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esen
ted
in
a
f
ew
n
o
tab
le
r
esear
ch
[
1
1
-
1
3
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
attem
p
ted
to
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
lig
h
tin
g
ca
p
ac
ity
with
in
n
er
r
ef
lecti
o
n
en
h
an
ci
n
g
s
etu
p
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
es
h
alf
a
s
p
h
er
ical
s
h
ell
len
s
m
ad
e
o
f
p
o
ly
m
er
an
d
a
lay
er
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
d
is
p
er
s
ed
i
n
s
id
e
[
1
4
]
.
An
o
th
er
o
n
e
alter
ed
th
e
d
e
v
ice
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
b
y
p
lan
tin
g
a
s
p
ac
e
to
d
ef
l
ec
t
th
e
em
itted
lig
h
t
in
th
e
d
esire
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
lig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t
[
1
5
]
.
B
esid
e
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
th
at
h
u
g
ely
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
lig
h
t,
th
e
atten
tio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
also
b
e
o
n
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
ater
ia
ls
p
r
esen
ts
in
th
e
d
ev
ice.
E
v
id
en
tly
,
th
e
lig
h
t
lo
s
s
th
at
d
am
ag
es
th
e
lig
h
tin
g
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
o
f
ten
a
p
p
ea
r
s
in
lo
w
C
C
T
s
W
L
E
Ds
in
cr
ea
s
es
wi
th
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
ater
ial
[
1
6
]
.
Oth
er
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ca
u
s
es
f
o
r
r
ed
u
ce
d
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t
b
y
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
ar
e
h
ig
h
s
ca
tter
in
g
a
n
d
r
ef
lectin
g
.
Fro
m
th
is
is
s
u
e,
it
is
ap
p
ar
en
t
th
at
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
y
ello
w
an
d
b
l
u
e
lig
h
ts
em
is
s
io
n
an
d
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
lim
itin
g
lig
h
t
lo
s
s
f
r
o
m
an
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ac
tical
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
As
m
en
tio
n
ed
,
lig
h
tin
g
o
u
tp
u
t
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
ess
en
tial
o
p
tical
tr
aits
th
at
d
r
aws
in
lo
ts
o
f
ef
f
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
wh
ile
m
u
lti
-
lay
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e,
n
a
m
ely
th
e
r
em
o
te
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
with
two
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
s
,
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
u
s
ed
to
o
l
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
g
o
al
[
1
7
-
2
1
]
.
E
v
en
wh
en
th
e
tar
g
et
an
d
t
o
o
l
ar
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
,
ch
o
o
s
in
g
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
etu
p
f
o
r
t
h
e
lig
h
tin
g
d
ev
ice
is
s
till
co
m
p
licated
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
o
th
e
r
o
p
tio
n
s
th
at
h
av
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ef
u
l
in
d
is
tin
ct
s
ce
n
ar
io
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
we
in
clu
d
e
th
e
two
m
o
s
t
n
o
tab
le
o
p
tio
n
s
,
f
lat
d
u
al
-
lay
e
r
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
(
F
DR
P)
an
d
co
n
ca
v
e
d
u
al
-
lay
e
r
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
(
C
DR
P),
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
.
Ou
r
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
FDR
P
i
s
th
e
b
etter
ch
o
ice
b
ec
a
u
s
e
FDR
P
W
L
E
Ds
is
m
o
r
e
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
to
th
e
ch
an
g
es
o
f
d
1
a
n
d
d
2
.
I
n
p
a
r
ticu
lar
,
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
s
b
etwe
en
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
s
an
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
with
L
E
D
ch
i
p
ar
e
m
o
r
e
in
f
lu
e
n
tia
l
to
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
ties
in
FDR
P,
wh
ich
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
lig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t.
O
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
C
DR
P
W
L
E
Dx
with
ar
ch
ed
s
h
ap
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
s
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
m
u
ch
ch
an
g
es wh
en
th
ese
d
is
tan
ce
s
f
lu
ctu
ate,
wh
ich
m
a
k
es lig
h
tin
g
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t m
o
r
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lt.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
t
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
s
h
ap
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
s
in
C
DR
P
ar
e
n
o
t
ea
s
ily
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
ed
allo
ws
FDR
P
to
s
tan
d
o
u
t
as
th
e
b
est
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
lu
m
e
n
o
u
tp
u
t w
ith
th
e
s
u
it
ab
le
am
o
u
n
t o
f
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
YAG:Ce
3+
.
2.
CO
M
P
UT
AT
I
O
NAL
SI
M
U
L
AT
I
O
N
2
.
1
.
C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
W
L
E
D
s
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
T
o
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
th
e
d
u
al
-
lay
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
W
L
E
Ds
th
at
i
s
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
,
w
e
u
s
ed
th
e
L
ig
h
tTo
o
ls
s
o
f
twar
e
an
d
s
im
u
lated
th
e
8
5
0
0
K
lig
h
tin
g
d
ev
ice
with
3
-
D
r
a
y
tr
ac
i
n
g
[
2
2
,
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lated
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ca
n
b
e
v
iew
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
with
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
m
o
d
e
l
co
n
tain
in
g
all
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
p
lace
d
o
n
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t
o
f
9
b
lu
e
ch
ip
s
im
p
lan
ted
i
n
to
g
ap
s
with
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
ese
g
ap
s
ar
e
2
.
0
7
h
ig
h
an
d
ea
ch
8
-
mm
-
d
iam
eter
r
ef
lecto
r
c
o
n
tain
s
a
1
.
1
4
x
0
.
1
5
m
m
in
s
ize,
1
.
1
6
W
in
lig
h
tin
g
en
e
r
g
y
,
an
d
4
5
3
n
m
in
h
ig
h
est
em
i
s
s
io
n
wav
elen
g
th
o
f
b
lu
e
ch
i
p
.
T
h
is
s
etu
p
o
f
b
l
u
e
ch
ip
s
is
ap
p
lied
in
FDR
P a
n
d
C
DR
P,
wh
ich
ar
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
Fig
u
r
e
s
1
(
c)
an
d
(
d
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
c)
p
r
esen
ts
th
at
d
1
an
d
d
2
,
a
r
e
th
e
in
d
icat
o
r
s
f
o
r
d
is
tan
ce
s
b
etwe
en
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
l
ay
er
s
an
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
to
c
h
ip
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
wh
ile
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
d
)
,
th
ese
d
is
tan
ce
s
ar
e
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
r
1
an
d
r
2
.
B
esid
es
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
th
at
FDR
P
h
as
s
tr
aig
h
t
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
s
a
n
d
C
DR
P
h
as
b
e
n
d
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
s
,
o
th
er
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ar
e
th
e
s
am
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
lu
e
ch
ip
s
,
r
ef
lecto
r
cu
p
,
s
ilico
n
e
g
el,
to
th
e
f
ix
ed
0
.
0
8
m
m
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
th
ick
n
ess
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles
in
W
L
E
Ds
ar
e
in
cir
c
u
lar
s
h
ap
e
with
d
iam
eter
ar
o
u
n
d
1
4
.
5
µ
m
.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
will
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
in
b
o
th
FDR
P
an
d
C
DR
P
with
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
s
c
o
n
s
tan
tly
ch
a
n
g
in
g
.
W
e
ass
es
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
s
an
d
W
L
E
Ds
in
ea
ch
ca
s
e
an
d
th
en
ap
p
l
y
th
e
m
to
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
FDR
P
an
d
C
DR
P.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
b
est
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
d
i
s
tan
ce
s
f
o
r
lig
h
tin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
o
k
ee
p
th
e
W
L
E
Ds
at
a
s
tab
le
co
n
d
itio
n
to
co
n
d
u
ct
ex
p
er
im
en
t
wh
ile
ch
a
n
g
in
g
o
th
e
r
f
ac
to
r
s
,
th
e
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
u
s
t
b
e
ad
ju
s
ted
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le
,
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
2
(
a)
an
d
(
b
)
,
d
1
a
n
d
d
2
v
a
r
y
f
r
o
m
0
to
0
.
6
m
m
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
0
.
2
to
1
.
4
m
m
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
ca
u
s
in
g
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
YAG:Ce
3+
to
ch
an
g
e
with
th
em
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
4
-
2
6
% wt.
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
e
h
ig
h
est
v
alu
es o
f
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
lu
m
in
escen
ce
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
an
d
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
,
it
n
o
t
o
n
ly
r
e
q
u
ir
es
th
e
ch
an
g
es
in
d
1
an
d
d
2
b
u
t
also
th
e
s
u
itab
le
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
ad
j
u
s
tm
en
t
to
m
ain
tain
co
lo
r
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
at
8
5
0
0
K.
T
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
C
DR
P
is
also
s
im
ilar
,
with
a
f
ix
ed
1
6
m
m
r
1
a
n
d
tu
n
ab
le
r
2
,
C
DR
P
also
n
ee
d
s
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
a
tio
n
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
to
o
p
er
ate
p
r
o
p
er
ly
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
ch
an
g
es o
f
r
2
ca
n
b
e
b
est
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
c)
,
wh
er
e
YAG:Ce
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
p
lu
n
g
es
wh
en
r
2
g
o
es
f
r
o
m
1
6
to
1
6
.
6
m
m
a
n
d
b
eg
in
s
to
r
is
e
as
r
2
in
cr
ea
s
es
to
war
d
1
6
.
9
m
m
.
T
h
e
YAG:Ce
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
Usi
n
g
fla
t p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
ye
r
in
d
u
a
l
-
la
ye
r
r
emo
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
fig
u
r
a
tio
n
to
…
(
My
Ha
n
h
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
i
)
959
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
ar
e
th
e
v
alu
es
n
ee
d
ed
to
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
d
is
tan
ce
ch
an
g
es
an
d
m
ain
tain
8
5
0
0
K
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
W
L
E
Ds.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
C
DR
P
a
n
d
FDR
P
s
h
o
ws
th
at
YAG:Ce
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
is
less
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
ch
an
g
es
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
in
C
DR
P.
T
h
is
r
e
s
u
lt
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
C
DR
P
is
n
o
t
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
to
o
l
to
ad
ju
s
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
,
an
d
th
e
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
in
lig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t
is
n
o
t
n
o
ticea
b
le
.
An
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
is
C
DR
P
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
is
h
ar
d
er
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
th
an
FDR
P
o
n
e,
wh
ich
m
ak
es
FDR
P
b
et
ter
th
an
C
DR
P
in
b
o
th
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
ad
v
is
ab
le
to
u
s
e
FD
R
P
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
t
u
n
in
g
d
is
tan
ce
s
an
d
g
ettin
g
th
e
d
esire
d
o
p
tical
v
al
u
es.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ph
o
to
g
r
a
p
h
o
f
W
L
E
Ds s
etu
p
: (
a)
ac
tu
al
W
L
E
Ds,
(
b
)
b
o
n
d
in
g
d
iag
r
am
,
(
c
)
illu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
FDR
P,
an
d
(
d
)
illu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
C
DR
P
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
i
n
ca
s
e
o
f
:
(
a)
d
1
,
(
b
)
d
2
,
an
d
(
c)
r
2
T
h
e
g
r
a
p
h
s
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
ch
an
g
es n
ee
d
ed
to
b
e
m
ad
e
in
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
to
r
esp
o
n
d
t
o
th
e
g
ap
ch
an
g
es
in
W
L
E
Ds.
T
h
is
is
a
co
m
p
u
ls
o
r
y
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
co
r
r
elate
d
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
C
C
T
)
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
b
y
m
a
n
y
s
ca
tter
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
d
ev
ice
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
an
d
ca
n
n
o
t
r
etain
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
v
al
u
e
u
n
less
alter
atio
n
s
a
r
e
m
a
d
e
.
B
y
an
aly
zi
n
g
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
s
,
we
ca
n
s
ee
t
h
at
as
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
ex
p
an
d
s
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
Alth
o
u
g
h
at
s
o
m
e
p
o
in
ts
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
lig
h
tl
y
r
is
es
an
d
f
alls
,
th
e
id
ea
is
to
lo
wer
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
to
s
tab
ilize
C
C
T
s
.
T
h
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
is
m
o
s
t
n
o
ticea
b
le
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
s
,
in
wh
ich
ca
s
es
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
v
alu
es
d
ip
p
ed
to
th
e
lo
west
p
o
in
ts
in
t
h
e
wh
o
le
g
r
ap
h
at
1
6
.
2
2
%
wh
en
d
1
=0
.
0
8
m
m
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
a
n
d
1
6
.
2
2
%
wh
en
d
2
=0
.
5
5
m
m
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
.
As
th
e
d
1
a
n
d
d
2
m
o
v
e
awa
y
f
r
o
m
0
.
0
8
m
m
an
d
0
.
5
5
m
m
,
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
to
p
s
d
ec
lin
in
g
an
d
ev
e
n
b
eg
in
s
to
r
is
e
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
d
2
alth
o
u
g
h
it
ca
n
n
o
t
r
ea
ch
th
e
v
alu
e
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
d
is
tan
c
es
s
u
ch
as
d
1
an
d
d
2
h
av
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
,
wh
ich
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t WLE
Ds en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t if
th
ey
a
r
e
u
tili
ze
d
co
r
r
ec
tly
.
2
.
2
.
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
o
f
l
i
g
h
t
T
h
e
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
eq
u
atio
n
t
o
ca
lcu
late
th
e
b
lu
e
an
d
y
ell
o
w
lig
h
t
y
ield
ed
f
r
o
m
W
L
E
Ds
with
two
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
th
is
p
ar
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
b
et
ter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
95
7
-
96
2
960
W
L
E
Ds
m
ec
h
an
is
m
an
d
en
h
a
n
cin
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
m
itted
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
an
d
m
o
d
if
i
ed
y
ello
w
lig
h
t
in
a
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
e
o
f
s
in
g
le
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s
lay
er
with
2
h
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
d
en
s
ity
is
s
h
o
wn
in
(
1
)
an
d
(
2
)
[
2
2
-
25]
.
1
=
0
×
−
2
1
ℎ
(
1
)
1
=
1
2
1
×
0
1
−
1
(
−
2
1
ℎ
−
−
2
1
ℎ
)
(
2
)
I
n
d
u
al
-
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
r
e
m
o
te
W
L
E
Ds
with
an
h
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
d
en
s
i
ty
,
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
m
itted
b
lu
e
lig
h
ts
an
d
m
o
d
if
ie
d
y
ello
w
r
ay
s
ar
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as:
2
=
0
×
−
2
2
ℎ
(
3
)
2
=
1
2
2
×
0
2
−
2
(
−
2
2
ℎ
−
−
2
2
ℎ
)
(
4
)
T
h
e
h
d
e
n
o
tes
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
d
en
s
ity
(
m
m
)
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
cr
ip
t
“1
”
i
n
d
icate
s
W
L
E
Ds
with
s
in
g
le
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
“2
”
i
n
d
icate
s
W
L
E
Ds
with
d
u
al
-
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
r
em
o
te
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
β
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
r
ate
o
f
in
ter
n
al
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
b
lu
e
r
a
y
s
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
t
o
y
ello
w
r
a
y
s
.
T
h
e
y
e
llo
w
-
lig
h
t
r
ef
lectio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
is
illu
s
tr
ated
b
y
γ
.
T
h
e
r
ad
iatio
n
in
ten
s
ities
o
f
L
E
D
ch
ip
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
(
PB
)
an
d
y
ello
w
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
(
PY
)
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
PB
0
.
T
h
e
b
lu
e
an
d
y
ello
w
lig
h
t
e
n
er
g
y
lo
s
t
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
ar
e
in
d
icate
d
b
y
α
B
;
α
Y
,
r
esp
e
ctiv
ely
.
T
h
e
W
L
E
Ds
in
d
o
u
b
le
-
lay
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
h
av
e
th
eir
lu
m
in
o
u
s
ef
f
icac
y
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
th
e
s
in
g
le
lay
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es:
(
2
+
2
)
−
(
1
+
1
)
1
+
1
>
0
(
5
)
T
h
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
th
e
d
u
al
-
lay
er
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
ar
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
p
r
esen
te
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
I
n
t
h
e
ca
s
es
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
3
(
a
)
an
d
(
b
)
,
th
e
lig
h
t
em
is
s
io
n
c
a
p
ac
ity
r
ec
eiv
es
an
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
as
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
s
ex
p
an
d
.
Par
ticu
lar
ly
,
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a
)
,
th
e
lig
h
t
e
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
d
1
>
0
s
h
o
ws an
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
th
e
o
n
e
at
d
1
=
0
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t is
m
o
s
t n
o
tewo
r
th
y
in
wav
elen
g
th
b
an
d
s
o
f
3
8
0
to
4
8
0
n
m
an
d
4
8
0
to
5
8
0
n
m
.
T
h
e
em
itted
f
lu
x
es
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
d
2
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
c)
ar
e
also
s
im
ilar
,
th
e
lig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t
g
r
ad
u
ally
in
c
r
ea
s
es
as
th
e
d
2
g
r
o
ws
o
v
er
th
e
d
ef
a
u
lt
in
d
ex
o
f
0
.
2
3
m
m
.
R
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
lig
h
t
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
it
is
s
af
e
to
as
s
u
m
e
th
at
u
s
in
g
m
u
lti
-
lay
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
will r
esu
lts
in
m
o
r
e
l
ig
h
t r
ad
iatio
n
t
h
an
s
in
g
le
-
la
y
e
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
d
u
al
-
lay
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
ca
s
e
o
f
:
(
a)
d
1
; (
b
)
d
2
,
a
n
d
(
c)
r
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
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o
m
p
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t E
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Usi
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fla
t p
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s
p
h
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ye
r
in
d
u
a
l
-
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ye
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r
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te
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s
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h
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u
r
a
tio
n
to
…
(
My
Ha
n
h
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
i
)
961
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
s
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
ar
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
lig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
r
em
o
te
W
L
E
Ds
w
ith
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
s
b
etwe
en
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
alu
es.
F
ig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
,
wh
ich
r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
lay
er
s
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
d
1
,
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
lu
x
is
b
en
ef
i
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
1
at
th
e
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
0
m
m
to
0
.
0
8
m
m
.
d
2
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
ex
h
ib
its
th
e
s
am
e
r
esu
lt
wh
en
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
in
cr
ea
s
es
at
th
e
s
tar
tin
g
v
alu
es
o
f
d
2
,
f
r
o
m
0
.
2
3
m
m
to
0
.
6
3
m
m
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
FDR
P
an
d
C
DR
P
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
s
o
f
FDR
P a
r
e
s
m
aller
,
with
d
1
eq
u
al
to
0
.
0
8
m
m
o
r
d
2
eq
u
al
to
0
.
6
3
m
m
,
wh
e
n
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
o
f
th
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
r
ea
ch
es
th
e
h
ig
h
est
v
alu
e
o
f
1
0
2
0
lm
,
wh
ile
in
C
DR
P
ca
s
es
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
s
ar
e
m
u
c
h
wid
er
,
with
r
2
=1
6
m
m
an
d
r
2
=1
6
.
6
m
m
,
y
et
th
e
b
est
v
alu
e
o
f
ac
h
iev
ab
le
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
s
to
p
s
at
8
9
4
lm
,
s
ee
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
c)
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
wh
er
e
th
e
lig
h
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
L
E
D
c
h
ip
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
an
d
b
len
d
e
d
with
th
e
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
,
a
p
a
r
t
o
f
th
e
to
tal
em
itted
lig
h
t
is
lo
s
t
d
u
e
to
b
ac
k
s
ca
tter
in
g
,
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
an
d
r
ef
lectio
n
th
at
h
ap
p
e
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
en
s
u
r
es
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
te
d
lig
h
t a
r
e
at
th
e
h
ig
h
est wh
en
p
ass
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
W
L
E
Ds at
th
e
s
am
e
C
C
T
i
n
ca
s
es o
f
(
a)
d
1
,
(
b
)
d
2
,
a
n
d
(
c
)
r
2
T
h
is
also
ex
p
lai
n
s
wh
y
if
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
d
is
tan
ce
s
an
d
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
co
n
tact
d
ir
ec
tly
with
ea
ch
o
th
e
r
th
e
g
en
er
ated
h
ea
t
at
th
e
ju
n
cti
o
n
g
o
es
u
p
an
d
d
am
a
g
es
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
e
th
at
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
s
ar
e
d
ec
id
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
to
th
e
lig
h
t
co
n
v
er
s
i
o
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
I
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
b
en
d
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
s
s
u
ch
as
C
DR
P,
th
e
lay
e
r
tex
tu
r
e
in
d
u
ce
s
th
e
b
ac
k
s
ca
tter
in
g
ef
f
ec
t a
n
d
lead
s
to
m
o
r
e
lig
h
t lo
s
s
f
r
o
m
th
is
ev
en
t.
As a
r
esu
lt,
h
ig
h
er
r
2
m
ea
n
s
lo
wer
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
,
wh
i
ch
is
m
o
s
t r
ec
o
g
n
izab
le
as th
e
r
2
r
ea
ch
es 1
6
.
9
m
m
p
u
s
h
in
g
th
e
b
ac
k
s
ca
tter
ed
lig
h
t
to
th
e
h
ig
h
est
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
b
ac
k
s
ca
tter
in
g
ev
e
n
ts
in
C
DR
P
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
tak
e
p
lace
at
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
L
E
D
ch
ip
an
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
as
well
as
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
an
d
th
e
r
em
ain
i
n
g
p
ar
t o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
m
ak
in
g
t
h
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
m
o
r
e
v
is
ib
le
wh
e
n
r
2
is
h
ig
h
er
th
an
1
6
.
6
m
m
.
I
n
ca
s
es
wh
er
e
r
2
is
in
b
etwe
en
1
6
.
1
an
d
1
6
.
9
m
m
,
th
e
e
x
p
an
d
e
d
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
l
ay
er
s
r
ed
u
ce
s
b
ac
k
s
ca
tter
ed
en
er
g
y
an
d
aid
s
th
e
l
ig
h
t tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e,
lead
i
n
g
to
b
etter
r
ad
iatio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
r
2
in
cr
ea
s
es b
ey
o
n
d
t
h
is
p
o
in
t t
h
e
wo
r
s
e
t
h
e
lig
h
tin
g
ab
ilit
y
o
f
W
L
E
Ds b
ec
o
m
es
d
u
e
to
th
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
an
d
lo
wer
p
ar
t o
f
f
ir
s
t p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
b
ein
g
p
u
s
h
ed
cl
o
s
er
to
g
eth
er
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
i
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
f
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
class
es
an
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
class
to
th
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
,
d
ep
ic
ted
as
d
1
an
d
d
2
,
o
n
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
v
er
ted
lig
h
tin
g
d
ev
ices.
Fr
o
m
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
FD
R
P
i
s
b
etter
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
in
W
L
E
Ds,
wh
ich
is
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
lig
h
t
m
o
v
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
f
r
ee
l
y
in
FDR
P
th
an
in
C
DR
P.
T
h
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
o
f
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
s
d
1
a
n
d
d
2
a
n
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
c
o
n
ten
t
o
n
lig
h
tin
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
a
r
e
also
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
95
7
-
96
2
962
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
b
y
th
e
h
ig
h
est
lig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t
ac
h
iev
ed
wh
en
d
1
at
0
.
0
8
m
m
o
r
d
2
e
q
u
al
t
o
0
.
6
3
m
m
;
h
o
wev
er
,
th
e
c
o
lo
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
with
t
h
ese
d
is
tan
ce
s
ar
e
n
o
t
id
ea
l.
I
n
o
th
er
ca
s
es,
wh
en
d
1
o
r
d
2
ar
e
l
o
wer
th
an
th
e
v
alu
e
th
at
allo
ws
th
e
h
ig
h
est
lig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t,
th
e
co
lo
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
e
co
m
es
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
b
etter
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
b
ac
k
s
ca
tter
in
g
i
n
s
id
e
th
e
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e,
a
n
d
t
h
er
m
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ar
e
e
n
h
an
c
ed
.
So
,
FDR
P
is
th
e
p
r
o
m
in
en
t
ch
o
ice
b
etwe
en
two
s
h
ap
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
wh
ile
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
s
o
f
d
1
a
n
d
d
2
d
e
p
en
d
m
o
r
e
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
o
r
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
r
s
d
ec
is
io
n
in
m
ak
i
n
g
th
e
d
esire
d
h
ig
h
q
u
ality
W
L
E
Ds.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
J.
Ch
e
n
g
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Lu
m
in
e
sc
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
tran
sfe
r
p
r
o
p
e
r
ti
e
s
o
f
c
o
lo
r
-
t
u
n
a
b
le
S
r
4
La,P
O
4
.
3
O:Ce
3+
,Tb
3+
,
Mn
2+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
rs fo
r
WL
EDs,"
Op
t.
M
a
ter
.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
8
5
0
-
1
8
6
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
2
]
X.Yu
a
n
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Ultra
-
h
ig
h
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
fo
r
t
h
re
e
-
d
ime
n
sio
n
a
l
o
p
ti
c
a
l
d
a
ta
sto
ra
g
e
in
si
d
e
tran
sp
a
re
n
t
fl
u
o
re
sc
e
n
t
tap
e
,
"
Op
t.
L
e
tt
,
v
o
l.
4
5
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
5
3
5
-
1
5
3
8
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
3
]
W.
Wan
g
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Re
d
p
h
o
to
l
u
m
in
e
sc
e
n
t
Eu
3
+
-
d
o
p
e
d
Y2
O3
n
a
n
o
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.
[
4
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P
.
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m
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,
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[
5
]
A.
M
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taz
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a
l.
,
"
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,
"
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.
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.
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[
6
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R.
E.
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e
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e
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,
"
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[
7
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Y.
Xie
e
t
a
l.
, “
En
c
a
p
s
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late
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r
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-
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p
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M
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ter
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Exp
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ss
,
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1
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p
.
3
4
9
4
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5
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2
0
1
8
.
[
8
]
L.
Du
a
n
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Wi
d
e
c
o
lo
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g
a
m
u
t
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te
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ld
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g
,
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p
.
1
3
3
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3
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4
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0
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8
.
[
9
]
Y.
L.
P
ia
o
e
t
a
l.
,
"
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ro
m
a
ti
c
-
d
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0
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0
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[
1
0
]
J.
J.
G
ó
m
e
z
-
Va
lv
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rd
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e
t
a
l.
,
"
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t
o
m
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ti
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las
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sfe
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ss
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1
1
]
C.
Zh
a
n
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t
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l.
,
"
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M
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0
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[
1
2
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.
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ra
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h
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k
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"
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Exp
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0
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[
1
3
]
Y.
P
e
n
g
e
t
a
l.
,
"
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lex
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ric
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ti
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r
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EDs,"
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t.
M
a
ter
.
Exp
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ss
,
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o
l.
8
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o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
0
5
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4
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2
0
1
8
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[
1
4
]
Z.
Z
h
u
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
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ti
m
a
l
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m
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g
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o
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s,"
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t.
Exp
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ss
,
v
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l.
2
8
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o
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p
p
.
1
2
3
1
1
-
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2
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1
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
1
5
]
N.
Q.
Li
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Hig
h
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e
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n
c
y
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lu
ti
o
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p
ro
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e
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with
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ig
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tri
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st,
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t.
M
a
ter
.
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re
ss
,
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l
.
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o
.
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0
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p
.
3
2
0
8
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3
2
1
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
1
6
]
J.
Jia
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Th
re
e
-
wa
v
e
len
g
t
h
p
a
ss
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m
o
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u
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ti
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o
f
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se
n
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r
s
with
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it
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ry
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p
t.
Exp
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ss
,
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l.
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7
,
n
o
.
6
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p
p
.
8
8
9
0
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8
8
9
9
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
1
7
]
N.
D.
Q.
An
h
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
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ti
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f
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Re
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l
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li
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te
LE
Ds
,
"
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rr
.
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o
to
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,
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o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
8
-
8
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
1
8
]
X.
S
u
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
R
u
n
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t
ime
re
c
o
n
fig
u
ra
b
le
a
d
a
p
ti
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e
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c
o
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n
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f
o
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ti
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l
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h
a
n
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e
ls,"
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t.
Ex
p
re
ss
,
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o
l.
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6
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o
.
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2
,
p
p
.
2
9
3
1
9
-
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9
3
2
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
1
9
]
H.
Kim
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Tra
n
sp
a
re
n
t
e
ffe
c
t
o
n
th
e
g
ra
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le
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tran
sp
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re
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isp
la
y
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Exp
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ss
,
v
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l
.
2
6
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p
p
.
4
0
7
5
-
4
0
8
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
2
0
]
C.
Hu
a
n
g
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Ba
n
d
wi
d
th
c
o
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re
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ti
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o
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tral
m
e
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su
re
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e
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t
b
a
se
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Lev
e
n
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e
rg
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a
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rd
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m
with
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ro
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k
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lariz
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n
,
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t,
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l
.
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p
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6
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,
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0
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9
.
[
2
1
]
S
.
M
a
tsu
m
o
to
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
Ch
e
m
ica
l
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a
p
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e
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o
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p
t.
M
a
ter
.
Exp
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ss
,
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4
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p
.
8
9
9
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2
0
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[
2
2
]
Y.
Hu
e
t
a
l.
,
"
G
re
a
tl
y
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n
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e
d
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,
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Exp
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ss
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l.
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8
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.
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p
.
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6
4
9
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6
6
0
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
2
3
]
L.
Qin
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Lu
m
i
n
a
n
c
e
c
a
lcu
latio
n
m
e
th
o
d
a
c
c
o
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g
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r
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e
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tratio
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,
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p
l.
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l.
5
9
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o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
8
3
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6
8
6
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
2
4
]
A.
F
e
rre
ro
e
t
a
l.
,
"
I
n
d
e
x
fo
r
t
h
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e
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lu
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ti
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o
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e
ters
,
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t.
Exp
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ss
,
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l.
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p
.
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8
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3
3
-
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8
6
4
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,
2
0
1
8
.
[
2
5
]
A.
K.
Du
b
e
y
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Las
e
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e
-
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,
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l.
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8
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