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I
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As
s
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p
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lu
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[
1
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.
T
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wh
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[
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3
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.
An
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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[
4
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8
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C
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p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
esig
n
ed
with
a
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
s
p
lace
d
d
is
tan
tly
f
r
o
m
th
e
L
E
D
ch
i
p
s
’
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
also
k
n
o
wn
as
t
h
e
h
e
at
s
o
u
r
ce
,
p
r
o
b
ab
l
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
h
ea
tin
g
.
An
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
an
d
th
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
will
h
elp
L
E
D
lig
h
ts
lim
it
th
e
in
ter
n
al
b
ac
k
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
d
ci
r
cu
latio
n
o
f
lig
h
t
r
ay
s
.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
n
b
e
o
n
e
o
f
m
o
s
t
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
in
ter
n
al
th
er
m
al
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
lu
m
en
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
m
o
te
d
wh
en
t
h
is
m
eth
o
d
i
s
ap
p
lied
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
[
1
1
-
1
6
]
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
it
s
ee
m
s
th
at
th
e
f
o
r
m
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
o
n
ly
s
er
v
e
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
lig
h
tin
g
d
e
v
ices.
I
n
o
t
h
e
r
w
o
r
d
s
,
t
h
e
y
m
a
y
n
o
t
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
l
y
f
u
l
f
i
l
l
o
t
h
e
r
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
o
t
h
e
r
m
o
d
e
r
n
l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
W
L
E
D
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
n
e
e
d
s
t
o
b
e
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
e
d
a
n
d
f
a
b
r
i
c
a
t
e
d
.
F
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
n
e
w
m
o
d
e
l
s
o
f
r
e
m
o
t
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
e
d
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
-
e
m
i
t
t
i
n
g
l
i
g
h
t
s
s
c
a
t
t
e
r
i
n
g
b
a
c
k
t
o
t
h
e
L
E
D
c
h
i
p
’
s
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
a
n
d
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
o
f
l
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
.
I
n
a
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
i
t
i
s
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
e
n
c
a
p
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
d
c
o
n
e
l
e
n
s
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
r
i
n
g
-
s
h
a
p
e
d
r
e
m
o
t
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
i
l
m
,
t
h
e
l
i
g
h
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
L
E
D
c
h
i
p
s
t
o
t
h
e
d
e
v
i
c
e
’
s
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
c
a
n
b
e
r
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
d
,
a
n
d
t
h
i
s
l
e
a
d
s
t
o
t
h
e
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
l
i
g
h
t
l
o
s
s
c
a
u
s
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
[
1
7
]
.
M
e
a
n
w
h
i
l
e
,
w
h
e
n
u
s
i
n
g
a
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
e
d
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
f
o
r
r
e
m
o
t
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
g
e
t
h
e
r
w
i
t
h
a
n
o
n
-
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
-
c
o
a
t
e
d
r
e
g
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
p
e
r
i
m
e
t
e
r
a
r
e
a
,
a
h
i
g
h
e
r
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
e
i
t
y
o
f
a
n
g
u
l
a
r
C
C
T
a
n
d
b
e
t
t
e
r
c
o
l
o
r
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
c
y
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
e
d
s
a
p
p
h
i
r
e
s
u
b
s
t
r
a
t
e
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
m
o
t
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
i
s
a
n
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
t
o
g
e
t
t
h
e
c
o
l
o
r
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
i
t
y
i
n
t
h
e
f
a
r
f
i
e
l
d
b
e
t
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
a
t
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
f
i
e
l
d
[
1
9
-
2
1
]
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
,
t
h
e
s
e
a
f
o
r
e
m
e
n
t
i
o
n
e
d
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
e
o
n
t
h
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
h
r
o
m
a
t
i
c
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
e
i
t
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
l
u
m
e
n
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
W
L
E
D
s
w
i
t
h
r
e
m
o
t
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
,
t
h
e
y
j
u
s
t
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
d
o
n
l
y
o
n
W
L
E
D
p
a
c
k
a
g
e
s
w
i
t
h
s
i
n
g
l
e
L
E
D
c
h
i
p
a
n
d
l
o
w
c
o
l
o
r
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s
.
M
e
a
n
w
h
i
l
e
,
i
t
i
s
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
l
i
c
a
t
e
d
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
-
c
o
l
o
r
-
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
W
L
E
D
s
t
o
a
c
c
o
m
p
l
i
s
h
e
d
t
h
e
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
i
r
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
.
Ack
n
o
wled
g
in
g
th
e
o
b
s
tacle
s
,
o
u
r
p
a
p
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
d
u
al
-
lay
er
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
f
o
r
7
7
0
0
K
W
L
E
Ds.
T
h
e
n
ew
id
ea
o
f
th
e
p
ap
e
r
is
to
u
s
e
th
e
r
ed
L
aAsO
4
:Eu
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
f
o
r
o
b
tain
in
g
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
r
ed
lig
h
t c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
W
L
E
Ds,
r
e
s
u
ltin
g
in
th
e
h
ig
h
er
co
lo
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
in
d
e
x
(
C
R
I
)
an
d
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
s
ca
le
(
C
QS)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
esen
t
th
at
C
R
I
a
n
d
C
QS
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
wh
en
ad
d
e
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
L
aAsO
4
:Eu
3+
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
s
elec
t
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
L
aAsO
4
:Eu
3+
wh
ich
is
s
u
itab
le
to
av
o
id
th
e
d
ee
p
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
f
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
wh
en
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
is
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
w
h
en
a
d
d
in
g
r
e
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
t
o
y
ello
w
YAG:Ce
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
is
th
at
th
e
r
ed
lig
h
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
in
c
r
ea
s
es,
wh
ich
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
r
e
d
l
ig
h
t
ar
ea
em
itted
b
y
t
h
e
wh
ite
lig
h
t
r
an
g
e.
T
h
is
is
th
e
k
ey
to
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
co
l
o
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
T
h
e
s
e
co
n
d
is
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
ab
ilit
y
a
n
d
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
lig
h
t
r
ay
s
in
W
L
E
Ds
ar
e
in
v
er
s
ely
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
ati
o
n
o
f
L
aAsO
4
:Eu
3+
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
L
aAsO
4
:Eu
3+
b
ec
o
m
es
im
p
o
r
tan
t f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
t
h
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
2.
P
RE
P
ARA
T
I
O
N
AN
D
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
I
t
is
v
ital
to
ap
p
ly
th
e
L
ig
h
t
T
o
o
ls
p
r
o
g
r
am
an
d
Mie
-
th
eo
r
y
in
to
th
is
wo
r
k
.
I
t
h
elp
s
W
L
E
Ds
with
d
u
al
-
lay
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
b
e
ea
s
ily
s
im
u
lated
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
aly
zin
g
t
h
e
s
ca
tt
er
in
g
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
a
r
ticles
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
L
aAsO
4
:Eu
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
o
n
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
W
L
E
Ds
at
th
e
h
ig
h
co
r
r
elate
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
7
7
0
0
K.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
e
p
ar
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
in
-
c
u
p
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
o
f
W
L
E
Ds,
we
b
len
d
th
e
L
aAsO
4
:Eu
3+
an
d
YAG:
Ce
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
in
g
as
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
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n
o
f
th
ese
th
r
e
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
elem
e
n
ts
,
C
QS
is
a
lm
o
s
t
a
tr
u
e
o
v
e
r
all
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
in
d
e
x
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
C
QS
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
in
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
th
e
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
L
aAsO
4
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3+
lay
er
s
.
An
d
wh
en
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
L
aAsO
4
:
Eu
3+
,
C
QS
al
s
o
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
.
C
lear
ly
,
u
s
in
g
L
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ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
wh
ite
-
lig
h
t
co
lo
r
o
f
a
W
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
e
with
a
d
u
al
-
lay
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
is
is
th
e
cr
u
cial
o
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tco
m
e
o
f
th
e
r
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ch
w
h
en
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
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l
o
r
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ality
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es.
Ho
we
v
er
,
it
is
im
p
o
s
s
ib
le
n
o
t
to
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
L
aAsO
4
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3+
to
em
itted
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
.
I
n
th
e
n
ex
t
p
a
r
t
ar
e
th
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el
w
h
ich
is
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
b
lu
e
lig
h
ts
an
d
co
n
v
er
ted
y
ello
w
lig
h
ts
o
f
th
e
d
u
al
-
lay
er
r
em
o
te
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
an
d
t
h
is
also
ca
n
h
elp
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
a
h
u
g
e
en
h
an
c
em
en
t o
f
W
L
E
D
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
lo
r
r
en
d
e
r
in
g
i
n
d
i
ce
s
o
f
W
L
E
Ds in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
L
aAsO
4
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3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
s
ca
le
o
f
W
L
E
Ds in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
L
aAsO
4
:Eu
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
b
lu
e
lig
h
ts
an
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
ted
y
ello
w
lig
h
ts
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
-
lay
e
r
r
em
o
te
d
esig
n
,
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
ca
n
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
as th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
,
g
iv
e
n
th
a
t its
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
ilm
h
as a
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
2h:
1
=
0
×
−
2
1
ℎ
(
1
)
1
=
1
2
1
×
0
1
−
1
(
−
2
1
ℎ
−
−
2
1
ℎ
)
(
2
)
W
h
ile,
th
ese
lig
h
ts
in
d
u
al
-
lay
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
h
a
v
in
g
h
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
th
ick
n
ess
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
with
:
2
=
0
×
−
2
2
ℎ
(
3
)
2
=
1
2
2
×
0
2
−
2
(
−
2
2
ℎ
−
−
2
2
ℎ
)
(
4
)
I
n
t
h
e
s
e
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
s
,
h
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
es
t
h
e
t
h
i
c
k
n
es
s
o
f
a
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
i
l
m
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
e
.
B
y
a
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
c
r
i
p
ts
“
1
”
a
n
d
“
2
”
,
t
h
e
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
l
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y
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r
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n
d
d
u
a
l
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l
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r
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e
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r
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r
e
d
es
c
r
ib
e
d
,
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
el
y
.
β
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
c
o
e
f
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t
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h
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t
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t
t
o
t
h
e
y
e
l
l
o
w
li
g
h
t
s
,
w
h
il
e
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p
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e
s
e
n
t
s
t
h
e
y
el
l
o
w
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
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3
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T
E
L
KOM
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KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
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t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
8
,
No
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6
,
Dec
em
b
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r
2
0
2
0
:
321
0
-
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5
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l
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t
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m
a
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e
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L
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Ds u
t
i
li
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i
n
g
t
h
e
d
u
a
l
-
l
a
y
e
r
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
g
e
o
m
e
t
r
y
s
h
o
w
s
a
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
b
le
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
l
a
y
e
r
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e:
(
2
+
2
)
−
(
1
+
1
)
1
+
1
>
0
(
5
)
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
th
eo
r
y
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
L
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4
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p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
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tter
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g
e
f
f
ec
ts
an
d
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
C
sca
f
o
r
s
p
h
er
ical
p
ar
ticles
as
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
[
2
2
,
2
3
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
L
am
b
e
r
t
-
B
ee
r
law
is
u
s
ed
to
co
m
p
u
te
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
lig
h
t p
o
wer
[
2
4
,
2
5
]
:
I
= I
0
ex
p
(
-
µ
ext
L)
(
6
)
I
n
wh
ic
h
,
I
0
an
d
L
s
y
m
b
o
liz
e
th
e
i
n
cid
en
t
lig
h
t
p
o
wer
a
n
d
th
e
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
ea
ch
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
(
m
m
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
µ
ext
in
d
icate
s
th
e
ex
tin
ctio
n
co
ef
f
ici
en
t
th
at
ca
n
b
e
r
ec
k
o
n
e
d
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
µ
ext
= N
r
.
C
ext
,
wh
er
e
N
r
(
m
m
-
3
)
m
ea
n
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
d
e
n
s
ity
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticles,
an
d
C
ext
(mm
2
)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
ex
tin
ctio
n
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
a
r
ticles.
Fro
m
(
5
)
we
ca
n
s
ee
th
at
with
d
u
al
-
lay
er
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
W
L
E
Ds
ca
n
y
ield
m
u
ch
b
etter
lu
m
in
o
u
s
ef
f
ici
en
cy
,
co
m
p
a
r
e
d
to
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
lay
er
o
n
e
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
p
a
p
er
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
em
itti
n
g
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
es
o
f
th
i
s
two
-
lay
er
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
th
e
d
o
u
b
le
-
lay
er
r
em
o
te
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
g
ets th
eir
o
p
tical
p
at
h
way
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
L
aAsO
4
:Eu
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
v
alu
es.
C
lear
ly
,
b
y
a
p
p
ly
in
g
th
e
B
ee
r
’
s
law,
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
f
ac
to
r
µ
ext
is
in
d
ir
ec
t
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
to
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
L
a
AsO
4
:Eu
3+
b
u
t
is
in
in
v
er
s
e
r
atio
to
th
e
lig
h
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
en
er
g
y
.
Hen
ce
,
as th
e
th
ick
n
ess
es o
f
two
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
l
ay
er
s
in
W
L
E
Ds ar
e
f
ix
ed
,
th
e
l
u
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t
ten
d
s
t
o
d
ec
lin
e
wh
e
n
L
aAsO
4
:Eu
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
g
o
es
u
p
.
As
a
r
es
u
lt,
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
in
all
5
C
C
T
s
.
W
h
en
co
n
ce
n
tr
ati
o
n
o
f
L
aAsO
4
:Eu
3+
is
at
2
6
%
wt.
th
e
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
es o
f
th
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
class
L
aA
s
O
4
:Eu
3+
wh
ich
ar
e
b
etter
C
R
I
an
d
C
QS,
an
d
th
e
b
etter
lu
m
in
o
u
s
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
th
is
d
u
al
-
lay
e
r
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
g
eo
m
etr
y
,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
lay
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
o
u
t
th
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s
lay
er
,
th
e
d
r
awb
ac
k
in
lu
m
in
escen
ce
is
p
er
f
ec
tly
ac
ce
p
tab
le.
Fin
ally
,
t
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
is
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
th
e
g
o
als
o
f
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
,
wh
i
ch
g
iv
es
th
e
ch
o
i
ce
o
f
s
u
itab
le
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
L
a
AsO
4
:Eu
3+
wh
en
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
th
ese
W
L
E
Ds in
b
u
lk
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
L
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
es o
f
W
L
E
Ds in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
L
aAsO
4
:Eu
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
p
a
p
e
r
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
t
h
e
e
f
f
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g
,
e
t
a
l
.
, “
Wh
it
e
a
p
p
e
a
r
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n
c
e
o
f
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tab
let
d
isp
la
y
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n
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e
r
d
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re
n
t
a
m
b
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t
li
g
h
t
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g
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o
n
d
it
io
n
s,
”
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t.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
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l.
2
6
,
n
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.
4
,
p
p
.
5
0
1
8
-
5
0
3
0
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
7
]
J.
Ch
e
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
icro
len
s
a
rra
y
s
with
a
d
ju
sta
b
le
a
sp
e
c
t
ra
ti
o
fa
b
r
ica
ted
b
y
e
lec
tro
we
tt
in
g
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
to
c
o
rre
late
d
c
o
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r
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
tu
n
a
b
le l
ig
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
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o
d
e
s,
”
Op
t.
E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
A2
5
-
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8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
8
]
C.
M
c
Do
n
n
e
ll
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
G
re
y
-
sc
a
l
e
sili
c
o
n
d
iffr
a
c
ti
v
e
o
p
ti
c
s
fo
r
se
lec
ti
v
e
las
e
r
a
b
latio
n
o
f
th
i
n
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
v
e
fil
m
s,
”
Ap
p
l
ie
d
Op
t
ics
,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
n
o
.
2
4
,
p
p
.
6
9
6
6
-
6
9
7
0
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
9
]
A.
D.
Co
rb
e
tt
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
icro
s
c
o
p
e
c
a
li
b
ra
ti
o
n
u
si
n
g
las
e
r
writt
e
n
flu
o
re
sc
e
n
c
e
,
”
Op
t
ics
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
p
p
.
2
1
8
8
7
-
2
1
8
9
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
0
]
K.
Orz
e
c
h
o
ws
k
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Op
t
ica
l
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
c
u
b
ic
b
l
u
e
p
h
a
se
li
q
u
id
c
r
y
sta
l
in
p
h
o
to
n
ic
m
icro
stru
c
tu
re
s,
”
Op
t
ics
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
4
2
7
0
-
1
4
2
8
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
1
]
S
.
J.
Da
in
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Li
g
h
ti
n
g
f
o
r
c
o
lo
r
v
isio
n
e
x
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
in
th
e
e
ra
o
f
LE
Ds
:
th
e
F
M
1
0
0
Hu
e
te
s
t,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
th
e
Op
ti
c
a
l
S
o
c
iety
o
f
Ame
rik
a
A
,
v
o
l.
3
7
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o
.
4
,
p
p
.
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2
2
-
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1
3
2
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
2
]
T.
Hu
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
De
m
o
n
stra
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
lo
r
d
is
p
lay
m
e
tas
u
rfa
c
e
s
v
ia
imm
e
rsio
n
li
th
o
g
ra
p
h
y
o
n
a
1
2
-
i
n
c
h
sili
c
o
n
wa
fe
r,
”
Op
t.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
1
5
,
p
p
.
1
9
5
4
8
-
1
9
5
5
4
,
J
u
ly
2
0
1
8
.
[2
3
]
J.
Ru
sc
h
e
l,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Cu
rre
n
t
-
i
n
d
u
c
e
d
d
e
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
li
fe
ti
m
e
p
re
d
ict
io
n
o
f
3
1
0
n
m
u
lt
ra
v
i
o
let
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
i
o
d
e
s,
”
Ph
o
t
o
n
.
Res
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
B
3
6
-
B4
0
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
4
]
A.
A.
Ka
m
in
a
ri,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Li
n
k
i
n
g
i
n
fra
re
d
sp
e
c
tra
o
f
lab
o
ra
to
r
y
iro
n
g
a
ll
in
k
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
trad
it
io
n
a
l
re
c
ip
e
s
with
th
e
ir
m
a
teria
l
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
”
A
p
p
l.
S
p
e
c
tro
s,
v
o
l.
7
2
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
5
1
1
-
1
5
2
7
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
8
.
[2
5
]
M
.
E.
Ka
n
d
e
l,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ce
ll
-
to
-
c
e
l
l
in
fl
u
e
n
c
e
o
n
g
r
o
wth
in
larg
e
p
o
p
u
lati
o
n
s,
”
B
io
me
d
.
Op
t.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
4
6
6
4
-
4
6
7
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
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