T
E
L
KO
M
N
I
KA
T
e
lec
om
m
u
n
icat
ion
,
Com
p
u
t
i
n
g,
E
lec
t
r
on
ics
an
d
Cont
r
ol
Vol.
1
8
,
No.
3
,
J
une
2020
,
pp.
1567
~
1572
I
S
S
N:
1693
-
6930,
a
c
c
r
e
dit
e
d
F
ir
s
t
G
r
a
de
by
Ke
me
nr
is
tekdikti
,
De
c
r
e
e
No:
21/E
/KP
T
/2018
DO
I
:
10.
12928/
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
.
v1
8
i
3
.
14334
1567
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
jour
nal.
uad
.
ac
.
id/
index
.
php/T
E
L
K
OM
N
I
K
A
C
om
p
a
r
is
on
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
p
i
e
z
oe
le
c
t
r
i
c
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
m
e
r
a
n
d
e
le
c
t
r
om
ag
n
e
t
ic
t
r
an
s
f
or
m
e
r
u
se
d
i
n
e
le
c
t
r
on
i
c
c
ir
c
u
its
We
d
ian
Had
i
Abd
Al
Am
e
e
r
,
M
u
s
t
af
a
A
.
F
ad
e
l
Al
-
Qai
s
i
,
Am
m
ar
Al
-
Gi
z
i
D
ep
ar
t
men
t
E
l
ec
t
ri
ca
l
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
,
Co
l
l
eg
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
,
Mu
s
t
a
n
s
i
ri
y
a
h
U
n
i
v
er
s
i
t
y
,
Iraq
Ar
t
icle
I
n
f
o
AB
S
T
RA
CT
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
tor
y
:
R
e
c
e
ived
O
ct
15
,
2019
R
e
vis
e
d
M
a
r
3
,
2019
Ac
c
e
pted
M
a
r
12
,
2019
T
h
i
s
p
ap
er
p
res
e
n
t
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
i
ezo
e
l
ect
r
i
c
mat
eri
a
l
w
o
r
k
s
as
t
ran
s
fo
rmer
(p
i
ezo
el
ec
t
ri
c
t
ra
n
s
f
o
r
mer
(PT
))
i
n
p
o
w
er
el
ect
r
o
n
i
c
ci
rcu
i
t
s
,
co
mp
ari
s
o
n
s
are
mad
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
reg
u
l
ar
t
ran
s
fo
rmer
(i
ro
n
co
re)
w
o
rk
s
i
n
t
h
e
s
ame
c
i
rcu
i
t
,
t
h
e
t
e
s
t
e
d
ci
rc
u
i
t
i
s
t
h
e
fu
l
l
b
ri
d
g
e
co
n
v
ert
er
w
h
i
ch
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
s
i
mu
l
at
i
o
n
as
d
c
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
ci
rc
u
i
t
.
A
s
a
res
u
l
t
,
a
d
et
ai
l
ed
s
i
mu
l
at
i
o
n
fo
r
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
p
i
ez
o
el
e
ct
ri
c
t
ran
s
fo
rmer
an
d
t
rad
i
t
i
o
n
al
t
ra
n
s
f
o
rmer
are
ach
i
ev
e
d
,
as
w
el
l
as
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
ag
e
fro
m
t
h
e
d
c
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
s
t
e
s
t
e
d
b
y
v
ary
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
res
i
s
t
an
ce.
T
h
e
d
c
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
ci
rcu
i
t
h
a
s
b
een
s
i
mu
l
at
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
PSIM
(V
9
.
1
)
p
o
w
er
el
ect
ro
n
i
c
ci
rc
u
i
t
s
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
ft
w
are.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
P
iez
oe
lec
tr
ic
mate
r
ial
P
iez
oe
lec
tr
ic
tr
a
ns
f
or
mer
P
Z
T
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e
.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
W
e
dian
Ha
di
Abd
Al
Ame
e
r
,
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
E
lec
tr
ica
l
E
nginee
r
ing
,
C
oll
e
ge
of
E
n
ginee
r
ing,
M
us
tans
ir
iyah
Unive
r
s
it
y,
B
a
ghda
d,
I
r
a
q
.
E
mail:
mus
taf
a
_1988a
bba
s
@uomus
tans
ir
iyah.
e
du.
iq
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
R
e
ne
wa
ble
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
a
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
that
pr
oduc
e
c
lea
n,
c
lea
r
a
nd
c
os
t
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
e
ne
r
gy
without
making
a
ny
ha
r
m
to
e
nvir
onment
(
poll
uti
on
)
,
the
mos
t
c
o
mm
on
r
e
ne
wa
ble
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
a
r
e
s
unli
ght,
wind
,
ti
de
s
,
wa
ve
s
,
ge
other
mal
he
a
t
a
nd
a
mbi
e
nt
vibr
a
ti
ons
.
R
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
ha
s
h
igh
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
a
nd
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y.
T
he
piez
oe
lec
tr
ic
mate
r
ials
a
r
e
mate
r
ials
that
pr
o
duc
e
e
lec
tr
ica
l
e
ne
r
gy
whe
n
e
xpos
e
d
to
e
xter
na
l
a
mbi
e
nt
inf
luenc
e
(
vib
r
a
ti
ons
)
,
the
piez
oe
lec
tr
ic
mate
r
ials
a
r
e
wide
ly
us
e
d
thes
e
da
ys
due
to
thei
r
a
bil
it
y
to
pr
oduc
ti
on
of
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
[
1,
2]
.
T
he
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
pos
s
ibi
li
ti
e
s
of
piez
o’
s
a
r
e
a
lm
os
t
e
ndles
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
s
c
a
nning
pr
obe
mi
c
r
os
c
ope
s
c
a
nne
r
s
,
powe
r
s
uppli
e
s
,
s
ti
c
k
-
s
li
p
mot
or
s
a
nd
ult
r
a
s
onic
c
lea
ning
e
tc.
T
he
f
ir
s
t
e
mpi
r
ica
l
mani
f
e
s
tation
o
f
a
r
e
lation
be
twe
e
n
mi
c
r
os
c
opic
piez
oe
lec
tr
ic
phe
no
menon
a
nd
c
r
ys
tallogr
a
phic
body
wa
s
r
e
lea
s
e
d
by
J
a
c
que
s
C
ur
ie
a
n
d
P
ie
r
r
e
in
1880
[
3
]
.
T
he
y
pr
e
pa
r
e
d
s
pe
c
ial
c
r
ys
tals
us
ing
(
qua
r
tz,
tour
maline,
s
uga
r
-
c
a
ne
,
t
opa
z
a
nd
R
oc
he
ll
e
-
s
a
lt
)
a
nd
mea
s
ur
e
the
c
ha
r
ge
s
on
the
s
ur
f
a
c
e
of
the
c
r
ys
tals
whe
n
a
mec
ha
nica
l
s
tr
e
s
s
s
ubje
c
ted
to
it
.
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
many
known
mate
r
ials
that
own
pi
e
z
oe
lec
tr
ic
f
e
a
tur
e
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
mate
r
ials
mad
e
of
c
e
r
a
mi
c
(
e
.
g.
L
e
a
d
z
ir
c
ona
te
ti
tana
te
(
P
Z
T
)
)
a
nd
c
r
ys
tal
(
e
.
g.
Qua
r
tz)
a
nd
[
4
-
6]
.
T
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
piez
oe
lec
tr
ic
outcome
f
r
om
the
e
lec
t
r
o
-
mec
ha
nica
l
int
e
r
a
c
ti
on
in
the
c
r
ys
tal
mate
r
ials
,
whic
h
ha
ppe
ne
d
be
twe
e
n
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
a
nd
mec
h
a
nica
l
s
tate
s
of
the
c
r
ys
tal
[
7]
.
T
he
piez
oe
lec
tr
ic
mate
r
ials
a
r
e
mate
r
ials
that
ge
ne
r
a
te
c
ha
r
ge
whe
n
they
a
r
e
s
que
e
z
e
d
or
pos
it
ioned
unde
r
mec
ha
nis
ti
c
s
tr
a
in.
T
he
ope
r
a
ti
on
of
P
Z
mate
r
ials
is
a
ls
o
r
e
ve
r
s
ibl
e
,
s
o
if
a
n
e
lec
tr
ic
f
ie
ld
is
a
ppli
e
d
to
thes
e
mate
r
ials
,
t
he
y
will
s
tar
t
vibr
a
ti
ng
a
nd
their
s
ha
pe
will
c
ha
nge
s
li
ghtl
y
(
mec
ha
nica
l
s
tr
a
in)
,
P
Z
mate
r
ials
a
ls
o
k
nown
a
s
e
lec
tr
o
-
mec
ha
nica
l
mate
r
ials
,
whic
h
c
a
n
s
im
ply
d
e
f
ine
a
s
a
de
vice
c
onve
r
ts
mec
ha
nic
a
l
e
ne
r
gy
to
e
lec
tr
ica
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
1
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
1567
-
1572
1568
e
ne
r
gy
[
8,
9]
.
T
he
inver
s
e
piez
oe
lec
tr
ic
e
f
f
e
c
t
is
us
e
d
in
the
pr
oduc
ti
on
of
ult
r
a
s
onic
s
ound
wa
ve
s
wh
ich
ha
ve
many
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
us
e
d
in
thes
e
da
ys
li
ke
c
lea
ning,
r
oc
k
b
r
e
a
king,
c
utt
ing
e
tc.
[
10,
11]
.
F
igur
e
1
s
hows
that
the
piez
oe
lec
tr
ic
mate
r
ials
a
r
e
c
ompos
e
d
of
a
n
a
r
r
a
nge
ment
of
a
polar
ize
d
mate
r
ial
that
is
in
a
ne
ut
r
a
l
s
tate
due
to
a
s
ymm
e
tr
ica
l
dis
tr
ibut
ion
of
c
ha
r
ge
.
B
y
de
f
or
mi
ng
the
mate
r
ial,
a
c
ha
r
ge
c
a
n
be
c
r
e
a
ted
f
r
om
a
r
e
a
li
gnment
of
the
polar
ize
d
s
tr
uc
tur
e
.
T
his
pr
oduc
e
s
a
volt
a
g
e
a
c
r
os
s
a
s
e
pa
r
a
ti
on
dis
tanc
e
whic
h
c
a
n
a
ls
o
be
de
s
c
r
ibed
a
s
a
n
e
lec
tr
ic
f
ield.
P
Z
mate
r
ials
s
hows
ve
r
y
s
tr
ong
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
e
li
a
nc
e
whe
n
the
mec
ha
nica
l
a
nd
e
lec
tr
ica
l
e
ne
r
gy
a
r
e
c
oupled
[
12]
.
F
igur
e
1.
P
iez
oe
lec
tr
ic
e
f
f
e
c
t
in
qua
r
tz
As
pr
e
vious
s
tate
of
a
r
t,
a
uthor
s
in
[
13]
d
is
c
us
s
the
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
bounda
r
ies
on
e
lec
tr
o
-
mec
ha
nica
l
e
ne
r
gy
tr
a
ns
f
or
mation
c
a
pa
bil
it
y
of
piez
oe
lec
tr
ic
t
r
a
ns
f
or
mer
s
(
P
T
s
)
.
I
n
pa
pe
r
[
14
]
a
uthor
s
pr
opos
e
d
method
in
or
de
r
to
r
a
is
e
the
powe
r
de
ns
it
y
of
P
T
s
by
c
on
ta
c
t
he
a
t
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
s
tr
uc
tur
e
to
the
P
T
s
.
I
n
[
15]
the
a
uthor
s
pr
e
s
e
nted
the
be
ha
vior
of
the
piez
oe
lec
tr
ic
a
c
tuator
in
ter
ms
of
mec
ha
nica
l
dis
plac
e
ment.
T
he
a
uthor
s
in
[
16]
of
f
e
r
s
a
de
s
ign
of
a
P
Z
fi
l
ter
modul
e
us
e
d
f
or
r
e
movi
ng
ha
r
moni
c
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
in
P
T
s
a
nd
c
ompar
e
d
the
de
s
igned
f
i
lt
e
r
with
a
c
onve
nti
ona
l
inducto
r
fi
lt
e
r
.
I
n
[
17]
a
uthor
s
us
e
mul
ti
ple
-
c
onne
c
ted
P
ie
z
oe
lec
tr
ic
T
r
a
ns
f
or
mer
s
in
or
de
r
to
a
c
hieve
higher
output
powe
r
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
d
the
mec
ha
nica
l
los
s
.
T
his
pa
pe
r
is
or
ga
nize
d
a
s
f
oll
ows
.
S
e
c
ti
on
2
s
hows
ba
s
ic
int
r
oduc
ti
on
a
nd
modelli
ng
o
f
P
T
s
.
S
e
c
ti
on
3
pr
e
s
e
nts
the
c
ompar
is
on
a
nd
dis
c
us
s
ion
f
or
the
de
ve
loped
powe
r
s
upply
us
ing
P
T
a
nd
tr
a
dit
ional
tr
a
ns
f
o
r
mer
,
whic
h
is
ve
r
ifi
e
d
thr
ough
s
im
ulation
r
e
s
ult
s
,
f
oll
owe
d
by
th
e
c
onc
lus
ions
a
nd
f
utur
e
wor
k
in
s
e
c
ti
on
4.
2.
RE
S
E
AR
CH
M
E
T
HO
D
2.
1.
P
iez
oe
lec
t
r
ic
t
r
an
s
f
or
m
e
r
b
as
ics
T
he
piez
oe
lec
tr
ic
in
f
luenc
e
is
quit
e
s
tudi
e
d
the
s
e
da
ys
due
to
it
s
huge
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
in
powe
r
c
onve
r
s
ion
c
ir
c
uit
s
[
14]
.
P
T
s
a
r
e
s
oli
d
-
s
tate
de
vice
s
that
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
e
ne
r
gy
f
r
o
m
on
e
s
ide
to
a
nother
by
mea
ning
of
a
mec
ha
nica
l
vibr
a
ti
on
.
T
he
s
e
de
vice
s
a
r
e
f
a
br
ica
ted
us
ing
P
Z
mate
r
ials
that
a
r
e
wor
king
a
t
r
e
s
ona
nc
e
.
B
y
us
ing
s
uit
a
ble
de
s
ign
a
nd
layout,
it
is
c
onc
e
ivable
to
s
tep
-
down
a
nd
s
tep
-
up
the
volt
a
ge
s
be
twe
e
n
the
input
a
nd
output
ter
mi
na
ls
of
the
P
T
,
without
us
ing
a
ny
magne
ti
c
mate
r
ials
(
li
ke
i
r
on
c
or
e
tr
a
ns
f
or
mer
)
a
nd
ga
ini
ng
ve
r
y
h
igh
t
r
a
ns
f
or
mation
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
[
18]
.
P
T
s
a
r
e
low
we
ight
,
c
ompac
t,
not
a
f
f
e
c
ted
by
e
lec
tr
ica
l
nois
e
,
a
nd
c
a
n
pr
oduc
e
high
powe
r
de
ns
it
ies
[
15]
a
ls
o
the
P
T
s
ha
s
no
e
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
(
E
M
I
)
a
nd
it
’
s
not
c
o
n
tain
a
ny
windings
l
ike
t
r
a
dit
ional
tr
a
ns
f
or
me
r
[
17
]
.
T
he
s
e
be
ne
f
it
s
make
P
T
ve
r
y
he
lpf
ul
f
o
r
a
lot
o
f
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
including
the
DC
a
nd
AC
powe
r
s
uppli
e
s
us
e
d
in
e
lec
tr
onic
de
vice
s
[
19
,
20
]
,
s
tep
-
up
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
e
r
s
,
plas
ma
s
our
c
e
s
[
2
1
]
,
a
nd
in
inver
ter
s
f
or
d
is
play
ba
c
k
-
li
ghti
ng,
dus
t
c
lea
ning
c
oll
e
c
tor
s
,
pr
int
ing
m
a
c
hines
a
nd
im
a
ge
mac
hines
.
T
he
f
i
r
s
t
noti
on
of
a
R
os
e
n
type
P
Z
c
e
r
a
mi
c
tr
a
ns
f
or
mer
wa
s
of
f
e
r
e
d
by
C
ha
r
les
A.
R
os
e
n
in
1956
[
2
2
]
.
S
ince
then
,
the
de
ve
lo
pment
of
P
T
s
thr
ough
h
is
tor
y
ha
s
be
e
n
li
nke
d
to
the
pe
r
ti
ne
nt
wor
k
of
s
ome
e
xc
e
ll
e
nt
inves
ti
ga
tor
s
a
s
we
ll
a
s
to
the
gr
owth
in
mate
r
ials
,
indus
tr
ializa
ti
on
p
r
a
c
ti
c
a
bil
it
y,
a
nd
dr
ivi
ng
c
ir
c
uit
mec
ha
nis
m.
F
igur
e
2
s
hows
the
s
tudi
e
d
type
of
c
e
r
a
mi
c
P
T
s
,
w
hich
c
ons
is
ts
of
pr
i
mar
y
a
nd
s
e
c
onda
r
y
e
lec
tr
ode
s
on
the
P
Z
c
e
r
a
mi
c
.
T
he
pr
i
mar
y
s
ide
is
polar
iz
e
d
in
the
thi
c
kne
s
s
dir
e
c
ti
on
a
nd
the
s
e
c
onda
r
y
s
ide
in
the
dir
e
c
ti
on
o
f
the
length.
W
he
n
volt
a
ge
s
ignal
(
Vin)
with
r
e
s
ona
nc
e
f
r
e
que
nc
y
(
f
r
)
is
de
li
ve
r
e
d
o
n
the
P
T
pr
im
a
r
y
s
ide,
a
powe
r
f
ul
mec
ha
nica
l
vibr
a
ti
on
is
pr
oduc
e
d
by
inver
s
e
P
Z
e
f
f
e
c
t,
a
nd
a
high
volt
a
g
e
(
Vo)
is
a
ppe
a
r
e
d
a
t
the
output
f
r
om
the
P
T
s
e
c
onda
r
y
s
ide,
matc
hing
it
s
vib
r
a
ti
on
by
dir
e
c
t
P
Z
e
f
f
e
c
t
[
13]
.
T
he
P
T
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
ide
is
e
xc
it
e
d
by
a
n
e
lec
tr
ica
l
A
C
volt
a
ge
,
whic
h
make
s
a
de
f
o
r
mation
of
th
e
P
T
s
s
tr
uc
tur
e
.
T
he
de
f
or
mation
of
the
s
e
c
onda
r
y
s
ide
ge
ne
r
a
tes
a
n
output
volt
a
ge
[
2
3
].
T
he
e
lec
tr
ica
l
e
quivale
nt
c
ir
c
uit
o
f
the
piez
oe
lec
t
r
ic
tr
a
ns
f
or
me
r
is
s
hown
i
n
F
igu
r
e
3
,
whic
h
I
t
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
that
it
c
ons
is
ts
of
a
n
R
L
C
br
a
nc
h
(
R
1,
L
1,
a
nd
C
1)
a
nd
c
a
pa
c
it
a
nc
e
a
t
the
pr
im
a
r
y
s
ide
C
01
a
nd
C
02
is
the
output
c
a
pa
c
it
a
nc
e
a
t
the
s
e
c
onda
r
y
s
ide
[
2
4
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
C
ompar
is
on
be
tw
e
e
n
piez
oe
lec
tr
i
c
tr
ans
for
me
r
and
e
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
…
(
W
e
dian
Hadi
A
bd
A
l
A
me
e
r
)
1569
F
igur
e
2.
C
e
r
a
mi
c
type
P
T
F
igur
e
3.
P
T
s
e
quivale
nt
c
ir
c
uit
2.
2.
P
iez
oe
lec
t
r
ic
t
r
an
s
f
or
m
e
r
m
od
e
ll
i
n
g
A
P
T
uti
li
z
e
s
two
int
e
r
c
onne
c
ted
piez
oe
lec
tr
ic
e
leme
nts
.
One
is
s
e
t
int
o
mot
ion,
by
the
inver
s
e
piez
oe
lec
tr
ic
e
f
f
e
c
t,
a
nd
the
other
is
ha
r
ve
s
ti
ng
the
powe
r
f
r
om
the
mot
ion
by
the
d
ir
e
c
t
P
Z
e
f
f
e
c
t.
B
y
pr
ope
r
de
s
ign
the
P
T
is
c
a
pa
ble
o
f
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
r
ing
e
ne
r
gy
.
T
he
c
onve
r
s
ion
r
a
ti
o
is
given
by
ge
ometr
y,
polar
iza
ti
on
a
nd
plac
e
ment
of
e
lec
tr
ode
s
.
T
he
P
Z
main
e
qua
ti
ons
i
n
s
tr
e
s
s
c
ha
r
ge
f
or
m
is
s
hown
by
the
(
1)
a
nd
(
2)
.
T
he
two
e
qua
ti
ons
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
ize
the
c
onne
c
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
t
he
mec
ha
nica
l
a
nd
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
s
tate
s
.
Althoug
h
va
r
ious
vibr
a
ti
on
mode
a
nd
mec
ha
nica
l
s
tr
uc
tur
e
a
r
e
in
P
T
s
,
but
s
ti
ll
the
r
e
leva
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
pa
r
ts
of
P
Z
T
is
s
a
me.
Ac
c
or
ding
to
the
e
qua
ti
ons
o
f
P
Z
,
bounda
r
y
c
ondit
ions
a
nd
wa
ve
e
qua
ti
on
,
the
e
qua
ti
ons
s
ubs
ta
nti
ve
the
P
Z
T
is
given
be
low
[
2
1
,
3
]
:
=
∙
−
∙
(
1)
=
∙
+
∙
(
2)
whe
r
e
,
the
P
Z
mate
r
ial
s
tr
e
s
s
is
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted
by
s
y
mbol
(
T
)
mea
s
ur
e
d
in
[
N/m
2
]
,
the
s
tr
a
in
in
the
P
Z
mate
r
ial
is
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted
by
the
s
ymbol
(
S
)
,
the
e
lec
tr
ic
f
ield
is
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted
by
the
s
ymbol
(
E
)
mea
s
ur
e
d
in
[
V/m]
,
the
e
lec
tr
ic
dis
plac
e
ment
is
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted
by
s
ymb
ol
(
D)
mea
s
ur
e
d
in
[
C
/m
2
]
,
the
e
las
ti
c
s
ti
f
f
ne
s
s
t
e
ns
or
is
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted
by
(
c
E
)
mea
s
ur
e
d
in
[
N/m
2
]
,
the
P
Z
p
e
r
mi
tt
ivi
ty
a
t
c
ons
tant
s
tr
a
in
is
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted
by
(
εS
)
a
nd
(
e
)
i
s
the
piez
oe
lec
tr
ic
c
ons
tant
[
2
5
].
3.
RE
S
UL
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
YSI
S
I
n
thi
s
pa
pe
r
the
P
T
is
tes
ted
a
s
s
tep
-
up
tr
a
ns
f
or
mer
in
the
DC
/DC
f
ull
br
idge
c
onve
r
ter
c
ir
c
uit
,
the
modeling
of
P
T
c
onve
r
ter
s
by
u
s
ing
R
os
e
n
type
is
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
4.
T
he
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
of
the
P
T
c
onve
r
ter
s
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted
in
T
a
ble
1.
T
he
va
lues
of
P
T
c
ir
c
uit
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
a
r
e
take
n
f
r
om
the
S
pe
c
if
ic
a
ti
ons
of
the
P
T
model
AP
-
313T
P
.
T
he
s
im
ulation
is
mad
e
us
ing
P
S
I
M
s
of
twa
r
e
ve
r
s
ion
9.
1
,
by
us
ing
th
e
va
lues
in
T
a
ble
1
the
s
im
ulation
c
ir
c
uit
diagr
a
m
is
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
5
,
the
s
im
ulation
is
done
a
s
two
pa
r
ts
,
the
f
ir
s
t
pa
r
t
is
us
e
the
P
T
a
s
s
tep
-
up
tr
a
ns
f
or
mer
in
the
D
C
/DC
c
onve
r
ter
c
ir
c
uit
a
nd
the
obtaine
d
r
e
s
ult
s
a
r
e
s
hown
in
T
a
ble
2
,
the
s
e
c
ond
pa
r
t
is
us
e
r
e
gular
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
e
r
(
ir
on
c
or
e
)
ins
tea
d
the
P
T
in
the
s
a
me
DC
/DC
c
onve
r
ter
c
ir
c
uit
a
nd
the
obtaine
d
r
e
s
ult
s
a
r
e
s
hown
in
T
a
ble
3.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
1
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
1567
-
1572
1570
T
a
ble
1.
P
owe
r
s
upply
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
P
a
r
a
me
te
r
V
a
lu
e
V
in
12 (
V
)
C
01
L
1
C
1
R
1
C
02
Φ
f
S
C
F
L
400 (
pF
)
50 (
mH)
20 (
pF
)
150 (
Ω
)
3 (
pF
)
5 (
-
)
50 (
K
H
z
)
1 (
nF
)
2.03 (
mH)
F
igur
e
4.
C
ir
c
uit
diagr
a
m
o
f
f
u
l
l
b
r
idge
c
onve
r
ter
u
s
ing
P
T
F
igur
e
5
.
S
im
ulation
c
ir
c
uit
diagr
a
m
f
or
DC
/DC
f
u
ll
br
idge
c
onve
r
ter
us
ing
R
os
e
n
type
P
T
T
a
ble
2.
DC
/DC
powe
r
s
upply
r
e
s
ult
s
us
ing
P
T
I
nput
V
ol
ta
ge
(
V
ol
t)
L
oa
d R
e
s
is
ta
nt
(
K
Ω
)
O
ut
put
V
ol
ta
ge
(
V
ol
t)
O
ut
put
C
ur
r
e
nt
(
A
mpe
r
e
)
O
ut
put
P
ow
e
r
(
W
a
tt
)
T
H
D
(%)
12
300
54.53
0.0001733
0.00896003
1.20524
12
12
12
12
400
500
700
1000
56.77
59.45
59.89
60.01
0.0001411
0.0001189
0.0000892
0.0000636
0.00786678
0.00698858
0.00519658
0.00402404
1.15634
1.13817
1.09394
1.04899
T
a
ble
3.
DC
/DC
powe
r
s
upply
r
e
s
ult
s
us
ing
r
e
gular
tr
a
ns
f
or
me
r
I
nput
V
ol
ta
ge
(
V
ol
t)
L
oa
d R
e
s
is
ta
nt
(
K
Ω
)
O
ut
put
V
ol
ta
ge
(
V
ol
t)
O
ut
put
C
ur
r
e
nt
(
A
mpe
r
e
)
O
ut
put
P
ow
e
r
(
W
a
tt
)
T
H
D
(%)
12
300
58.03
0.0001988
0.01186207
3.15394
12
12
12
12
400
500
700
1000
59.02
59.25
59.46
59.75
0.0001489
0.0011856
0.0000849
0.0000596
0.00097471
0.00710329
0.00512556
0.00366717
2.13576
1.26831
1.13546
1.03245
C
ompar
is
on
is
made
be
twe
e
n
the
obtaine
d
r
e
s
ult
s
f
r
om
the
two
c
i
r
c
uit
s
(
powe
r
s
upply
c
ir
c
uit
)
onc
e
by
us
ing
P
T
a
nd
a
ga
in
by
us
ing
ir
on
c
or
e
tr
a
ns
f
or
mer
,
both
wo
r
ks
a
t
s
witching
f
r
e
que
nc
y
(
f
S
=
50KH
z
)
,
whic
h
s
hows
that
f
or
va
r
iable
wide
r
a
nge
load
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
(
R
L
)
the
output
volt
a
ge
(
V
o
)
is
a
lm
os
t
c
on
s
tant
f
or
both
c
ir
c
uit
s
with
tr
a
ns
f
or
mation
r
a
ti
o
(
Φ
=
5)
,
a
nd
a
lt
hough
low
powe
r
obtaine
d
a
t
the
powe
r
s
uppl
y
output
but
the
P
T
wor
ks
a
s
pe
r
f
e
c
t
s
tep
-
up
tr
a
ns
f
or
mer
with
low
tot
a
l
ha
r
moni
c
dis
tor
t
ion
(
T
HD
)
in
th
e
output
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
ignal
les
s
than
1.
3%
,
high
c
onve
r
s
ion
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
(
a
bout
94%
)
,
a
nd
h
igh
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y.
F
or
a
ll
the
be
ne
f
it
s
mentions
,
a
ls
o
the
P
T
ha
s
no
c
or
e
los
s
e
s
a
ppe
a
r
e
d
(
ir
on
los
s
e
s
a
nd
e
ddy
c
ur
r
e
nt
lo
s
s
e
s
)
no
e
lec
tr
oma
gne
ti
c
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
(
E
M
I
)
,
a
nd
good
inp
ut
–
output
is
olation
F
ig
ur
e
6
s
hows
the
s
im
ulatio
n
r
e
s
ult
s
f
or
DC
/DC
powe
r
s
upply
ba
s
e
d
on
P
T
with
R
L
=
7
00
KΩ
.
a
n
output
volt
a
ge
o
f
(
V
o
=
60
vo
lt
)
is
a
c
hie
ve
d
a
nd
output
c
ur
r
e
nt
inj
e
c
ted
to
the
load
by
(
I
o
=
8.
92
*10
-
5
Amp
.
)
with
T
HD
=
1
.
0939%
,
whic
h
r
e
s
ult
s
output
powe
r
r
e
c
e
ived
(P
o
=
5.
195
mW)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
C
ompar
is
on
be
tw
e
e
n
piez
oe
lec
tr
i
c
tr
ans
for
me
r
and
e
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
…
(
W
e
dian
Hadi
A
bd
A
l
A
me
e
r
)
1571
(
a
)
(
b)
(
c
)
(
d)
(
e
)
(f)
F
igur
e
6.
DC
/DC
powe
r
s
upply
ba
s
e
d
on
P
T
s
im
ul
a
ti
on
r
e
s
ult
s
f
o
r
R
L
=
700
KΩ
,
(
a
)
Vo
lt
a
ge
a
t
the
pr
i
mar
y
s
ide
of
P
T
,
(
b)
C
u
r
r
e
nt
a
t
the
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
ide
o
f
P
T
,
(
c
)
Volt
a
ge
a
t
the
s
e
c
onda
r
y
s
ide
of
P
T
,
(
d)
C
ur
r
e
nt
a
t
the
s
e
c
onda
r
y
s
ide
of
P
T
,
(
e
)
Output
volt
a
ge
,
(
f
)
Output
c
ur
r
e
nt
4.
CONC
L
USI
ON
I
n
thi
s
pa
pe
r
,
P
T
a
s
s
tep
-
up
tr
a
ns
f
or
me
r
wor
ks
i
n
DC
/DC
powe
r
s
upply
is
s
im
ulate
d
us
ing
P
S
I
M
s
of
twa
r
e
,
the
r
e
s
ult
s
f
r
om
s
im
ulation
c
ompar
e
d
with
tr
a
dit
ional
e
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
tr
a
ns
f
or
mer
s
(
i
r
on
c
or
e
tr
a
ns
f
or
mer
)
.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
s
s
how
that
P
T
s
a
r
e
pr
om
is
ing
be
c
a
u
s
e
they
ha
ve
a
ve
r
y
low
T
HD
,
no
c
o
r
e
los
s
e
s
a
ppe
a
r
e
d,
high
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
(
a
bove
94
%
)
.
Als
o
t
he
y
ha
ve
many
a
dva
ntage
s
on
the
r
e
gular
t
r
a
ns
f
or
mer
s
uc
h
inf
lammable
,
lea
ka
ge
f
lux
not
a
ppe
a
r
s
,
high
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y,
s
mall
s
ize
a
nd
thi
c
kne
s
s
,
f
lexible
tr
a
ns
f
or
mi
ng
r
a
ti
o,
e
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
im
muni
ty
incombus
ti
bil
i
ty,
good
is
olation
a
nd
low
ha
r
moni
c
c
ur
r
e
n
t
nois
e
.
T
he
indus
tr
ializa
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
f
or
P
T
s
is
much
s
im
pler
than
f
or
i
r
on
c
o
r
e
t
r
a
ns
f
or
mer
s
a
s
the
r
e
is
no
windings
or
a
s
s
e
mbl
e
d
c
or
e
s
a
r
e
r
e
quir
e
d
a
ls
o
with
r
e
duc
e
d
e
l
e
ment
s
ize
a
nd
we
ight
.
As
f
utur
e
wor
k
a
mu
l
ti
ple
P
T
s
c
a
n
be
us
e
d
in
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
in
or
de
r
to
incr
e
a
s
e
the
pow
e
r
s
upply
output
powe
r
de
li
ve
r
e
d
a
t
the
load.
AC
KNOWL
E
DGE
M
E
NT
S
T
he
a
uthor
s
would
li
ke
to
thank
the
I
r
a
qi
gov
e
r
nment
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted
by
the
mi
nis
tr
y
of
h
igher
e
duc
a
ti
on
a
nd
s
c
ientif
ic
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
M
us
tans
ir
iyah
Unive
r
s
it
y
(
ww
w.
uomus
tans
ir
iyah.
e
du.
iq
)
B
a
ghda
d
–
I
r
a
q
f
o
r
it
s
s
uppor
t
in
the
pr
e
s
e
nt
wor
k
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
1
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
1567
-
1572
1572
RE
F
E
RE
NC
E
S
[1
]
T
emi
t
o
p
e
A
.
,
Rames
h
C.
B.
,
“
A
p
p
l
i
cat
i
o
n
o
f
Re
n
ew
ab
l
e
E
n
er
g
y
Res
o
u
r
ce
s
i
n
a
Mi
cr
o
g
r
i
d
P
o
w
er
Sy
s
t
e
m,
”
Th
e
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
1
9
,
n
o
.
1
8
,
p
p
.
5
3
0
8
-
5
3
1
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
]
J
ap
h
et
A
.
D
.
et
al
.
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
men
t
o
f
a
D
C
-
D
C
Co
n
v
er
t
er
w
i
t
h
Cu
rr
en
t
Mo
d
e
C
o
n
t
ro
l
fo
r
M
u
l
t
i
-
S
o
u
rce
Re
n
ew
a
b
l
e
E
n
er
g
y
H
ar
v
es
t
i
n
g
S
y
s
t
em,
”
2
0
1
6
IE
E
E
R
eg
i
o
n
1
0
C
o
n
f
er
en
ce
(TE
NC
O
N)
,
Si
n
g
ap
o
re,
p
p
.
5
5
6
-
5
5
9
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
]
L
o
k
es
h
V
.
,
“
Co
mp
ar
i
s
o
n
o
f
T
ech
n
i
q
u
e
s
fo
r
D
e
s
i
g
n
i
n
g
an
d
Mo
d
el
i
n
g
o
f
H
i
g
h
-
Po
w
er
Pi
ez
o
el
ec
t
ri
c
D
ev
i
ces
,
”
2
0
1
7
4
t
h
I
E
E
E
U
t
t
a
r
P
r
a
d
es
h
S
ec
t
i
o
n
In
t
er
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
er
en
ce
o
n
E
l
ec
t
r
i
ca
l
,
Co
m
p
u
t
er
a
n
d
E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
i
cs
(
U
P
C
O
N)
,
Mat
h
u
ra,
p
p
.
4
0
5
-
4
0
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
]
Fei
C.
,
et
al
.
,
“
H
i
g
h
Perfo
rman
c
e
Pi
ezo
e
l
ect
r
i
c
Cry
s
t
a
l
A
l
p
h
a
-
Bi
b
o
f
o
r
Ph
o
t
o
ac
o
u
s
t
i
c
G
as
D
et
e
ct
i
o
n
,
”
2
0
1
9
1
3
t
h
S
ym
p
o
s
i
u
m
o
n
P
i
ez
o
el
ec
t
r
c
i
t
y,
A
c
o
u
s
t
i
c
W
a
v
es
a
n
d
D
evi
ce
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
(
S
P
A
W
D
A
)
,
p
p
.
1
-
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[5
]
T
o
u
fi
k
M
.
,
A
b
d
el
h
afi
d
C.
,
“
St
u
d
y
an
d
Si
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
V
H
D
L
-
A
MS
o
f
t
h
e
E
l
ec
t
ri
ca
l
Im
p
ed
a
n
ce
o
f
a
Pi
ez
o
el
ec
t
ri
c
U
l
t
ras
o
n
i
c
T
ra
n
s
d
u
cer,
”
In
t
er
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
E
l
e
ct
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
D
r
i
ve
S
ys
t
em
(I
JP
E
D
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
6
4
-
1
0
7
1
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
9
.
[6
]
Sh
u
ai
P.
,
W
e
n
b
i
n
L
.
,
J
i
an
g
mi
n
g
K
.
,
“
Si
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
I
n
t
erface
C
i
rcu
i
t
s
f
o
r
Pi
ez
o
el
ect
r
i
c
E
n
erg
y
H
arv
e
s
t
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
D
amp
e
d
Si
n
u
s
o
i
d
a
l
Si
g
n
a
l
s
a
n
d
Ra
n
d
o
m
Si
g
n
a
l
s
,
”
TE
LK
O
M
NIK
A
Tel
ec
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
Co
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
,
E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
i
cs
a
n
d
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
6
7
-
7
7
5
,
Se
p
t
em
b
er
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
G
au
t
s
c
h
i
G
.
,
“
Pi
ezo
e
l
ect
r
i
c
Sen
s
o
r
i
cs
:
Fo
rce
S
t
rai
n
Pres
s
u
re
A
ccel
era
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
A
co
u
s
t
i
c
E
mi
s
s
i
o
n
S
en
s
o
r
s
Mat
er
i
al
s
an
d
A
m
p
l
i
fi
er
s
,
”
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
-
V
e
r
l
a
g
B
er
l
i
n
H
ei
d
el
b
er
g
,
2
0
0
2
.
[8
]
Ma
S.
,
et
al
.
,
“
E
x
p
eri
me
n
t
a
l
In
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
Pi
ezo
e
l
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
o
f
N
ear
Fi
el
d
E
l
ect
r
o
s
p
u
n
PV
D
F
N
an
o
fi
b
e
rs
,
”
TE
LKO
M
NIK
A
Tel
ec
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
Co
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
,
E
l
ect
r
o
n
i
cs
a
n
d
Co
n
t
r
o
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
2
A
,
p
p
.
1
4
5
-
1
5
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[9
]
N
.
H
.
M.
H
an
i
f,
et
al
.
,
“
Po
w
er
E
s
t
i
ma
t
i
o
n
fo
r
W
earab
l
e
Pi
ezo
e
l
ec
t
ri
c
E
n
er
g
y
H
ar
v
es
t
er,
”
TE
LKO
M
N
IKA
Tel
eco
m
m
u
n
i
ca
t
i
o
n
,
Co
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
,
E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
i
cs
a
n
d
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
v
o
l
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1
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o
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3
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p
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9
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3
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9
8
8
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
.
[1
0
]
K
rau
t
k
rämer
J
.
,
&
K
rau
t
k
rämer
H
.
,
“U
l
t
ras
o
n
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c
T
es
t
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g
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f
Mat
eri
a
l
s
,
”
S
p
r
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er
-
V
er
l
a
g
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r
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i
n
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i
d
e
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b
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r
g
,
1
9
9
0
.
[1
1
]
Sal
eh
G
.
et
al
.
,
“
E
v
al
u
a
t
i
o
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f
Pi
ez
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l
ect
r
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c
E
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er
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y
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arv
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O
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t
co
m
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Ro
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d
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raff
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p
p
l
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cat
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o
n
s
,
”
4
t
h
IE
T
Cl
ea
n
E
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
Tech
n
o
l
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g
y
C
o
n
f
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ce
(CE
A
T
2
0
1
6
)
,
K
u
al
a
L
u
mp
u
r,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
2
]
A
n
i
s
A
.
,
et
al
.
,
“
Po
w
er
G
en
erat
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o
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b
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U
s
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g
P
i
ezo
el
ect
r
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ra
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s
d
u
c
er
w
i
t
h
Be
n
d
i
n
g
Mech
a
n
i
s
m
Su
p
p
o
rt
,”
In
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
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l
o
f
P
o
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E
l
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t
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cs
a
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d
D
r
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ve
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ys
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e
m
(IJP
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D
S
)
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v
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l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
6
2
-
5
6
7
,
March
2
0
1
9
.
[1
3
]
A
n
i
t
a
M.
,
an
d
Set
h
R.
,
“
Fu
n
d
ame
n
t
a
l
L
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mi
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s
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n
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rg
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T
ra
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fer
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d
Ci
rcu
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Pi
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el
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t
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T
ran
s
fo
rmer
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,
”
IE
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E
Tr
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n
s
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ct
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l
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1
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o
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1
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p
.
8
-
1
4
,
J
a
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u
ar
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2
0
0
2
.
[1
4
]
W
ei
W
.
e
t
al
.
,
“
Po
w
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D
e
n
s
i
t
y
o
f
Pi
ez
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el
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T
ran
s
fo
rmers
Imp
ro
v
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d
U
s
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n
g
a
Co
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t
ac
t
H
ea
t
T
ra
n
s
fer
S
t
ru
c
t
u
re,
”
in
IE
E
E
T
r
a
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s
a
ct
i
o
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s
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l
t
r
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s
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n
i
cs
,
F
er
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l
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r
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c
s
,
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n
d
F
r
e
q
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e
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cy
Co
n
t
r
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l
,
v
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l
.
5
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
3
-
8
1
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
5
]
Bas
h
i
r
B.
M.
,
H
ab
i
b
u
r
R.
,
an
d
Mo
h
d
R.
,
“
Mo
d
e
l
l
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g
an
d
Si
m
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l
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t
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Pi
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A
c
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r
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ra
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,”
2
0
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1
0
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h
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s
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Co
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t
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Co
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ce
(A
S
CC),
K
o
t
a
K
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n
ab
a
l
u
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
6
]
Bi
n
J
.
,
W
ei
w
e
i
S.
,
an
d
Z
h
i
h
u
a
F.
,
“
Pi
ezo
el
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t
ri
c
Fi
l
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er
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d
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l
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s
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d
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arm
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cs
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l
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-
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en
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Pi
ezo
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l
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r
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c,
”
in
IE
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E
T
r
a
n
s
a
ct
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P
o
wer
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l
ect
r
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cs
, v
o
l
.
3
1
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o
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1
,
p
p
.
5
2
4
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2
,
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a
n
u
ar
y
2
0
1
6
.
[1
7
]
J
.
H
.
P
a
r
k
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
s
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s
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T
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l
B
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C
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d
P
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T
r
a
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s
f
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m
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s
,
”
2
0
0
7
S
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x
t
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e
n
t
h
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E
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I
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t
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a
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p
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m
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A
p
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t
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s
,
p
p
.
8
0
1
-
8
0
4
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
8
]
A
l
fre
d
o
V
.
C.
,
“
Pi
ezo
e
l
ect
r
i
c
T
ra
n
s
f
o
rmers
:
A
n
H
i
s
t
o
ri
c
al
Rev
i
e
w
,
”
M
D
P
I
A
c
t
u
a
t
o
r
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
9
]
D
o
n
g
F.
W
.
et
a
l
.
,
“
A
Bal
l
-
Imp
a
ct
P
i
ezo
e
l
ect
r
i
c
Co
n
v
ert
er
W
ra
p
p
e
d
b
y
C
o
p
p
er
Co
i
l
,
”
in
I
E
E
E
Tr
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
Na
n
o
t
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
7
2
3
-
7
2
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
0
]
Mu
s
t
a
fa
A
.
F.
Al
-
Q
ai
s
i
e
t
al
.
,
“
H
i
g
h
Perf
o
rman
ce
D
C/
D
C
Bu
c
k
Co
n
v
er
t
er
U
s
i
n
g
S
l
i
d
i
n
g
Mo
d
e
Co
n
t
r
o
l
l
er
,
”
In
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
wer
E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
i
cs
a
n
d
D
r
i
ve
S
ys
t
e
m
(IJP
E
D
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
8
0
6
-
1
8
1
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
1
]
K
W
O
K
K
.
F.
et
a
l
.
,
“
G
en
eral
St
u
d
y
o
n
P
i
ez
o
el
ec
t
ri
c
T
ran
s
fo
rmer,
”
P
r
o
ceed
i
n
g
s
.
2
0
0
4
F
i
r
s
t
In
t
er
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
o
n
P
o
we
r
E
l
ec
t
r
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n
i
cs
S
ys
t
em
s
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
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c
a
t
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o
n
s
,
2
0
0
4
,
H
o
n
g
K
o
n
g
,
Ch
i
n
a,
p
p
.
2
1
6
-
2
2
0
,
2
0
0
4
.
[2
2
]
Pras
ad
A
.
,
an
d
Ch
a
l
l
a
B.
,
“
Mo
d
el
i
n
g
an
d
Si
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
T
h
ree
L
ev
el
Pi
ez
o
el
ec
t
ri
c
T
ra
n
s
f
o
rmer
Co
n
v
ert
ers
,
”
A
d
v
a
n
ce
s
i
n
R
o
b
o
t
i
c
s
&
A
u
t
o
m
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
3
]
M
a
r
t
i
n
S
.
R
.
,
M
i
c
h
a
e
l
W
.
a
n
d
M
i
c
h
a
e
l
A
.
E
.
,
“
F
o
r
w
a
r
d
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
M
o
d
e
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
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d
P
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z
o
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l
e
c
t
r
i
c
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
-
B
a
s
e
d
P
F
C
L
e
d
D
r
i
v
e
,
”
in
I
E
E
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
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P
o
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
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n
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c
s
,
v
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l
.
2
8
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
4
8
4
1
-
4
8
4
9
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
4
]
Mo
h
amma
d
G
.
,
S.
Mo
t
ak
ab
b
er
an
d
Mu
h
amma
d
I.
,
“
D
es
i
g
n
an
d
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
a
Bu
c
k
-
Bo
o
s
t
Co
n
v
ert
er
Ci
r
cu
i
t
fo
r
Pi
ezo
e
l
ect
r
i
c
E
n
er
g
y
H
arv
e
s
t
i
n
g
Sy
s
t
em,
”
2
0
1
6
In
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
er
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n
ce
o
n
Co
m
p
u
t
er
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n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
t
i
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
(ICCCE
)
,
K
u
a
l
a
L
u
mp
u
r,
p
p
.
2
0
4
-
2
0
7
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
5
]
T
.
A
n
d
er
s
en
,
M
.
A
.
E
.
A
n
d
er
s
en
,
O
.
C.
T
h
o
ms
e
n
,
“
Si
mu
l
at
i
o
n
o
f
Pi
ezo
e
l
ect
r
i
c
T
ran
s
fo
rmer
s
w
i
t
h
CO
MS
O
L
,
”
CO
M
S
O
L
Co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
i
n
M
i
l
a
n
,
2
0
1
2
.
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