-
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
at
Z
a
h
r
an
i
L
eb
an
o
n
.
T
h
e
d
r
y
clea
n
in
g
was
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
3
3
]
,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
s
h
i
g
h
l
y
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
an
d
n
o
n
ab
r
asi
v
e
clea
n
i
n
g
.
Usi
n
g
s
en
s
o
r
to
d
etec
t
d
u
s
t
w
a
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
3
4
]
,
w
h
ile
th
e
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
d
u
s
t
a
m
o
u
n
t,
s
u
c
h
m
o
d
el
is
s
ee
m
s
v
er
y
g
o
o
d
b
u
t
n
o
t
co
s
t
ef
f
ici
en
t.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
s
m
a
ller
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
r
o
b
o
tic
clea
n
er
w
a
s
also
p
r
esen
t
ed
in
[
3
5
]
,
b
u
t
it
n
ee
d
m
o
r
e
ti
m
e
f
o
r
clea
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
A
s
m
ar
t
clea
n
i
n
g
r
o
b
o
t
w
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
3
6
]
,
f
iv
e
m
o
to
r
s
w
er
e
u
s
ed
w
h
ich
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
it
s
co
s
t
an
d
c
o
m
p
le
x
it
y
.
A
n
o
t
h
er
s
m
all
r
o
b
o
t
w
as
p
r
ese
n
ted
in
[
3
7
]
,
b
u
t c
lean
in
g
ti
m
e
i
n
v
a
s
t
s
o
lar
f
ar
m
a
n
d
in
cli
n
atio
n
an
g
l
e
w
er
e
th
e
m
ai
n
w
ea
k
n
e
s
s
es
f
o
r
th
at
d
esig
n
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
e
w
d
e
s
ig
n
to
clea
n
th
e
P
V
ar
r
a
y
ef
f
i
cien
tl
y
,
s
el
f
-
p
o
w
er
ed
,
lo
w
co
s
t,
r
eliab
le,
s
i
m
p
le,
an
d
d
u
r
ab
le.
Af
ter
m
ak
in
g
all
th
e
m
ec
h
a
n
ical,
elec
tr
ical,
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
esig
n
s
,
w
e
s
tar
t
to
b
u
ild
a
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e.
W
e
w
an
t
to
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
w
er
e
r
e
f
u
r
b
is
h
ed
o
r
r
ec
y
cled
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
p
a
p
er
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2058
2052
2
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el
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r
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h
e
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h
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r
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t
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el
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e
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v
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t
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u
r
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n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6930
T
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2054
Fig
u
r
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5
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ig
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l
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r
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l
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r
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r
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c
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h
T
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ed
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Su
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h
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e
r
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t
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r
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e
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r
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r
o
m
5
a
m
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am
.
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h
e
s
i
m
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la
tio
n
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s
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h
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w
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n
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a)
th
at
th
e
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el
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r
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h
e
d
aily
p
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w
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r
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ile
is
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in
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
.
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n
th
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o
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r
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e
r
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t
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r
o
x
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atel
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4
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p
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late
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h
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r
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atter
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h
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Do
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e
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atter
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atter
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ased
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o
f
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o
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els as a
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
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(
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2055
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k
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r
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y
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w
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t r
ate.
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u
r
e
6
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er
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e
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er
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t
m
e
n
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(
a)
(
b
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Fig
u
r
e
7
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P
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6930
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
2
0
5
0
-
2058
2056
s
ce
n
ar
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s
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n
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th
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lts
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er
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i
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F
ig
u
r
e
8
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h
e
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p
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t c
ase
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aq
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ated
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u
r
e
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ased
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Fig
u
r
e
9
.
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n
w
att
-
h
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r
/d
a
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
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imp
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ted
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esig
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th
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t
…
(
Ma
h
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d
H.
S
a
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)
2057
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
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I
n
th
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s
ar
ticle,
a
d
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p
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ted
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k
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T
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at
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icien
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test
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m
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h
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
K.
M
e
n
o
u
f
i,
"
Du
st
a
c
c
u
m
u
latio
n
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n
t
h
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su
rf
a
c
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o
f
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to
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p
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ls:
in
tr
o
d
u
c
in
g
th
e
p
h
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t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
so
il
i
n
g
in
d
e
x
(P
V
S
I)
,
"
S
u
sta
in
a
b
il
i
ty
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
.
9
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3
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/su
9
0
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0
9
6
3
.
[2
]
A
.
J.
A
b
id
,
A
.
A
.
Ob
e
d
,
a
n
d
F
.
M
.
M
.
A
l
-
Na
i
m
a
,
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De
te
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ti
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n
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n
d
c
o
n
tr
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l
o
f
p
o
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e
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lo
ss
d
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e
to
so
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g
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d
f
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in
p
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lt
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lar
f
a
r
m
s
v
i
a
w
irele
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n
so
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n
e
tw
o
rk
,
"
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ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
f
E
n
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g
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h
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y
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o
l
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p
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8
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o
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0
.
1
4
4
1
9
/i
jet
.
v
7
i2
.
1
0
98
7
.
[3
]
M
.
M
a
n
i
a
n
d
R
.
P
il
lai,
"
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
d
u
st
o
n
so
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
(
P
V
)
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
:
Re
se
a
rc
h
sta
tu
s,
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
ti
o
n
s,"
Ren
e
wa
b
le
su
sta
in
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
re
v
iews
,
v
o
l.
14,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
3
1
2
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:
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6
/
j.
rse
r.
2
0
1
0
.
0
7
.
0
6
5
.
[4
]
M
.
R.
M
a
g
h
a
m
i,
H.
Hiz
a
m
,
C.
Go
m
e
s,
M
.
A
.
Ra
d
z
i,
M
.
I.
Re
z
a
d
a
d
,
a
n
d
S
.
Ha
ji
g
h
o
r
b
a
n
i,
"
P
o
w
e
r
lo
ss
d
u
e
to
so
il
in
g
o
n
s
o
lar
p
a
n
e
l:
A
re
v
ie
w
,
"
R
e
n
e
wa
b
le
S
u
st
a
in
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Rev
iew
s,
v
o
l.
5
9
,
p
p
.
1
3
0
7
-
1
3
1
6
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2
0
1
6
,
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o
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1
0
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6
/
j.
rse
r.
2
0
1
6
.
0
1
.
0
4
4
.
[5
]
A
.
P
ra
d
h
a
n
a
n
d
B.
P
a
n
d
a
,
"
Ex
p
e
rim
e
n
tal
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
f
a
c
to
rs
a
ff
e
c
ti
n
g
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le,
"
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
Co
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
3
1
9
0
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7
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
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1
1
5
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1
/i
jec
e
.
v
7
i6
.
p
p
3
1
9
0
-
3
1
9
7
.
[6
]
M
.
A
.
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
,
A
.
D.
F
a
rh
o
o
d
,
a
n
d
A
.
J.
A
b
id
,
"
A
s
m
a
rt
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
m
a
n
a
g
e
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
p
r
o
tu
e
s
sim
u
latio
n
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
i
v
e
S
y
ste
m
(
I
J
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
4
3
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5
0
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2
0
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0
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d
o
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0
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5
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j
p
e
d
s.v
1
1
.
i1
.
p
p
1
4
3
-
1
5
0
.
[7
]
S
lam
e
t,
E.
Rij
a
n
t
o
,
A
.
Nu
g
ro
h
o
,
a
n
d
R
.
A
.
G
h
a
n
i,
"
A
ro
b
u
st
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
in
t
trac
k
in
g
c
o
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
u
sin
g
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
P
I
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
f
u
z
z
y
lo
g
ic,"
T
EL
KOM
NIK
A
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
9
9
9
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3
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2
0
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0
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d
o
i:
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0
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1
2
9
2
8
/
telk
o
m
n
ik
a
.
v
1
8
i6
.
1
7
2
7
1
.
[8
]
T
.
S
a
rv
e
r,
A
.
A
l
-
Qa
ra
g
h
u
li
,
a
n
d
L
.
L
.
Ka
z
m
e
rsk
i,
"
A
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
re
v
ie
w
o
f
th
e
im
p
a
c
t
o
f
d
u
st
o
n
th
e
u
se
o
f
so
lar
e
n
e
rg
y
:
Histo
r
y
,
in
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
s,
re
su
lt
s,
li
tera
tu
re
,
a
n
d
m
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s,"
Ren
e
wa
b
le
su
s
ta
in
a
b
le
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n
e
rg
y
Rev
i
e
ws
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
p
p
.
6
9
8
-
7
3
3
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0
1
3
,
d
o
i:
1
0
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1
0
1
6
/
j.
rse
r.
2
0
1
2
.
1
2
.
0
6
5
.
[9
]
S
.
A
.
M.
S
a
id
,
G
.
Ha
ss
a
n
,
H.
M
.
W
a
lw
il
,
a
n
d
N.
A
l
-
A
q
e
e
li
,
"
T
h
e
e
ff
e
c
t
o
f
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
f
a
c
to
rs
a
n
d
d
u
st
a
c
c
u
m
u
latio
n
o
n
p
h
o
t
o
v
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lt
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ic
m
o
d
u
les
a
n
d
d
u
st
-
a
c
c
u
m
u
latio
n
m
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
stra
teg
ies
,
"
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
8
2
,
p
p
.
7
4
3
-
7
6
0
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
rse
r.
2
0
1
7
.
0
9
.
0
4
2
.
[1
0
]
S
.
G
h
o
sh
,
V
.
K.
Ya
d
a
v
,
a
n
d
V
.
M
u
k
h
e
rjee
,
"
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
f
a
c
to
rs
o
n
p
h
o
t
o
v
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lt
a
ic p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
ir
m
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
stra
teg
ies
–
A
h
o
li
sti
c
re
v
ie
w
,
"
Ren
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Fo
c
u
s
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
p
p
.
1
5
3
-
1
7
2
,
2
0
1
9
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d
o
i:
1
0
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1
0
1
6
/
j.
re
f
.
2
0
1
8
.
1
2
.
0
0
5
.
[1
1
]
A
.
A
.
d
u
P
les
sis,
J.
M
.
S
trau
ss
,
a
n
d
A
.
J.
Rix
,
"
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
d
u
st
m
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
stra
teg
ies
to
si
n
g
l
e
-
a
x
is
-
trac
k
in
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
m
o
d
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les
in
t
h
e
se
m
i
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a
rid
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re
a
s
o
f
S
o
u
th
A
f
ri
c
a
,
"
IET
Ren
e
wa
b
le
P
o
we
r
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
5
,
p
p
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0
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o
i:
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e
t
-
rp
g
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2
0
1
9
.
1
4
2
4
.
[1
2
]
S
.
S
.
L
a
tt
h
e
,
H.
Im
a
i,
V
.
G
a
n
e
sa
n
,
C.
Ka
p
p
e
n
ste
in
,
a
n
d
A
.
V
.
Ra
o
,
"
Op
ti
c
a
ll
y
tran
sp
a
re
n
t
su
p
e
rh
y
d
ro
p
h
o
b
ic
T
EOS
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d
e
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e
d
sili
c
a
f
il
m
s
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y
su
r
f
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c
e
sil
y
l
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n
m
e
th
o
d
,
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
l
-
Ge
l
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
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y
,
v
o
l
.
5
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
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0
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o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/s1
0
9
7
1
-
0
0
9
-
2
0
7
9
-
y
.
[1
3
]
X.
-
T
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
O.
S
a
t
o
,
M
.
T
a
g
u
c
h
i,
Y.
Ei
n
a
g
a
,
T
.
M
u
ra
k
a
m
i,
a
n
d
A
.
F
u
j
ish
im
a
,
"
S
e
lf
-
c
lea
n
in
g
p
a
rti
c
le
c
o
a
ti
n
g
w
it
h
a
n
ti
re
f
lec
ti
o
n
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s,"
Ch
e
m.
M
a
ter
.
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
96
-
7
0
0
,
2
0
0
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
2
1
/cm
0
4
8
4
2
0
1
.
[1
4
]
P
.
No
ste
ll
,
A
.
Ro
o
s,
a
n
d
B.
Ka
rl
ss
o
n
,
"
Op
ti
c
a
l
a
n
d
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
so
l
-
g
e
l
a
n
ti
re
f
lec
ti
v
e
f
il
m
s
f
o
r
so
lar
e
n
e
rg
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,"
T
h
in
S
o
l
id
Fi
lms
,
v
o
l.
3
5
1
,
n
o
.
1
-
2
,
p
p
.
1
7
0
-
1
7
5
,
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9
9
9
,
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o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
S
0
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4
0
-
6
0
9
0
(9
9
)0
0
2
5
7
-
6
.
[1
5
]
Y.
B.
P
a
rk
,
H.
Im
,
M
.
I
m
,
a
n
d
Y.
K.
Ch
o
i,
"
S
e
lf
-
c
lea
n
in
g
e
ffe
c
t
o
f
h
ig
h
ly
wa
ter
-
re
p
e
ll
e
n
t
m
icro
sh
e
ll
stru
c
tu
re
s
f
o
r
so
lar
c
e
ll
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
a
ter
ia
ls
Ch
e
mistry
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
3
3
-
6
3
6
,
2
0
1
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
3
9
/C
0
JM0
2
4
6
3
E
.
[1
6
]
H.
Ka
w
a
m
o
to
,
"
El
e
c
tro
sta
ti
c
c
lea
n
in
g
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
d
u
st
re
m
o
v
a
l
f
ro
m
so
il
e
d
so
lar
p
a
n
e
l
s,"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tro
sta
ti
c
s
,
v
o
l.
9
8
,
p
p
.
1
1
-
1
6
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
e
lstat.2
0
1
9
.
0
2
.
0
0
2
.
[1
7
]
M
.
T
.
Ch
a
ich
a
n
a
n
d
H.
A
.
Ka
z
e
m
,
"
Ex
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tal
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
d
u
st
c
o
m
p
o
siti
o
n
im
p
a
c
t
o
n
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
in
Ira
q
,
"
E
n
e
rg
y
S
o
u
rc
e
s,
Pa
rt
A:
Rec
o
v
e
ry
,
Util
iza
ti
o
n
,
En
v
iro
n
me
n
ta
l
Ef
fec
ts
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
2
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
5
5
6
7
0
3
6
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
7
4
6
4
4
4
.
[1
8
]
M
.
T
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