T
E
L
KO
M
N
I
KA
T
e
lec
om
m
u
n
icat
ion
,
Com
p
u
t
i
n
g,
E
lec
t
r
on
ics
an
d
Cont
r
ol
Vol.
18
,
No.
5
,
Oc
tober
2020
,
pp
.
2257~2264
I
S
S
N:
1693
-
6930,
a
c
c
r
e
dit
e
d
F
ir
s
t
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r
a
de
by
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me
nr
is
tekdikti
,
De
c
r
e
e
No:
21/E
/KP
T
/2018
DO
I
:
10.
12928/
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
.
v18i5.
13378
2257
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tp:
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cce
s
s
f
u
l
l
y
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
ed
.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
Vis
ibl
e
li
ght
c
omm
unica
ti
on
W
a
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
W
ir
e
les
s
s
e
n
s
or
node
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e
.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
Ya
n
C
hiew
W
ong
,
C
e
ntr
e
f
or
T
e
lec
omm
unica
ti
on
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
&
I
nnova
ti
on
(
C
e
T
R
I
)
,
F
a
kult
i
Ke
jur
uter
a
a
n
E
lektr
onik
da
n
Ke
jur
ute
r
a
a
n
Komputer
(
F
K
E
KK
)
,
Unive
r
s
it
i
T
e
knikal
M
a
lays
ia
M
e
laka
(
UT
e
M
)
,
Ha
ng
T
ua
h
J
a
ya
,
76100
Dur
ian
T
ungga
l,
M
e
laka
,
M
a
lays
ia
.
E
mail:
yc
wong@
utem.
e
du
.
my
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
W
ir
e
les
s
s
e
n
s
or
ne
twor
k
is
s
pa
ti
a
ll
y
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
a
utonom
ous
s
e
ns
or
s
de
ployed
f
or
moni
tor
ing
the
phys
ica
l
c
ondit
ions
a
nd
or
ga
nizing
the
c
oll
e
c
t
e
d
da
ta
a
t
the
c
e
ntr
a
l
c
ontr
ol
unit
[
1]
.
T
he
W
S
N
include
s
lar
ge
number
o
f
s
e
ns
or
node
s
that
c
oope
r
a
te
with
e
a
c
h
other
via
a
wir
e
les
s
c
onne
c
ti
on
a
nd
f
o
r
ms
a
ne
t
wor
k
f
or
c
oll
e
c
ti
ng,
pr
opa
ga
ti
ng
a
nd
a
na
lyzing
e
nvir
on
me
ntally
r
e
c
e
ived
da
ta
[
2]
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
1
(
a
)
.
B
e
twe
e
n
the
de
ployed
s
e
ns
or
node
s
a
nd
the
e
nd
us
e
r
,
a
s
ink
with
higher
p
r
oc
e
s
s
ing
c
a
pa
c
it
y
is
plac
e
d
to
s
e
r
ve
a
s
a
ga
tew
a
y
a
nd
c
omm
unica
te
wi
th
the
tas
k
mana
ge
r
node
.
A
us
e
r
r
e
tr
ieve
s
inf
or
mation
f
r
om
the
wir
e
les
s
s
e
ns
or
ne
twor
k
by
que
r
y
a
nd
c
oll
e
c
t
the
r
e
s
ult
s
f
r
o
m
the
b
a
s
e
s
tation.
I
n
ter
m
of
im
pleme
ntation
of
the
s
tr
uc
tur
a
l
he
a
lt
h
moni
tor
ing,
W
S
N
c
a
n
be
e
mbedde
d
in
to
a
hos
pit
a
l
buil
ding
to
tr
a
c
k
a
nd
moni
to
r
e
a
c
h
pa
ti
e
nt
a
nd
p
r
o
vid
e
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
s
e
r
vice
s
[
3]
su
c
h
a
s
medic
a
l
moni
t
or
ing
a
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
5
,
Oc
tober
2020:
225
7
-
2264
2258
medic
a
l
da
ta
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
a
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
pr
ovider
a
s
s
ho
wn
in
F
igur
e
1
(
b)
.
E
a
c
h
s
e
ns
or
node
s
c
a
n
b
e
im
pleme
nted
to
moni
tor
ing
e
quipm
e
nt
to
tr
a
ns
mi
t
da
ta.
A
s
e
ns
or
node
that
moni
to
r
s
the
pa
ti
e
nt's
phys
ica
l
c
ondit
ion
c
a
n
e
ve
n
be
knit
ted
int
o
c
lot
he
s
o
r
we
a
r
a
s
a
wa
tch
f
o
r
r
e
mot
e
nur
s
ing.
T
his
s
ys
tem
is
us
e
f
ul
f
or
t
r
a
c
king
a
nd
m
onit
or
ing
pa
ti
e
nt's
c
ondit
ion
without
the
ne
e
d
to
int
e
r
r
upt
th
e
nor
mal
li
f
e
of
the
pa
ti
e
nt
,
ther
e
by
im
p
r
oving
th
e
qua
li
ty
of
li
f
e
.
(
a
)
(
b)
F
igur
e
1.
W
ir
e
les
s
s
e
ns
or
ne
twor
k
(
a
)
ope
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
(
b)
e
mbedde
d
with
o
pti
c
a
l
c
omm
unica
ti
on
tar
ge
ti
ng
he
a
lt
h
moni
to
r
ing
−
W
a
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
De
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
opti
c
a
l
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
in
wir
e
le
s
s
s
e
ns
or
node
e
ntails
major
de
s
ign
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
a
nd
low
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
is
s
ue
.
E
a
c
h
node
is
he
a
vil
y
duty
-
c
yc
led
in
a
wir
e
les
s
s
e
ns
or
ne
twor
k
(
W
S
N)
to
mi
nim
ize
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
r
e
s
ult
ing
in
node
s
s
p
e
nding
m
os
t
of
the
ti
me
in
s
lee
p
mode.
A
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
ha
s
be
e
n
pr
opos
e
d
a
s
one
o
f
the
wa
ys
to
s
olve
thi
s
e
ne
r
gy
c
ons
tr
a
int
a
nd
mi
ni
mi
z
e
the
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
o
f
e
a
c
h
s
e
ns
or
node
s
.
C
ompar
is
on
be
twe
e
n
pr
e
vious
ly
r
e
por
ted
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
s
a
s
s
hown
in
T
a
ble
1.
A
c
c
or
ding
to
pr
e
vious
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
wor
k,
tr
a
dit
ionally
R
F
s
olut
ion
s
e
xhibi
ts
high
s
tandby
powe
r
whic
h
is
mor
e
tha
n
10μ
W
.
T
he
ult
r
a
s
ound
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
[4
-
7]
is
much
lowe
r
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
a
nd
s
maller
s
ize
c
om
pa
r
e
d
to
the
r
a
dio
f
r
e
que
nc
y
tec
hnique.
How
e
ve
r
,
the
s
e
ns
ing
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
of
ult
r
a
s
ound
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
will
b
e
a
f
f
e
c
ted
by
s
of
t
or
c
ur
ve
d
mate
r
ials
due
to
the
dif
f
iculti
e
s
i
n
r
e
a
ding
r
e
f
lec
ti
ons
f
r
om
the
mate
r
ial
[
8
]
.
M
or
e
o
ve
r
,
it
ha
s
4.
4μ
W
s
tandby
powe
r
,
whic
h
is
s
ti
ll
c
ons
ider
e
d
hi
gh
c
ompar
e
d
to
the
p
r
e
vious
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
with
695pW
s
tandby
powe
r
of
op
ti
c
a
l
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
[
9]
.
I
n
thi
s
wor
k
,
a
de
mand
t
r
igger
ba
s
e
d
on
low
po
we
r
opti
c
a
l
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
in
W
S
N
ha
s
be
e
n
pr
opos
e
d
.
T
o
a
c
hieve
low
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
,
W
S
N
is
in
s
tandby
powe
r
a
t
mos
t
o
f
the
ti
me
a
nd
a
c
ti
va
ted
whe
n
r
e
c
e
ived
the
ins
tr
uc
ti
ons
f
r
om
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
.
T
he
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
in
the
s
e
ns
or
ha
s
to
a
lwa
ys
on
to
r
e
c
e
ive
int
e
r
r
up
t,
s
ync
hr
oniza
ti
on
,
a
nd
r
e
p
r
o
gr
a
mm
in
g
[
10
]
.
T
he
de
s
ign
of
the
f
r
ont
-
e
nd
of
th
e
a
na
log
c
ir
c
uit
block
ha
s
be
e
n
op
ti
mi
z
e
d
f
o
r
lowe
r
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
f
ur
ther
mi
nim
izing
the
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
's
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion.
T
a
ble
1.
P
e
r
f
o
r
manc
e
s
umm
a
r
y
a
nd
c
ompa
r
is
on
[
11]
[
12]
[
4]
[
13]
[
9]
T
r
a
ns
mi
t
M
e
th
od
RF
RF
U
lt
r
a
s
ound
O
pt
ic
a
l
O
pt
ic
a
l
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
180nm
130nm
65nm
N
o I
C
180nm
F
ul
ly
I
nt
e
gr
a
te
d
-
-
No
No
-
S
uppl
y V
ol
ta
ge
1.8V
1.2V
0.6V
3.3V
1.2V
S
ta
ndby P
ow
e
r
8.5μ
W
/1
078 μ
W
16.4 μ
W
/
22.9μ
W
4.4μ
W
317μ
W
695pW
M
a
x. D
a
ta
R
a
te
1k/
200kbps
10k/
200kbps
250bps
2kbps
91bps
E
ne
r
gy/
B
it
8.5/
5.39nJ
/b
1.64/0.11nJ
/b
18nJ
/b
159nJ
/b
140pJ
/b
R
a
nge
-
-
8.6m
15m
-
B
it
E
r
r
or
R
a
te
<
10
-
8
<
10
-
6
<
10
-
5
-
<
10
-
5
−
Vis
ibl
e
li
ght
c
omm
unica
ti
on
Optica
l
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
us
e
s
vis
ibl
e
li
ght
f
or
da
ta
c
omm
unica
ti
on
ins
tea
d
of
e
xis
ti
ng
r
a
dio
f
r
e
que
nc
y
(
R
F
)
tec
hnology
[
14
]
.
L
ight
f
idelit
y
or
vis
ibl
e
li
g
ht
c
omm
unica
ti
ons
(
VL
C
)
is
a
n
e
mer
ging
tec
hnology
that
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
On
-
c
hip
ult
r
a
low
pow
e
r
opti
c
al
w
ak
e
-
up
r
e
c
e
ive
r
for
…
(
C
hia
Y
e
e
Saw
)
2259
ope
r
a
tes
a
t
ve
r
y
high
-
s
pe
e
d
wir
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
[
15]
ins
ide
buil
ding
that
humans
c
a
nnot
de
tec
t
it
a
nd
c
a
us
ing
the
li
ght
s
our
c
e
a
ppe
a
r
s
to
be
a
li
ke
c
ont
inuous
ly
on.
T
his
invi
s
ibl
e
s
witching
a
c
ti
vit
y
a
ll
ows
da
ta
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
pr
oc
e
s
s
thr
ough
binar
y
c
ode
s
whic
h
binar
y
'1'
indi
c
a
te
s
witching
on
a
n
L
E
D
while
b
inar
y
'0'
indi
c
a
tes
s
witching
of
f
[
16
]
.
T
a
ble
2
s
hows
a
c
ompar
is
on
of
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
uc
h
a
s
da
ta
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion,
c
ove
r
a
ge
a
r
e
a
,
f
r
e
que
nc
y
ba
nd
,
s
pe
e
d,
topo
logy,
s
pe
c
tr
um
r
a
nge
a
nd
obs
tac
le
r
a
nge
a
mong
W
i
-
F
i
a
nd
VL
C
.
VL
C
pr
ovides
a
n
e
xtr
e
mely
high
-
s
pe
e
d
da
ta
r
a
te
of
1
Gbps
.
M
e
a
nwhile,
W
i
-
F
i
r
outer
wor
ks
on
mul
ti
ple
ba
nds
that
only
s
upp
ly
2
.
4
GH
z
or
4
.
9
G
Hz
or
5
GH
z
[
1
7
,
1
8
]
.
T
he
li
gh
t
s
pe
c
tr
um
is
10
,
0
00
ti
mes
wide
r
than
the
r
a
dio
s
pe
c
tr
um
,
whic
h
p
r
ovides
m
or
e
ba
ndwidth
than
W
i
-
F
i.
VL
C
tec
hnology
r
e
s
ol
ve
d
low
ba
ndwidth
pr
oblem
in
r
a
dio
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
omm
unica
ti
on
due
to
lar
ge
ba
ndwidth
a
va
il
a
bil
it
y
[
19
]
.
How
e
ve
r
,
the
vis
ibl
e
li
ght
s
ignal
c
a
nnot
pe
ne
tr
a
te
th
r
ough
the
w
a
ll
whic
h
making
VL
C
a
s
a
f
e
r
e
nvir
onment
that
c
a
nnot
be
r
e
mot
e
ly
ha
c
ke
d.
VL
C
is
not
a
s
ubs
ti
tut
e
f
or
W
i
-
F
i.
I
t
c
a
n
be
r
e
ga
r
de
d
a
s
a
n
incr
e
dibl
e
c
ompanion
of
W
i
-
F
i
tec
hnology.
T
a
ble
2.
C
ompar
is
on
be
twe
e
n
W
i
-
F
i
a
nd
VL
C
F
e
a
tu
r
e
s
L
ig
ht
F
id
e
li
ty
W
ir
e
le
s
s
F
id
e
li
ty
D
a
ta
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
io
n
[
14]
bi
ts
r
a
di
o w
a
ve
s
C
ove
r
a
ge
A
r
e
a
[
14]
10 M
e
te
r
s
20
-
100 M
e
te
r
s
F
r
e
que
nc
y B
a
nd
[
14]
100 ti
me
s
of
T
e
r
a
H
z
2.4 G
H
z
,
4.9 G
H
z
a
nd 5
G
H
z
S
pe
e
d
[
15]
1
-
3.5 G
bps
54
-
250 M
bps
T
opol
ogy
[
15]
P
oi
nt
t
o P
oi
nt
P
oi
nt
t
o M
ul
ti
-
poi
nt
S
pe
c
tr
um R
a
nge
[
15]
100000 ti
me
s
of
W
i
-
Fi
R
a
di
o s
pe
c
tr
um r
a
nge
O
bs
ta
c
le
I
nt
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
[
20
]
H
ig
h
L
ow
or
a
lm
os
t
ne
gl
ig
ib
le
2.
RE
S
E
AR
CH
M
E
T
HO
D
I
n
thi
s
wor
k,
the
opti
c
a
l
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
a
t
wir
e
le
s
s
s
e
n
s
or
node
is
de
ployed
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
2
to
de
tec
t
incoming
s
ignal,
a
c
ti
va
te
the
pr
o
tocol
c
ontr
o
ll
e
r
a
nd
a
s
s
is
t
e
a
c
h
pa
ti
e
nt
by
pr
ovidi
ng
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
s
e
r
vice
s
s
uc
h
a
s
medic
a
l
moni
tor
ing
a
nd
medic
a
l
da
ta
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
a
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
pr
ovider
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
opti
c
a
l
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
c
ompr
is
e
s
of
a
de
c
ode
r
,
pr
o
tocol
c
ontr
oll
e
r
,
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
ge
ne
r
a
tor
,
c
lock
ge
ne
r
a
to
r
,
a
nd
f
r
ont
-
e
nd
c
ir
c
uit
s
.
T
he
opt
ica
l
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
s
tays
on
a
t
a
ll
ti
mes
a
nd
the
pr
otocol
c
ontr
oll
e
r
a
r
e
powe
r
ga
ted
s
tat
e
in
s
tandby
mode
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
3.
W
he
n
the
li
ght
de
tec
tor
is
matc
he
d
with
the
pr
e
de
f
ined
global
pa
s
s
c
ode
,
a
s
ignal
will
be
s
e
nt
out
by
the
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
t
o
a
c
ti
va
te
the
pr
otocol
c
ontr
oll
e
r
to
ope
r
a
te
in
a
c
ti
ve
mode
thr
ough
incr
e
a
s
ing
the
c
lock
f
r
e
que
nc
y.
Othe
r
wis
e
,
pr
otocol
c
ontr
oll
e
r
will
a
lwa
ys
in
s
tandby
mode
to
r
e
duc
e
the
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion.
F
igur
e
2.
W
ir
e
les
s
s
e
ns
or
ne
twor
k
im
pleme
nted
in
hos
pit
a
l
buil
ding
F
igur
e
3.
B
lock
diagr
a
m
of
opti
c
a
l
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
in
W
S
N
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
5
,
Oc
tober
2020:
225
7
-
2264
2260
3.
RE
S
UL
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
YSI
S
3.
1.
De
s
ign
of
a
n
on
-
c
h
ip
o
p
t
ical
wa
k
e
-
u
p
r
e
c
e
iver
T
he
c
ir
c
uit
f
unc
ti
ona
l
blocks
in
the
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
i
ve
r
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
4.
T
he
f
r
ont
-
e
nd
r
e
c
e
iver
is
us
e
d
to
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
incoming
vis
ibl
e
li
gh
t
int
o
vo
lt
a
ge
.
T
he
output
s
o
f
the
f
r
ont
-
e
nd
c
ir
c
uit
s
a
r
e
f
e
d
int
o
a
c
ompar
a
tor
a
nd
c
ompar
e
d
with
a
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
va
lue.
T
he
outpu
t
with
majo
r
it
y
vote
rs
is
s
e
lec
ted
a
nd
a
s
ignal
c
a
ll
e
d
F
L
_DA
T
A
is
ge
ne
r
a
ted
a
c
c
or
dingl
y
.
T
he
a
c
c
umul
a
ted
F
L
_DA
T
A
a
r
e
then
c
ompar
e
d
with
the
8
-
bit
pr
e
de
ter
mi
ne
d
global
pa
s
s
c
ode
.
A
matc
h
of
the
p
a
s
s
c
ode
ge
ne
r
a
tes
a
s
ignal
c
a
ll
e
d
VA
L
I
D
whic
h
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
e
ight
ti
mes
the
s
a
mpl
ing
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
the
c
loc
k,
thus
tur
ning
the
p
r
otocol
c
ontr
o
ll
e
r
int
o
a
c
ti
ve
mode.
T
he
main
f
unc
ti
ona
l
blocks
ha
ve
be
e
n
p
r
e
s
e
nted
in
the
f
oll
owing
s
ubs
e
c
ti
ons
.
F
igur
e
4.
S
ys
tem
block
diagr
a
m
o
f
opti
c
a
l
wa
ke
-
u
p
r
e
c
e
iver
3.
1.
1
.
F
r
on
t
-
e
n
d
r
e
c
e
iver
T
he
f
r
ont
-
e
nd
r
e
c
e
iver
is
i
mpl
e
mente
d
us
ing
a
pa
r
a
s
it
ic
diode
a
s
a
P
V
c
e
ll
to
t
r
a
ns
f
or
m
incoming
vis
ibl
e
li
ght
to
volt
a
ge
.
F
or
opti
c
a
l
c
omm
uni
c
a
ti
on
s
ys
tems
,
a
vis
ibl
e
li
ght
s
ign
a
l
that
incide
nt
on
the
photodi
ode
is
tr
a
ns
f
or
med
int
o
a
n
e
lec
tr
ica
l
volt
a
ge
.
T
he
volt
a
ge
whic
h
ha
s
the
vis
ibl
e
li
ght
s
i
gna
l's
inf
or
mation
is
then
c
ompar
e
d
a
nd
the
major
it
y
vot
e
d
is
s
e
lec
ted
a
nd
s
tor
e
d
int
o
the
s
hif
t
r
e
gis
ter
me
mor
y.
3
.
1.
2
.
Vol
t
age
c
om
p
ar
at
or
F
igur
e
5
s
hows
the
s
im
ulation
r
e
s
ult
s
of
the
de
ve
loped
c
ompar
a
tor
.
W
he
n
the
f
r
ont
-
e
nd
mea
s
ur
e
d
volt
a
ge
e
xc
e
e
ds
a
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
volt
a
ge
of
105.
1
mV
,
the
c
ompar
a
tor
output
s
a
digi
tal
s
ignal
1
[
21]
.
At
the
e
nd,
vis
ibl
e
li
ght
f
las
hing
on
a
nd
o
f
f
is
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ull
y
c
on
ve
r
ted
int
o
bina
r
y
f
o
r
m.
F
igur
e
5.
P
e
r
f
or
manc
e
of
volt
a
ge
c
ompar
a
to
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
On
-
c
hip
ult
r
a
low
pow
e
r
opti
c
al
w
ak
e
-
up
r
e
c
e
ive
r
for
…
(
C
hia
Y
e
e
Saw
)
2261
3
.
1.
3
.
M
a
j
or
it
y
vo
t
e
r
F
a
il
ur
e
de
tec
ti
on
the
incom
ing
s
ignal
on
the
f
r
on
t
-
e
nd
r
e
c
e
iver
or
wr
ong
int
e
r
pr
e
tation
o
f
the
s
ignal
on
the
c
ompar
a
tor
will
r
e
s
ult
in
the
pr
otocol
c
ont
r
oll
e
r
be
ing
mi
s
a
c
ti
va
ted.
T
he
major
it
y
voter
is
c
a
pa
ble
of
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ull
y
mas
king
a
s
ingl
e
f
a
il
ur
e
f
r
om
be
ing
no
t
ice
d
by
the
e
xter
na
l
e
nvi
r
onment
a
nd
a
ls
o
mana
ge
s
to
ke
e
p
the
e
nti
r
e
s
ys
tem
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l.
How
e
ve
r
,
it
is
ge
ne
r
a
ll
y
pr
e
s
umed
that
no
f
a
ult
s
c
a
n
oc
c
ur
withi
n
the
voter
,
whic
h
im
pli
e
s
that
the
voter
is
a
s
s
umed
to
be
pe
r
f
e
c
t
[
22
-
24]
.
I
n
thi
s
wor
k,
m
a
jor
it
y
vo
ter
ha
s
be
e
n
de
s
igned
to
c
ompar
e
be
twe
e
n
th
r
e
e
outpu
t
s
f
r
om
the
f
r
on
t
-
e
nd
r
e
c
e
iver
a
nd
the
major
it
y
vo
te
d
o
f
the
inp
ut
s
tate
s
de
ter
mi
ne
the
ou
tput
s
tate
.
F
igu
r
e
6
s
hows
the
ou
tput
wa
ve
f
or
m
of
major
it
y
vote
r
in
r
e
s
pe
c
t
t
o
th
r
e
e
input
s
pr
oduc
e
d
by
vo
lt
a
ge
c
ompar
a
tor
.
As
major
it
y
inpu
t
f
r
om
the
c
ompar
a
tor
is
one
,
the
major
it
y
vo
ter
is
r
outed
to
VD
D
a
nd
v
ice
ve
r
s
a
.
T
he
s
im
ulation
r
e
s
ult
s
c
lea
r
l
y
de
mons
tr
a
te
that
the
major
it
y
voter
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
p
r
e
ve
nted
f
a
ls
e
tr
igger
ing
a
nd
p
r
oduc
e
d
a
n
e
r
r
one
ous
output
a
ga
ins
t
in
r
e
s
pons
e
to
the
input
.
F
igur
e
6.
M
a
jor
it
y
vo
ter
e
lec
tr
ica
l
s
im
ulation
r
e
s
ul
ts
with
thr
e
e
f
r
ont
-
e
nd
r
e
c
e
iver
inpu
t
3.
1.
4
.
Gat
e
d
lat
c
h
m
e
m
or
y
Ga
ted
e
na
ble
memor
y
is
de
s
igned
to
s
tor
e
a
s
ingl
e
bit
of
inf
o
r
mation
that
ge
ne
r
a
ted
by
major
it
y
voter
a
nd
a
s
long
a
s
it
r
e
mains
on
powe
r
.
Dur
ing
the
wr
it
e
ope
r
a
ti
on,
wr
it
e
e
na
ble
is
tur
ne
d
to
1
to
latc
h
t
he
input
da
ta
in
the
memor
y
a
nd
the
pr
e
vious
s
tor
e
d
a
ta
is
r
e
plac
e
d.
T
he
wr
it
e
e
na
ble
wi
r
e
is
then
tu
r
ne
d
of
f
to
pr
e
ve
nts
a
ny
memor
y
c
ha
nge
s
.
T
he
e
ight
ga
ted
latc
h
mem
or
y
is
de
s
igned
s
ide
-
by
-
s
id
e
in
th
is
wor
k
to
s
tor
e
8
bit
s
o
f
inf
or
mation
a
nd
na
med
a
s
s
hif
t
r
e
gis
ter
memo
r
y
.
T
he
f
ir
s
t
ga
ted
latc
h
memor
y
is
us
e
d
to
s
tor
e
the
f
ir
s
t
bit
da
ta,
s
e
c
ond
ga
ted
latc
h
memor
y
s
tor
e
d
the
s
e
c
ond
bit
d
a
ta
unti
l
the
8
th
bit
da
ta
is
s
tor
e
d
.
3.
1.
5
.
2
-
I
n
p
u
t
m
u
l
t
ip
lexe
r
T
he
two
input
mul
ti
plexe
r
c
ont
r
oll
e
d
by
a
s
ig
na
l
c
a
ll
e
d
VA
L
I
D
[
25]
.
W
he
n
VA
L
I
D
is
z
e
r
o,
the
mul
ti
plexe
r
pr
opa
ga
tes
20kHz
high
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
lock
puls
e
to
the
output
C
L
K
;
W
he
n
VA
L
I
D
is
o
ne
,
only
2.
5
kHz
low
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
lock
puls
e
will
be
pr
opa
g
a
ted.
M
ult
ipl
e
xe
r
s
witch
es
be
twe
e
n
mul
ti
ple
input
li
ne
s
a
t
a
n
e
xtr
e
mely
high
r
a
te
whic
h
r
e
s
ult
ing
in
the
potential
of
c
r
e
a
ti
ng
a
gli
tch
by
a
s
udde
n
incr
e
a
s
e
or
c
hopping
the
output
c
lock.
How
e
ve
r
,
thi
s
gli
tch
e
f
f
e
c
t
did
no
t
ha
ve
a
major
im
pa
c
t
on
the
f
inal
outcome
.
3.
1.
6.
I
n
t
e
gr
at
e
d
on
-
c
h
ip
o
p
t
ical
wa
k
e
-
u
p
r
e
c
e
iver
F
igur
e
7
a
nd
F
igur
e
8
s
how
the
s
c
he
matic
diagr
a
m
a
nd
s
im
ulation
r
e
s
ult
of
the
opti
c
a
l
int
e
gr
a
ted
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
.
T
he
pa
r
a
s
it
ic
diode
a
t
the
f
r
ont
-
e
nd
r
e
c
e
iver
is
us
e
d
to
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
incoming
vis
ibl
e
li
ght
int
o
volt
a
ge
.
T
hr
e
e
f
r
ont
-
e
nd
r
e
c
e
iver
s
a
r
e
im
pleme
nt
e
d
to
e
nha
nc
e
s
de
tec
ti
on
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
a
nd
pr
e
ve
nt
f
a
ls
e
tr
igger
ing
that
may
be
c
a
us
e
d
by
s
tr
uc
tur
a
l
is
s
ue
s
s
uc
h
a
s
a
dus
t
pa
r
ti
c
le
blocking
the
photodi
ode
d
e
tec
ti
on
pa
r
t.
T
he
output
s
o
f
the
th
r
e
e
f
r
ont
-
e
nd
c
ir
c
uit
s
a
r
e
digi
ti
z
e
d
by
e
a
c
h
c
ompar
a
tor
a
nd
the
majo
r
it
y
vot
e
d
input
is
r
outed
to
the
output
whic
h
ge
ne
r
a
te
F
L
_DA
T
A.
An
8
-
bit
pr
e
de
ter
mi
ne
d
pa
s
s
c
ode
is
s
e
t
a
nd
us
e
d
a
s
a
global
pa
s
s
c
ode
to
w
a
ke
up
the
s
y
s
tem
a
nd
pr
otocol
c
ontr
oll
e
r
to
a
void
f
a
ls
e
tr
igger
s
f
r
om
vis
ibl
e
li
g
ht.
Onc
e
the
F
L
_DA
T
A
is
matc
he
d
with
the
8
-
bit
global
pa
s
s
c
ode
a
t
e
qua
li
ty
c
ompar
a
tor
,
a
VA
L
I
D
s
ignal
is
g
e
ne
r
a
ted
a
nd
wa
ke
s
up
the
pr
otocol
c
ont
r
oll
e
r
.
T
he
s
a
mpl
ing
f
r
e
que
nc
y
o
f
both
pr
otocol
c
ontr
oll
e
r
a
nd
volt
a
ge
c
ompar
a
tor
incr
e
a
s
e
by
e
ight
ti
mes
to
e
na
ble
f
ull
s
pe
e
d
da
ta
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
.
T
he
pr
otocol
c
ontr
oll
e
r
is
po
we
r
-
ga
ted
dur
ing
s
tan
dby
mode
unt
il
a
c
ti
va
te
s
by
the
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
to
opti
mi
z
e
s
ys
tem
e
ne
r
gy
c
ons
umpt
ion.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
5
,
Oc
tober
2020:
225
7
-
2264
2262
F
igur
e
7
.
Optica
l
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
s
c
he
matic
diag
r
a
m
F
igur
e
8.
P
e
r
f
or
manc
e
of
opti
c
a
l
in
tegr
a
ted
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
3.
2.
P
owe
r
c
on
s
u
m
p
t
ion
of
p
r
op
os
e
d
op
t
ical
wa
k
e
-
u
p
r
e
c
e
iver
T
he
p
r
opos
e
d
opti
c
a
l
wa
ke
-
up
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
r
e
duc
e
s
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
of
e
a
c
h
wi
r
e
les
s
s
e
ns
or
node
s
by
ke
e
ping
p
r
otocol
c
ont
r
oll
e
r
in
s
tandby
s
tate
.
T
he
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
a
c
ti
va
te
s
the
pr
otocol
c
ontr
ol
ler
onc
e
the
incoming
s
ignal
matc
he
d
with
global
pa
s
s
c
ode
a
nd
s
tar
t
f
ull
da
ta
s
a
mpl
ing
r
a
te
.
T
he
opt
ica
l
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
c
ons
umes
only
443
pW
in
s
tandby
mode
a
nd
1.
89nW
in
a
c
ti
ve
mode
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igu
r
e
9.
T
he
volt
a
ge
c
ompar
a
tor
a
nd
c
lock
f
r
e
que
nc
y
divi
de
r
c
ons
ume
the
mos
t
of
the
s
witchin
g
powe
r
in
the
pr
opos
e
d
s
ys
tem
dur
ing
the
s
tandby
mode
.
T
he
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
is
domi
na
ted
by
the
s
a
mpl
ing
f
r
e
que
nc
y
de
f
ined
dur
ing
s
tandby
a
nd
a
c
ti
ve
modes
.
T
he
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
ha
s
be
e
n
be
nc
hmar
ke
d
with
pr
e
vious
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
wor
k
a
s
s
ho
wn
in
T
a
ble
3.
T
he
powe
r
s
a
ving
of
thi
s
wor
k
is
252
pW
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
On
-
c
hip
ult
r
a
low
pow
e
r
opti
c
al
w
ak
e
-
up
r
e
c
e
ive
r
for
…
(
C
hia
Y
e
e
Saw
)
2263
whic
h
is
mor
e
than
one
thi
r
d
c
ompar
e
d
to
the
pr
e
vious
opti
c
a
l
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
[
10]
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
opti
c
a
l
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
c
ons
umes
only
443
pW
in
s
tan
dby
mode
whic
h
is
9000
ti
mes
lowe
r
than
the
p
r
e
vious
ly
r
e
por
ted
ult
r
a
s
ound
wa
ke
-
up
r
a
dio
[
4]
a
nd
37,
000
t
im
e
s
lowe
r
than
pr
e
vious
ly
r
e
por
ted
R
F
r
e
c
e
iver
s
[
12]
.
T
a
ble
4
s
hows
the
c
ompar
is
on
be
twe
e
n
W
S
Ns
with
a
nd
without
im
pleme
nted
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
.
F
or
s
ys
tem
without
im
pleme
nted
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
,
it
will
a
lwa
ys
in
a
c
ti
ve
mode
a
nd
c
ons
umes
1.
8
9
nW
f
or
8
-
bi
ts
da
ta
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
.
B
y
im
pleme
nti
ng
opti
c
a
l
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
,
the
da
il
y
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
f
or
the
s
ys
tem
is
a
bout
3.
44mW
i
f
no
incoming
s
ignal,
whic
h
s
igni
f
i
c
a
ntl
y
r
e
duc
e
d
73.
8%
o
f
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
o
f
e
a
c
h
s
e
ns
or
node
pe
r
ye
a
r
.
F
igur
e
9.
P
owe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
dur
ing
s
tandby
a
nd
a
c
ti
ve
mode
T
a
ble
3
.
C
ompar
is
on
of
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
T
r
a
ns
mi
t
M
e
th
od
R
F
[
12]
U
lt
r
a
s
ound
[
5]
O
pt
ic
a
l
[
10]
T
hi
s
W
or
k
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
130nm
65nm
180nm
180nm
S
uppl
y V
ol
ta
ge
1.2V
0.6V
1.2V
1.2V
S
ta
ndby P
ow
e
r
16.4μ
W
4.4
μW
695pW
443pW
/1
.89nW
T
a
ble
4
.
P
owe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
c
ompar
is
on
f
o
r
s
ys
tem
with
a
nd
without
W
uR
x
P
a
r
a
me
te
r
W
it
h O
pt
ic
a
l
W
a
ke
-
up R
e
c
e
iv
e
r
W
it
hout
O
pt
ic
a
l
W
a
ke
-
up R
e
c
e
iv
e
r
P
ow
e
r
C
ons
umpt
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/
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1.89nW
P
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e
r
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umpt
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da
y
3.44mW
13.12mW
P
ow
e
r
c
ons
umpt
io
n/
ye
a
r
41.28mW
157.44mW
4.
CONC
L
USI
ON
An
opti
c
a
l
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iv
e
r
uti
li
s
ing
W
S
N
tec
hnology
f
or
he
a
lt
h
moni
tor
ing
in
the
hos
pit
a
l
ha
s
be
e
n
pr
opos
e
d.
T
he
opti
c
a
l
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
is
de
ve
loped
in
180nm
S
il
ter
r
a
C
M
OS
p
r
oc
e
s
s
tec
hnology.
As
the
li
ght
de
tec
tor
matc
he
s
the
pr
e
de
f
ine
global
pa
s
s
c
ode
,
th
e
opti
c
a
l
r
e
c
e
iver
s
witche
d
on
the
p
r
otocol
c
ontr
o
ll
e
r
whic
h
s
a
mpl
e
s
e
ight
ti
mes
f
a
s
ter
a
f
ter
tu
r
ning
int
o
a
c
ti
ve
mode
f
r
om
s
tandby
mode.
T
he
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
opti
c
a
l
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
is
s
igni
f
ic
a
ntl
y
les
s
than
one
thi
r
d
c
ompar
e
d
to
pr
e
vious
ly
r
e
por
ted
opti
c
a
l,
R
F
a
nd
ul
tr
a
s
ound
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
s
wh
ich
c
ons
umes
only
443pW
in
s
tandby
mode
a
nd
1.
89
nW
in
a
c
ti
ve
mode.
T
he
wor
k
s
hows
a
powe
r
s
a
ving
of
73.
8
%
c
ompar
e
d
to
tr
a
dit
ional
W
S
N
whic
h
without
a
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
ha
s
be
e
n
a
c
hieve
d.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
opti
c
a
l
wa
ke
-
up
r
e
c
e
iver
de
mons
tr
a
tes
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pe
e
d
da
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r
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latively
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e
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ur
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nt
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r
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s
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e
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t
potential
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xt
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
mon
it
or
ing
s
ys
tem.
AC
KNOWL
E
DGM
E
N
T
S
T
he
a
uthor
s
a
c
knowle
dge
the
tec
hnica
l
a
nd
f
inanc
ial
s
uppor
t
by
Unive
r
s
it
i
T
e
knikal
M
a
lays
ia
M
e
laka
(
UT
e
M
)
a
nd
M
ini
s
tr
y
o
f
E
duc
a
ti
on
M
a
lays
ia's
gr
a
nt
no.
F
R
GS/
2018/F
KE
-
C
E
R
I
A/F
00352.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
5
,
Oc
tober
2020:
225
7
-
2264
2264
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