TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol.12, No
.3, Septembe
r 2014, pp. 6
95~702
ISSN: 1693-6
930,
accredited
A
by DIKTI, De
cree No: 58/DIK
T
I/Kep/2013
DOI
:
10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v12i3.98
695
Re
cei
v
ed Ma
rch 1
1
, 2014;
Re
vised July
12, 2014; Accepted July 2
7
,
2014
Design Concept of Dynamic-Adaptive Reconfigurable
Wireless Sensor Node
(
DARW
i
S
e
N
)
C. Bam
b
a
ng D
w
i
Kun
c
or
o
1
, M. Anda Falahuddin
2
Electrical & Ins
t
rumentatio
n L
abor
ator
y
,
Ba
n
dun
g State Pol
y
tec
hnic
Jl. Gegerkal
o
n
g
Hilir, Ds. Ci
w
a
rug
a
, Band
un
g 200
12, Indo
n
e
sia, Ph./Fax:+
622
2-20
13
78
9/201
38
89
e-mail: ku
ncor
o.bamb
a
n
g
@p
olb
an.ac.i
d
1
,
m.andafa
l
a
hud
din@
po
lba
n
.ac
.
id
2
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
h
is pa
per
de
scribe th
e pr
o
pose
d
d
e
sig
n
conce
p
t of w
i
reless s
ensor
nod
e n
a
m
ed
Dyna
mic-
Adaptiv
e R
e
co
nfigur
abl
e W
i
r
e
less S
ens
or
Nod
e
(DA
R
W
i
SeN), w
i
th sp
ecial
e
m
phas
i
s
on t
he
desi
g
n
princi
pl
es an
d function
ality. T
he des
ig
n con
c
ept is targete
d
to a w
i
rele
ss
sensor n
ode
prototype th
at h
a
s
abil
i
ty to a
d
a
p
t
various
ap
pl
i
c
ations
an
d si
tuation
w
i
th a
mi
ni
mal re
de
sign
effort throug
h co
nce
p
t of
reconfi
gura
b
l
e
hardw
are
an
d mod
u
lar
i
ty appr
oach.
B
o
th the h
a
rdw
a
r
e
an
d softw
are co
mp
one
nts are
detai
led, to
get
her w
i
th exp
e
ri
me
ntal
eval
uati
on. T
he ex
per
i
m
e
n
tal
eval
uati
on rev
eal
ed th
at this ap
pro
a
c
h
is
not on
ly cap
abl
e to show
rapi
d
prototype of w
i
r
eless se
nsor a
pplic
atio
n des
i
gn, but
it can
al
so be us
ed as
a
gen
eric w
i
rel
e
ss node
platfo
rm d
e
sig
n
in
dyna
mic-ad
apt
i
v
e reconfi
gur
a
b
le feat
ure, fle
x
ible, a
nd gr
e
a
tly
extend
in
g its applic
ab
ility.
Ke
y
w
ords
: w
i
reless se
nsor n
ode, dyn
a
m
ic r
e
cofi
g
u
rab
l
e, a
dapta
b
il
ity, flexibil
ity
1. Introduc
tion
Wirel
e
ss sen
s
or n
e
two
r
ks (WSNs) h
a
ve been u
s
ed
in wide are
a
s of appli
c
a
t
ion an
d
become an
attractive are
a
for re
sea
r
chers in re
ce
nt years. It has g
r
eat po
tential for many
appli
c
ation
s
and som
e
a
l
ready exists
in
sce
nar
i
o
s
su
ch a
s
military targ
e
t
tracking
a
nd
surveill
an
ce
[1], natural
disa
ster reli
e
f
[2], biome
d
ical
health
monitori
ng
[3], agricultu
re,
environ
ment monitori
ng, habitat monito
ring [4], stru
cture h
ealth
monitoring
[5], hazard
o
u
s
environ
ment exploratio
n, and sei
s
mi
c sen
s
in
g
[6
].
Othe
r p
o
ssi
b
le field
s
i
n
cl
ude
home/off
i
ce
automation,
e
ducation [7], i
n
ventory m
o
n
i
toring,
int
r
u
s
i
on d
e
tectio
n,
motion tracki
ng [8], ma
chi
n
e
malfunctions,
toys and many others [9],[10].
A WSN con
s
i
s
ts
of a l
a
rge
numb
e
r of ti
ny
se
nsor no
des de
ploy
ed
over a
geog
raphi
cal
area
al
so
ref
e
rred a
s
se
n
s
ing fiel
d; ea
ch n
ode
is
a l
o
w-po
we
r de
vice that inte
grate
s
comp
u
t
ing,
wirel
e
ss com
m
unication and sensing abilities. No
des
organi
ze
themselves i
n
cl
usters and
netwo
rks, an
d co
ope
rate t
o
perfo
rm a
n
assign
ed
monitoring (and/or control)
tas
k
without any
human
interv
ention at
scal
es
(both
sp
atial and
temp
o
r
al)
and
re
sol
u
tions th
at are difficult, if n
o
t
impossibl
e, to
achieve
with
traditional
techniqu
es
. Se
n
s
or no
de
s a
r
e thu
s
a
b
le to
se
nse phy
sical
environ
menta
l
inform
ation
(e.g., tem
p
eratu
r
e, h
u
m
i
dity, vibratio
n, accel
e
ration o
r
wh
ate
v
er
requi
re
d), p
r
o
c
e
ss l
o
cally the a
c
qui
red
d
a
ta both
at u
n
it and
clu
s
te
r level, and
send the
outco
me
-or agg
reg
a
ted
features- to
t
he
clu
s
ter
and/or one or
mo
re colle
ction
p
o
ints, named sin
ks
or
base station
s
. Even thoug
h WSNs h
a
s
some
adv
ant
age
s compa
r
e than tra
d
itional te
chniq
u
e
s,
their appli
c
ability is oft
en reduced by
the
limitatio
ns of
the sensor
nodes
on the sy
stem pl
atform
requi
rem
ents.
Re
al-wo
r
ld wirel
e
ss se
n
s
ing
ap
plic
ations are
quite
diverse,
and
they imp
o
se
a
wide
range of constraint
s
on the sy
stem platform
s,
including power
availabilit
y, the size, cost,
wirel
e
ss
con
nectivity, memory, storag
e, perfo
rman
ce, compa
c
t
ness, high i
n
tegratio
n of
the
sen
s
o
r
, and flexibility.
1.1. Recon
f
i
gurable Wir
e
less Sensor
Node State of the
Art
Recently, few wi
rele
ss
sen
s
o
r
no
de
pl
atform
s i
n
tegrate
wit
h
the con
c
epts of
reconfigu
r
a
b
le
in
th
e WSNs re
sea
r
ch
fie
l
ds, su
ch as
The T
y
ndall2
5 M
o
te
th
at was
develo
ped
at
Tynd
all National In
stitute,
Ireland
a
s
pa
rt of the D-Syste
m
s p
r
oje
c
t
investigatin
g
the
developm
ent
of distributed intelligent system
s.
The Tyndall mote is a miniaturised,
prog
ram
m
abl
e, modula
r
system de
sign
ed to meet th
e req
u
iremen
ts of variou
s
wirel
e
ss
sen
s
or
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No. 3, September 20
14: 69
5 – 702
696
netwo
rks
of different type
s. It use
s
t
he o
r
ig
in
al 2
5
mm mi
cro
controlle
r tra
n
sceiver lay
e
r,
in
c
o
r
p
or
a
t
in
g a
n
Atme
l
AT
me
g
a
1
28 micr
o c
ontroller and
Nordi
c
VLSI
(Very-la
rge
-
scale
integratio
n)
n
r
f2401
2.4G
Hz tra
n
sceive
r
inco
rp
o
r
ating
Shock bu
rst tech
nolo
g
y [11]. The Nom
a
d
Mobile Rese
arch Ce
ntre, (NM
R
C), ha
s design
ed
Fie
l
d Programm
able Mod
u
lar
Wirel
e
ss Sen
s
or
Net
w
or
k no
d
e
s.
I
t
calle
d
NM
RC no
de
.
In these m
o
tes, sele
cted
pro
c
e
ssi
ng
an
d
sen
s
or
si
gnal
filters
a
r
e sy
nthesi
z
e
d
, as hard
w
a
r
e, o
n
an FPGA.
It is based o
n
reconfigu
r
in
g the processing
and
se
nsor
si
gnal filteri
ng
according
to t
he a
ppl
i
c
atio
n an
d the
env
ironm
ental
re
quire
ment
s [1
2].
PicoRadio
is mote con
c
e
p
ts pre
s
e
n
te
d by the Universi
ty of Calif
ornia, Berkel
ey right after the
developm
ent of the MICA2 motes.
The PicoRadio i
s
a meso
-scal
e
low co
st radi
o desig
ned f
o
r
ubiquito
us
d
a
ta acqui
sitio
n
. The Pi
co
Radi
o inte
g
r
ates the
con
c
ept
s of reconfigurable
state
mac
h
ines
and FPGAs
.
[
13],[14]. At CEI (Cent
ro
de Ele
c
tro
n
ica In
du
stri
al), Universi
dad
Politecni
ca d
e
Mad
r
id, a
modula
r
HW re
configu
r
a
b
l
e platform
h
a
s b
een
dev
elope
d, call
e
d
Cookie
. Thi
s
platform in
clu
des a
n
uC
an
d a FPGA
as pro
c
e
ssi
ng
el
ements. HW reconfigu
r
atio
n
feature
s
im
prove
nod
e
fle
x
ibility and com
putation
p
e
rform
a
n
c
e
,
and o
pen
s t
he po
ssibility o
f
remote
HW
reconfigu
r
atio
n, which ca
n
be ve
ry useful to tune node p
e
rfo
r
mance with
new
actuali
z
atio
ns, to debug
o
n
-line
(comm
i
ssi
onin
g
) the
WSN, a
nd
make
the n
o
de smarte
r [
15].
The Ho
gthro
b
proje
c
t was
aiming to develop a se
nsor
network
infras
truc
ture for s
o
w monitoring.
A part of the proje
c
t co
nsi
s
ts of develo
p
ing se
n
s
or n
ode
s that can
be tagged o
n
to the so
ws
(i
n
repla
c
e
m
ent of
the RFID
tags
they
wea
r
today
), calle
d the
Hog
t
hr
ob
platfo
rm. A
key com
p
o
nent
of that senso
r
node d
e
vel
opment platfo
rm is an FPG
A
which h
a
s
enabl
ed us to
explo
r
e vari
o
u
s
hard
w
a
r
e/
software trad
eoffs
. All the app
lication fun
c
ti
onality has
b
een pla
c
e
d
o
n
the embe
d
ded
pro
c
e
s
sor
an
d is
gra
dually
being
move
d to the FP
G
A
. [16].
m
P
latform
, a
ne
w re
config
ura
b
l
e
modula
r
sen
s
or net
platform th
at en
able
s
r
eal-ti
m
e p
r
o
c
e
ssi
ng o
n
multip
le hete
r
og
en
eo
u
s
pro
c
e
s
sors.
At the he
art
of the mPlatf
orm i
s
a scal
able high
pe
rforman
c
e
co
mmuni
cation
bus
con
n
e
c
ting t
he differe
nt module
s
of a
node, allo
wi
ng time-criti
cal data to be
sha
r
ed
with
out
delay
an
d su
pportin
g
re-configurab
ility
at the h
a
rd
wa
re level. mPl
a
tform ad
dre
s
se
s thi
s
p
r
obl
em
by introdu
cin
g
a ne
w flexi
b
le, efficient
and
reconfig
urabl
e com
m
unication cha
nnel a
r
chitect
u
re
that better fits the need
s of modula
r
sen
s
or network pl
atforms [17].
In the rece
nt literature, sev
e
ral ap
pro
a
ches ad
dress
optimizat
io
n of the wirele
ss se
nsor
netwo
rks by usin
g re
confi
gura
b
le tech
nical ap
proa
ch. To avoid
the waste o
f
energy for the
perio
dic ta
sks of CP
U wi
reless
sen
s
o
r
node,
Gl
ase
r
, J., et al
. [18] pro
p
o
s
e
a re
config
ura
b
le
hard
w
a
r
e
blo
c
ks to
a
WS
N So
C (sin
gl
e on
chi
p
)
wh
ich in
dep
end
ently co
ndu
ct
simpl
e
sub
-
tasks
instea
d of th
e CP
U. Th
e
CPU i
s
only
activated
if a
n
y furthe
r (m
ore
co
mplex) pro
c
e
s
sing
i
s
requi
re
d. The
r
efore the
s
e l
ogic
blo
c
ks
a
c
t as
a “filter” for the
s
e
e
v
ents.
Garc
ia, R., et al
. [19]
prop
oses a
methodolo
g
y and modula
r
archi
t
ectural fra
m
ewo
r
k for situation-b
a
se
d
reconfigu
r
atio
n
in WSNs usin
g
pa
rtial reconf
igu
r
atio
n (P
R)-capa
ble field
pro
g
ramm
able
g
a
te
arrays (FPG
As). To add
ress the pe
rforman
c
e im
provem
ent in Wirele
ss Sensor Netwo
r
ks
(WS
Ns
) in
or
der to
red
u
c
e
the processi
ng overhea
d,
S. Com
m
u
ri, et al
. [20] implement dyn
a
m
ic
data a
ggrega
tion u
s
ing
re
config
ura
b
le
clu
s
ter
hea
d
s
(RCHs) ba
sed
on
Field
Prog
ramm
a
b
le
Gate Arrays (FPGA
s
). S
u
ch
an im
pl
ementation
provides the
necessary flexibility in data
aggregatio
n techni
que
s d
e
mand
ed by
real-time a
pp
lication
s
, while resulting in signifi
cant
redu
ction
in
the que
ry p
r
oce
s
sing tim
e
and
the
o
v
erall p
o
wer co
nsumptio
n in the
net
work.
Murali
dha
r, P
.
and Rao,
C.B.R
.
[21] pro
pose a
ne
w
HW/S
W inte
rface
synth
e
si
s de
sign
meth
od
aiming at th
e Nio
s
-ba
s
e
d
syste
m
on
pro
g
ra
mble
chip (SOP
C)
platform with
a
dyna
mically
reconfigu
r
a
b
le fun
c
tional
u
n
it. One
of th
e de
sign
go
al
s i
s
to im
ple
m
ent a
dyna
mic
re
config
u
r
able
sen
s
o
r
no
de
for ene
rgy eff
i
cient
comp
utational in
te
nsive tasks to
minimize the
energy re
quired
for the com
m
unication.
1.2. The Proposed
Desig
n
Conc
ept
Develo
p
a
sy
stem
fo
r wire
less sen
s
o
r
node, whi
c
h
provide
s
so
m
e
re
qui
reme
n
t
s
is
a
compl
e
x task, and a prag
matic ’re
a
l-world’ ap
pro
a
ch is cho
s
e
n
. Propo
se
d me
thods a
nd de
sign
approa
che
s
are te
sted
by experim
ents.
Some of
fitur on th
e dev
elope
d wi
rele
ss
se
nsor
no
de
platform a
r
e
energy-effici
ent, flexibility and ad
apt
a
b
ility, reconfi
gura
b
le/re-p
r
ogra
mming, l
o
w
co
st, and
suff
icient p
e
rfo
r
m
ance (self
cal
i
bration,
self
diagn
osti
c an
d self monito
ring
). Thu
s
th
e
fiturs shall be
to
find
a suit
able com
p
ro
mise
of those re
quiremen
t
s by the a
p
p
r
oa
ch
ba
sed
o
n
the com
b
inat
ion of a pro
c
e
s
sor
with
dynamica
lly reconfigu
r
a
b
le/re-pro
g
ram
m
ing ha
rd
wa
re.
More
over
all
the compo
n
e
n
ts o
n
wirele
ss sen
s
o
r
n
o
de b
u
ild
ba
se
d on
COTS
(Comm
e
rcial,
off-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Design
Concept of Dynam
i
c-Adapt
ive Reconfigurable Wireless
Sensor .... (C. Bam
bang Dwi K.)
697
the-shelf) co
mpone
nts.
Howeve
r, a
system
comp
osed of read
ily available CO
TS
com
pone
nt
s
can
redu
ce d
e
sig
n
cycl
e time, and an i
m
porta
nt
desi
gn co
nsi
deration whil
e de
si
gning the
sen
s
o
r
node d
e
velop
m
ent platform, has b
een
to redu
ce the
overall cost
of prototyping
by using
CO
TS
comp
one
nts.
No
wad
a
ys, most of wireless se
ns
or node wa
s developed
based on fixed and
spe
c
iali
zed l
o
w-p
o
wer h
a
rd
ware, ASICs
(appli
c
atio
n-specifi
c
integ
r
ated ci
rcuit), and
spe
c
iali
zed
energy efficie
n
cy p
r
oto
c
ol.
ASICs sho
w
s b
e
st
pe
rformance
and
e
nergy
-efficie
n
c
y but
provid
e
hardly any flexibility. To i
m
plement several diffe
rent functions on a chip, one ASIC block for
each functio
n
must be
cre
a
ted, whi
c
h l
ead
s to in
cre
a
sin
g
area co
nsum
ption th
e more fu
ncti
ons
are i
m
plem
ented. Thus,
chi
p
ar
ea
can be traded
off for
som
e
fl
exi
b
ility. The other
sensor
node
wa
s built ba
se on micro
p
roce
ssors. Mi
cro
p
roce
sso
r
s are mo
st flexible, small
enou
gh an
d coul
d
usu
a
lly even deliver an a
c
cepta
b
le pe
rforma
nce (if
it is too low, the clo
c
k freq
uen
cy coul
d be
raised
). Thei
r main di
sad
v
antage lie
s in their i
nef
ficien
cy, whi
c
h is the p
r
i
c
e pai
d for
high
flexibility.
Furthe
rmo
r
e, those meth
od
s woul
d
re
sul
t
in tim
e
-con
sum
i
ng, very e
x
pe
nsi
v
e,
an
d
need
com
p
lex de
si
gn
c
y
c
le
s,
an
d thus it
d
e
m
and
hi
ghly co
m
p
lex
algo
rit
h
m
s
and
te
ch
nologi
es
. No
des
built using AS
IC or SOC (S
ystem on-chi
p
) tech
nolo
g
i
e
s ca
n outpe
rform COTS (Comm
e
rcial, off-
the-shelf) b
a
s
ed n
ode
s in
terms of po
wer
con
s
u
m
p
t
ion, price, a
nd si
ze, but they have lon
ger
desi
gn cy
cle
s
and high
er d
e
velopme
n
t costs.
The p
r
op
ose
d
wi
rele
ss se
nso
r
n
ode
pla
tform ar
chite
c
ture for expe
riment con
s
ist
s
of fou
r
clo
s
ely-inte
ra
cting sub
s
yst
e
ms as sh
own
in
Fig
u
re 1
.
These
sub
systems
are: t
he sen
s
o
r
an
d
s
e
ns
or
in
ter
f
ac
e
s
u
b
s
ys
te
m, th
e
pr
oc
es
s
i
n
g
un
it su
bs
ys
te
m, th
e commu
n
i
c
a
tio
n
s
u
bs
ys
te
m, an
d
the po
we
r-supply
sub
s
ystem. Th
e
platform
de
sign u
s
ing
a
modul
ar
a
nd reconfigu
r
able
developm
ent
approa
ch. M
o
reove
r
, rese
arching
usi
n
g
this platfo
rm
turn
s op
en,
due to the
no
de
flexibility, which make
s possi
ble the proof of several
concepts mini
mizing the eff
o
rt.
Figure 1. Pro
posed Recon
f
igurabl
e wi
re
less
se
nsor n
ode prototype
archite
c
tu
re
2. Experiment De
sign
2.1. Hard
w
a
r
e
The de
sig
n
method i
s
i
m
pleme
n
ted
in som
e
alg
o
rithm
s
ba
se
d on rep
r
og
ramming/
reconfigu
r
atio
n app
ro
ach
whi
c
h
will b
e
applie
d o
n
sensor
nod
e l
e
vel of wi
rele
ss sen
s
or no
de.
The exp
e
rim
ent environm
ent will
be
built u
s
ing
some m
odul
s acco
rdin
g t
o
the
pro
p
o
s
ed
architectu
re o
f
wirele
ss
sen
s
or n
ode.
The cu
rre
nt wirel
e
ss se
n
s
or
no
de
prototype impl
emented
call
ed
D
ynami
c
-
A
da
ptive
R
e
c
onfig
ura
b
l
e
Wi
rel
e
s
s
Se
nsor
N
od
e (DARWiSe
N)
as
sho
w
n in
Figure 2. DA
RWiSe
N
i
s
the
first se
nsor
node
prototy
pe that targ
e
t
ed to ada
pt
variou
s ap
pl
ication
s
a
nd
situation
with
a
minimal re
de
sign effort through
con
c
e
p
t of re
co
nfigurable ha
rd
ware and mod
u
la
rity appro
a
ch.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No. 3, September 20
14: 69
5 – 702
698
Figure 2. The
Current Wi
re
less Sensor
Nod
e
Platform Prototype
DARWiSe
N
platform
prot
otype u
s
e
s
t
he Mi
c
r
o
c
h
i
p PC
I1
8L
F
6
420
mic
r
oc
on
tro
lle
r
,
an
d
Actel's
IGL
O
O na
no
AGL
N
25
0 FPGA
as
processi
ng u
n
it. FPGA also d
e
d
i
cated
to ma
nage
variou
s
re
con
f
igurabl
e di
gital sen
s
or inte
rface.
The
co
mmuni
cation
cha
nnel
uses the Mi
crochi
p’s
MRF24J40 transceiver for
IEEE 802.
15.4 appli
c
ation
desi
gners, and
the
ZigBee protocol stack.
Senso
r
inte
rface laye
r all
o
ws attachin
g the se
nsors with b
o
th a
nalog a
nd di
gital interfa
c
e
s
. It
wa
s de
sira
bl
e to desig
n
a sen
s
o
r
no
de that co
ul
d be expan
d
able to su
pp
ort a variety
o
f
appli
c
ation
s
.
Since
DARWiSeN i
s
a p
r
o
t
otype, it
use
s
a
9V Ni
-M
H si
ze
battery as an
external
power supply
,
and an internal voltage
re
gulator
DC-to
-
DC wa
s ad
d
ed.
2.2. Soft
w
a
r
e
The softwa
r
e
desi
gn for
DARWiSe
N
pl
atform pr
ototype inclu
d
e
s
the algo
rithm
s
for the
monitor
statio
n, the tran
sm
it-re
ceive no
d
e
, and ba
se
station no
de.
The de
scribi
n
g
the data flo
w
that begin
s
at
the monitor
station. Thi
s
is a
custom
a
pplication ru
n
n
ing on a
person
a
l co
mput
er
and is respon
sible for di
spl
a
ying data fro
m
base
statio
n node to gra
phical user in
terface.
2.2.1. Base S
t
ation
Algori
t
hm
Figure 3
de
scrib
e
s the
al
gorithm
appli
ed by
the
b
a
se
statio
n
node. Fi
rstly, varying
para
m
eters a
r
e initialized i
n
clu
d
ing the
comm
uni
ca
ti
on of the microco
n
trolle
r wi
th Zigbee mo
dul,
and the adj
u
s
tment of se
rial comm
uni
cation par
ame
t
ers. Sub
s
eq
uently, the base
station n
ode
see
k
s for en
d-devi
c
e
s
(transmi
r-re
ceiv
e no
de) to
b
e
ad
ded
to t
he n
e
two
r
k.
The b
a
se
sta
t
ion
node
can
re
cog
n
ize all
e
nd-d
e
vice
s
o
f
the net
wo
rk usi
ng th
eir
node
ID., it
given d
u
rin
g
the
prog
ram
m
ing
process. Subse
que
ntly, i
t
will
check wheth
e
r all node
s have
sent their da
ta
packet
s
at the pre
-
set time points.
The ba
se
sta
t
ion node
re
cord
s which n
ode was th
e one that ha
s failed to tra
n
smit a
data p
a
cket
a
nd a
s
ks the
n
ode to
re
-sen
d it, assu
min
g
that the
pa
cket ha
d n
o
t
been
sent in
the
expecte
d allo
cated time sl
ot. The node
that had fa
iled to transmit the packet re
ceive
s
the ba
se
station no
de’
s me
ssage
a
nd tran
smit
s the data pa
cket agai
n. Th
is hap
pen
s in
every cycl
e and
the ba
se
stati
on no
de exp
e
cts from th
e
failing no
de
to re-se
nd th
e missin
g pa
cket. If for so
me
rea
s
on
the
n
ode fail
s to
send th
e
spe
c
i
f
ic pa
cket ov
er a
relatively long
pe
riod
of time, it wo
uld
mean that th
e system i
s
facin
g
a probl
em and
wa
te
r re
sou
r
ce is terminated f
o
r the pa
rticu
l
ar
node.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Design
Concept of Dynam
i
c-Adapt
ive Reconfigurable Wireless
Sensor .... (C. Bam
bang Dwi K.)
699
Figure 3. Flowchart model
to illustrati
on of base stati
on node algorithm
2.2.2. End Dev
i
ce Algorithm
The algorithm used by each e
nd devi
c
e (transmit-receive)
node as illustrated in Figure
4.a. At
the beginni
ng, the appro
p
ri
ate
initialization
s
is perfo
rme
d
. The key poi
nts duri
ng this
pro
c
e
ss i
s
th
e initializatio
n of the ana
log to
digital
convert
e
r a
nd the co
m
m
unication to the
multisen
so
r i
n
terface (Re
D
MulIn
)
. Afterwa
r
d
s
,
no
de
see
k
s a b
a
se station
nod
e, depe
nding
on
the way they have been d
e
sig
ned to g
e
t conne
cted.
Followin
g
co
nfirmation, th
e node may join
the netwo
rk
usin
g the ide
n
tical key. Afterwa
r
d
s
, the
data from the sen
s
o
r
s a
r
e being “rea
d”.
Finally, the data is bein
g
send thro
ugh
wirel
e
ss tra
n
smissi
on to the base statio
n node.
As mentione
d above, in the algorithm
of
the base
station nod
e, the end-d
e
vice is
awaitin
g
for t
he ba
se
stati
on no
de to
confirm
re
ceip
t
of the pa
cket
s, within
a
ce
rtain time fra
m
e
.
In case no
co
nfirmation i
s
receive
d
, the end-devic
e re
-se
n
d
s
the pa
cket that has
been pl
aced i
n
a stack. Each node u
s
e
s
interru
pt for the rece
ipt of data from the base statio
n node with
o
u
t
contin
uou
sly occupyin
g the micro
c
ontroller. Upon
recei
p
t of a data pa
cket it che
c
ks wh
ich
pro
c
e
s
s the
p
a
cket i
s
refe
rred to.
One
of
these
pro
c
e
s
se
s i
s
th
e p
a
rameter adj
ust
m
ent, such a
s
controlling th
e sam
p
ling rate. Moreove
r
, it checks
whether th
e pa
ckets a
w
aitin
g
confi
r
matio
n
in
the s
t
ack
have received their
c
o
nfir
mation. Finally, it c
h
eck
s
whet
her
the base
s
t
ation node asks
for re
-tran
s
m
i
ssi
on. Subseque
ntly
it complete
s the
circle by ch
ecking o
n
ce again its
statu
s
within the net
work an
d pro
c
ee
ds
repe
ating the above
pro
c
e
ss.
2.2.3- Comp
uter Alg
o
rith
m
Figure 4.b illustrates th
e al
gorithm
of the pr
ogram
running on the
PC. At the beginning,
the graphi
cal
user interface wind
ow, where all
measurements
wi
ll
be illustrated, is initiali
zed.
Following that, the s
e
rial communic
a
tion with
the ba
se statio
n no
de is initiali
ze
d, too.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No. 3, September 20
14: 69
5 – 702
700
(a)
(b)
Figure 4. (a)
Flowcha
r
t mo
del to illustrati
on of end-dev
ice alg
o
rithm
(b) Flo
w
cha
r
t model to illust
ration of PC-runnin
g
algo
rithm
3. Dev
e
lopment Env
i
ron
m
ent Tes
t
be
d Setup for
The Propos
e
d
Platform a
nd Discu
ssi
on
The te
stbed
wa
s comp
rised of a
ba
se
station t
hat
collect
s the d
a
t
a sent
by the
wirele
ss
sen
s
o
r
n
ode
platform
protoype. The
appli
c
ati
on t
e
stbe
d
wa
s
use
d
for inte
grating
the
n
e
w
platform for a
real-life ap
plication devel
o
p
ment
enviro
n
ment. Figure 5 depict
s the architectu
re
of
the prop
osed
testbed inte
gration.
Figure 5. Testbed for Integ
r
ating the Pro
posed Recon
f
igurabl
e Platform
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Design
Concept of Dynam
i
c-Adapt
ive Reconfigurable Wireless
Sensor .... (C. Bam
bang Dwi K.)
701
The sim
p
le
experim
ent wa
s don
e where a m
a
g
netic field sensor atta
ch
ed to the
wirel
e
ss n
o
d
e
. The sen
s
or a
c
qui
red
experim
ent
data (m
ag
netic field
s
),
and send
data
pro
c
e
ssi
ng to
the comp
ute
r
monitor
over ra
di
o freq
uen
cy comm
unication. Th
e re
ceived d
a
ta
appe
ar on 3
wind
ows on the com
puter
scree
n
. The
first win
d
o
w
is the magnetic field on X-axis,
se
con
d
wind
o
w
i
s
th
e m
a
g
netic fiel
d
on
Y-axis, a
n
d
th
e next i
s
th
e
magneti
c
fiel
d on
Z
-
axis.
The
grap
hs of me
asu
r
em
ent re
sult a
r
e
sho
w
in Figu
re
6.
The result of
simple
expe
ri
ment sho
w
th
a
t
the devel
ope
d wi
rele
ss
se
nso
r
nod
e
ca
n read
t
he
m
agneti
c
field
s
aroun
d 1.5
–
1.7
nTe
s
la,
and
sen
d
ing them
to the terminal monitor (co
m
puter) wi
rel
e
ssly.
(a)
(b)
(c
)
Figure 6. (a)
X-Axis sen
s
o
r
data on
scre
en win
d
o
w
(b
) Y-Axis se
nsor data on
screen wi
ndo
w (c)
Z-Axis sen
s
or data on scre
en win
d
o
w
The mag
netic sen
s
o
r
field
whi
c
h is
atta
che
d
on the
develop
ed wi
rele
ss
se
nsor node i
s
one of simpl
e
applicatio
n e
x
ample. In order to ch
ang
e the wirel
e
ss se
nsor no
d
e
application,
it
can
be
don
e
by repl
aci
ng t
he
sen
s
o
r
with othe
rs
sen
s
or
suitabl
e
wi
th the a
pplica
t
ion, and
ma
ke
a little re
conf
igura
b
le
of sensor
nod
e
hard
w
a
r
e. T
h
e propo
se
d
desi
gn
con
c
e
p
t use ap
pro
a
ch
that ha
s ove
r
come
the t
r
a
de-off m
e
tho
d
s
and
tech
n
o
logy a
s
al
re
ady state
d
b
e
fore i
s
usi
n
g a
reconfigu
r
a
b
le hardwa
r
e.
Even though is imp
o
ss
ible to opti
m
ize the
co
mbination of
all
requi
rem
ents of wi
rele
ss sensor
nod
e a
t
the sa
me ti
me, but thi
s
approa
ch
ha
s the
potenti
a
l to
offer a mu
ch
better tha
n
th
e app
roa
c
h
which
are fo
un
d in mo
st stat
e of-the
-a
rt sensor
n
ode
s
in
orde
r to
find
and to
a
c
hiev
e a
suitable
compromise
of wi
rele
ss
sen
s
or n
ode
re
q
u
irem
ents. St
ate
of the art se
nso
r
no
des
u
s
ually do n
o
t use the p
o
tential of re
co
nfigura
b
le ha
rdware. In most
ca
se
s, a micropro
c
e
s
so
r is use
d
as
co
m
puting
co
re. It is not suffici
ent due to th
e req
u
ire
m
en
ts
that a sen
s
or
node’
s ha
rd
ware platfo
rm must meet a
r
e pre
c
ise.
4. Conclusio
n
In the normal
(gen
eri
c
)
wireless sen
s
or
node,
some o
f
applicatio
n requireme
nts i
s
often
redu
ce
d by
node
ability
whi
c
h i
s
d
u
e
to de
si
gn
method and
techn
o
logy. Dynami
c
-ada
ptive
reconfigu
r
a
b
le is an
em
erging fe
ature
i
n
the
wi
rele
ss
sen
s
o
r
nod
e paltfo
rm d
e
velopment. T
h
is
feature i
s
affecting vari
ou
s ada
pt
ation
situation of wirele
ss
sen
s
o
r
node i
n
the
wirele
ss sen
s
or
netwo
rk ap
pli
c
ation. T
he
a
d
vantage
s of
this a
p
p
r
oa
ch are that it
allows to
dev
elop a
no
de
at
rapid
p
r
ototyping
be
cau
s
e of
re
confi
gura
b
le
syst
em, ba
sed
on lo
w-po
wer
and
CO
TS
comp
one
nts,
and o
peni
n
g
the po
ssib
ility to make
a nod
e wit
h
suffici
ent
perfo
rman
ce
with
integratio
n x-self feature
(self calibrati
on
, self diagno
stic and self monitorin
g
).
Referen
ces
[1]
Yick JB., Mukh
erje
e D., Ghos
al.
Ana
l
ysis
of a Pred
ictio
n
-ba
s
ed Mo
bil
i
ty Ad
aptive T
r
ack
i
n
g
Algor
ith
m
.
In Proceedings of the IEEE
Second International Conf
erence on Broadband Net
w
ork
s
(BROADNET
S
), Boston. 2005
.
[2]
Hari
ya
w
a
n
M
Y
., Guna
w
a
n
A., Putra EH. W
i
reless S
e
nsor N
e
t
w
ork
for F
o
rest F
i
re Detecti
on.
TEL
K
OMNIKA
. 2013;1
1
(3): 56
3-57
4.
[3]
Gao T
.
, Greenspan
D., M. Wels
h, RR. J
uan
g, A. Alm.
Vital
signs
monitor
i
ng a
nd
patie
nt tracking
ove
r
a w
i
reless net
w
o
rk.
In Proceedi
ngs of the 2
7
th IEEE EMBS
Annua
l Inter
natio
nal C
onfer
ence. 20
05.
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ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
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14: 69
5 – 702
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