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c
h
e
s
n
o
r
m
a
l
ly
c
l
o
s
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
t
i
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
e
s
n
o
r
m
a
l
l
y
o
p
en
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
t
em
o
f
d
i
s
t
r
ib
u
t
io
n
s
h
a
l
l
o
p
e
r
a
te
in
a
m
a
n
n
e
r
th
a
t
h
a
s
to
b
e
r
ad
i
a
l
,
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
in
g
c
o
s
t
h
av
e
to
b
e
m
a
x
i
m
a
l
l
y
lo
w
,
a
l
l
l
o
a
d
s
a
r
e
s
e
r
v
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
v
o
l
t
ag
es
h
a
v
e
to
b
e
in
t
h
e
p
e
r
m
i
t
te
d
l
im
i
t
[
3
]
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
t
e
ch
n
ic
a
l
l
o
s
s
e
s
i
n
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
is
a
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
wh
i
c
h
w
a
s
t
ak
e
n
u
n
d
er
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
t
io
n
i
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
en
t
p
l
an
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
.
R
e
d
u
c
in
g
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
l
o
s
s
e
s
w
i
l
l
e
n
h
an
c
e
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
’
s
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
,
th
e
r
e
b
y
i
t
w
i
l
l
i
n
cr
e
a
s
e
t
h
e
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
’
l
if
e
l
i
k
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
l
i
n
e
s
an
d
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
A
n
ef
f
i
c
ie
n
t d
i
s
t
r
ib
u
t
io
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
l
l b
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
i
n
g
th
e
e
l
e
c
tr
i
c
p
o
w
e
r
t
o
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
i
n
a
f
l
e
x
ib
l
e
wa
y
,
m
a
in
t
a
in
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
e
e
d
er
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
in
g
en
c
i
e
s
[
4
]
.
O
n
e
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
b
a
s
i
c
r
e
a
s
o
n
o
f
th
e
d
i
s
t
r
ib
u
t
i
o
n
r
e
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
e
l
i
m
in
a
t
i
n
g
th
e
o
v
er
l
o
a
d
o
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
o
f
th
e
n
e
tw
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
l
o
ad
o
n
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
’
s
f
e
e
d
er
s
i
s
t
y
p
ic
a
l
l
y
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
f
r
o
m
i
n
d
u
s
tr
i
a
l
,
r
e
s
id
e
n
t
ia
l
,
c
o
m
m
er
c
i
a
l
a
n
d
th
o
s
e
l
o
ad
s
ar
e
c
a
p
ab
l
e
o
f
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
o
r
in
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
d
ay
o
r
n
i
g
h
t
t
i
m
e
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
p
e
a
k
l
o
ad
o
n
f
e
ed
e
r
s
,
s
u
b
-
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
an
d
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
i
t
h
ap
p
en
s
i
n
v
ar
i
o
u
s
d
ay
t
im
e
s
;
w
h
i
c
h
m
i
g
h
t
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
t
em
s
h
a
v
in
g
li
g
h
t
o
r
h
ea
v
y
l
o
ad
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
d
ay
t
i
m
e
s
[
5
]
.
K
a
n
a
s
e
[
6
]
a
m
u
l
t
i
-
o
b
j
ec
t
i
v
e
ad
a
p
t
iv
e
f
u
zz
y
-
g
e
n
e
t
ic
ap
p
r
o
a
c
h
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
ef
f
i
c
i
en
cy
o
f
r
ad
i
a
l
e
l
e
c
tr
i
c
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
r
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
r
e
a
l
p
o
w
er
l
o
s
s
e
s
an
d
n
o
d
e
v
o
l
t
ag
e
d
ev
i
a
t
i
o
n
.
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
ed
ar
e
m
in
i
m
i
z
in
g
n
o
d
e
v
o
l
ta
g
e
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
an
d
m
in
im
i
z
i
n
g
th
e
a
c
t
u
a
l
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
,
d
ep
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
ad
i
a
l
s
y
s
t
em
w
h
e
r
e
a
l
l
lo
a
d
s
h
av
e
to
b
e
en
e
r
g
i
z
ed
.
A
b
u
b
a
k
ar
e
t
a
l.
[
7
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
m
e
th
o
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
d
w
h
i
ch
d
ep
e
n
d
e
n
t
o
n
en
h
a
n
c
ed
g
en
e
t
i
c
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
te
r
m
in
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
i
e
an
d
s
e
c
ti
o
n
a
l
i
z
in
g
s
w
i
t
ch
e
s
,
a
n
d
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
w
i
t
h
o
p
t
im
a
l
e
f
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
.
Mu
h
t
a
z
a
r
u
d
d
in
e
t
a
l.
,
[
8
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
s
o
l
u
t
io
n
f
o
r
s
o
lv
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
em
r
e
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
S
C
c
o
o
r
d
in
a
t
i
o
n
(
th
i
s
m
e
a
n
s
t
h
e
s
i
ze
a
n
d
th
e
l
o
ca
t
i
o
n
)
a
n
d
D
G
co
o
r
d
in
a
t
i
o
n
(
t
h
i
s
m
e
an
s
th
e
s
i
ze
a
n
d
th
e
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
)
,
i
n
a
s
i
m
u
l
ta
n
eo
u
s
m
a
n
n
e
r
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
e
d
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
i
s
g
o
in
g
to
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
b
e
e
c
o
lo
n
y
(
A
B
C
)
.
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
c
a
s
e
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
en
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
ed
f
o
r
v
i
e
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
n
th
e
t
e
s
t
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
em
,
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
i
n
g
th
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
p
r
o
f
i
le
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
th
e
p
o
we
r
lo
s
s
r
ed
u
ct
i
o
n
a
s
w
e
l
l
.
A
s
a
r
e
s
u
l
t
,
in
th
i
s
p
ap
e
r
,
t
h
e
r
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
N
e
w
t
o
n
R
ap
h
s
o
n
(
N
R
)
m
e
th
o
d
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
b
in
a
r
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
w
ar
m
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
io
n
(
B
P
S
O
)
w
i
t
h
th
r
e
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t
c
a
s
e
s
o
f
lo
ad
s
,
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
a
n
d
v
a
r
i
ab
l
e
l
o
ad
s
w
i
th
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
i
o
(
n
o
m
in
a
l
lo
a
d
1
0
0
%
,
l
ig
h
t
l
o
ad
5
0
%
,
a
n
d
h
e
a
v
y
l
o
ad
1
6
0
%
)
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
A
T
U
R
E
S
U
R
V
E
Y
In
th
i
s
p
a
p
er
in
t
r
o
d
u
s
e
s
t
h
e
r
e
c
o
n
fi
g
u
r
a
t
io
n
d
i
s
t
r
ib
u
t
io
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
w
i
th
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
g
e
n
er
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
m
u
l
t
a
n
eo
u
s
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
io
n
.
T
h
e
l
o
a
d
fl
u
c
tu
a
t
i
o
n
u
n
c
er
t
a
i
n
t
ies
p
r
i
o
r
t
o
t
h
e
r
e
co
n
fig
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
th
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
ar
e
a
l
s
o
co
n
s
id
e
r
ed
.
T
h
r
ee
o
p
t
i
m
u
m
g
o
a
l
s
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
in
g
m
in
i
m
u
m
en
e
r
g
y
e
s
t
am
e
t
ed
n
o
t
t
o
b
e
s
u
p
p
l
i
ed
,
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
co
s
t
o
f
s
w
i
t
c
h
o
p
er
a
t
i
o
n
an
d
m
i
n
im
a
l
l
i
n
e
l
o
s
s
c
o
s
t
a
r
e
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
ed
.
W
h
e
r
e
t
wo
c
a
s
e
s
a
r
e
in
c
lu
d
ed
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
r
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
c
a
s
e
i
s
to
co
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
a
v
i
a
b
l
e
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
n
e
t
wo
r
k
u
s
i
n
g
B
P
S
O
.
T
h
e
n
t
h
e
D
G
s
Al
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
i
s
o
v
e
r
c
o
m
e
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
y
s
e
a
r
ch
a
lg
o
r
i
t
h
m
(
H
A
S
)
a
n
d
s
en
s
i
t
i
v
i
ty
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
[
9
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
wo
r
k
p
r
e
s
en
t
e
d
a
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
th
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
m
e
th
o
d
s
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
l
o
ad
f
l
o
w
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
N
R
m
e
th
o
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
em
o
f
p
o
w
er
f
l
o
w,
a
l
s
o
r
ef
e
r
r
e
d
t
o
a
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
em
o
f
lo
a
d
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in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
lab
eled
as L
o
o
p
1
to
L
o
o
p
5
i
n
th
e
d
ia
g
r
am
s
.
T
h
er
ea
f
ter
,
ev
er
y
s
in
g
le
s
witch
(
eith
er
tie
o
r
s
ec
tio
n
aliza
tio
n
)
in
th
e
lo
o
p
is
o
p
en
ed
to
p
r
eser
v
e
th
e
r
ad
ial
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
s
witch
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
o
r
ea
ch
lo
o
p
,
an
d
th
e
s
witch
o
p
en
in
g
m
u
s
tn
'
t
s
ep
ar
ate
an
y
b
u
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
w
h
en
th
e
s
witch
is
o
p
en
ed
B
PS
O
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
m
u
ltip
le
iter
atio
n
s
to
ar
r
i
v
e
with
th
e
s
witch
n
u
m
b
er
s
,
o
p
en
i
n
g
wh
i
ch
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tak
en
in
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
th
at
th
is
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
SC
an
d
DG
ar
e
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
.
B
PS
O
o
u
tp
u
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
witch
es
f
o
r
o
p
en
in
g
alo
n
g
with
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
izes a
n
d
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
SC
s
an
d
DGs th
at
r
ed
u
ce
n
etwo
r
k
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
.
4
.
2
.
Repre
s
ent
a
t
io
n
o
f
DG
s
a
nd
SCs
i
n lo
a
d f
lo
w
s
t
ud
ies
Po
wer
f
lo
w
co
m
p
u
tin
g
is
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
NR
lo
ad
-
f
lo
w
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
alg
o
r
ith
m
wh
er
e
th
e
ad
m
itta
n
ce
m
atr
ix
is
u
s
ed
to
wr
ite
eq
u
atio
n
s
f
o
r
c
u
r
r
en
ts
en
ter
in
g
a
p
o
wer
s
y
s
te
m
m
o
r
e
d
etail
ab
o
u
t N
R
m
eth
o
d
in
[
1
9
,
2
0
]
,
af
ter
d
er
iv
in
g
s
ev
e
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
s
d
o
wn
to
eq
u
atio
n
s
o
f
co
m
p
u
tin
g
th
e
ac
tiv
e
Po
wer
Pi an
d
th
e
im
ag
in
ar
y
Po
wer
Qi
.
=
|
2
|
+
∑
|
|
|
|
−
1
=
0
(
c
os
Ө
+
s
in
Ө
)
(
1
)
=
|
2
|
+
∑
|
|
|
|
−
1
=
0
(
s
in
Ө
−
c
os
Ө
)
(
2
)
T
h
en
J
ac
o
b
ian
m
atr
ix
C
r
ea
ted
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
s
ch
ed
u
le
an
d
ca
lcu
lated
v
alu
e
s
k
n
o
wn
as
p
o
wer
r
esid
u
als f
o
r
th
e
ter
m
s
Δ
p
i
an
d
Δ
Qi
f
o
r
all
i=1
,
2
,
3
…
(
n
-
1
)
;
Δ
=
.
.
−
.
.
(
3
)
Δ
Qi
=
.
.
−
.
.
(
4
)
T
o
tal
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
l
o
s
s
es o
f
n
etwo
r
k
is
s
p
ec
if
ied
with
ad
d
i
n
g
all
lin
e
s
ec
tio
n
lo
s
s
es o
f
th
e
f
ee
d
er
.
T
o
tal
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es o
f
f
ee
d
e
r
;
(
PT
L
o
s
s
)
=
∑
(
.
+
1
)
−
1
=
0
(
5
)
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
wo
r
k
,
th
e
DG
is
m
er
ely
m
o
d
elled
as
a
c
o
n
s
tan
t
r
ea
l
P
an
d
im
ag
i
n
ar
y
Q
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
g
en
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ized
DG
m
o
d
el
v
alu
es a
r
e
im
ag
in
a
r
y
QDG
an
d
r
ea
l
PDG
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
DG.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
DGs
o
f
t
h
e
Fu
el
ce
ll
ty
p
e
m
ay
b
e
m
o
d
ele
d
as a
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
n
eg
ativ
e
PQ
-
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
l
o
ad
at
b
u
s
-
i w
ith
a
u
n
it o
f
DG
will
b
e
u
p
d
ated
:
.
=
.
−
.
(
6
)
.
=
.
−
.
(
7
)
T
h
e
s
h
u
n
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
SC
is
m
o
d
elled
as
a
co
n
s
tan
t
im
ag
in
ar
y
Q
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atin
g
s
o
u
r
ce
th
e
lo
ad
at
b
u
s
-
i
with
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
will b
e
alter
ed
as we
ll:
.
=
.
−
.
(
8
)
Du
r
in
g
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ac
tio
n
,
f
o
llo
win
g
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
m
u
s
t
b
e
f
u
lf
ill with
:
≤
≤
/
/
≤
.
(
)
≤
≤
≤
≤
Sy
s
tem
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
a
d
ial.
≤
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
1
0
3
9
-
1
0
4
9
1044
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
r
esear
ch
,
we
h
av
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
1
.
05
p
.
u
a
n
d
0
.
90
p
.
u
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
as th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
an
d
m
in
im
u
m
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
an
g
es o
f
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
f
o
r
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
n
o
d
es [
2
1
,
2
2
]
.
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
T
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
m
i
n
im
izin
g
th
e
p
o
wer
l
o
s
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
p
r
o
f
ile
,
f
o
u
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
ca
s
es
with
in
two
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
ar
e
s
tu
d
ied
in
th
e
p
r
esen
t
r
esea
r
ch
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
au
th
o
r
ity
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
:
a
3
3
-
b
u
s
I
E
E
E
Stan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
lig
h
t,
n
o
r
m
al,
a
n
d
h
ea
v
y
lo
a
d
a
n
d
f
o
r
6
9
-
b
u
s
I
E
E
E
s
tan
d
ar
d
as
well.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
o
n
I
E
E
E
6
9
-
test
s
y
s
tem
o
f
t
h
e
b
u
s
r
ad
ial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
wh
ich
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
5
tie
-
lin
es
as
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
at
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
y
s
tem
1
.
T
h
e
n
o
m
in
al
s
y
s
tem
v
o
ltag
e
i
s
1
2
.
6
6
k
V.
At
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e
lo
a
d
in
g
,
t
h
e
test
s
y
s
tem
h
as
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
to
tal
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
2
.
6
9
4
5
9
K
VAR
r
ea
ctiv
e
lo
ad
s
an
d
3
.
8
0
2
1
9
kW
ac
tiv
e
lo
ad
s
.
[
2
3
]
.
an
d
f
o
r
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
y
s
tem
2
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
eth
o
d
is
ap
p
lied
o
n
t
h
e
test
s
y
s
tem
o
f
I
E
E
E
3
3
-
b
u
s
r
ad
ial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
3
2
lin
e
an
d
5
tie
-
lin
es
f
r
o
m
(
3
3
-
3
7
)
as
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
3
[
2
4
]
.
At
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
in
g
,
th
e
test
s
y
s
tem
h
as
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
a
to
tal
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
2300
KVAR
r
ea
ctiv
e
lo
ad
s
a
n
d
3
7
1
5
kW
ac
tiv
e
lo
a
d
s
with
1
2
.
6
6
k
V
s
y
s
tem
v
o
ltag
e
[
2
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
E
E
E
6
9
-
b
u
s
r
a
d
ial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
2
]
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
E
E
E
33
-
b
u
s
r
a
d
ial
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
2
]
5
.
1
.
Ca
s
e
s
t
ud
y
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
test
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
an
d
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
with
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
ies
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
s
1
an
d
2
.
th
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
esen
ted
an
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
r
eg
ar
d
s
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
an
d
th
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
.
T
wo
Stan
d
ar
d
s
y
s
tem
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
I
E
E
E
3
3
-
b
u
s
an
d
I
E
E
E
6
9
-
b
u
s
with
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
DG
an
d
SC
as sh
o
wn
at
T
ab
le
3
.
−
C
ase
1
: N
etwo
r
k
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
tech
n
i
q
u
e
is
u
s
ed
with
1
D
G
an
d
1
SC
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
m
in
im
izin
g
.
−
C
ase
2
: N
etwo
r
k
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
tech
n
i
q
u
e
is
u
s
ed
wit
h
2
D
G
an
d
2
SC
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
m
in
im
izin
g
.
−
C
ase
3
: N
etwo
r
k
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
tech
n
i
q
u
e
is
u
s
ed
with
3
D
G
an
d
3
SC
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
m
in
im
izin
g
.
−
C
ase
4
: N
etwo
r
k
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
tech
n
i
q
u
e
is
u
s
ed
with
4
D
G
an
d
4
SC
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
m
in
im
izin
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
o
w
er lo
s
s
min
imiz
a
tio
n
via
o
p
tima
l siz
in
g
a
n
d
p
la
ce
men
t o
f
… (
Mo
h
a
mme
d
B
.
E
s
s
a
)
1045
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
B
PS
O
g
iv
es
b
ett
er
r
esu
lts
th
an
DE
a
n
d
AGPSO
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
ab
les
1
an
d
2
it
is
clea
r
t
h
at
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
t
h
e
3
3
-
b
u
s
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
g
o
o
d
with
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
ize
o
f
1
8
1
4
KVAR
in
s
tead
o
f
2300
KVAR
,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
r
e
f
er
en
ce
[
2
]
.
As
f
o
r
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
6
9
-
b
u
s
s
y
s
tem
,
we
also
o
b
tain
ed
g
o
o
d
r
esu
lts
with
th
e
s
ize
o
f
DG
2
2
5
0
kW
an
d
SC
2
1
7
0
KVAR
,
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
[
2
]
a
n
d
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
b
o
th
s
y
s
tem
s
we
g
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[1
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A
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Hu
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2
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[2
]
P
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[4
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sis o
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In
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,
2
0
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.