T
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17
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T
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1967
na
m
el
y
c
us
tom
r
an
ge
s
pa
nn
i
ng
f
r
om
a
f
ew
c
en
t
i
m
ete
r
s
to
hu
n
dreds
of
m
ete
r
s
,
s
i
m
pl
e
d
es
i
gn
,
l
o
w
c
os
t,
an
d
g
oo
d
s
en
s
i
ti
v
i
t
y
,
i
t
c
ou
l
d
pr
ov
i
de
be
tte
r
pe
r
f
or
m
an
c
e
f
or
m
an
y
a
pp
l
i
c
ati
on
s
as
c
o
m
pa
r
ed
t
o
i
ts
pe
ers
,
es
p
ec
i
al
l
y
i
n
ag
gres
s
i
v
e
en
v
i
r
o
nm
en
ts
ap
pl
i
c
ati
on
s
s
uc
h
as
oi
l
an
d
ga
s
ex
pl
orat
i
o
n,
s
tora
ge
s
y
s
t
em
of
f
l
a
m
m
ab
l
e l
i
qu
i
d a
nd
r
es
erv
o
i
r
w
at
er l
e
v
e
l
m
on
i
tori
n
g.
2.
Re
se
a
r
ch M
eth
o
d
T
he
propos
ed
l
i
qu
i
d
l
e
v
e
l
s
en
s
or
i
s
m
ad
e
up
of
a
s
i
ng
l
e
m
od
e
f
i
be
r
s
pl
i
tt
er
wi
th
a
c
on
f
i
gu
r
at
i
on
of
on
e
i
np
ut
t
o
m
an
y
o
utp
uts
,
e.g
.
1
×
4,
1×
8
,
or
1
×
12
arr
an
g
em
en
t.
T
he
s
p
l
i
tte
r
i
s
al
s
o
c
on
f
i
gu
r
e
d
t
o
ha
v
e
eq
ua
l
l
y
d
i
s
tr
i
b
ute
d
p
o
w
er
at
a
l
l
of
i
ts
ou
tpu
ts
.
O
pt
i
c
al
f
i
be
r
s
wi
th
c
erta
i
n
l
en
gth
ar
e
c
on
n
ec
ted
at
th
e
s
pl
i
tt
er’s
ou
tpu
ts
a
nd
t
he
s
e
f
i
be
r
s
ha
v
e
f
l
at
c
l
ea
v
ed
e
nd
f
ac
et.
E
ac
h
of
the
s
e
f
i
be
r
’
s
e
nd
f
ac
ets
i
s
the
n
f
i
x
ed
un
i
f
o
r
m
l
y
at
c
e
r
tai
n
he
i
gh
t
wi
t
hi
n
th
e
m
ea
s
urem
en
t
s
i
te
c
orr
es
po
nd
i
ng
to
a
d
i
s
c
r
et
e
l
e
v
el
of
l
i
qu
i
d.
A
t
t
hi
s
i
n
d
i
v
i
du
al
f
l
at
c
l
e
av
ed
en
d
f
ac
et,
the
F
r
es
ne
l
r
ef
l
ec
ti
on
prin
c
i
p
l
e
i
s
us
e
d
t
o
r
el
ati
v
e
l
y
d
ete
r
m
i
ne
th
e
c
urr
en
t
l
e
v
el
of
l
i
qu
i
d
w
h
en
t
he
l
i
q
ui
d
l
e
v
el
is
r
i
s
i
n
g.
T
hi
s
i
s
ac
h
i
e
v
e
d
b
y
ac
c
ou
nt
i
ng
f
or
the
t
ota
l
r
ef
l
ec
ted
p
o
w
er
f
r
om
al
l
th
e
ou
t
pu
t
f
i
be
r
’
s
en
d
f
ac
ets
,
whi
c
h
i
nc
l
u
de
tho
s
e
f
r
o
m
the
f
i
be
r
-
l
i
q
ui
d
bo
un
da
r
i
es
an
d
f
i
be
r
-
a
i
r
bo
u
nd
ar
i
es
.
A
c
c
ordi
n
g
t
o
t
he
F
r
es
n
el
r
ef
l
ec
ti
on
pri
nc
i
p
l
e
[13
]
,
t
h
e
f
r
ac
ti
on
of
an
i
nc
i
de
nt
po
w
er
tha
t
i
s
r
ef
l
ec
ted
f
r
o
m
a
bo
u
nd
ar
y
o
f
tw
o
di
f
f
erent m
ed
i
a,
or r
ef
l
ec
tan
c
e
i
s
gi
v
e
n b
y
:
=
(
1
−
2
1
+
2
)
2
(
1)
where
n
1
an
d
n
2
ar
e
t
he
r
ef
r
ac
ti
v
e
i
nd
i
c
es
of
m
ed
i
um
1
an
d
m
ed
i
um
2
r
es
pe
c
ti
v
e
l
y
,
wi
th
the
i
nc
i
de
nc
e
oc
c
urr
i
ng
at
n
orm
al
an
gl
e.
I
n
c
as
e
of
the
propos
e
d
s
en
s
or,
m
ed
i
um
1
i
s
the
o
utp
u
t
f
i
be
r
c
ore
m
ate
r
i
al
,
an
d
m
ed
i
u
m
2
c
ou
l
d
r
e
pres
en
t
ei
t
he
r
th
e
l
i
q
ui
d
or
th
e
ai
r
.
T
he
r
ef
o
r
e,
ac
c
ordi
ng
t
o
the
F
r
es
n
el
r
e
f
l
ec
ti
on
pr
i
nc
i
p
l
e,
t
he
r
ef
l
ec
t
an
c
e
s
ho
u
l
d
b
e
di
f
f
erent
when
th
e
f
i
be
r
’
s
en
d
f
ac
et
i
s
s
ub
m
erged
i
n
l
i
qu
i
d,
c
om
pa
r
ed
to
w
h
en
i
t
i
s
s
urr
ou
nd
ed
b
y
ai
r
.
T
hi
s
i
s
c
orr
ec
t
prov
i
de
d t
h
at
t
he
r
ef
r
ac
ti
v
e
i
nd
ex
of
th
e
l
i
q
ui
d a
nd
a
i
r
i
s
di
s
s
i
m
i
l
ar.
B
as
ed
on
th
i
s
arg
um
en
t, t
h
e t
ot
al
r
ef
l
ec
ted
po
wer
f
or t
he
pro
po
s
e
d s
en
s
or c
o
ul
d t
he
n
be
de
term
i
ne
d
as
f
ol
l
o
w
s
.
F
or
s
i
m
pl
i
c
i
t
y
pu
r
po
s
es
,
c
on
s
i
d
er
a
s
en
s
or m
ad
e
up
of
a
1×
4
f
i
be
r
s
pl
i
tte
r
wi
th
eq
u
al
l
y
di
v
i
de
d o
utp
u
t
po
w
er s
uc
h
as
th
e
on
e s
ho
wn i
n
F
i
g
ure
1.
F
i
gu
r
e
1.
T
he
1
×
4
f
i
b
er s
pl
i
t
ter bas
ed
l
i
qu
i
d
l
e
v
e
l
s
en
s
o
r
T
he
r
ef
l
ec
ted
p
o
w
er f
r
om
an
i
nd
i
v
i
du
al
f
i
be
r
’
s
f
l
at
c
l
e
av
ed
e
nd
f
ac
et
th
a
t i
s
s
u
bm
er
ge
d
i
n
l
i
q
ui
d c
an
be
w
r
i
tte
n a
s
,
l
iquid
=
0
(
−
+
)
2
(
2
)
where
I
0
i
s
th
e i
np
u
t p
o
wer
an
d
α
i
s
t
he
f
i
b
er
i
ns
ert
i
o
n l
os
s
an
d o
the
r
l
os
s
es
;
when
the
en
d
f
ac
et
i
s
s
urr
o
un
de
d b
y
a
i
r
, t
he
r
ef
l
ec
te
d
po
w
er f
or an
i
n
di
v
i
du
a
l
f
i
be
r
be
c
om
es
;
=
0
(
−
+
)
2
(
3
)
F
l
a
t
c
l
e
a
v
e
d
e
n
d
f
a
c
e
t
C
o
a
t
e
d
S
M
F
S
M
F
c
o
r
e
1
×
4
f
i
b
e
r
s
p
l
i
t
t
e
r
S
M
F
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
17
,
No
.
4
,
A
ug
us
t
20
19
:
1
96
6
-
1
9
72
1968
c
on
s
eq
ue
ntl
y
,
the
t
ota
l
r
ef
l
ec
ted
p
o
w
er
f
or
the
1×
4
f
i
b
er
s
pl
i
t
ter
ba
s
e
d
l
i
q
ui
d
l
e
v
e
l
s
en
s
or
c
ou
l
d
be
ob
t
ai
ne
d
t
hrou
gh
s
um
m
ati
o
n
of
the
i
nd
i
v
i
du
al
r
ef
l
e
c
ted
po
wer
f
r
o
m
al
l
f
ou
r
f
i
be
r
’
s
en
d
f
ac
et.
T
hi
s
c
an
s
ub
s
eq
u
en
t
l
y
be
w
r
i
tte
n
as
,
=
(
1
+
2
+
3
+
4
)
(
4
)
the
c
al
c
u
l
at
i
o
n
of
tot
a
l
r
ef
l
e
c
ted
po
wer
f
or
the
l
i
qu
i
d
l
e
v
e
l
s
en
s
or
ba
s
e
d
o
n
the
1
×
4
f
i
be
r
s
p
l
i
t
ter
c
on
f
i
gu
r
at
i
on
i
nv
ol
v
es
f
i
v
e
po
s
s
i
bl
e
s
i
tu
ati
on
s
.
T
he
f
i
r
s
t
s
i
tua
ti
on
oc
c
urs
w
h
en
th
ere
i
s
no
l
i
qu
i
d
r
ea
c
hi
n
g t
h
e f
i
be
r
’
s
en
d
f
ac
et
at
t
he
f
i
r
s
t l
ev
el
.
In
t
hi
s
s
i
tua
t
i
on
,
th
e
to
t
al
r
ef
l
ec
t
ed
p
o
w
er i
s
,
=
0
[
4
(
−
+
)
2
]
(
5
)
the
s
ec
o
nd
s
i
tu
ati
on
en
s
u
es
w
he
n
t
he
l
i
qu
i
d
f
ul
l
y
s
u
bm
erges
the
f
i
r
s
t
l
ev
el
f
i
b
er’s
en
d
f
ac
et.
T
he
to
tal
r
ef
l
ec
ted
po
w
er
i
s
th
en
be
c
om
es
,
=
0
[
(
−
+
)
2
+
3
(
−
+
)
2
]
(
6
)
the
th
i
r
d
s
i
t
ua
t
i
o
n
f
ol
l
o
w
s
when
t
he
l
i
qu
i
d
r
i
s
es
p
as
s
the
s
ec
on
d
l
ev
el
an
d
t
ota
l
l
y
i
m
m
ers
es
the
c
orr
es
po
nd
i
ng
f
i
b
er’s
en
d f
ac
et.
T
he
to
t
al
r
ef
l
ec
t
ed
p
o
wer
i
s
th
en
b
ec
om
es
,
2
=
0
[
2
(
−
+
)
2
+
2
(
−
+
)
2
]
(
7
)
then
,
th
e
f
ou
r
th
s
i
tua
ti
o
n
o
c
c
urs
w
he
n
t
he
l
i
qu
i
d
r
e
ac
he
s
an
d
c
om
pl
ete
l
y
s
ub
m
erges
the
f
i
be
r
’
s
en
d f
ac
et
a
t th
e t
h
i
r
d l
e
v
el
.
T
he
to
tal
r
ef
l
ec
ted
po
w
er
i
s
no
w
,
3
=
0
[
3
(
−
+
)
2
+
(
−
+
)
2
]
(
8
)
the
f
i
f
th
s
i
t
ua
t
i
on
s
i
g
ni
f
i
es
tha
t
th
e
l
i
q
ui
d
h
as
tot
al
l
y
pa
s
s
ed
th
e
f
ou
r
th
l
e
v
el
,
where
th
e
c
orr
es
po
nd
i
ng
f
i
b
er’s
en
d
f
ac
et
s
ho
ul
d
be
c
om
pl
ete
l
y
s
ub
m
erged.
In
thi
s
s
i
tua
ti
on
,
the
tot
a
l
r
ef
l
ec
ted
po
wer
i
s
,
4
ℎ
=
0
[
4
(
−
+
)
2
]
(
9
)
S
i
m
i
l
arl
y
,
th
e
tot
al
r
ef
l
ec
t
ed
po
wer
f
or
s
en
s
or
ba
s
ed
on
th
e
ot
he
r
f
i
be
r
s
pl
i
tt
er
c
on
f
i
gu
r
at
i
on
s
c
o
ul
d
be
ob
ta
i
ne
d
t
hroug
h
s
i
m
i
l
ar
proc
es
s
es
.
A
c
c
ordi
ng
l
y
,
in
(
4)
c
an
be
gen
er
al
i
z
ed
f
or
t
he
c
al
c
u
l
a
ti
on
of
to
tal
r
ef
l
ec
te
d
po
w
e
r
of
a
l
i
qu
i
d
l
e
v
e
l
s
e
ns
or
b
as
ed
on
1
×
M
f
i
be
r
s
pl
i
t
ter as
,
=
0
[
(
−
+
)
2
+
(
−
)
(
−
+
)
2
]
(
10
)
where
k
=
0,
1,
2,
…,
M
i
s
th
e
k
th
l
e
v
e
l
of
l
i
qu
i
d.
T
he
ex
pe
r
i
m
en
tal
s
et
up
o
f
the
prop
os
ed
l
i
q
ui
d
l
ev
e
l
s
en
s
or
i
s
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
ure
2.
T
he
s
en
s
or
w
as
s
et
up
us
i
ng
a
f
i
be
r
s
pl
i
tte
r
w
i
th
on
e
i
n
pu
t
to
m
an
y
o
utp
uts
c
o
nf
i
gu
r
ati
on
,
i
.e.
1×
4
,
1×
8,
and
1
×
1
2a
r
r
an
ge
m
en
ts
.
T
he
nu
m
be
r
o
f
f
i
be
r
s
pl
i
tte
r
’
s
ou
tpu
t
wo
ul
d
af
f
ec
t
the
r
es
ol
ut
i
on
of
l
i
q
ui
d
l
e
v
el
m
ea
s
ure
m
en
t.
T
he
m
ea
s
urem
en
t
s
etu
p
c
om
pris
ed
of
an
am
pl
i
f
i
ed
s
po
nta
ne
o
us
em
i
s
s
i
on
(
A
S
E
)
l
i
gh
t
s
o
urc
e
w
i
t
h
a
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
of
ap
prox
i
m
ate
l
y
15
50
nm
,
a
3
-
p
orts
op
t
i
c
al
c
i
r
c
ul
ato
r
to
s
ep
arate
the
r
ef
l
ec
ted
l
i
gh
t
f
r
om
tha
t
of
the
s
ou
r
c
e
,
an
d
a
po
wer
m
ete
r
.
Li
gh
t
f
r
om
the
l
i
g
ht
s
ou
r
c
e
i
s
tr
an
s
m
i
tte
d
to
the
s
pl
i
tt
er
thro
ug
h
the
c
i
r
c
ul
a
tor.
It
i
s
t
he
n
s
pl
i
t
eq
ua
l
l
y
ac
c
ordi
n
g
t
o
t
he
nu
m
be
r
of
ou
t
pu
ts
prov
i
de
d.
T
he
i
n
di
v
i
du
a
l
s
p
l
i
t
l
i
gh
t
the
n
g
oe
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
◼
Di
s
c
r
ete
l
i
q
ui
d
l
ev
e
l
f
i
be
r
s
e
ns
o
r
(
Mu
h
am
m
ad
Y
us
of
M
oh
d N
oo
r
)
1969
to
w
ard
th
e
en
d
f
ac
et
of
ea
c
h
ou
tpu
t
f
i
be
r
s
w
h
i
c
h
ac
ts
as
the
s
en
s
or
he
a
d.
It
i
s
t
he
n
r
ef
l
ec
ted
ba
c
k
at
the
f
i
be
r
-
l
i
q
ui
d
bo
u
nd
ari
es
or
f
i
be
r
-
ai
r
bo
un
d
a
r
i
es
,
de
p
en
d
i
n
g
on
th
e
po
s
s
i
bl
e
s
i
tua
t
i
o
n.
T
he
r
ef
l
ec
ted
l
i
gh
t
pa
s
s
e
s
throug
h
th
e
s
pl
i
tte
r
on
c
e
a
ga
i
n,
b
ut
th
i
s
ti
m
e
t
he
s
p
l
i
t
ter
ac
ts
as
a
c
o
m
bi
ne
r
.
It
c
om
bi
ne
s
a
l
l
i
n
di
v
i
du
al
l
i
gh
ts
th
at
arr
i
v
ed
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
s
en
s
or
he
a
d.
T
he
c
o
m
bi
ne
d
l
i
g
ht
no
w
m
ov
es
throug
h
t
he
c
i
r
c
ul
a
tor
on
c
e
ag
a
i
n
w
h
ere
i
t
i
s
r
erout
e
d
to
the
po
wer
me
ter.
T
he
po
wer
m
ete
r
n
o
w
s
ho
w
s
the
r
ea
d
i
n
g
of
th
e
tot
al
r
ef
l
ec
ted
po
wer
th
at
i
s
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
the
v
ari
ati
on
of
l
i
q
ui
d
l
e
v
e
l
.
T
he
propos
ed
s
en
s
or
was
ex
pe
r
i
m
en
ted
us
i
ng
t
hree
di
f
f
erent
f
i
be
r
s
pl
i
tt
er
t
y
p
es
,
w
h
i
c
h
are
the
1×
4,
1
×
8,
a
nd
1
×
1
2
s
pl
i
t
ters
.
T
ap
wate
r
w
as
c
ho
s
en
as
the
tes
t
l
i
qu
i
d
wi
th
a
r
ef
r
ac
ti
v
e
i
nd
ex
of
1
.33
a
nd
the
ex
p
erim
en
t
w
as
pe
r
f
or
m
ed
i
n
a
l
ab
orator
y
wi
th
a
r
oo
m
t
em
pe
r
atu
r
e
of
24
°
Cel
s
i
us
.
S
MF
wi
t
h
c
or
e
m
ate
r
i
al
r
ef
r
ac
ti
v
e
i
n
de
x
of
1.4
4
w
as
us
ed
as
th
e
ou
t
pu
t
f
i
b
ers
.
E
ac
h
en
d
f
ac
et
of
th
es
e
ou
t
pu
t
f
i
b
ers
w
as
f
l
at
c
l
e
av
ed
us
i
ng
no
r
m
al
f
i
be
r
c
l
ea
v
er
s
uc
h
as
s
ho
wn
i
n F
i
g
ure
2
. T
hi
s
f
l
at
c
l
ea
v
e
d e
n
d f
ac
et
of
th
e
S
MF f
orm
s
th
e s
en
s
or h
ea
d
th
a
t a
c
ts
as
a
m
i
r
r
or to
r
ef
l
ec
t b
ac
k
th
e l
i
gh
t
ac
c
ordi
ng
to
t
he
Fr
es
ne
l
r
ef
l
ec
t
i
on
pri
nc
i
pl
e.
F
i
gu
r
e
2.
T
he
ex
p
erim
en
tal
s
etu
p f
or l
i
qu
i
d
l
e
v
e
l
s
en
s
or
ba
s
ed
on
1×
4 f
i
be
r
s
p
l
i
tt
er
3.
Re
sult
s
a
n
d
A
n
al
y
s
is
T
he
propos
ed
l
ev
el
s
e
ns
or
ha
s
b
ee
n
ex
pe
r
i
m
en
ted
u
s
i
ng
t
hree
di
f
f
erent
t
y
pe
s
o
f
f
i
be
r
s
pl
i
tt
ers
.
T
he
r
ef
l
ec
ted
p
o
w
er
i
n
ten
s
i
t
y
of
ea
c
h
s
en
s
or
c
on
f
i
gu
r
at
i
o
n
w
as
m
ea
s
ured
and
the
r
es
ul
ts
are
s
ho
wn
i
n
F
i
g
ure
3
.
B
as
e
d
on
t
he
f
i
gu
r
e
,
the
r
es
u
l
t
f
or
the
1
×
4
f
i
be
r
s
pl
i
tt
er
ba
s
ed
s
en
s
or
i
s
c
ha
r
ac
teri
z
ed
b
y
f
ou
r
di
s
t
i
nc
t
i
n
terv
al
of
l
i
qu
i
d
l
ev
el
.
T
he
pa
tte
r
n
c
an
be
o
bs
erv
ed
t
o
be
the
s
am
e
f
or
s
en
s
ors
w
i
th
t
he
ot
he
r
t
y
pe
of
f
i
be
r
s
pl
i
t
t
ers
.
S
en
s
ors
wi
th
t
he
1
×
8
,
and
1×
12
f
i
be
r
s
pl
i
tt
ers
ha
v
e
e
i
gh
t
a
nd
t
wel
v
e
di
s
t
i
nc
t
i
n
terv
al
s
of
l
i
q
ui
d
l
e
v
e
l
r
es
p
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
It
c
an
be
c
l
e
arl
y
ob
s
erv
e
d
f
r
o
m
the
graphs
t
ha
t
th
e
r
ef
l
ec
ted
p
o
w
er
i
nt
en
s
i
t
y
de
c
r
ea
s
es
l
i
n
ea
r
l
y
wi
th
th
e
l
ev
el
of
l
i
q
ui
d.
T
hi
s
ph
en
om
en
on
ob
e
y
s
t
he
pri
nc
i
p
l
e
of
F
r
es
ne
l
r
ef
l
ec
ti
o
n
tha
t
was
ex
pl
ai
ne
d
b
y
(
1)
throug
h
(
10
)
.
It
c
l
e
arl
y
i
n
di
c
ate
s
tha
t
t
he
f
r
ac
ti
on
of
i
nc
i
de
nt
p
o
w
er
th
at
i
s
r
ef
l
ec
ted
ba
c
k
r
ed
uc
es
wh
en
th
e
s
en
s
or
he
a
d
i
s
f
ul
l
y
s
ub
m
erged
w
i
t
hi
n
t
he
l
i
qu
i
d.
T
he
graphs
a
l
s
o
s
ho
w
t
ha
t
the
s
en
s
ors
,
i
.e.
wi
th
th
e
1×
4
,
1×
8,
and
1×
12
f
i
be
r
s
pl
i
tt
ers
ha
v
e
l
i
ne
ar
r
eg
r
es
s
i
on
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
en
t
(
R2)
of
0.
98
9
7,
0.9
83
7,
a
n
d
0.
98
4
2
r
es
pe
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
T
he
s
e
pro
v
e
th
at
t
he
ou
tpu
t
of
al
l
th
e
s
e
ns
ors
ha
v
e res
po
ns
e
wi
th
go
o
d l
i
ne
arit
y
.
T
he
c
orr
el
ati
on
i
n
F
i
g
ure
3
(
b
)
to
(
d
)
wi
th
r
eg
ards
t
o
th
e
h
i
gh
es
t
a
nd
l
o
wes
t
po
w
er
i
nte
ns
i
t
y
r
e
ad
i
ng
s
an
d
th
e
r
ea
d
i
n
gs
ac
h
i
e
v
ed
i
n
F
i
g
ure
3(
a
)
i
s
t
ha
t
as
t
he
s
p
l
i
tt
er
o
utp
u
t
i
s
i
nc
r
ea
s
ed
,
w
e
c
an
s
ee
tha
t
the
h
i
gh
es
t
po
wer
i
s
de
c
r
e
as
i
ng
t
oo
f
r
om
-
13
dB
m
to
-
16
.5
d
B
m
an
d
-
20
.4
dB
m
.
T
hi
s
i
s
du
e
to
a
m
ore
ou
tp
uts
s
pl
i
tt
er
woul
d
g
i
v
e
a
m
ore
l
os
s
es
.
E
v
en
tu
al
l
y
th
e
l
o
w
es
t
po
wer
f
or
ea
c
h
of
the
s
pl
i
tte
r
b
ec
om
e
de
c
r
ea
s
ed
too
wi
t
h
r
ef
erenc
e
to
t
he
hi
g
he
s
t
po
wer
r
ea
di
ng
.
C
om
m
on
probl
em
wi
th
a
l
i
qu
i
d
l
ev
el
s
en
s
or
us
i
ng
o
the
r
f
i
be
r
b
as
ed
s
c
he
m
e
s
uc
h
as
the
F
B
G
a
nd
i
nte
r
f
erom
ete
r
[2,
5]
i
s
th
at
th
e
r
an
g
e
of
the
l
i
q
ui
d
l
e
v
e
l
i
s
v
er
y
l
i
m
i
ted
to
s
ho
r
t
r
an
ge
of
a
f
e
w
c
en
ti
m
ete
r
s
.
In
c
on
tr
as
t,
th
e
pro
po
s
ed
s
en
s
or
s
c
he
m
e
c
an
s
up
po
r
t
greate
r
r
an
ge
f
r
o
m
s
ho
r
t
to
v
er
y
l
on
g
up
to
a
f
e
w
m
ete
r
s
.
T
he
r
es
ol
ut
i
o
n
of
l
i
q
ui
d
l
e
v
e
l
c
a
n
be
a
da
p
tab
l
y
c
on
s
tr
uc
ted
ac
c
ord
i
ng
to
t
h
e
t
y
p
e
of
f
i
be
r
s
pl
i
t
ter,
e
.g.
1×
4
,
1
×
8,
or
1
×
12
ar
r
an
ge
m
en
t.
It
s
ho
ul
d
be
m
en
ti
on
ed
th
at
t
h
e
ex
pe
r
i
m
en
t
was
c
on
du
c
t
ed
wi
th
th
e
us
e
of
a
v
er
y
s
t
ab
l
e
l
i
gh
t
s
o
urc
e.
A
s
f
or
the
c
as
e
of
u
ns
tab
l
e
l
i
g
ht
s
ou
r
c
e
s
uc
h
as
the
LE
D,
t
he
i
ns
ta
bi
l
i
t
y
i
s
s
ue
c
an
be
s
ol
v
e
d
us
i
ng
the
r
at
i
o
m
etr
i
c
tec
h
ni
q
ue
[
14
,
15
].
B
as
ed
on
t
hi
s
tec
h
ni
qu
e,
o
ne
of
the
s
pl
i
tte
r
’
s
ou
t
pu
ts
1
×
M
S
p
l
i
t
t
e
r
P
o
w
e
r
M
e
t
e
r
1
2
3
M
C
i
r
c
u
l
a
t
o
r
B
B
S
C
l
e
a
v
e
d
e
n
d
f
a
c
e
t
o
f
S
M
F
a
t
e
a
c
h
d
i
s
c
r
e
t
e
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
l
i
q
u
i
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
17
,
No
.
4
,
A
ug
us
t
20
19
:
1
96
6
-
1
9
72
1970
c
an
b
e
us
e
d
t
o
n
orm
al
i
z
e
the
t
ota
l
r
ef
l
ec
t
ed
po
wer
.
I
n
ad
di
ti
o
n,
i
t
he
l
ps
i
n
av
oi
di
n
g
u
n
w
a
nte
d
s
i
gn
a
l
c
o
nd
i
ti
on
s
s
uc
h
as
f
i
be
r
b
en
d
i
n
g
ef
f
ec
t. For
a
pr
ac
ti
c
al
a
pp
l
i
c
at
i
on
,
L
E
D
w
o
ul
d
t
y
p
i
c
al
l
y
b
e
the
b
es
t c
ho
i
c
e d
u
e t
o
i
ts
l
o
w
c
os
t
an
d
ea
s
y
i
nte
gr
ati
on
i
n
a m
i
ni
atu
r
e
c
i
r
c
ui
t.
(
a)
(
b)
(
c
)
F
i
gu
r
e
3.
G
r
ap
h o
f
l
i
qu
i
d
l
e
v
e
l
m
ea
s
ure
m
en
t u
s
i
n
g t
hr
ee
d
i
f
f
erent f
i
be
r
s
pl
i
tt
ers
i
.e.
1
×
4,
1×
8
a
nd
1
×
12
F
i
gu
r
e
4
s
ho
w
s
a
c
om
pa
r
i
s
on
of
the
d
y
n
am
i
c
r
an
ge
f
o
r
s
en
s
ors
ba
s
ed
on
di
f
f
ere
nt
t
y
p
e
of
the
f
i
be
r
s
pl
i
tte
r
s
.
T
he
f
i
gu
r
e
de
m
on
s
tr
ate
s
tha
t
t
he
1
×
4
f
i
be
r
s
p
l
i
tt
er
ba
s
e
d
s
en
s
or
ha
s
the
h
i
g
he
s
t
d
y
n
am
i
c
r
an
ge
v
al
u
e.
T
hi
s
i
s
f
ol
l
o
wed
b
y
s
e
ns
ors
wi
th
the
1
×
8
an
d
1×
12
fi
be
r
s
pl
i
tt
ers
r
es
pe
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
T
he
pa
tte
r
n
i
s
du
e
to
th
e
i
ns
e
r
ti
on
l
os
s
of
the
1×
4
f
i
b
er
s
pl
i
tte
r
be
i
ng
the
l
o
w
es
t
as
c
om
pa
r
ed
to
the
ot
he
r
s
s
uc
h
as
s
ho
wn
i
n
t
he
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
at
i
o
n
of
fi
be
r
s
pl
i
tt
ers
i
n
the
i
ns
et
of
F
i
g
ure
4
.
T
he
l
o
w
i
ns
erti
o
n
l
os
s
c
on
tr
i
b
ute
s
to
l
o
w
o
v
eral
l
l
os
s
f
or
the
tot
a
l
r
ef
l
ec
ted
po
w
er
an
d
he
nc
e
m
ax
i
m
i
z
es
t
he
d
y
n
am
i
c
r
an
ge
of
t
he
s
en
s
or.
T
he
m
ai
n
a
dv
an
ta
ge
of
th
i
s
s
en
s
or
s
c
he
m
e
i
s
tha
t
i
t
c
ou
l
d
pro
v
i
d
e
c
us
tom
i
z
ati
on
of
l
i
qu
i
d
l
ev
el
m
ea
s
urem
e
nt
r
an
g
e
up
t
o
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nd
r
ed
m
ete
r
s
w
i
t
h
s
i
m
pl
e
c
o
nf
i
gu
r
at
i
on
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ns
te
ad
of
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c
om
pl
i
c
ate
d
p
oi
nt
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ea
s
ure
m
en
t
s
c
he
m
e
em
pl
o
y
e
d
b
y
MM
I
[9
,
16
-
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],
U
-
s
ha
pe
d
[
16
, 19
,
2
0,
21
]
a
nd
P
O
F
[1
7
,
22
,
23,
24
]
ba
s
e
d
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en
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ors
.
S
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nc
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ou
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en
s
or
i
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t
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en
t,
i
t
i
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ug
ge
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te
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m
ul
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r
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s
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us
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r
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etri
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s
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he
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e.
T
hu
s
,
the
s
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err
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du
e
to
l
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g
ht
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r
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f
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uc
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on
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ou
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d
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c
om
pe
ns
ated.
T
o
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ea
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i
z
e
a
prac
t
i
c
al
s
etu
p
f
or
the
s
e
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or
w
i
th
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l
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the
tr
an
s
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tte
r
of
LE
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d
on
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o
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etri
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pe
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L
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D.
A
ba
r
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of
S
MF
tha
t
ac
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as
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ad
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or
c
an
be
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h
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g
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to
F
C/
P
C
c
on
ne
c
tor
[
25
]
a
s
th
i
s
c
on
n
ec
tor
ha
s
a
f
l
at
c
l
e
av
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k
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MF
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P
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f
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2
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P
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n
t
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s
i
t
y
(
d
B
m
)
L
e
v
e
l
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
◼
Di
s
c
r
ete
l
i
q
ui
d
l
ev
e
l
f
i
be
r
s
e
ns
o
r
(
Mu
h
am
m
ad
Y
us
of
M
oh
d N
oo
r
)
1971
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
2.
T
he
c
om
bi
na
ti
o
n
of
l
o
w
c
os
t
an
d
ea
s
y
i
nte
grati
o
n
of
L
E
D
a
nd
F
C/
P
C
c
on
ne
c
tors
wi
l
l
m
a
k
e t
he
s
y
s
tem
ha
s
an
ea
s
y
i
ns
t
al
l
at
i
on
an
d
m
ai
nte
n
an
c
e.
F
i
gu
r
e
4
. C
om
pa
r
i
s
on
of
d
y
na
m
i
c
r
an
ge
f
or al
l
t
y
pe
s
of
f
i
be
r
s
pl
i
tte
r
s
(
Ins
et)
f
i
be
r
s
pl
i
tte
r
i
ns
ert
i
o
n l
os
s
4.
Co
n
clus
ion
A
l
o
w c
os
t
an
d
s
i
m
pl
e
f
i
be
r
ba
s
ed
s
en
s
or
f
or det
e
c
ti
o
n
of
l
i
qu
i
d
l
e
v
e
l
ha
s
be
en
pro
po
s
ed
an
d
de
m
on
s
tr
ate
d
ex
pe
r
i
m
en
ta
l
l
y
.
T
he
s
en
s
or
i
s
b
as
e
d
o
n
f
i
be
r
s
pl
i
tte
r
w
i
t
h
t
he
c
on
f
i
gu
r
at
i
o
n
of
on
e
i
n
pu
t
to
m
ul
ti
pl
e
ou
tp
uts
,
i
.
e.
1×
4,
1
×
8
,
a
nd
1×
12
arr
a
ng
em
en
ts
ac
ti
ng
as
di
s
c
r
ete
l
i
qu
i
d
l
e
v
el
s
.
T
he
to
tal
r
ef
l
ec
te
d
po
w
er
i
n
ten
s
i
t
y
was
m
ea
s
ured
us
i
n
g
a
p
o
w
er
m
ete
r
.
A
c
c
ord
i
ng
to
the
r
es
u
l
t,
t
he
l
e
v
e
l
of
l
i
q
ui
d
de
c
r
ea
s
es
l
i
ne
ar
l
y
ag
ai
n
s
t
the
t
ota
l
r
ef
l
ec
te
d
p
o
w
er
i
nt
en
s
i
t
y
whi
c
h
i
s
i
n
-
l
i
n
e
wi
th
th
e
Fr
es
ne
l
r
e
f
l
ec
ti
on
prin
c
i
pl
e.
T
he
s
en
s
or pr
o
v
i
d
es
th
e b
en
ef
i
t
of
c
us
tom
i
z
a
ti
on
of
l
i
q
ui
d
l
e
v
e
l
m
ea
s
ure
m
en
t
r
an
ge
f
r
om
a
f
ew
c
en
t
i
m
ete
r
s
up
to
a
h
un
dre
d
m
ete
r
s
.
It
c
ou
l
d
be
co
nf
i
gu
r
ed
ac
c
ordi
n
g
to
s
p
ec
i
f
i
c
ne
ed
s
es
pe
c
i
al
l
y
f
or
l
i
qu
i
d
l
e
v
el
m
ea
s
ure
m
en
t
i
n
t
he
m
ete
r
s
r
an
ge
.
T
hi
s
f
i
be
r
s
en
s
or
woul
d
be
s
ui
tab
l
e
f
or
hi
g
h
s
tr
es
s
ap
pl
i
c
at
i
o
ns
s
uc
h
as
i
n
da
m
,
f
l
oo
d
-
pron
e a
r
e
as
an
d
hi
gh
l
y
v
ol
ati
l
e c
o
nta
i
ne
d
l
i
q
ui
ds
.
A
c
kno
w
ledg
ement
s
T
hi
s
w
ork
i
s
s
up
po
r
t
ed
i
n
pa
r
t
b
y
the
UT
M
Res
ea
r
c
h
U
ni
v
ers
i
t
y
G
r
an
ts
(
P
Y
/2
01
7
/01
38
0).
Ref
er
en
ce
s
[1
]
CAR
Día
z
,
e
t
a
l
.
L
i
q
u
i
d
L
e
v
e
l
M
e
a
s
u
re
m
e
n
t
Ba
s
e
d
o
n
FBG
-
Em
b
e
d
d
e
d
Di
a
p
h
ra
g
m
s
W
i
t
h
T
e
m
p
e
ra
tu
r
e
Co
m
p
e
n
s
a
t
i
o
n
.
i
n
I
EEE Se
n
s
o
r
s
J
o
u
rn
a
l
.
2
0
1
8
;
1
8
(1
):
193
-
200.
[2
]
C
Su
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
L
i
q
u
i
d
l
e
v
e
l
a
n
d
te
m
p
e
ra
t
u
re
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
d
u
a
l
-
w
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
th
fi
b
e
r
l
a
s
e
r
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
m
u
l
t
i
m
o
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e
i
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rf
e
ro
m
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r
a
n
d
FBG i
n
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
.
O
p
t
i
c
a
l
F
i
b
e
r
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
2
0
1
8
;
4
1
:
2
1
2
-
2
1
6
.
[3
]
Y
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
Hig
h
s
e
n
s
i
ti
v
i
t
y
o
p
ti
c
a
l
fi
b
e
r
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i
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i
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a
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d
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a
c
o
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p
a
c
t
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M
F
-
HCF
-
FB
G
s
tru
c
tu
re
.
M
e
a
s
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re
m
e
n
t
S
c
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e
n
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
2
0
1
8
;
29
(
5
)
.
[4
]
HY
Cha
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
An
u
l
t
ra
-
s
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
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i
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i
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to
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d
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n
e
tc
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e
d
c
h
i
rp
e
d
-
fi
b
e
r
b
ra
g
g
g
ra
ti
n
g
.
IEEE
P
h
o
to
n
i
c
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
L
e
tt
e
r.
2
0
1
6
;
2
8
(
3
):
2
6
8
-
271.
[5
]
X
L
i
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
De
te
c
ti
o
n
o
f
l
i
q
u
i
d
l
e
v
e
l
w
i
th
a
n
M
I
-
b
a
s
e
d
f
i
b
e
r
l
a
s
e
r
s
e
n
s
o
r
u
s
i
n
g
fe
w
-
m
o
d
e
EM
CF
.
IEEE
Ph
o
to
n
i
c
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
L
e
t
te
r
.
2
0
1
5
;
27(
8
):
805
-
808.
[6
]
P
Dha
ra
,
VK
S
i
n
g
h
.
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
M
M
F
s
tu
b
o
n
th
e
s
e
n
s
i
ti
v
i
ty
o
f
a
p
h
o
to
n
i
c
c
ry
s
t
a
l
f
i
b
e
r
i
n
t
e
rfe
ro
m
te
r
s
e
n
s
o
r a
t
1
5
5
0
n
m
.
O
p
t
i
c
a
l
F
i
b
e
r T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
2
0
1
5
;
2
1
:
1
5
4
-
159.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
×
1
2
1
×
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1
×
4
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
D
y
n
a
m
i
c
R
a
n
g
e
T
y
p
e
o
f
S
p
l
i
t
t
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
17
,
No
.
4
,
A
ug
us
t
20
19
:
1
96
6
-
1
9
72
1972
[7
]
Y
Dai
,
e
t
a
l
.
Si
m
u
l
ta
n
e
o
u
s
m
e
a
s
u
re
m
e
n
t
fo
r
l
i
q
u
i
d
l
e
v
e
l
a
n
d
re
fra
c
t
i
v
e
i
n
d
e
x
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
a
l
l
-
fi
b
e
r
m
o
d
a
l
i
n
te
rf
e
ro
m
e
te
r
.
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
o
d
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