T
E
L
KO
M
N
I
KA
T
e
lec
om
m
u
n
icat
ion
,
Com
p
u
t
i
n
g,
E
lec
t
r
on
ics
an
d
Cont
r
ol
Vol.
1
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
,
pp.
14
5
9
~
14
6
6
I
S
S
N:
1693
-
6930,
a
c
c
r
e
dit
e
d
F
ir
s
t
G
r
a
de
by
Ke
me
nr
is
tekdikti
,
De
c
r
e
e
No:
21/E
/KP
T
/2018
DO
I
:
10.
12928/
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
.
v1
8
i
3
.
14760
1459
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
jour
nal.
uad
.
ac
.
id/
index
.
php/T
E
L
K
OM
N
I
K
A
E
f
f
e
c
t
s of
n
oi
s
e
s
on
n
e
ar
i
n
f
r
a
r
e
d
s
e
n
so
r
f
or
b
lo
o
d
g
lu
c
os
e
l
e
v
e
l
m
e
as
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
Ki
k
i
P
r
awir
or
e
d
j
o
,
E
n
ge
li
n
S
h
in
t
ad
e
wi
J
u
li
an
E
l
ec
t
ri
ca
l
E
n
g
i
n
eeri
n
g
D
ep
ar
t
men
t
,
Facu
l
t
y
o
f
In
d
u
s
t
ri
a
l
T
ech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
T
ri
s
ak
t
i
U
n
i
v
er
s
i
t
y
,
In
d
o
n
es
i
a
Ar
t
icle
I
n
f
o
AB
S
T
RA
CT
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
tor
y
:
R
e
c
e
ived
S
e
p
9
,
2019
R
e
vis
e
d
J
a
n
15
,
2020
Ac
c
e
pted
F
e
b
26
,
2020
T
h
i
s
p
a
p
er
p
ro
p
o
s
e
d
t
h
e
met
h
o
d
o
f
mea
s
u
r
i
n
g
g
l
u
co
s
e
l
ev
el
i
n
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
n
ear
i
n
frare
d
l
i
g
h
t
(
N
IR)
an
d
p
h
o
t
o
d
i
o
d
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
.
W
e
s
t
u
d
i
e
d
n
o
i
s
e
s
t
h
at
o
ccu
rre
d
o
n
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
i
g
n
a
l
o
f
N
IR
s
en
s
o
r
i
n
t
h
ree
d
i
ffere
n
t
ro
o
m
co
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
effec
t
s
o
n
t
h
i
s
s
en
s
o
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
t
ab
i
l
i
t
y
.
Th
e
s
en
s
o
r’
s
ci
rc
u
i
t
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
ed
o
f
a
1
4
5
0
n
m
N
IR
l
i
g
h
t
em
i
t
t
i
n
g
d
i
o
d
e,
a
p
h
o
t
o
d
i
o
d
e
as
t
h
e
recei
v
er,
t
ra
n
s
i
mp
e
d
an
ce
am
p
l
i
fi
er
,
a
n
o
t
ch
f
i
l
t
er
,
an
d
a
4
th
o
rd
er
l
o
w
p
as
s
fi
l
t
er.
T
h
e
re
s
u
l
t
s
i
n
d
i
ca
t
ed
t
h
a
t
s
u
n
l
i
g
h
t
p
a
s
s
i
n
g
t
h
ro
u
g
h
w
i
n
d
o
w
s
w
a
s
t
h
e
mo
s
t
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
ci
n
g
fact
o
r
cau
s
e
d
t
h
e
u
n
s
t
ab
l
e
s
en
s
o
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e.
Fi
l
t
ers
rem
o
v
e
d
t
h
e
effect
i
v
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
es
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
v
erag
e
s
en
s
o
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
es
fro
m
t
h
e
t
h
ree
ro
o
ms
w
ere
4
.
6
8
2
5
V
fo
r
ai
r
med
i
a,
2
.
2
8
0
9
V
fo
r
w
at
er
me
d
i
a
an
d
2
.
3
3
6
8
V
fo
r
g
l
u
co
s
e
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
me
d
i
a.
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
ag
e
s
t
en
d
ed
t
o
i
n
c
reas
e
f
o
r
one
-
h
o
u
r
meas
u
remen
t
a
b
o
u
t
1
0
t
o
4
0
mV
f
o
r
a
i
r
med
i
a,
4
0
t
o
9
0
mV
fo
r
w
a
t
er
med
i
a
a
n
d
3
0
t
o
8
0
mV
fo
r
g
l
u
c
o
s
e
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
med
i
a.
T
h
i
s
s
en
s
o
r
c
o
u
l
d
o
n
l
y
b
e
u
s
e
d
i
n
a
s
h
o
rt
t
i
me
a
n
d
s
u
i
t
ab
l
e
i
n
a
ro
o
m
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
s
u
n
l
i
g
h
t
.
Bas
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
ag
e
d
i
ffere
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
av
erag
e
s
en
s
o
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
w
i
t
h
w
at
er
a
n
d
g
l
u
c
o
s
e
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
me
d
i
a,
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
h
ad
t
h
e
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
al
t
o
b
e
a
b
l
o
o
d
g
l
u
co
s
e
l
ev
e
l
met
er.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
L
ight
e
mi
tt
ing
diode
N
e
a
r
inf
r
a
r
e
d
li
ght
NI
R
s
e
ns
or
P
hotodi
ode
S
unli
ght
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e
.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
Kiki
P
r
a
wir
o
r
e
djo
,
E
lec
tr
ica
l
E
ng
inee
r
ing
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
,
F
a
c
ult
y
of
I
nd
us
tr
ial
T
e
c
hnology
,
T
r
is
a
kti
Unive
r
s
it
y
,
1
Kia
i
T
a
pa
S
t.
,
J
a
ka
r
ta
11440
,
I
ndone
s
ia
.
E
mail:
kiki
.
pr
a
wir
o
r
e
djo@t
r
is
a
kti
.
a
c
.
id
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
Dia
be
tes
is
a
c
hr
onic,
meta
boli
c
dis
e
a
s
e
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
ize
d
by
e
leva
ted
leve
ls
of
blood
glucos
e
or
blood
s
uga
r
.
Dia
be
tes
of
a
ll
types
c
a
n
lea
d
to
c
ompl
ica
ti
ons
in
many
pa
r
ts
of
the
body
a
nd
c
a
n
incr
e
a
s
e
th
e
ove
r
a
ll
r
is
k
of
pr
e
matur
e
de
a
th
.
T
he
mos
t
c
omm
on
is
ty
pe
2
diabe
tes
,
us
ua
ll
y
in
a
dult
s
,
whic
h
oc
c
ur
s
whe
n
the
body
be
c
omes
r
e
s
i
s
tant
to
ins
uli
n
or
doe
s
n't
make
e
n
ough
ins
uli
n
[
1]
.
“
S
ome
425
mi
l
li
on
pe
ople
wor
ldwide,
or
8
.
8%
of
a
dult
s
20
-
79
ye
a
r
s
,
a
r
e
e
s
ti
mate
d
to
h
a
ve
diabe
tes
.
About
79
%
li
ve
in
low
a
nd
mi
ddle
income
c
ountr
ies
”
[
2]
.
P
e
r
s
ons
s
uf
f
e
r
ing
f
r
om
diabe
tes
m
a
y
typi
c
a
ll
y
moni
tor
their
own
g
lucos
e
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ti
ons
with
pe
r
iodi
c
da
il
y
mea
s
ur
e
ments
,
us
ua
ll
y
f
our
ti
mes
e
a
c
h
da
y
[
3]
.
Unf
o
r
tunate
ly
many
pa
ti
e
nts
do
not
moni
tor
their
blood
gluco
s
e
leve
l
a
t
r
e
c
omm
e
nde
d
f
r
e
que
nc
y.
I
t
is
pa
r
tl
y
due
to
the
inconve
nienc
e
,
pa
in
a
nd
tedious
ne
s
s
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
moni
tor
ing
tec
hniques
a
nd
due
to
the
incr
e
a
s
e
d
r
is
k
of
inf
e
c
ti
on
whe
n
the
bl
ood
s
kin
ba
r
r
ier
is
br
oke
n
,
a
non
-
invas
ive
blood
glucos
e
moni
tor
would
be
highl
y
de
s
ir
a
ble.
M
a
ny
methods
ha
ve
be
e
n
pr
opos
e
d
f
or
the
non
-
invas
ive
mea
s
ur
e
ments
but
t
he
main
c
onc
e
r
n
in
non
invas
ive
tec
hnique
is
the
dif
f
iculty
in
a
c
hieving
high
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
of
r
e
s
ult
s
a
s
no
b
lood
is
di
r
e
c
tl
y
invol
ve
d
in
the
p
r
oc
e
s
s
.
S
ince
1980s
,
NI
R
s
pe
c
tr
os
c
opy
ha
s
be
c
ome
a
pr
omi
s
ing
tec
hnique
f
or
in
vivo
a
na
lys
e
s
,
with
a
dva
ntage
s
s
uc
h
a
s
r
a
pidi
t
y,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
1
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
14
5
9
-
14
6
6
1460
non
de
s
tr
uc
ti
vit
y,
a
nd
s
im
pli
c
it
y.
S
pe
c
tr
os
c
opic
te
c
hnique
is
a
n
opti
c
a
l
method
us
e
d
to
de
tec
t
blood
glucos
e
by
de
ter
mi
ning
the
qua
nti
ty
o
f
li
gh
t
whic
h
is
e
it
he
r
a
bs
or
be
d,
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
o
r
e
m
it
ted
a
s
a
f
unc
ti
on
of
glucos
e
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ti
on
[
4]
.
Ne
a
r
-
inf
r
a
r
e
d
r
a
diation
is
a
l
ow
e
ne
r
gy
e
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
wa
ve
,
it
is
pos
s
ibl
e
to
a
void
the
oc
c
ur
r
e
nc
e
of
r
a
diation
da
mage
o
f
the
s
a
mpl
e
[
5]
.
A
ke
y
f
indi
ng
r
e
late
d
to
the
non
-
invas
ive
mea
s
ur
e
ment
of
glucos
e
is
that
a
major
phys
iol
ogica
l
r
e
s
pon
s
e
a
c
c
ompanie
s
c
ha
nge
s
in
glucos
e
a
nd
c
a
n
be
de
tec
ted
non
-
invas
ively
thr
ough
the
r
e
s
ult
ing
c
ha
nge
s
in
ti
s
s
ue
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
[
6]
.
A
c
ha
nge
of
glucos
e
c
onc
e
ntr
a
t
ion
may
modi
f
y
the
opt
ica
l
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
in
ti
s
s
ue
,
with
the
r
e
s
ult
that
it
s
g
lucos
e
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ti
on
c
a
n
be
e
xtr
a
c
ted
by
a
na
lyzing
the
r
e
c
e
ived
opti
c
a
l
s
ig
na
ls
[
7]
.
A
l
i
mi
tation
o
f
the
ne
a
r
-
inf
r
a
r
e
d
blood
glucos
e
mea
s
ur
e
ment
ins
tr
uments
is
that
e
a
c
h
may
be
r
e
quir
e
to
be
c
us
to
m
c
a
li
br
a
ted
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
indi
v
idual
us
e
r
[
8
]
.
NI
R
s
e
ns
or
f
or
blood
glucos
e
mea
s
ur
e
ment
ha
s
be
e
n
inves
ti
ga
ted
to
de
ve
lop
non
-
invas
ive
gluco
s
e
moni
tor
ing
s
ys
tems
a
nd
to
ge
t
a
high
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
r
e
s
ult
of
mea
s
ur
e
ment.
S
hyqy
r
i
e
t
a
l
us
e
d
940
nm
NI
R
L
E
D
a
s
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
r
a
nd
pa
s
s
e
d
the
li
ght
be
a
m
thr
ough
human
f
inger
t
ip
a
nd
r
e
c
e
ived
the
a
tt
e
nua
ted
s
ig
na
l
f
r
om
the
other
s
ide
of
the
f
inger
by
a
photodi
ode
s
e
ns
or
.
T
he
i
r
e
xpe
r
im
e
ntal
s
tudy
c
onf
ir
ms
a
c
or
r
e
lation
be
twe
e
n
the
s
e
ns
or
output
volt
a
ge
a
nd
glucos
e
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ti
on
leve
ls
[
9]
.
S
ia
us
e
d
145
0
a
nd
2050
nm
N
I
R
L
E
D
a
nd
photodi
ode
s
a
s
the
s
e
ns
or
to
mea
s
ur
e
the
volt
a
g
e
of
50,
100,
150
a
nd
200
mg/
dL
glucos
e
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ti
on.
As
glucos
e
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ti
on
inc
r
e
a
s
e
s
,
output
volt
a
g
e
f
r
o
m
pho
todi
ode
a
ls
o
incr
e
a
s
e
s
.
T
he
r
e
lations
o
bs
e
r
ve
d
wa
s
li
nier
[
10]
.
R
e
ddy
e
t
a
l
de
ve
loped
a
s
mar
t
ins
uli
n
de
vice
f
or
non
-
invas
ive
blood
glucos
e
leve
lm
onit
or
ing
us
ing
1550
nm
NI
R
li
ght
on
human
f
inger
ti
p.
A
photodi
ode
r
e
c
e
ived
the
r
e
f
lec
ted
inf
r
a
r
e
d
s
i
gna
l
a
nd
c
onve
r
ted
to
a
n
e
quivale
nt
vol
tage
va
lue.
T
he
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ti
on
o
f
glucos
e
leve
l
is
c
a
lcula
ted
b
a
s
e
d
on
the
body
mas
s
index
o
f
the
pa
ti
e
nt
.
T
he
ir
r
e
s
ult
s
s
howe
d
that
ther
e
wa
s
a
s
tr
ong
r
e
lations
hip
be
twe
e
n
glucos
e
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ti
on
a
nd
s
e
ns
or
output
volt
a
ge
.
Voltage
incr
e
a
s
e
d
a
s
glucos
e
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ti
on
incr
e
a
s
e
d
[
11]
.
Unnikr
is
hna
e
t
a
l
p
r
opos
e
d
a
method
that
is
ba
s
e
d
on
the
p
r
inciple
o
f
a
bs
or
ba
nc
e
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
a
nc
e
phot
ometr
y.
T
he
y
us
e
d
950
nm
NI
R
L
E
D
a
s
the
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
r
a
n
d
a
photo
tr
a
ns
is
tor
a
s
the
r
e
c
e
iver
to
moni
tor
hum
a
n
blood
glucos
e
[
12]
.
P
a
nde
a
nd
J
os
hi
in
2015
in
their
a
r
ti
c
le
pr
e
s
e
nted
a
c
ir
c
uit
f
o
r
non
invas
ive
mea
s
ur
e
ment
of
the
glucos
e
.
T
he
y
c
onc
luded
that
the
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
r
w
it
h
1450
-
nm
wa
ve
length
is
mor
e
s
uit
a
ble
[
13]
.
A
li
mi
tation
in
many
photodi
ode
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
is
a
ba
c
k
gr
ound
nois
e
f
loor
whic
h
mas
ks
the
s
ignal
de
tec
ted
by
the
photodi
ode
.
A
c
ontr
ibut
ing
f
a
c
tor
to
ba
c
kgr
ound
nois
e
in
a
photodi
ode
de
tec
tor
c
ir
c
uit
,
a
s
in
mos
t
e
lec
tr
o
nic
c
ir
c
uit
s
,
is
the
pa
r
a
s
it
ic
c
oupli
ng
of
e
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
(
E
M
I
)
in
to
the
c
i
r
c
uit
[
14]
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
a
mbi
e
nt
a
nd/or
e
nvi
r
onment
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
(
i.
e
.
nois
e
)
c
a
n
a
dve
r
s
e
ly
a
f
f
e
c
t
the
mea
s
ur
e
ment
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y.
I
nter
f
e
r
e
nc
e
is
ge
ne
r
a
ted
by
many
c
omm
only
-
us
e
d
e
lec
tr
ica
l
de
vice
s
.
I
n
a
typi
c
a
l
hous
e
hold
f
or
e
xa
mpl
e
,
e
lec
tr
ic
powe
r
li
ne
s
a
nd
out
lets
,
a
mbi
e
nt
li
ghts
,
li
ght
dim
mer
s
,
tele
vis
ion
or
c
omput
e
r
dis
plays
,
a
nd
powe
r
s
uppli
e
s
or
tr
a
ns
f
or
mer
s
ge
ne
r
a
te
e
lec
t
r
omagne
ti
c
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
[
15
]
.
I
n
photodi
ode
it
s
e
lf
ther
e
a
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
of
nois
e
,
thes
e
a
r
e
f
l
icke
r
(
1/
f
)
nois
e
,
J
ohn
s
on
nois
e
a
nd
s
hot
nois
e
[
16]
.
As
a
p
r
e
li
mi
na
r
y
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
in
de
ve
lopi
ng
a
blood
glucos
e
leve
l
s
e
ns
or
,
we
s
tudi
e
d
whe
ther
N
I
R
s
e
ns
or
is
s
us
c
e
pti
ble
t
o
nois
e
s
.
W
e
mea
s
ur
e
d
the
output
volt
a
ge
o
f
the
s
e
ns
or
with
thi
s
pr
opos
e
d
de
s
ign
in
thr
e
e
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
pla
c
e
s
with
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
c
ondit
ions
a
nd
with
thr
e
e
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
media
be
twe
e
n
the
NI
R
li
ght
e
mi
tt
ing
diode
a
nd
photodi
ode
a
nd
obs
e
r
ve
d
nois
e
s
th
a
t
oc
c
ur
r
e
d.
T
he
pur
pos
e
of
thi
s
s
tudi
e
d
wa
s
to
know
the
e
f
f
e
c
ts
of
nois
e
s
to
s
e
n
s
o
r
output
volt
a
ge
s
tabili
ty.
2.
RE
S
E
AR
CH
M
E
T
HO
D
T
he
block
diagr
a
m
o
f
the
pr
opos
e
d
s
ys
tem
c
ons
is
ts
of
input
,
pr
oc
e
s
s
a
nd
outpu
t
s
e
c
ti
on
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
1.
T
he
t
r
a
ns
mi
tt
e
r
c
ir
c
uit
in
the
input
s
e
c
ti
on
is
a
1450
nm
NI
R
L
E
D
whe
r
e
the
glucos
e
a
bs
or
pti
on
is
high
[
17]
.
I
t
e
mi
ts
NI
R
li
ght
thr
ough
media
a
n
d
a
n
in
f
r
a
r
e
d
photodi
ode
r
e
c
e
ives
the
li
ght
a
f
ter
pa
s
s
ing
thr
ough
th
e
media
.
T
he
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
a
nc
e
s
e
tup
is
r
e
c
omm
e
nde
d
f
or
non
-
invas
ive
glucos
e
moni
tor
i
ng
[
18
]
.
T
he
L
E
D
a
nd
I
nGa
As
inf
r
a
r
e
d
photodi
ode
us
e
d
in
t
his
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
r
e
f
r
om
T
ho
r
L
a
bs
.
In
p
u
t
:
N
I
R
s
o
u
rc
e
l
i
g
h
t
P
ro
c
c
e
s
s
:
N
I
R
s
e
n
s
o
r
,
T
IA
fi
l
t
e
rs
&
a
m
p
O
u
t
p
u
t
:
D
M
M
a
n
d
o
s
c
i
l
l
o
s
c
o
p
e
P
o
w
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
F
igur
e
1.
S
ys
tem
block
diagr
a
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
E
ff
e
c
ts
of
nois
e
s
on
ne
ar
inf
r
ar
e
d
s
e
ns
or
for
blood
glucos
e
lev
e
l
me
as
ur
e
me
nt
(
K
iki
P
r
aw
ir
or
e
djo)
1461
T
he
pr
inciple
of
mea
s
ur
ing
glucos
e
leve
l
with
a
NI
R
li
ght
s
our
c
e
a
nd
a
photod
iode
s
e
ns
or
is
the
domain
of
s
pe
c
tr
ometr
y
.
S
pe
c
tr
omet
r
y
is
a
n
a
na
lyzing
method
that
s
tudi
e
s
the
int
e
r
a
c
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
mate
r
ial
s
ubs
tanc
e
s
with
e
lec
tr
omagne
ti
c
wa
ve
r
a
d
iation.
T
his
int
e
r
a
c
ti
on
c
ha
nge
s
the
dir
e
c
ti
on
of
li
g
ht
wa
ve
r
a
diation
a
nd
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
the
li
ght
int
e
ns
it
y
r
e
c
e
ived
by
the
photo
de
tec
tor
.
F
or
s
pe
c
tr
opho
tom
e
tr
ic
e
xpe
r
im
e
nts
,
B
e
e
r
L
a
mber
t’
s
law
is
a
ppli
c
a
ble
t
o
mea
s
ur
e
the
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on
of
li
ght
that
is
pr
opor
ti
ona
l
to
th
e
leve
l
o
f
glucos
e
s
olut
ion
,
th
ickne
s
s
of
the
s
a
mpl
e
a
nd
mol
a
r
e
xti
nc
ti
on
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt.
T
he
(
1
)
s
hows
the
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on
A
a
c
c
or
ding
to
B
e
e
r
L
a
mber
ts
law
[
19]
.
A
=
log
(
I
0
I
)
=
E
Cl
(
1)
w
he
r
e
I
o
is
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
li
ght
int
e
ns
it
y,
I
is
incide
nt
li
ght
int
e
ns
i
ty,
E
is
e
xti
nc
ti
on
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
,
C
is
leve
l
of
glucos
e
s
olut
ion,
a
nd
l
is
length
o
f
li
ght
pa
th
th
r
ou
gh
s
olut
ion
be
ing
obs
e
r
ve
d.
I
n
the
pr
e
vious
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
we
mea
s
ur
e
d
s
ome
glu
c
os
e
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ti
on
in
glucos
e
s
olut
ion
with
thi
s
pr
opos
e
d
de
s
ign
a
nd
the
r
e
s
ult
s
s
h
owe
d
that
high
e
r
glucos
e
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ti
on
yield
lowe
r
s
e
ns
or
outpu
t
volt
a
ge
but
it
did
not
s
how
a
good
li
n
ier
tr
e
nd
[
20]
.
T
his
r
e
s
ult
is
c
onc
is
tent
with
B
e
e
r
L
a
mber
t’
s
law
.
I
n
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
we
s
tudi
e
d
the
s
our
c
e
s
of
nois
e
that
made
the
non
li
nier
t
r
e
nd
of
output
volt
a
ge
s
f
r
o
m
the
s
e
ns
or
a
s
th
e
glucos
e
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ti
on
incr
e
a
s
e
.
T
he
s
ignal
c
o
ndit
ioni
ng
c
ir
c
uit
s
a
r
e
a
tr
a
ns
im
pe
da
nc
e
a
mpl
if
ie
r
,
a
notch
f
il
ter
,
a
4
th
o
r
de
r
low
pa
s
s
f
il
ter
a
nd
a
f
inal
s
tage
a
mpl
if
ier
.
T
he
NI
R
s
e
ns
or
photodi
ode
is
f
e
d
to
a
tr
a
ns
im
pe
da
nc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
to
c
onve
r
t
the
c
ur
r
e
n
t
f
r
om
photodi
ode
s
e
ns
or
to
volt
a
ge
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
2
.
T
he
output
volt
a
ge
is
f
il
ter
e
d
by
a
50
Hz
notch
f
i
lt
e
r
a
nd
a
5
Hz
4
t
h
or
de
r
low
pa
s
s
f
i
lt
e
r
to
r
e
duc
e
low
a
nd
high
f
r
e
que
nc
y
nois
e
s
.
F
igur
e
3
s
hows
the
50
Hz
notch
f
il
te
r
.
T
he
50
Hz
notch
f
il
ter
is
a
n
a
c
ti
ve
f
il
t
e
r
with
a
unit
y
ga
in
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
a
mpl
if
ier
a
t
the
output
s
tage
of
the
f
il
ter
to
r
e
duc
e
loading
e
f
f
e
c
t.
T
he
s
im
ulation's
r
e
s
ult
of
the
notch
f
il
ter
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
e
s
pons
e
is
s
hown
in
F
igu
r
e
4.
V
S
-
R
F
IC
1
-
+
V
S
+
V
o
1
C
F
I
pd
-
+
I
C
2
V
S
+
V
S
-
V
i
2
V
o
2
R
1
R
2
R
1
C
1
C
1
C
2
F
igur
e
2.
T
r
a
ns
im
pe
da
nc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
F
igur
e
3.
Notc
h
f
il
ter
F
igur
e
4.
Notc
h
f
il
ter
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
e
s
pons
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
1
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
14
5
9
-
14
6
6
1462
T
he
a
c
ti
ve
low
pa
s
s
f
il
ter
c
ir
c
uit
s
hown
in
F
ig
ur
e
5
is
a
two
-
s
tage
s
a
nd
high
ga
in
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
a
mpl
if
ier
whic
h
f
unc
ti
ons
a
r
e
to
a
mpl
if
y
a
nd
f
il
ter
the
a
ppr
opr
iate
volt
a
ge
leve
l
f
r
om
input
s
ig
na
l
[
21]
.
T
he
low
pa
s
s
f
il
ter
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
ut
of
f
is
de
s
igned
a
t
5
Hz
a
nd
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
e
s
pons
e
is
B
utt
e
r
wor
th
a
ppr
oxim
a
ti
on.
T
he
s
im
ulation
r
e
s
ul
t
of
the
low
p
a
s
s
f
il
ter
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
e
s
pons
e
is
s
hown
in
F
igu
r
e
6
.
I
n
thi
s
e
xpe
r
im
e
nt
we
mea
s
ur
e
d
the
output
volt
a
ge
s
of
the
tr
a
ns
im
pe
da
nc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
(
T
I
A)
a
nd
the
output
volt
a
ge
s
of
the
f
inal
s
tage
a
mpl
if
ier
a
f
te
r
f
il
ter
s
to
obs
e
r
ve
the
nois
e
s
.
W
e
mea
s
ur
e
d
the
volt
a
ge
s
with
a
met
r
i
x
digi
tal
volt
mete
r
a
nd
a
digi
tal
os
c
il
los
c
ope
to
obs
e
r
ve
th
e
nois
e
s
that
oc
c
ur
r
e
d
a
nd
we
a
na
lyze
d
the
s
tabili
ty
of
the
s
e
ns
or
output
volt
a
ge
s
f
or
one
-
hour
mea
s
ur
e
ment.
R
4
0
3
-
+
I
C
3
V
S
+
V
S
-
V
0
4
C
5
C
6
R
4
-
+
IC
3
V
S
+
V
S
-
V
i
3
V
R
3
R
3
C
3
C
4
F
igur
e
5.
4
th
o
r
de
r
low
pa
s
s
f
il
ter
[
22]
F
igur
e
6.
4
t
h
or
de
r
low
pa
s
s
f
il
ter
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
e
s
pons
e
T
he
media
be
twe
e
n
the
L
E
D
a
nd
photodi
ode
f
r
om
the
NI
R
s
e
ns
or
we
r
e
a
ir
,
wa
ter
a
nd
200
mg/
dL
glucos
e
s
olut
ion.
T
he
wa
ter
a
nd
glucos
e
s
olut
ion
we
r
e
plac
e
d
in
a
n
a
c
r
yl
ic
box
with
0.
5
c
m
thi
c
kne
s
s
,
5
c
m
he
ight
a
nd
5
c
m
width
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
7
.
Aque
ous
opti
c
a
l
pa
ths
of
5
mm
a
r
e
r
e
quir
e
d
to
mea
s
ur
e
c
li
nica
ll
y
r
e
leva
nt
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ti
ons
of
glucos
e
in
t
he
f
ir
s
t
-
ove
r
tone
r
e
gion.
All
of
the
tes
ted
s
it
e
s
met
thi
s
r
e
quir
e
ment
[
23]
.
T
he
r
oom
tempe
r
a
tur
e
wa
s
c
o
ns
tantly
maintaine
d
a
t
27°
C
a
nd
the
s
upply
vol
tage
wa
s
c
ons
tantly
maintaine
d
a
t
5.
08
volt
s
.
A
c
r
y
l
i
c
b
o
x
p
h
o
t
o
d
i
o
d
e
I
R
LED
5
c
m
5
cm
LE
D
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
T
IA
,
fi
l
t
e
rs
&
a
m
p
O
s
c
a
n
d
D
M
M
0
,
5
cm
F
igur
e
7.
T
he
e
xpe
r
im
e
nt
s
e
t
up
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
E
ff
e
c
ts
of
nois
e
s
on
ne
ar
inf
r
ar
e
d
s
e
ns
or
for
blood
glucos
e
lev
e
l
me
as
ur
e
me
nt
(
K
iki
P
r
aw
ir
or
e
djo)
1463
T
he
f
ir
s
t
e
xpe
r
im
e
nt
wa
s
c
onduc
ted
on
the
6
th
f
lo
or
o
f
buil
ding
E
,
in
a
labor
a
tor
y
r
oom
that
ne
a
r
a
powe
r
tr
a
ns
f
o
r
mer
f
or
a
bout
100
mete
r
s
dis
tanc
e
f
r
om
the
bui
ldi
ng
(
r
oom
A
)
.
T
he
labo
r
a
tor
y's
wind
ows
we
r
e
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nt
glas
s
.
T
he
s
e
c
ond
e
xpe
r
im
e
nt
wa
s
c
on
duc
ted
in
a
c
las
s
r
oom
on
the
6
th
f
loo
r
of
b
ui
ldi
ng
E
li
t
by
f
luor
e
s
c
e
nt
lamps
a
nd
ne
a
r
a
powe
r
t
r
a
ns
f
or
mer
f
or
a
bout
50
mete
r
s
dis
tanc
e
f
r
om
the
buil
ding
(
r
oom
B
)
.
T
his
r
oom's
windows
we
r
e
c
ove
r
e
d
by
mul
ti
plex
boa
r
ds
.
T
he
thi
r
d
e
xpe
r
im
e
nt
wa
s
c
onduc
ted
in
a
n
of
f
ice
ro
om
on
the
12
t
h
f
loor
of
b
uil
ding
M
(
r
oom
C
)
wit
h
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nt
glas
s
windows
.
T
he
L
E
D
c
ir
c
uit
dr
ived
the
I
R
L
E
D
to
e
mi
tt
e
d
NI
R
li
ght.
A
f
ter
pa
s
s
ing
thr
ough
media
in
a
n
a
c
r
yli
c
box,
the
photodi
ode
s
e
ns
or
r
e
c
e
ived
the
NI
R
li
ght
a
nd
a
t
r
a
ns
im
pe
da
nc
e
a
mpl
if
ier
(
T
I
A)
c
onve
r
ted
the
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
r
om
the
s
e
ns
or
to
volt
a
ge
.
F
il
ter
s
w
e
r
e
us
e
d
to
e
li
mi
na
te
the
low
a
nd
high
f
r
e
que
nc
y
nois
e
s
.
Af
ter
t
h
e
f
i
na
l
a
m
p
li
f
ie
r
t
he
o
ut
pu
t
v
ol
ta
ge
wa
s
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
wi
th
a
di
gi
ta
l
m
ul
ti
me
te
r
.
I
n
th
is
e
x
pe
r
im
e
n
t
we
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
t
he
o
u
tp
ut
vo
lt
a
g
e
w
it
h
a
i
r
,
wa
te
r
a
nd
g
lu
c
os
e
s
o
lu
t
io
n
m
e
d
ia
f
o
r
on
e
h
ou
r
to
kn
ow
th
e
s
t
a
b
i
li
ty
of
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
v
ol
ta
ge
.
F
o
r
one
-
ho
u
r
me
a
s
u
r
e
me
nt
we
e
x
pe
c
t
e
d
a
f
la
t
l
in
ie
r
t
r
e
n
d
li
ne
in
vo
lt
a
ge
ve
r
s
us
t
i
me
g
r
a
p
h
.
3.
RE
S
UL
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
YSI
S
T
h
e
e
x
pe
r
i
me
nt
r
e
s
ul
t
o
f
th
e
s
e
ns
o
r
o
ut
pu
t
vo
l
ta
ge
s
i
n
t
h
r
e
e
di
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
r
o
o
ms
a
r
e
s
how
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
s
8
-
10
a
nd
T
a
bl
e
1
.
T
he
output
volt
a
ge
s
we
r
e
r
e
c
or
de
d
e
ve
r
y
f
ive
mi
nutes
withi
n
one
hou
r
.
W
e
mea
s
ur
e
d
th
e
output
volt
a
ge
s
with
a
ir
media
be
twe
e
n
NI
R
L
E
D
a
nd
ph
otodi
ode
a
t
9:35
to
10:35
AM
,
with
wa
ter
media
a
t
10:40
to
11:40
AM
a
nd
with
glucos
e
s
olut
ion
media
a
t
13:
40
to
14:40
P
M
on
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
da
ys
f
or
e
a
c
h
r
oom.
S
ince
the
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
s
ignal
wa
s
dir
e
c
t
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
ignal,
the
r
e
c
e
ived
s
ignal
s
hould
be
dir
e
c
t
c
u
r
r
e
nt
s
ignal
too.
F
igur
e
8.
R
oom
A
,
B
a
nd
C
s
e
ns
or
output
volt
a
ge
s
with
a
ir
media
F
igur
e
9.
R
oom
A
,
B
a
nd
C
s
e
ns
or
output
volt
a
ge
s
with
wa
ter
media
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
1
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
14
5
9
-
14
6
6
1464
F
igur
e
10.
R
oom
A
,
B
a
nd
C
s
e
ns
or
output
volt
a
ge
s
with
glucos
e
s
olut
ion
media
T
a
ble
1
.
T
I
A
a
nd
s
e
ns
or
a
ve
r
a
ge
output
volt
a
ge
s
f
or
r
oom
A,
B
,
a
nd
C
R
oom A
R
oom B
R
oom C
T
I
A
V
out
[
V
]
S
e
ns
or
V
out
[
V
]
T
I
A
V
out
[
V
]
S
e
ns
or
V
out
[
V
]
T
I
A
V
out
[
V
]
S
e
ns
or
V
out
[
V
]
M
e
di
a
V
DC
V
e
f
f
V
DC
V
e
f
f
V
DC
V
e
f
f
V
DC
V
e
f
f
V
DC
V
e
f
f
V
DC
V
e
f
f
A
ir
3.7094
0.0000
4.7064
0.0000
3.6895
0.0000
4.6878
0.0000
3.6503
0.0000
4.6533
0.0000
W
a
te
r
1.5868
0.0369
2.3173
0.0000
1.4984
0.0675
2.3116
0.0000
1.4732
0.0780
2.2140
0.0000
G
lu
c
os
e
1.5179
0.0739
2.3104
0.0000
1.5587
0.0690
2.3687
0.0000
1.5484
0.0775
2.3313
0.0000
As
s
e
e
n
in
F
igur
e
8
with
a
ir
media
be
twe
e
n
th
e
NI
R
L
E
D
a
nd
photodi
ode
,
the
s
e
ns
or
output
volt
a
ge
s
f
r
om
r
oom
A
a
nd
B
we
r
e
highe
r
a
nd
mo
r
e
s
table
than
the
volt
a
ge
s
in
r
oom
C
.
R
oom
C
wa
s
the
r
oom
whic
h
r
e
c
e
ived
mos
t
s
unli
ght
.
As
s
e
e
n
f
r
om
r
oo
m
A
a
nd
B
,
mos
t
o
f
the
mea
s
ur
e
d
volt
a
ge
s
we
r
e
c
los
e
d
to
li
nier
tr
e
nd
li
ne
but
in
r
oom
C
mos
t
o
f
the
mea
s
ur
e
d
volt
a
ge
s
we
r
e
f
a
r
f
r
om
l
ini
e
r
tr
e
nd
li
ne
.
T
he
r
e
d
li
nier
tr
e
nd
li
ne
ha
d
the
mos
t
f
lat
s
lope
a
nd
it
mea
nt
th
a
t
the
mea
s
ur
e
d
volt
a
ge
s
in
r
oom
B
we
r
e
the
mo
s
t
s
table
c
ompar
e
d
to
the
other
r
ooms
.
T
he
s
e
ns
or
output
volt
a
ge
s
tende
d
to
inc
r
e
a
s
e
ove
r
ti
me
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
r
o
om
f
r
om
10
mV
to
40
mV
.
As
s
e
e
n
in
F
igur
e
9,
the
s
e
ns
or
output
volt
a
ge
s
f
r
o
m
r
oom
A
a
nd
B
we
r
e
higher
a
nd
mor
e
s
table
than
the
volt
a
ge
s
in
r
oom
C
,
but
the
volt
a
ge
s
tabili
ty
wa
s
wor
s
e
than
with
a
ir
media
.
T
he
s
e
ns
or
output
volt
a
ge
s
tende
d
to
incr
e
a
s
e
ove
r
ti
me
f
or
e
a
c
h
r
oom
with
wa
ter
media
f
r
om
40
mV
to
90
mV.
As
s
e
e
n
f
r
om
r
oom
A,
mos
t
of
the
mea
s
ur
e
d
volt
a
ge
s
we
r
e
c
los
e
d
to
li
ni
e
r
tr
e
nd
li
ne
but
in
r
oom
C
mos
t
of
the
mea
s
ur
e
d
volt
a
ge
s
we
r
e
f
a
r
f
r
o
m
li
n
ier
tr
e
nd
l
ine.
T
he
blue
li
nie
r
t
r
e
nd
li
ne
ha
d
the
mos
t
f
lat
s
lope
but
mos
t
o
f
the
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d
volt
a
ge
s
we
r
e
f
a
r
f
r
om
the
blue
l
ini
e
r
tr
e
nd
l
ine.
T
he
volt
a
ge
s
tabili
ty
of
r
oom
B
wa
s
be
tt
e
r
than
t
he
other
r
ooms
.
R
oom
B
wa
s
the
r
oom
without
window,
s
unli
ght
did
not
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
the
mea
s
ur
e
ments
.
As
s
e
e
n
f
r
o
m
F
igur
e
10
,
the
s
e
ns
or
output
volt
a
ge
s
f
r
om
r
oom
B
we
r
e
higher
a
nd
mor
e
s
table
c
ompar
e
d
to
vol
tage
s
in
r
oom
A
a
nd
C
.
T
he
volt
a
ge
s
tende
d
to
incr
e
a
s
e
ove
r
ti
me
f
or
e
a
c
h
r
oom
with
g
lucos
e
s
olut
ion
media
f
r
om
30
mV
to
80
mV
.
W
it
h
a
ir
,
wa
ter
a
nd
glucos
e
s
olut
ion
media
the
s
e
ns
or
output
volt
a
ge
s
tend
to
incr
e
a
s
e
ti
me
by
ti
me,
we
s
us
pe
c
ted
thi
s
wa
s
c
a
u
s
e
d
by
nois
e
s
in
the
photodi
ode
c
omponents
.
F
r
om
thi
s
e
xpe
r
im
e
nt
it
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
that
the
mea
s
ur
e
ment
in
r
oom
B
with
c
ove
r
e
d
wi
ndows
pr
oduc
e
d
the
mos
t
s
table
output
volt
a
ge
s
.
T
he
T
I
A
a
nd
s
e
ns
or
a
ve
r
a
ge
output
volt
a
ge
s
f
o
r
r
oom
A,
B
a
nd
C
is
s
hown
in
T
a
ble
1
.
T
he
f
i
r
s
t
r
ow
of
T
a
ble
1
s
howe
d
that
with
a
ir
media
,
the
r
e
wa
s
no
mea
s
ur
e
d
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
volt
a
ge
on
the
T
I
A
a
nd
s
e
ns
or
output
volt
a
ge
s
.
I
t
mea
nt
that
nois
e
s
did
not
a
ppe
a
r
with
a
ir
media
f
or
the
thr
e
e
r
ooms
.
Air
media
did
not
a
bs
or
b
the
NI
R
li
ght
f
r
om
the
NI
R
L
E
D
a
nd
in
thes
e
e
xpe
r
im
e
nts
the
DC
output
volt
a
ge
s
f
r
om
r
oom
A
we
r
e
highe
r
tha
n
r
oom
B
a
nd
C
.
T
he
s
e
ns
or
a
ve
r
a
ge
output
volt
a
ge
f
o
r
the
t
hr
e
e
r
ooms
with
a
i
r
media
wa
s
4
.
6825
V.
T
he
s
e
c
ond
r
ow
of
T
a
ble
1
s
howe
d
that
with
wa
ter
media
,
ther
e
we
r
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
volt
a
ge
s
on
the
T
I
A
outpu
t
volt
a
ge
s
;
it
mea
ns
that
nois
e
s
did
a
ppe
a
r
with
w
a
ter
media
f
or
the
t
hr
e
e
r
ooms
.
T
he
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
output
volt
a
ge
s
we
r
e
t
he
50
Hz
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
f
r
om
the
main
powe
r
s
upply
[
24]
.
Hi
gh
f
r
e
que
nc
y
nois
e
s
a
ls
o
a
ppe
a
r
e
d
on
the
os
c
il
los
c
ope
with
ve
r
y
s
mall
volt
a
ge
.
Af
te
r
pa
s
s
ing
thr
ough
the
f
i
lt
e
r
s
,
the
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ou
tput
volt
a
ge
s
f
r
om
the
s
e
ns
or
we
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
E
ff
e
c
ts
of
nois
e
s
on
ne
ar
inf
r
ar
e
d
s
e
ns
or
for
blood
glucos
e
lev
e
l
me
as
ur
e
me
nt
(
K
iki
P
r
aw
ir
or
e
djo)
1465
r
e
duc
e
d
to
z
e
r
o.
T
he
s
e
s
e
ns
or
DC
output
volt
a
ge
s
f
r
om
the
thr
e
e
r
ooms
we
r
e
lowe
r
a
lm
os
t
ha
l
f
of
th
e
output
volt
a
ge
s
f
r
om
a
ir
media
.
T
his
r
e
s
ult
wa
s
c
ons
is
te
nt
with
ou
r
pr
e
vious
r
e
s
ult
[
25]
.
W
a
ter
a
bs
or
be
d
NI
R
li
ght
a
nd
c
a
us
e
d
nois
e
s
[
26]
.
T
he
s
e
ns
or
a
ve
r
a
ge
ou
tput
volt
a
ge
f
or
the
thr
e
e
r
ooms
with
wa
ter
m
e
dia
wa
s
2.
2809
V
.
T
he
thi
r
d
r
ow
o
f
T
a
ble
1
s
howe
d
that
w
it
h
200
mg/
dL
glucos
e
s
olut
ion
media
,
ther
e
we
r
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
volt
a
ge
s
on
the
T
I
A
output
whic
h
mea
nt
nois
e
s
di
d
a
ppe
a
r
with
glucos
e
s
olut
ion
media
f
o
r
the
th
r
e
e
r
ooms
.
Af
ter
pa
s
s
ing
thr
ough
the
f
il
ter
the
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
output
volt
a
ge
s
f
r
om
the
s
e
ns
or
we
r
e
r
e
duc
e
d
to
z
e
r
o.
T
he
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
output
volt
a
ge
s
we
r
e
a
bit
higher
th
a
n
the
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
volt
a
ge
s
with
wa
ter
media
f
or
r
oo
m
A
a
nd
B
;
it
mea
nt
that
nois
e
s
with
g
lucos
e
s
olut
ion
we
r
e
higher
than
with
wa
ter
media
[
25]
.
T
he
s
e
ns
or
a
ve
r
a
ge
output
vo
lt
a
ge
f
or
the
thr
e
e
r
ooms
with
glucos
e
s
olut
ion
media
wa
s
2.
3368
V.
T
he
r
e
wa
s
volt
a
ge
d
if
f
e
r
e
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
s
e
ns
or
a
ve
r
a
ge
output
volt
a
ge
with
wa
te
r
a
nd
glucos
e
s
olut
ion
media
f
r
om
the
thr
e
e
r
oo
ms
a
nd
it
c
ould
be
c
onc
luded
that
the
s
e
ns
or
ha
d
the
potentia
l
a
s
a
blood
glucos
e
leve
l
mete
r
.
4.
CONC
L
USI
ON
I
n
or
de
r
to
f
ind
out
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
nois
e
s
on
N
I
R
s
e
ns
or
,
we
s
tudi
e
d
nois
e
s
our
c
e
s
in
mea
s
ur
ing
glucos
e
leve
l
with
NI
R
s
e
ns
or
ove
r
ti
me
a
nd
me
a
s
ur
e
d
the
output
volt
a
ge
of
the
s
e
ns
or
in
thr
e
e
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
c
ondit
ions
wi
th
thr
e
e
d
if
f
e
r
e
nt
media
be
twe
e
n
the
li
ght
s
our
c
e
a
nd
the
s
e
ns
or
.
F
r
om
T
a
ble
1
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
that
the
f
il
ter
s
r
e
duc
e
d
the
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ou
tput
vol
tage
s
to
z
e
r
o
a
nd
it
mea
nt
that
the
50
Hz
a
nd
high
f
r
e
que
nc
y
nois
e
s
c
ould
be
r
e
moved
with
f
il
ter
s
.
T
he
s
tabili
ty
of
t
he
mea
s
ur
e
ment
output
volt
a
ge
s
f
r
om
the
thr
e
e
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
plac
e
s
de
pe
nde
d
on
the
e
nvir
onmenta
l
c
ondit
ions
e
s
pe
c
ially
s
unli
ght.
T
he
s
e
ns
or
output
volt
a
ge
s
of
the
3
-
r
oom
tende
d
to
incr
e
a
s
e
ove
r
ti
me
a
nd
we
s
us
pe
c
ted
it
wa
s
f
r
om
the
nois
e
s
in
the
photodi
ode
co
mponent.
He
nc
e
,
thi
s
s
e
ns
or
c
a
n
only
be
u
s
e
d
in
a
s
hor
t
ti
me
a
nd
s
uit
a
ble
only
in
a
r
oom
without
s
unli
ght.
I
n
c
ompar
is
on
with
the
other
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
s
ge
ne
r
a
ll
y
did
no
t
c
ount
on
the
s
unli
ght
e
f
f
e
c
t.
B
a
s
e
d
on
the
da
ta
pr
e
s
e
nted
on
T
a
ble
1,
ther
e
wa
s
volt
a
ge
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
a
ve
r
a
ge
s
e
n
s
or
output
volt
a
ge
with
wa
ter
media
a
nd
a
ve
r
a
ge
s
e
ns
or
output
volt
a
ge
with
gl
uc
os
e
s
olut
ion
media
f
r
om
r
oom
A,
B
a
nd
C
.
I
t
c
ould
be
c
onc
luded
that
the
s
e
ns
or
ha
d
the
potential
a
s
a
blo
od
glucos
e
leve
l
mete
r
.
I
n
our
f
utur
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
we
t
a
r
ge
t
to
put
the
photodi
ode
on
a
n
e
a
r
c
li
p
to
be
a
ppli
e
d
to
a
n
e
a
r
lobe,
pr
oc
e
s
s
the
s
e
ns
or
output
s
ignal,
a
nd
de
ve
lop
s
of
twa
r
e
to
dis
play
the
mea
s
ur
e
ment
r
e
s
ult
on
a
s
mar
tphone.
AC
KNOWL
E
DGM
E
N
T
W
e
w
o
u
l
d
l
i
k
e
t
o
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
o
u
r
g
r
a
t
i
t
u
d
e
t
o
T
r
i
s
a
k
t
i
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
a
n
d
D
R
P
M
,
M
i
n
i
s
t
r
y
o
f
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
H
i
g
h
e
r
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
R
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
,
G
r
a
n
t
N
u
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
/
A
/
L
P
T
/
U
S
A
K
T
I
/
V
/
2
0
1
9
,
f
o
r
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
.
RE
F
E
RE
NC
E
S
[1
]
W
H
O
,
“G
l
o
b
a
l
Rep
o
r
t
o
n
D
i
a
b
et
e
s
,”
W
o
r
l
d
H
eal
t
h
O
rg
a
n
i
za
t
i
o
n
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
]
In
t
er
n
at
i
o
n
al
D
i
ab
e
t
es
Fe
d
erat
i
o
n
, “
ID
F
D
i
ab
e
t
es
A
t
l
a
s
,
8
ed
,”
In
t
er
n
at
i
o
n
al
D
i
a
b
et
e
s
Fed
era
t
i
o
n
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
]
K
.
J
.
Sch
l
a
g
er,
“N
o
n
-
In
v
as
i
v
e
N
ear
In
frare
d
Meas
u
r
emen
t
o
f
B
l
o
o
d
A
n
a
l
y
t
e
Co
n
ce
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
,”
U
S4
8
8
2
4
9
2
A
.
(Pat
en
t
),
1
9
8
8
.
[4
]
N
.
A
.
Sal
am,
et
al
.
,
“T
h
e
E
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
N
o
n
-
i
n
v
as
i
v
e
Bl
o
o
d
G
l
u
co
s
e
Mo
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
Sy
s
t
em
fo
r
Pers
o
n
a
l
A
p
p
l
i
ca
t
i
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Tel
ec
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
i
cs
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
er
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
9
-
6
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[5
]
K
.
Maru
o
an
d
M.
O
k
a
,
“Met
h
o
d
o
f
D
et
erm
i
n
i
n
g
a
G
l
u
co
s
e
Co
n
cen
t
rat
i
o
n
i
n
a
T
arg
et
b
y
U
s
i
n
g
an
N
ear
In
fra
red
Sp
ect
r
o
s
c
o
p
y
,”
US
5
9
5
7
8
4
1
A
(Pat
en
t
),
1
9
9
8
.
[6
]
G
.
A
co
s
t
a
,
et
al
.
,
“Co
m
p
act
A
p
p
arat
u
s
f
o
r
N
o
n
-
In
v
as
i
v
e
Meas
u
remen
t
o
f
G
l
u
co
s
e
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
N
ear
-
In
fr
ared
Sp
ect
r
o
s
c
o
p
y
,”
CA
2
4
7
6
4
2
1
A
1
. (
Pat
e
n
t
)
,
2
0
0
3
,
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
p
at
en
t
s
.
g
o
o
g
l
e.
c
o
m/
p
at
e
n
t
/
CA
2
4
7
6
4
2
1
A
1
/
e
n
[7
]
Z
.
Z
h
ao
an
d
R.
A.
My
l
l
y
l
a,
“Ph
o
t
o
aco
u
s
t
i
c
Bl
o
o
d
G
l
u
co
s
e
an
d
Sk
i
n
Meas
u
reme
n
t
Bas
e
d
o
n
O
p
t
i
cal
Scat
t
e
ri
n
g
E
ffect
,
”
P
r
o
cee
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
S
a
r
a
t
o
v
F
a
l
l
M
ee
t
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
4
7
0
7
,
2
0
0
1
.
[8
]
R.
D
.
Ro
s
en
t
h
a
l
,
“Met
h
o
d
fo
r
Pro
v
i
d
i
n
g
C
u
s
t
o
m
Ca
l
i
b
rat
i
o
n
fo
r
N
ear
-
In
frare
d
In
s
t
r
u
men
t
s
f
o
r
Meas
u
r
emen
t
o
f
Bl
o
o
d
G
l
u
c
o
s
e
,”
US
5
0
6
8
5
3
6
A
.
(Pat
e
n
t
),
1
9
9
1
.
[9
]
S.
H
ax
h
a
an
d
J
.
J
h
o
j
a,
“O
p
t
i
ca
l
Bas
e
d
N
o
n
i
n
v
as
i
v
e
G
l
u
co
s
e
Mo
n
i
t
o
ri
n
g
Se
n
s
o
r
Pro
t
o
t
y
p
e,
”
I
E
E
E
P
h
o
t
o
n
i
cs
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
1
,
D
ec
2
0
1
6
.
[1
0
]
D
.
Si
a,
“D
es
i
g
n
o
f
A
N
ear
I
n
frared
D
e
v
i
ce
f
o
r
T
h
e
St
u
d
y
o
f
G
l
u
c
o
s
e
Co
n
ce
n
t
ra
t
i
o
n
Meas
u
remen
t
s
,”
E
E
4
B
I6
E
l
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
B
i
o
m
ed
i
ca
l
Ca
p
s
t
o
n
e
s
,
M
cM
a
s
t
e
r
U
n
i
ver
s
i
t
y
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
1
]
P.
S.
Red
d
y
an
d
K
.
J
y
o
s
t
n
a,
“D
ev
e
l
o
p
men
t
o
f
Smart
In
s
u
l
i
n
D
e
v
i
ce
fo
r
N
o
n
In
v
as
i
v
e
Bl
o
o
d
G
l
u
co
s
e
L
ev
el
Mo
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
,
”
i
n
IE
E
E
7
t
h
In
t
er
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
A
d
v
a
n
ce
Co
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
Co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
,
p
p
.
5
1
6
-
5
1
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
2
]
K
.
A
.
U
.
Men
o
n
,
et
al
.
,
“A
Su
rv
ey
o
n
N
o
n
-
In
v
as
i
v
e
Bl
o
o
d
G
l
u
co
s
e
Mo
n
i
t
o
ri
n
g
U
s
i
n
g
N
IR,
”
i
n
In
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
o
n
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
S
i
g
n
a
l
P
r
o
ces
s
i
n
g
,
I
n
d
i
a
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
3
]
M.
Pan
d
e
an
d
A
.
J
o
s
h
i
,
“N
o
n
-
I
n
v
a
s
i
v
e
Bl
o
o
d
G
l
u
c
o
s
e
Meas
u
reme
n
t
,
”
P
r
o
ceed
i
n
g
o
f
I
n
t
J
Co
m
p
u
t
E
n
g
R
es
,
vol
. 5
,
I.
4
p
p
.
26
-
28
,
2
0
1
5
, h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
i
j
cer
o
n
l
i
n
e.
co
m/
p
ap
er
s
/
V
o
l
5
_
i
s
s
u
e4
/
E
0
5
4
0
2
6
0
2
8
.
p
d
f
[1
4
]
J.
P.
Co
ffi
n
,
et
al
.
,
“Ph
o
t
o
d
i
o
d
e
D
et
ec
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
In
t
eg
ra
t
ed
N
o
i
s
e
Sh
i
el
d
i
n
g
,”
U
S
6
1
8
4
5
2
1
B1
.
(Pat
e
n
t
),
1
9
9
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
1
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
14
5
9
-
14
6
6
1466
[1
5
]
J
.
Po
eze,
et
al
.
,
“In
t
erfere
n
ce
D
e
t
ect
o
r
fo
r
Pat
i
en
t
Mo
n
i
t
o
r
,”
U
S
8
7
5
4
7
76
B2
.
(Pat
e
n
t
),
2
0
1
3
.
[1
6
]
M.
D
o
ğ
a
n
an
d
A
.
T
an
g
el
,
“Sh
o
t
N
o
i
s
e
Meas
u
remen
t
i
n
PIN
Ph
o
t
o
d
i
o
d
es
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
,
Co
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
In
s
t
r
u
m
en
t
a
t
i
o
n
E
n
g
g
.
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
297
-
3
0
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
7
]
C.
D.
Bo
b
ad
e
an
d
M.
S.
Pat
i
l
,
“N
o
n
-
i
n
v
a
s
i
v
e
Bl
o
o
d
G
l
u
co
s
e
L
ev
el
Mo
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
Sy
s
t
em
fo
r
D
i
a
b
et
i
c
Pat
i
e
n
t
s
u
s
i
n
g
N
ear
-
In
frare
d
Sp
ec
t
ro
s
co
p
y
,
”
Am
er
i
ca
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Co
m
p
u
t
er
S
ci
e
n
ce
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
ogy
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
0
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
8
]
J
eo
n
K
.
J
.
,
et
al
.
,
“Co
mp
ari
s
o
n
Bet
w
ee
n
T
ran
s
mi
t
t
a
n
ce
an
d
Refl
ect
a
n
ce
Meas
u
remen
t
s
i
n
G
l
u
co
s
e
D
et
erm
i
n
at
i
o
n
U
s
i
n
g
N
ear
In
frare
d
Sp
ect
r
o
s
c
o
p
y
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
B
i
o
m
e
d
i
c
a
l
O
p
t
i
cs
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
9
]
E.
S.
J
u
l
i
an
,
et
a
l
.
,
“T
h
e
Mo
d
el
o
f
N
ear
I
n
frared
Sen
s
o
r
O
u
t
p
u
t
V
o
l
t
ag
e
a
s
a
Fu
n
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
G
l
u
c
o
s
e
Co
n
cen
t
rat
i
o
n
i
n
So
l
u
t
i
o
n
,
”
i
n
Th
e
1
5
t
h
In
t
er
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
o
n
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
i
n
R
es
e
a
r
c
h
(Q
IR
)
,
Bal
i
,
p
p
.
1
4
6
-
1
4
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
0
]
K
.
Praw
i
r
o
red
j
o
,
et
a
l
.
,
“N
o
i
s
e
red
u
ct
i
o
n
i
n
n
ear
i
n
f
rared
-
b
a
s
ed
g
l
u
co
s
e
co
n
ce
n
t
r
at
i
o
n
meas
u
reme
n
t
s
en
s
o
r,
”
in
IO
P
Co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
S
e
r
i
e
s
:
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
S
ci
e
n
ce
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
5
3
2
,
J
u
n
2
0
1
9
.
[2
1
]
Z
.
M.
Y
o
s
u
f,
et
al
.
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
an
d
Fab
r
i
cat
i
o
n
o
f
Co
s
t
-
E
ffect
i
v
e
H
ear
t
-
Ra
t
e
Pu
l
s
e
Mo
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
Sen
s
o
r
Sy
s
t
e
m
,”
T
E
LKO
M
NIK
A
Tel
ec
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
Co
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
Co
n
t
r
o
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
4
9
7
-
2
5
0
4
,
O
ct
2
0
1
9
.
[2
2
]
B.
G
.
Iri
an
t
o
,
et
al
.
,
“A
l
o
w
-
co
s
t
el
ec
t
r
o
-
card
i
o
g
rap
h
mach
i
n
e
eq
u
i
p
p
ed
w
i
t
h
s
en
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
an
d
p
a
p
er
s
p
ee
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
,
”
T
E
LKO
M
NIK
A
Tel
ec
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
Co
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
Co
n
t
r
o
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
2
7
5
-
1
2
8
1
,
J
u
n
2
0
1
9
.
[2
3
]
J
.
J
.
Bu
rme
i
s
t
er
an
d
M.
A
.
A
rn
o
l
d
,
“E
v
al
u
at
i
o
n
o
f
Meas
u
remen
t
Si
t
es
f
o
r
N
o
n
i
n
v
a
s
i
v
e
Bl
o
o
d
G
l
u
c
o
s
e
Se
n
s
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
N
ear
-
In
frare
d
T
ra
n
s
mi
s
s
i
o
n
Sp
ec
t
ro
s
co
p
y
,
”
Cl
i
n
i
ca
l
Ch
em
i
s
t
r
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
5
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
6
2
1
-
1
6
2
7
,
1
9
9
9
.
[2
4
]
A
.
C.
M
.
v
an
R
ijn
,
et
al
.
,
“
H
i
g
h
-
Q
u
al
i
t
y
Reco
rd
i
n
g
o
f
Bi
o
el
ec
t
ri
c
E
v
en
t
s
.
Part
1
In
t
erferen
ce
Re
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
T
h
e
o
r
y
an
d
Pract
i
ce,
”
M
e
d
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
B
i
o
l
o
g
i
ca
l
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
t
er
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
8
9
-
3
9
7
,
O
c
t
1
9
9
0
.
[2
5
]
K
.
Praw
i
r
o
red
j
o
an
d
E
.
S.
J
u
l
i
an
,
“C
o
mp
ara
t
i
v
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
9
4
0
n
m
an
d
1
4
5
0
n
m
n
ear
i
n
frared
s
en
s
o
r
f
o
r
g
l
u
c
o
s
e
co
n
ce
n
t
ra
t
i
o
n
m
o
n
i
t
o
ri
n
g
,
”
T
E
LKO
M
NIKA
Te
l
eco
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
Co
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
E
l
ect
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
Co
n
t
r
o
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
8
1
-
9
8
5
,
A
p
r
2
0
1
9
.
[2
6
]
K
.
Pal
mer
an
d
D
.
W
i
l
l
i
am
s
,
“O
p
t
i
ca
l
p
r
o
p
er
t
i
e
s
o
f
w
a
t
er
i
n
t
h
e
n
ear
i
n
frare
d
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
t
h
e
O
p
t
i
c
a
l
S
o
c
i
et
yo
f
Am
e
r
i
c
a
,
v
o
l
.
6
4
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
1
0
7
-
1
1
1
0
,
A
u
g
1
9
7
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.