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ti
o
n
a
l
T
el
e
co
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
U
n
i
o
n
(
I
T
U
)
f
ac
i
l
i
ta
t
e
t
h
i
s
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
,
e
x
p
e
r
t
p
r
o
x
y
o
f
t
h
e
UN
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
p
e
c
t
r
u
m
i
s
c
o
n
t
r
o
lle
d
b
y
t
h
e
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
g
u
l
at
i
o
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
b
o
r
d
e
r
s
o
f
a
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
[
4
,
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
SDR
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
A
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ce
s
s
atellite
wi
ll
b
e
an
o
r
b
itin
g
s
im
u
lated
wo
r
ld
s
atellite
th
at
r
ec
e
iv
es
an
in
t
er
ch
an
g
es
s
ig
n
f
r
o
m
a
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
s
t
atio
n
,
am
p
lifie
s
f
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
p
o
ten
tially
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
it.
I
n
ter
c
h
an
g
es
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
th
e
d
ata
n
o
t
s
tar
ts
o
r
ter
m
in
ate
s
in
th
o
s
e
s
atellites.
T
h
e
s
atell
i
tes
ar
e
a
d
y
n
am
ic
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
elay
,
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
d
o
n
e
ca
p
ac
ity
will
tr
an
s
f
er
to
w
er
s
u
tili
ze
d
with
in
p
h
y
s
ical
m
icr
o
wav
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ce
s
[
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
ajo
r
u
s
ag
e
o
f
s
atellite
an
d
its
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
ar
e
ar
r
an
g
ed
as
f
o
llo
w:
s
ec
tio
n
2
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
etailes
o
f
s
at
ellite
lin
k
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
s
ec
tio
n
3
i
n
clu
d
e
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
s
tep
s
,
s
ec
tio
n
4
m
atlab
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
an
d
s
ec
tio
n
5
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
b
asic
p
r
o
b
lem
to
b
e
s
o
lv
e
d
b
eh
i
n
d
th
e
p
a
p
er
is
to
o
v
e
r
co
m
e
th
e
ac
q
u
ar
ed
n
o
is
e
d
u
r
in
g
r
ec
eiv
in
g
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
an
d
to
u
s
e
h
ig
h
er
o
r
d
e
r
m
o
d
u
l
atio
n
teq
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
g
o
o
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
u
n
d
e
r
n
o
is
y
ch
an
n
els.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
s
atellite
2.
SAT
E
L
L
I
T
E
L
I
NK
P
ARA
M
E
T
E
R
T
h
e
lin
k
b
u
d
g
et
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
lcu
late
s
th
e
lo
s
i
n
g
in
en
er
g
y
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itted
s
ig
n
al
ca
u
s
ed
by
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
g
ai
n
o
f
an
ten
n
a
,
f
ee
d
er
a
n
d
v
ar
io
u
s
ty
p
es
o
f
l
o
s
s
es
[
7
]
.
B
u
d
g
et
o
f
th
e
lin
k
is
u
s
ed
to
an
aly
s
is
th
e
lo
s
s
in
s
ig
n
al
d
u
r
in
g
s
en
d
i
n
g
th
en
p
r
e
d
ict
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
o
wer
to
tr
an
s
m
i
t
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
ea
l
with
th
e
n
o
is
e
[
7
,
8
]
.
Gen
er
ally
,
th
is
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
u
te
an
d
s
u
p
p
ly
s
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
g
ain
s
,
th
e
lo
s
s
es
,
tr
an
s
m
itte
d
p
o
wer
,
g
ain
o
f
an
ten
n
a
a
n
d
lo
s
s
es
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
n
o
is
e
an
d
n
atu
r
al
in
t
er
f
er
en
ce
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
item
s
th
at
f
o
u
n
d
ed
i
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et:
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itted
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d
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ec
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p
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r
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f
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is
o
tr
o
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r
a
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iated
p
o
wer
(
E
I
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g
ain
s
(
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
1
6
9
3
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6
9
3
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KOM
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KA
T
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o
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m
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tr
o
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,
Vo
l.
1
8
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No
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6
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Dec
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e
r
2
0
2
0
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2
8
5
2
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2
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2854
(
TX
)
,
r
ec
eiv
e
r
(
RX
)
)
,
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
p
ath
lo
s
s
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
er
tu
r
e
(
η
A
)
[
1
0
,
1
1
]
.
I
n
[
1
2
]
,
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
to
R
X
is
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eter
m
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e
d
th
r
o
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g
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l
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elied
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p
o
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e
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it
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ity
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itter
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d
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
g
ain
an
d
lo
s
s
es
.
All
th
in
g
s
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
,
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
in
th
is
g
iv
e
j
u
s
t
h
y
p
o
th
etica
l
es
tim
atio
n
an
d
d
o
n
'
t
r
ep
r
esen
t a
ll th
e
h
o
r
d
e
u
s
ef
u
l f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
ca
n
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d
m
ay
in
f
lu
e
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ce
f
r
am
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r
k
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ec
u
tio
n
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I
n
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
th
e
r
atio
o
f
ca
r
r
ier
to
n
o
is
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
co
m
p
o
s
ed
C
/N,
is
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
g
o
t
ca
r
r
ier
q
u
ality
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
with
n
o
is
e
q
u
ality
.
Hig
h
est
C
/N
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
g
iv
es
g
o
o
d
n
atu
r
e
o
f
g
ath
er
i
n
g
an
d
h
ig
h
er
in
ter
ch
a
n
g
es
ex
ac
tn
ess
a
n
d
u
n
wav
er
in
g
q
u
ality
w
h
en
all
i
s
s
aid
in
d
o
n
e.
Ar
c
h
itects d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
C
/N
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
in
d
B
b
etwe
en
th
e
f
o
r
ce
o
n
th
e
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
ter
o
f
th
e
id
ea
l
s
ig
n
a
n
d
th
e
all
o
u
t
g
o
t
co
m
m
o
tio
n
p
o
wer
[
1
3
,
14
]
.
W
h
ile
th
e
r
atio
o
f
C
/N
g
en
er
al
ly
u
tili
ze
d
in
s
atellite
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
to
p
o
in
t o
r
ad
ju
s
t th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
d
is
h
; th
e
good
d
is
h
p
o
s
itio
n
is
s
h
o
wn
b
y
th
e
m
o
s
t
ex
tr
em
e
C
/N
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
,
S/N
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
is
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
h
elp
f
u
l
in
r
ea
l
s
itu
atio
n
[
1
5
,
1
6
]
.
A
Do
p
p
ler
o
f
f
s
et
m
ak
es
th
e
g
o
t
s
ig
n
al
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
a
s
o
u
r
c
e
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
en
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
m
o
tio
n
th
at
is
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
o
r
r
ed
u
ctio
n
th
e
is
o
latio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
r
ec
i
p
ien
t.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
s
o
m
e
ty
p
e
o
f
Do
p
p
ler
at
th
e
b
en
e
f
iciar
y
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
m
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
ec
ip
ien
t
th
at
eith
e
r
in
cr
em
en
ts
o
r
d
im
in
is
h
es
th
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
am
o
n
g
co
llecto
r
an
d
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
Do
p
p
ler
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
th
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
b
etwe
en
s
a
tellite c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
in
L
E
O
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
i
n
[
1
7
-
1
9
]
T
h
e
s
atellite
s
y
s
tem
s
h
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
d
eliv
er
task
s
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
ea
r
th
[
2
0
,
2
1
]
.
Gen
e
r
ally
,
th
e
c
o
h
er
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
l
ik
e
M
-
ar
y
p
h
ase
-
s
h
if
t k
ey
in
g
(
MPSK
)
an
d
q
u
ad
r
at
u
r
e
am
p
litu
d
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
Q
AM
)
h
av
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
af
f
ec
tab
ilit
y
,
i.e
.
,
it n
ee
d
a
less
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
p
o
w
er
to
h
elp
th
e
p
r
ed
e
f
in
ed
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
an
d
th
e
m
is
tak
e
r
ate.
So
co
h
er
en
t
m
eth
o
d
is
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
allu
r
in
g
f
o
r
s
atellite
[2
2
,
2
3
]
.
T
h
is
is
th
e
ca
u
s
e
th
at
wh
y
we
u
s
ed
th
e
QAM
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
co
h
er
en
t
r
ec
eiv
er
co
n
tain
p
h
ase
-
lo
ck
e
d
lo
o
p
(
PLL
)
to
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ize
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
th
e
au
t
o
m
at
ic
g
ain
co
n
tr
o
l
(
AGC
)
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
n
o
is
e
p
o
wer
as
well
[
2
4
].
T
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
o
f
s
atellite
ca
n
b
e
clas
s
if
ied
to
:
s
o
u
r
ce
ea
r
th
s
tatio
n
,
u
p
lin
k
,
s
atellite,
d
o
wn
lin
k
an
d
d
esten
atio
n
ea
r
th
s
tatio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
is
d
ev
o
ted
to
s
h
o
w
th
e
s
atellite
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
lo
s
s
es
ar
e
f
ac
ed
Satellite
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
lik
e
fr
ee
s
p
ac
e
lo
s
s
,
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
lo
s
s
an
d
atten
u
atio
n
d
u
e
to
r
ain
,
clo
u
d
s
etc
.
[
25
].
Satellite
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
h
as
witn
ess
ed
g
r
ea
t
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
in
ter
esti
n
g
d
u
e
to
its
ef
f
ec
t
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
r
ate
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
ea
m
less
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
n
a
lar
g
e
a
r
ea
[
2
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
S
atellite
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
lin
k
3.
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
SYS
T
E
M
As
m
e
n
ti
o
n
e
d
ea
r
l
y
,
th
is
p
a
p
er
aim
ed
t
o
d
esi
g
n
r
a
d
i
o
f
r
e
q
u
e
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[
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mm
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fer
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n
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d
Exh
ib
it
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(OFC),
2
0
1
7
.
[
1
1
]
L.
Be
rth
il
so
n
a
n
d
A.
Esc
u
d
e
ro
P
a
sc
u
a
l
,
"
Li
n
k
Bu
d
g
e
ts
a
n
d
S
o
ftwa
re
S
imu
latio
n
s
fo
r
Wma
n
@F
e
z
,
”
M
e
x
ico
Do
c
u
me
n
ts,
2
0
0
8
.
[
1
2
]
S
.
Be
rre
z
z
o
u
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Co
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
sa
telli
te
li
n
k
b
u
d
g
e
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o
p
ti
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iza
ti
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n
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si
n
g
g
ra
v
i
tati
o
n
a
l
se
a
rc
h
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
,
"
3
rd
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
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n
c
e
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n
C
o
n
t
ro
l,
E
n
g
i
n
e
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rin
g
&
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(CEI
T
),
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e
m
c
e
n
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
2
0
1
5
.
[
1
3
]
A.
Na
u
m
a
n
,
M
.
M
a
q
so
o
d
,
“
S
y
st
e
m
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
h
ig
h
a
lt
it
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d
e
p
latfo
rm
:
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n
k
b
u
d
g
e
t
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
b
u
d
g
e
t,
”
1
9
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(ICAC
T
),
2
0
1
7
.
[
1
4
]
A.
Ca
g
li
e
ro
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
Ne
w
Ap
p
r
o
a
c
h
to
th
e
Li
n
k
B
u
d
g
e
t
Co
n
c
e
p
t
fo
r
a
QA
M
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Li
n
k
,
”
IEE
E
A
n
ten
n
a
s
a
n
d
W
ire
les
s P
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
p
p
.
5
6
8
-
5
7
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[
1
5
]
B.
Je
ffre
y
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
th
e
Li
n
k
B
u
d
g
e
t
with
Ex
p
e
rime
n
t
a
l
P
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
a
Wi
M
AX
S
y
st
e
m
,
”
EURA
S
IP
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
n
W
ire
les
s Co
mm
u
n
ic
a
t
io
n
s
a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
in
g
,
v
o
l.
1
,
2
0
0
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
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6
9
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1
6
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N.
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,
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t
a
l
.
,
"
Li
n
k
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g
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r
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y
ste
m
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r
S
a
telli
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m
m
u
n
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n
,”
2
0
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In
ter
n
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l
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fer
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tro
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ics
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n
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ste
m E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(ICEE
S
E)
,
2
0
1
7
.
[
1
7
]
Liu
Y.,
Tan
L.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
D
o
p
p
ler
Eff
e
c
ts
P
e
rfo
rm
a
n
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fo
r
M
u
lt
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-
h
o
p
Op
ti
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a
l
C
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
s
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n
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S
a
telli
te
Co
n
ste
ll
a
ti
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n
s,”
Op
ti
k
-
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
fo
r
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ig
h
t
a
n
d
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e
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tr
o
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ti
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s
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l.
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2
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1
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p
p
.
3
4
5
3
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3
4
5
6
,
2
0
1
3
.
[
1
8
]
Ya
n
g
Q.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Do
p
p
ler
C
h
a
ra
c
teriz
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ti
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n
o
f
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r
in
ter
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S
a
telli
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e
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n
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s
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r
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t
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O
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ti
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n
,
”
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ti
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s
Co
mm
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n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
v
o
l
.
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8
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,
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o
.
1
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p
p
.
3
5
4
7
-
3
5
5
2
,
2
0
0
9
.
[
1
9
]
D.
N.
Am
a
n
o
r
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
In
ter
-
S
a
telli
te
Co
m
m
u
n
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ti
o
n
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y
ste
m
b
a
se
d
o
n
Visi
b
le
Li
g
h
t,
”
IEE
E
tra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
a
e
ro
sp
a
c
e
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
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ic sy
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
5
4
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
8
8
8
-
9
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
2
0
]
K.
G
u
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
On
th
e
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
Up
li
n
k
S
a
telli
te
M
u
lt
it
e
rre
strial
Re
lay
Ne
two
r
k
s
with
Ha
rd
wa
re
Im
p
a
irme
n
ts an
d
I
n
terfe
re
n
c
e
,
”
IEE
E
sy
ste
ms
jo
u
rn
a
l,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
2
9
7
-
2
3
0
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
2
1
]
A.
A.
Th
a
b
i
t,
"
De
sig
n
a
n
d
S
o
f
twa
re
Im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
An
a
lo
g
a
n
d
Dig
it
a
l
F
il
ters
fo
r
Co
h
e
re
n
t
Re
c
e
iv
e
rs
u
n
d
e
r
No
isy
Ch
a
n
n
e
l
s,”
I
OP
C
o
n
f
.
S
e
rie
s: M
a
ter
ia
ls S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
2
2
]
A.
Ba
n
ik
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
Va
sa
n
t
h
i
,
"
N
o
ti
c
e
o
f
Vio
latio
n
o
f
IEE
E
P
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
P
rin
c
i
p
les
:
S
tu
d
y
o
f
RF
in
ter
sa
telli
te
li
n
k
s
,
”
2
0
1
7
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
W
ire
les
s Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
S
ig
n
a
l
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
i
n
g
(W
i
S
PN
ET
),
2
0
1
7
.
[
2
3
]
R.
D
.
G
a
u
d
e
n
z
i,
“
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s in
F
u
tu
re
S
a
telli
te Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,”
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
T
h
e
o
ry
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
2
4
]
M
.
A.
Va
´z
q
u
e
z
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
re
c
o
d
in
g
,
S
c
h
e
d
u
li
n
g
,
a
n
d
Li
n
k
Ad
a
p
tatio
n
in
M
o
b
il
e
In
tera
c
ti
v
e
M
u
l
ti
b
e
a
m
S
a
telli
te
S
y
ste
m
s
,
”
EE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
n
S
e
lec
ted
Are
a
s in
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
3
6
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
9
7
1
-
80,
2
0
1
8
.
[
2
5
]
K.
Xu
,
D.
Li
,
"
S
a
telli
te
Li
n
k
A
n
a
ly
sis
a
n
d
Ca
lcu
lati
o
n
S
o
ftwa
re
De
sig
n
,
”
E
EE
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
f
S
a
fety
Pro
d
u
c
e
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
za
ti
o
n
(IICS
PI)
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
2
6
]
L.
Yo
u
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
O
u
tag
e
Co
n
st
ra
in
e
d
Ro
b
u
st
M
u
lt
ig
ra
in
M
u
lt
ica
st
Be
a
m
fo
rm
in
g
fo
r
M
u
lt
i
-
Be
a
m
S
a
telli
te
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s,”
IEE
E
W
ire
les
s Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
5
2
-
3
5
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
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R
Ahm
e
d
A.
Th
a
b
it
fr
o
m
IRAQ
h
a
s
h
is
Bsc
i
n
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
–
I
RAQ
/
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
2
0
0
6
.
M
S
c
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
fr
o
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
2
0
0
8
.
P
h
.
D.
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
/Ira
q
,
2
0
1
7
.
He
is
in
tere
ste
d
i
n
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
ra
d
i
o
,
ra
d
a
r,
sa
telli
te
a
n
d
sy
s
n
c
h
ro
n
iza
ti
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n
in
c
o
m
m
u
n
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sy
ste
m
s.
F
ro
m
2
0
0
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u
p
t
o
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o
w
h
e
is
w
o
rk
i
n
g
in
Ra
fid
a
i
n
Un
i
v
e
rsity
/
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
I
ra
q
.
F
o
r
c
o
n
tac
t:
Ema
il
:
a
h
m
e
d
.
th
a
b
it
@ru
c
.
e
d
u
.
iq
ORCID
:
h
tt
p
s:/
/o
rc
id
.
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r
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tt
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s://
sc
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.