T
E
L
KO
M
N
I
KA
T
e
lec
om
m
u
n
icat
ion
,
Com
p
u
t
i
n
g,
E
lec
t
r
on
ics
a
n
d
Cont
r
ol
Vol.
18
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
,
pp.
511
~
51
8
I
S
S
N:
1693
-
6930,
a
c
c
r
e
dit
e
d
F
ir
s
t
G
r
a
de
by
Ke
me
nr
is
tekdikti
,
De
c
r
e
e
No:
21/E
/KP
T
/2018
DO
I
:
10.
12928/
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
.
v18i1.
13092
511
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
jour
nal.
uad
.
ac
.
id/
index
.
php/T
E
L
K
OM
N
I
K
A
Op
t
imiz
at
io
n
of
i
m
ag
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
ssi
on
an
d
c
ip
h
e
r
in
g
b
ase
d
o
n
E
Z
W
t
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
M
aj
id
S
.
Nagh
m
as
h
,
Naz
ar
J
.
Al
h
yan
i,
Ali
M
.
Kad
h
im
Iraq
i
Mi
n
i
s
t
r
y
o
f
H
i
g
h
er
E
d
u
ca
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
Sci
e
n
t
i
fi
c
Res
ear
ch
,
Co
mp
u
t
er
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
T
ec
h
n
i
q
u
es
D
e
p
ar
t
men
t
,
D
i
j
l
a
h
U
n
i
v
er
s
i
t
y
C
o
l
l
eg
e,
Iraq
Ar
t
icle
I
n
f
o
AB
S
T
RA
CT
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
tor
y
:
R
e
c
e
ived
M
a
y
10,
2019
R
e
vis
e
d
J
uly
2
,
20
19
Ac
c
e
pted
J
uly
18,
2019
T
h
i
s
p
ap
er
p
re
s
en
t
s
t
h
e
d
es
i
g
n
an
d
o
p
t
i
m
i
zat
i
o
n
o
f
i
mag
e
co
mp
res
s
i
o
n
an
d
ci
p
h
eri
n
g
d
ep
e
n
d
o
n
o
p
t
i
m
i
zed
emb
e
d
d
e
d
zero
t
ree
o
f
w
av
el
et
(E
Z
W
)
t
ech
n
i
q
u
e
s
.
N
o
w
a
d
ay
s
,
t
h
e
co
mp
re
s
s
i
o
n
an
d
ci
p
h
er
i
n
g
o
f
i
mag
e
h
av
e
b
eco
me
p
art
i
cu
l
arl
y
i
m
p
o
r
t
an
t
i
n
a
p
r
o
t
ec
t
ed
i
mag
e
s
t
o
ra
g
e
an
d
c
o
mmu
n
i
ca
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
ch
al
l
en
g
e
i
s
p
u
t
i
n
ap
p
l
i
cat
i
o
n
fo
r
b
o
t
h
co
mp
re
s
s
i
o
n
an
d
en
cr
y
p
t
i
o
n
w
h
ere
t
h
e
p
aramet
er
s
o
f
i
mag
e
s
s
u
c
h
as
q
u
al
i
t
y
an
d
s
i
ze
are
cri
t
i
cal
i
n
s
ecu
re
i
mag
e
t
ran
s
mi
s
s
i
o
n
.
A
n
ew
t
ech
n
i
q
u
e
fo
r
s
ecu
re
i
mag
e
s
t
o
rag
e
an
d
t
ran
s
mi
s
s
i
o
n
i
s
p
ro
p
o
s
ed
i
n
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
res
s
i
o
n
i
s
ach
i
ev
e
d
b
y
remo
d
e
l
t
h
e
E
Z
W
s
ch
eme
co
mb
i
n
e
w
i
t
h
d
i
s
cret
e
co
s
i
n
e
t
ran
s
f
o
rm
(D
CT
).
E
n
cr
y
p
t
ed
t
h
e
X
O
R
t
e
n
b
i
t
s
b
y
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
t
h
re
s
h
o
l
d
o
f
E
Z
W
w
i
t
h
ran
d
o
m
b
i
t
s
p
ro
d
u
ce
d
fro
m
l
i
n
ear
-
feed
b
ack
s
h
i
ft
re
g
i
s
t
e
r
(L
FSR).
T
h
e
o
b
t
ai
n
ed
re
s
u
l
t
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
e
d
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
es
p
ro
v
i
d
e
accep
t
ab
l
e
co
mp
res
s
i
o
n
ra
t
i
o
,
red
u
ce
d
t
h
e
co
m
p
u
t
at
i
o
n
al
t
i
me
fo
r
b
o
t
h
c
o
mp
re
s
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
en
cr
y
p
t
i
o
n
,
i
mmu
n
i
t
y
ag
a
i
n
s
t
t
h
e
s
t
at
i
s
t
i
ca
l
an
d
t
h
e
fre
q
u
e
n
cy
a
t
t
ac
k
s
.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
DC
T
E
mbedde
d
z
e
r
o
t
r
e
e
of
wa
ve
let
L
F
S
T
Ve
c
tor
qua
nti
z
a
ti
on
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e
.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
M
a
ji
d
S
.
Na
ghmas
h
,
I
r
a
qi
M
ini
s
tr
y
o
f
Highe
r
E
duc
a
ti
on
a
nd
S
c
ientif
ic
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
C
omput
e
r
E
nginee
r
ing
T
e
c
hniques
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt,
Dijl
a
h
Unive
r
s
it
y
C
oll
e
ge
,
B
a
ghda
d
00964
,
I
r
a
q
.
E
mail:
majid
.
s
a
lal@duc
.
e
du.
iq
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
Nume
r
ous
tec
hnologi
c
a
l
tr
a
ns
f
or
mation
in
the
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tem
ha
s
be
e
n
pr
e
s
e
nted
in
las
t
de
c
a
de
invol
ve
d
e
a
c
h
gr
owing
int
e
r
ne
t
a
nd
e
x
plos
ive
im
pr
ove
ments
e
ve
r
r
a
pidl
y
incr
e
a
s
ing
of
video
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
[
1]
.
One
of
the
mos
t
tec
hnologi
e
s
us
e
d
of
e
ve
r
y
a
s
pe
c
t
in
mul
ti
media
is
the
da
ta
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
[
2]
.
W
it
hout
thes
e
tec
hniques
,
the
c
e
ll
ular
phone
s
c
ould
not
a
ble
to
pr
ovide
e
f
f
icie
nt
c
omm
unica
ti
on
with
s
e
c
ur
e
pa
th
[
3
]
.
L
a
r
ge
i
mage
f
il
e
s
d
is
tr
ibut
ion
r
e
mains
a
vit
a
l
tas
k
withi
n
a
ny
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tems
a
nd
the
da
ta
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
is
s
ti
ll
a
n
im
por
t
a
nt
c
omponent
of
a
va
il
a
ble
s
ol
uti
on
f
or
im
a
ge
c
r
e
a
ti
ng
[
4
]
.
I
n
r
e
c
e
nt
ye
a
r
s
,
the
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
a
nd
e
nc
r
yp
ti
on
o
f
im
a
ge
be
c
ome
mar
ke
table
with
the
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
mul
ti
media
.
T
he
im
a
ge
c
onve
ya
nc
e
ove
r
c
omm
unica
ti
on
pa
th
is
s
us
c
e
pti
ble
to
s
pying.
C
on
s
e
que
ntl
y,
the
tr
a
ns
mi
t
im
a
ge
r
e
quir
e
s
de
pe
nda
ble,
r
a
pidl
y
a
nd
s
a
f
e
s
c
he
me
dur
ing
e
s
tablis
hing
a
nd
s
pr
e
a
ding
the
im
a
ge
[
5]
.
Ge
ne
r
a
ll
y
,
the
im
a
ge
c
ontents
a
r
e
lar
ge
a
nd
will
make
their
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
thr
ough
r
e
s
tr
icte
d
c
a
pa
c
it
y
c
ha
nne
ls
is
c
ha
ll
e
nging.
T
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
the
i
mage
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
s
hould
be
c
ons
ider
a
ble
pr
ior
s
tor
a
ge
or
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
a
ny
i
mage
.
I
mage
c
omp
r
e
s
s
ion
de
pe
nds
on
take
out
r
e
dunda
nc
ies
a
t
im
a
ge
da
ta.
Dur
ing
the
im
a
ge
da
ta
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion,
the
im
a
ge
da
ta
e
xpos
e
d
to
s
py
on.
C
ons
e
que
ntl
y,
to
ke
e
p
the
s
a
f
e
ty
o
f
im
a
ge
inf
or
mation
f
r
om
unli
c
e
ns
e
d
e
ntr
é
e
by
e
nc
r
ypte
d
im
a
ge
da
ta
be
c
ome
a
major
tas
k
in
da
ta
t
r
a
n
s
mi
s
s
ion.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
:
511
-
51
8
512
T
he
im
a
ge
e
nc
r
ypti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing
is
us
e
d
a
tec
hnique
to
pr
e
s
e
r
ve
s
e
c
ur
it
y
im
a
ge
.
Nor
mally,
t
he
im
a
ge
c
ontents
a
r
e
lar
ge
r
s
ize
a
nd
the
tr
a
dit
ional
c
ode
s
uc
h
a
s
DE
S
,
AE
S
,
R
AS,
e
tc
.
a
r
e
not
s
uit
a
ble
r
e
a
l
ti
me
r
e
que
s
t
[
6,
7]
.
T
his
wor
k
int
r
oduc
e
s
e
f
f
icie
nt
a
ppr
oa
c
h
f
or
both
c
ipher
ing
a
nd
im
a
ge
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
de
pe
nds
on
modi
f
ied
E
Z
W
a
nd
DC
T
.
T
he
o
f
f
e
r
e
d
a
lgor
it
hm
is
us
e
a
s
a
ba
s
is
to
f
ind
the
s
igni
f
ica
nt
p
a
r
ts
a
c
quir
e
d
by
the
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
tec
hnique
a
nd
only
thes
e
pa
r
ts
a
r
e
e
nc
r
ypti
ng.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WORK
I
n
ge
ne
r
a
l,
the
s
tanda
r
dize
d
im
a
ge
a
nd
video
mo
ve
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
s
uc
h
a
s
M
oti
on
P
ictur
e
E
xpe
r
ts
Gr
oup
a
nd
J
oint
P
hotog
r
a
phic
E
xpe
r
ts
Gr
oup
a
r
e
ba
s
e
d
on
DC
T
tr
a
n
s
f
or
m
,
whic
h
tr
a
ns
f
or
ms
th
e
im
a
ge
c
ontents
f
r
om
s
pa
ti
a
l
domain
to
a
nother
domain
(
f
r
e
que
nc
y
domain)
[
8
]
.
T
he
im
a
ge
is
s
ubdivi
de
d
int
o
blocks
a
nd
e
a
c
h
block
is
DC
T
tr
a
ns
f
or
ms
,
qua
nti
z
a
ti
on
,
the
ins
igni
f
ica
nt
c
oe
f
f
icie
nts
a
r
e
c
onve
r
ti
ng
to
z
e
r
o
.
F
inally,
Hu
f
f
man
e
nc
oding
a
nd
R
L
E
a
r
e
a
pplyi
n
g
to
e
ve
r
y
block
.
T
he
im
p
r
ove
ment
o
f
c
oding
r
a
te
with
e
mbedde
d
DC
T
ha
s
be
e
n
a
ppr
ove
d
withi
n
30
%
e
va
luate
d
with
J
P
E
G
c
ode
r
by
[
9
]
a
nd
5
%
in
mat
he
matics
c
ode
r
in
c
a
s
e
of
looki
ng
a
t
wa
s
c
ha
nge
d
by
look
a
t
laye
r
.
T
he
e
mbedde
d
z
e
r
o
tr
e
e
wa
ve
let
(
E
Z
W
)
is
wa
ve
let
tr
a
ns
f
or
ms
the
input
im
a
ge
to
s
e
ve
r
a
l
im
a
ge
tr
a
ns
f
or
mation
s
c
he
mes
.
T
o
incr
e
a
s
e
the
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
e
f
f
icie
nc
y,
the
Huf
f
man
e
nc
ode
r
is
a
ppli
e
d
on
the
da
ta
out
putt
e
d
f
r
om
E
Z
W
.
On
o
ther
ha
nd,
thi
s
method
c
a
us
e
s
incr
e
a
s
ing
in
the
c
omput
a
ti
ona
l
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing
ti
me
[
1
0]
.
T
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
c
hos
e
n
th
r
e
s
hold
va
lue
on
qua
l
it
y,
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
r
a
ti
o
a
nd
p
r
oc
e
s
s
ing
ti
me
is
e
xa
mi
ne
d
by
S
hingate
a
nd
S
ontakke
[
11]
.
S
a
id
a
nd
P
e
a
r
lm
a
n
s
hows
that
the
qua
li
ty
a
nd
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
r
a
ti
o
o
f
i
mage
ha
s
be
e
n
im
pr
ove
d
by
a
ppli
e
d
s
e
t
pa
r
ti
ti
oning
in
hier
a
r
c
hica
l
tr
e
e
s
(
S
P
I
H
T
)
[
12
]
.
J
un
a
nd
W
e
ll
s
s
ugge
s
ted
a
ne
w
a
ppr
oa
c
h
to
e
nc
ode
the
plac
e
of
wa
ve
let
c
o
e
f
f
icie
nts
.
T
his
a
ppr
oa
c
h
c
a
ll
e
d
wa
ve
let
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
r
e
duc
ti
on
(
W
DR
)
[
13
]
.
F
o
r
im
a
ge
c
omp
r
e
s
s
ion
r
a
ti
o
ba
s
e
d
o
n
qua
nti
z
a
ti
on
s
tr
a
tegy
[
14]
ha
s
be
e
n
pr
opos
e
d
f
or
e
nha
nc
e
co
mpr
e
s
s
ion
r
a
ti
o.
T
he
pr
opos
a
l
s
ugge
s
ted
r
e
or
ga
nize
d
the
DC
T
c
oe
f
f
icie
nts
in
a
hier
a
r
c
hica
l
s
ub
-
ba
nd
s
tr
uc
tur
e
f
or
m,
a
nd
ge
ne
r
a
te
c
ompr
e
s
s
e
d
bit
ba
s
e
d
on
z
e
r
o
tr
e
e
c
oding
a
lgor
it
hms
.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
s
obtaine
d
s
how
that
the
a
ppr
oa
c
h
s
tr
a
tegy
s
ur
pa
s
s
e
s
the
J
P
E
G
a
n
d
E
Z
W
in
ter
m
o
f
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
r
a
ti
o.
T
h
e
im
a
ge
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
ba
s
e
on
joi
nt
DC
T
a
nd
DW
T
ha
s
be
e
n
pr
opos
e
d
in
[
15
-
17]
.
I
n
2010,
S
hr
e
s
tha
a
nd
W
a
hid
pr
opos
e
d
a
n
im
a
ge
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
s
c
he
me
de
pe
nd
s
on
c
ombi
ne
DW
T
a
nd
DC
T
tr
a
ns
f
or
ms
.
T
he
s
c
he
me
be
ginni
ng
by
a
ppli
e
d
D
W
T
to
im
a
ge
block,
a
nd
thr
ow
a
wa
y/out
the
c
oe
f
f
icie
nts
of
high
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
s
ub
ba
nd
a
nd
then
the
DC
T
a
ppli
e
d
on
low
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
of
DW
T
blocks
,
in
de
c
oding,
z
e
r
os
va
lues
a
r
e
a
ppli
e
d
in
plac
e
s
of
high
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
s
ub
ba
nd
c
oe
f
f
icie
nts
of
DW
T
.
C
ons
e
que
ntl
y,
ther
e
is
de
c
a
y
in
im
a
ge
qua
li
ty
c
ompar
e
d
with
or
igi
na
l
im
a
ge
.
I
n
[
18
],
S
ingh
a
nd
K
umar
ha
s
be
e
n
pr
opos
e
d
im
a
ge
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
ba
s
e
on
joi
nt
DC
T
a
nd
DW
T
.
T
he
a
ppr
oa
c
h
be
ginni
ng
by
a
pplyi
ng
.
T
he
DC
T
on
e
leva
ted
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
ub
-
ba
nds
of
s
tage
5
DW
T
o
f
the
im
a
ge
d
e
c
ompos
it
ion
.
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
va
r
ious
a
lgor
it
hms
ha
ve
be
e
n
a
ppli
e
d
f
or
video
a
nd
i
mage
e
nc
r
ypti
on
to
ke
e
p
the
c
ontents
of
them
.
A
joi
nt
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
a
nd
e
nc
r
ypti
on
f
or
im
a
ge
a
nd
video
ha
s
be
e
n
de
mons
tr
a
ted
by
[
19]
.
T
he
e
nc
r
ypti
on
a
lgor
it
hm
uti
li
z
e
d
the
piec
e
-
wis
e
li
ne
a
r
dis
or
de
r
e
d
c
ha
r
ts
a
n
d
a
r
it
hmetic
c
oding
f
or
both
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
a
nd
e
nc
r
ypti
on.
I
n
[
20]
,
Hor
a
n
a
nd
Da
vid
s
ugge
s
ted
a
nonli
ne
a
r
s
tr
e
a
m
c
ipher
of
5
L
F
S
R
s
.
F
or
im
a
ge
e
nc
r
ypti
on
,
B
E
L
a
nd
R
E
D
s
ugge
s
ted
a
L
F
S
R
to
pr
oduc
t
607
bit
f
r
om
r
e
s
il
ient
f
unc
ti
on
a
n
d
nonli
ne
a
r
f
unc
ti
on
[
21
,
22]
.
F
or
im
a
ge
e
nc
r
ypti
on,
S
R
I
N
I
VA
S
a
nd
C
A
ha
ve
be
e
n
pr
opos
e
d
a
c
yphe
r
ba
s
e
d
on
ut
il
izing
r
a
ndom
pixel
pe
r
m
utation.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
f
o
r
video
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
a
nd
e
nc
r
ypti
on
,
a
de
mons
tr
a
ti
on
s
c
he
me
us
e
d
a
ve
c
tor
qua
nti
z
a
ti
on
a
nd
c
ombi
ne
DC
T
a
nd
DW
T
in
many
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
a
s
in
[
23
-
34]
.
3.
P
ROP
OS
E
D
AL
GO
RI
T
HM
T
he
p
r
opos
a
l
ba
s
e
d
on
joi
nt
DC
T
a
nd
E
Z
W
a
lgor
it
hms
.
T
he
s
ugge
s
ti
on
will
im
pr
ove
the
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
c
omput
a
ti
o
na
l
c
os
t
of
E
Z
W
.
T
he
e
nc
r
ypti
on
us
e
d
s
e
lec
ti
ve
e
nc
r
ypti
on
c
onc
e
pts
to
r
e
duc
e
ti
me
e
nc
r
ypti
on.
T
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
i
n
thi
s
pr
opos
a
l
we
us
e
d
the
ini
ti
a
l
thr
e
s
hold
of
t
he
E
Z
W
a
lgor
it
hm
a
s
the
s
igni
f
ica
nt
pa
r
t
a
nd
c
yphe
r
e
d
by
L
F
S
R
.
T
he
c
onc
e
pts
of
E
Z
W
ba
s
e
d
on
c
ho
s
e
ini
ti
a
l
thr
e
s
hold
a
nd
c
ompar
ing
with
c
oe
f
f
icie
nts
of
DW
T
de
c
ompos
it
ion
by
it
e
r
a
ti
ons
M
or
ton
s
c
a
n,
thi
s
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing
will
e
f
f
e
c
t
on
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
a
nd
c
omput
a
ti
ona
l
ti
mes
of
e
nc
oding
method.
Our
s
ugge
s
ti
on
s
c
he
me
us
ing
the
DC
T
c
ombi
ne
s
with
E
Z
W
to
r
e
duc
e
the
it
e
r
a
ted
s
c
a
nning
a
nd
im
pr
ove
the
c
omp
r
e
s
s
ion
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
W
e
c
a
ll
e
d
thi
s
a
ppr
oa
c
h
i
mpr
ove
E
Z
W
(
I
E
Z
W
)
3.
1.
P
r
op
os
al
t
o
im
p
r
ove
E
Z
W
t
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
f
or
a
n
d
e
n
c
r
yp
t
ion
im
age
c
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
ion
T
he
I
E
Z
W
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
a
ppr
oa
c
h
be
ginni
ng
by
divi
ding
unc
ompr
e
s
s
e
d
im
a
ge
int
o
blocks
s
ize
(
8x8)
pixels
.
T
he
n
DW
T
,
qua
nti
z
a
ti
on
a
nd
D
C
T
a
r
e
a
ppli
e
d
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
T
he
DC
T
will
r
e
a
r
r
a
nge
the
s
igni
f
ica
nt
c
oe
f
f
icie
nts
(
low
f
r
e
que
nc
y)
with
high
va
lue
a
r
e
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
ted
in
the
pe
a
k
lef
t
of
bl
oc
k
a
nd
the
e
leva
ted
incide
nc
e
with
mi
nim
um
va
lue
in
the
r
ight
ba
s
e
of
the
block
that
is
r
e
gr
e
ts
the
pr
oge
ny.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
Optimiz
ati
on
of
image
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
and
c
ipher
ing
c
as
e
d
on
E
Z
W
tec
hniques
(
M
aji
d
S.
N
aghmas
h)
513
Ac
c
or
dingl
y,
thr
ough
E
Z
W
indoct
r
ination
dis
pe
ns
a
ti
on
the
c
los
e
r
e
lative
is
f
r
e
que
ntl
y
bigger
than
o
f
f
s
pr
ing.
T
his
s
c
h
e
me
I
E
Z
W
will
make
be
tt
e
r
the
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
r
a
ti
o
a
nd
c
omput
a
ti
ona
l
ti
me
of
e
nc
oding.
E
ve
ntually
the
E
Z
W
is
a
ppli
e
d
a
nd
f
or
mo
r
e
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
we
us
e
d
los
s
les
s
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
s
u
c
h
a
s
Huf
f
man
c
oding.
Ge
ne
r
a
ll
y,
ther
e
a
r
e
two
kinds
of
c
iphe
r
s
f
or
im
a
ge
e
nc
r
ypti
on,
s
tr
e
a
m
a
nd
b
lock
c
ipher
.
T
he
block
c
ipher
is
mor
e
e
f
f
icie
nt
than
s
tea
m
c
ipher
.
On
other
ha
nd
,
t
he
s
tr
e
a
m
c
ipher
is
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
f
or
i
mage
e
nc
r
ypti
on
be
c
a
us
e
the
s
im
pli
c
it
y
a
nd
les
s
c
omput
a
ti
ona
l
t
im
e
.
F
ur
th
e
r
mor
e
,
in
thi
s
pr
opos
a
l
we
us
e
d
the
s
e
lec
ti
ve
e
nc
r
yp
ti
on
c
onc
e
pts
to
r
e
duc
e
the
e
nc
r
ypti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing.
I
n
I
E
Z
W
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing,
the
c
oding
de
pe
nds
on
the
ini
ti
a
l
thr
e
s
hold
to
p
r
oduc
e
s
e
que
nc
e
da
ta
of
I
E
Z
W
.
T
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
we
e
nc
r
ypted
only
the
ini
ti
a
l
th
r
e
s
hold
by
c
ipher
ing
with
ten
bit
s
output
ted
f
r
om
L
F
S
R
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igu
r
e
1
.
T
he
s
teps
of
s
ugge
s
ted
I
E
Z
W
a
r
e
il
lus
tr
a
ted
in
the
f
oll
owing:
a.
S
ubdivi
s
ion
the
im
a
ge
in
to
blocks
s
ize
(
8x8)
pixels
b.
De
c
ompos
e
e
a
c
h
block
by
DW
T
,
DC
T
a
nd
qua
nti
z
e
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly
c.
I
mpl
e
ment
E
Z
W
d.
Outputt
e
d
da
ta
of
E
Z
W
e
nc
oding
by
e
ntr
opy
e
nc
o
ding
(
Huf
f
man
e
nc
oding)
e.
E
ve
r
y
block
is
c
ipher
e
d
by
10
bit
s
o
f
XO
P
pr
oduc
e
d
f
r
om
L
F
S
R
a
s
ini
ti
a
l
thr
e
s
hold
f.
T
he
c
ompr
e
s
s
e
d
inf
or
mation
a
nd
c
ipher
ing
will
s
e
nd
to
the
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
r
.
T
he
block
d
iagr
a
m
o
f
I
E
Z
W
is
il
lus
tr
a
ted
in
F
igu
r
e
1.
T
he
de
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
pi
c
tur
e
is
r
e
c
ove
r
e
d
by
r
e
ve
r
s
ing
the
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
s
c
he
me.
F
igur
e
1.
T
he
s
c
he
me
diagr
a
m
of
pr
opos
e
d
I
E
Z
W
4.
E
XP
E
RI
M
E
NT
AL
RE
S
U
L
T
S
T
o
a
s
s
e
s
s
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
our
pr
opos
a
l
I
E
Z
W
s
c
he
me
with
or
igi
na
l
E
Z
W
a
lgor
i
thm
,
we
s
ha
ll
c
ompar
e
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
be
twe
e
n
them.
W
e
us
e
d
30
va
r
ious
im
a
ge
s
ha
ve
s
ize
(
258x320)
pixels
t
e
s
ted
by
mea
ns
of
qua
li
ty,
r
a
ti
o
o
f
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
a
nd
the
ti
me
of
ins
pir
e
d
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing.
All
tes
ted
pictur
e
s
we
r
e
c
ha
nge
d
to
gr
e
y
s
c
a
le
a
s
il
lus
tr
a
ted
in
F
igur
e
2.
F
or
I
E
Z
W
im
pleme
ntation,
the
M
AT
L
AB
e
nvir
onments
ha
ve
be
e
n
us
e
d
in
thi
s
wor
k.
4.
1
.
Co
m
p
r
e
s
s
ion
an
alys
is
F
igur
e
3
il
lus
tr
a
te
the
pr
e
s
e
ntation
o
f
I
E
Z
W
a
nd
E
Z
W
in
ter
m
of
C
R
,
P
S
NR
a
nd
c
ons
ume
ti
me
.
Ge
ne
r
a
ll
y,
it
c
a
n
obs
e
r
ve
that
the
qua
li
ty
(
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted
by
P
S
NR
)
o
f
I
E
Z
W
is
be
tt
e
r
than
E
Z
W
.
F
or
e
xa
mpl
e
,
the
a
r
c
hived
qua
li
ty
of
s
e
c
ond
im
a
ge
of
I
E
Z
W
is
les
s
than
in
E
Z
W
,
but
the
I
E
Z
W
f
ul
f
il
led
C
R
be
tt
e
r
than
E
Z
W
tec
hnique
a
s
i
ll
us
tr
a
ted
in
T
a
ble
1
a
nd
F
igu
r
e
3.
T
he
e
nc
oding
c
omput
a
ti
ona
l
ti
me
of
I
E
Z
W
is
les
s
than
de
f
a
ult
E
Z
W
f
o
r
a
ll
tes
ted
im
a
ge
s
.
I
n
ge
ne
r
a
l,
th
e
r
e
s
ult
s
s
howe
d
that
DW
T
c
ombi
ne
with
DC
T
e
nha
nc
e
qua
li
ty,
e
nc
oding
t
im
e
a
nd
c
omp
r
e
s
s
ion
r
a
ti
o.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
F
igu
r
e
s
3
a
nd
F
igur
e
4
s
how
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
r
a
te
dis
tor
t
ion
a
nd
P
S
NR
o
f
a
ll
tes
ted
im
a
ge
s
.
T
he
s
e
f
igur
e
s
il
lus
tr
a
ted
that
I
E
Z
W
outpe
r
f
or
manc
e
E
Z
W
in
bi
t
r
a
te
a
nd
P
S
NR
.
T
he
r
e
wa
s
s
pe
c
ial
c
a
s
e
in
im
a
ge
28;
it
ha
s
li
mi
ted
textu
r
e
a
nd
r
e
l
a
ti
ve
ly
s
moot
he
r
ba
c
kgr
ound
c
ompar
e
d
with
oth
e
r
tes
ted
im
a
ge
s
.
4.
2.
E
n
c
r
yp
t
ion
an
a
lys
is
T
his
pa
r
t
c
ontain
a
na
lyze
d
a
nd
e
xa
mi
ne
the
pr
e
s
e
ntation
of
s
ugge
s
ted
e
nc
r
ypti
on
de
pe
nd
on
two
a
na
lys
e
s
:
his
togr
a
m
a
nd
c
or
r
e
lation
a
na
lys
is
.
T
he
uti
li
z
a
ti
on
of
his
togr
a
m
is
a
na
lys
is
to
e
va
luate
a
ny
s
tatica
ll
y
a
tt
a
c
k.
F
igur
e
5
s
hows
s
ome
im
a
ge
s
c
hos
e
n
f
r
om
30
im
a
ge
s
;
the
f
igur
e
il
lus
tr
a
tes
the
his
togr
a
ms
of
the
c
hos
e
n
im
a
ge
s
a
f
ter
e
nc
r
ypti
on
a
nd
de
c
r
ypti
o
n.
I
t
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
that
the
his
togr
a
ms
of
or
igi
na
l
i
mage
s
a
r
e
c
ompl
e
tely
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
f
r
o
m
e
nc
r
ypted
im
a
ge
s
a
nd
d
oe
s
not
given
inf
o
r
mation
us
e
d
f
or
s
tatis
ti
c
a
l
a
tt
a
c
k
.
4.
3
.
Cor
r
e
lat
io
n
an
alys
is
B
e
twe
e
n
a
ny
two
va
r
iable
s
,
the
r
e
lations
hip
be
twe
e
n
then
is
c
a
ll
e
d
a
c
or
r
e
lation.
Ac
c
or
dingl
y,
the
a
s
s
oc
iation
be
twe
e
n
two
a
djac
e
nt
pixels
be
c
o
mes
dif
f
icult
in
c
a
s
e
of
c
o
r
r
e
lation
a
mong
them
a
p
pr
oa
c
h
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
:
511
-
51
8
514
z
e
r
o
a
nd
their
r
e
lation
be
c
omes
not
e
a
s
y.
T
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
to
a
ppr
oxim
a
te
the
c
or
r
e
lation
a
mong
two
ne
i
ghbor
ing
pixels
,
in
two
di
r
e
c
ti
ons
ins
ide
im
a
ge
,
we
s
e
le
c
ted
r
a
ndoml
y
1000
pa
ir
s
of
two
pixels
ve
r
ti
c
a
ll
y
a
nd
hor
izonta
ll
y
c
onti
guous
f
r
om
the
r
a
w
a
nd
e
nc
r
ypted
im
a
ge
.
T
he
n,
the
c
or
r
e
lation
be
twe
e
n
thes
e
pa
ir
s
is
c
a
lcula
ted
ba
s
e
d
on
s
ubs
e
que
nt
(
1)
:
(
1)
whe
r
e
y
a
nd
x
a
r
e
the
wor
th
o
f
2
a
djoi
ning
pix
e
ls
a
nd
N
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
the
whole
numer
a
l
o
f
pixel
s
withi
n
the
pictur
e
.
F
r
om
T
a
ble
2
,
I
t
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
that
the
c
or
r
e
lation
be
twe
e
n
two
a
djac
e
nt
pixels
of
the
r
a
w
im
a
ge
e
qua
l
to
one
or
ne
a
r
to
one
.
On
othe
r
ha
nd,
the
c
or
r
e
lation
of
the
c
ipher
e
d
im
a
ge
is
tending
to
z
e
r
o.
I
mage
s
1
to
5
I
mage
s
6
to
10
I
mage
s
11
to
15
I
mage
s
16
to
20
I
mage
s
21
to
25
I
mage
s
26
to
30
F
igur
e
2.
S
hows
r
a
w
tes
t
im
a
ge
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
Optimiz
ati
on
of
image
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
and
c
ipher
ing
c
as
e
d
on
E
Z
W
tec
hniques
(
M
aji
d
S.
N
aghmas
h)
515
T
a
ble
1.
I
nf
o
r
mation
r
e
s
ult
s
f
oll
owing
p
r
ogr
a
mm
e
d
by
I
E
Z
W
a
nd
E
Z
W
M
E
Z
W
me
th
od
E
Z
W
me
th
od
I
ma
ge
P
S
N
R
/d
B
M
S
E
B
P
P
CR
T
im
e
/S
e
c
P
S
N
R
/d
B
M
S
E
B
P
P
CR
T
im
e
/S
e
c
1
41.473
4.633
1.190
0.149
26.355
40.256
6.131
2.050
0.256
31.272
2
40.319
6.043
2.780
0.347
25.759
41.678
4.419
3.120
0.390
32.338
3
40.042
6.440
2.290
0.286
27.068
36.881
13.336
4.803
0.600
33.273
4
39.980
6.532
3.219
0.402
28.250
36.793
13.607
6.168
0.771
35.869
5
39.853
6.727
2.871
0.359
27.706
36.249
15.424
6.361
0.795
36.018
6
39.906
6.645
2.185
0.273
26.953
36.133
15.842
6.083
0.760
35.519
7
39.908
6.642
2.524
0.315
26.872
35.761
17.260
4.866
0.608
33.343
8
39.855
6.724
3.187
0.398
27.936
36.860
13.400
4.115
0.514
32.501
9
41.114
5.031
2.257
0.282
26.135
36.719
13.841
3.297
0.412
31.555
10
39.843
6.742
3.159
0.395
27.907
34.261
24.379
7.178
0.897
37.660
11
39.847
6.735
2.586
0.323
27.728
35.172
19.763
7.193
0.899
37.324
12
40.114
6.334
2.599
0.325
27.066
35.268
19.334
4.626
0.578
33.085
13
42.018
4.086
1.725
0.216
25.558
38.364
9.478
4.102
0.513
32.410
14
39.926
6.614
3.654
0.457
28.667
38.372
9.461
5.571
0.696
36.715
15
39.906
6.645
2.895
0.362
25.329
37.340
11.997
2.747
0.343
29.375
16
39.923
6.619
3.209
0.401
28.315
36.231
15.489
6.013
0.752
35.081
17
40.004
6.497
2.743
0.343
27.765
38.632
8.909
3.613
0.452
31.480
18
39.869
6.702
2.185
0.273
27.036
35.876
16.805
6.907
0.863
37.599
19
40.466
5.842
2.946
0.368
27.872
39.688
6.988
3.423
0.428
31.220
20
39.907
6.644
2.472
0.309
27.364
38.002
10.302
4.034
0.504
33.768
21
39.916
6.630
1.943
0.243
26.673
37.852
10.663
3.948
0.493
31.728
22
39.946
6.583
1.367
0.171
26.028
39.894
6.663
3.229
0.404
31.365
23
39.993
6.514
2.182
0.273
26.689
38.433
9.328
3.615
0.452
32.128
24
39.832
6.759
2.725
0.341
27.592
35.767
17.232
4.174
0.522
32.372
25
39.849
6.732
2.978
0.372
28.314
36.883
13.330
4.723
0.590
33.424
26
39.982
6.530
2.212
0.276
26.956
37.925
10.486
3.421
0.428
30.701
27
39.875
6.692
2.889
0.361
27.635
37.717
11.000
4.676
0.585
33.373
28
41.091
5.058
3.902
0.488
28.565
42.517
3.643
3.164
0.396
30.941
29
39.775
6.849
2.214
0.277
26.925
38.212
9.816
3.377
0.422
31.091
30
39.855
6.723
2.844
0.356
26.522
35.382
18.832
4.720
0.590
33.458
M
e
a
n
40.146
6.332
2.598
0.325
27.185
37.504
12.572
4.511
0.564
33.266
S
T
D
0.547
0.697
0.605
0.076
0.894
1.920
4.878
1.373
0.172
2.243
F
igur
e
3
.
R
e
s
ult
s
c
ompar
is
on
be
twe
e
n
I
E
Z
W
a
nd
E
Z
W
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
:
511
-
51
8
516
F
igur
e
4.
C
ompar
is
on
be
twe
e
n
r
a
te
-
dis
tor
ti
on
c
ur
v
e
s
a
c
hieve
d
with
I
E
Z
W
a
nd
E
Z
W
Was
h
in
gt
on
O
r
ig
in
a
l
I
ma
ge
H
is
to
gr
a
m of
O
r
ig
in
a
l
I
ma
ge
E
nc
r
ypt
e
d
I
ma
ge
H
is
to
gr
a
m of
E
nc
r
ypt
e
d
I
ma
ge
C
am
e
r
a
m
an
O
r
ig
in
a
l
I
ma
ge
H
is
to
gr
a
m of
O
r
ig
in
a
l
I
ma
ge
E
nc
r
ypt
e
d
I
ma
ge
H
is
to
gr
a
m of
E
nc
r
ypt
e
d
I
ma
ge
D
ol
la
r
O
r
ig
in
a
l
I
ma
ge
H
is
to
gr
a
m of
O
r
ig
in
a
l
I
ma
ge
E
nc
r
ypt
e
d
I
ma
ge
H
is
to
gr
a
m
of
E
nc
r
ypt
e
d
I
ma
ge
F
igur
e
5.
S
hows
the
d
if
f
r
e
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
his
togr
a
m
o
f
or
igi
na
l
a
nd
e
nc
r
ypted
im
a
ge
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
Optimiz
ati
on
of
image
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion
and
c
ipher
ing
c
as
e
d
on
E
Z
W
tec
hniques
(
M
aji
d
S.
N
aghmas
h)
517
T
a
ble
2.
T
he
c
o
r
r
e
lation
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
of
or
ig
inal
a
nd
c
ipher
e
d
im
a
ge
I
ma
ge
O
r
ig
in
a
l
im
a
ge
E
nc
r
ypt
e
d i
ma
ge
C
or
r
e
la
ti
on c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
s
C
or
r
e
la
ti
on c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
s
C
or
r
e
la
ti
on c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
s
C
or
r
e
la
ti
on c
oe
f
f
ic
ie
nt
s
H
or
iz
ont
a
l
V
e
r
ti
c
a
l
H
or
iz
ont
a
l
V
e
r
ti
c
a
l
I
ma
ge
s
-
1
0.578911
0.9309
-
0.00552
-
0.0037
I
ma
ge
s
-
2
-
1
-
1
-
0.00242
-
0.0026
I
ma
ge
s
-
3
-
1
-
1
-
0.00063
-
0.0011
I
ma
ge
s
-
4
-
0.9503
-
1
-
0.00199
-
0.0016
I
ma
ge
s
-
5
-
1
-
1
-
0.00122
-
0.0015
I
ma
ge
s
-
6
-
1
-
0.9997
-
0.01235
-
0.0139
I
ma
ge
s
-
7
0.7646
1
-
0.00389
-
0.0017
I
ma
ge
s
-
8
-
1
-
1
-
0.00230
-
0.0036
I
ma
ge
s
-
9
-
1
-
1
-
0.00602
-
0.0011
I
ma
ge
s
-
10
-
1
-
1
-
0.00315
-
0.0016
I
ma
ge
s
-
11
-
1
-
0.9998
-
0.00262
-
0.0023
I
ma
ge
s
-
12
-
1
-
1
-
0.00283
-
0.0027
I
ma
ge
s
-
13
0.800438
0.9826
-
0.00663
-
0.0022
I
ma
ge
s
-
14
-
1
-
1
-
0.00134
-
0.0013
I
ma
ge
s
-
15
-
1
-
1
-
0.00275
-
0.0018
I
ma
ge
s
-
16
0.74123
1
-
0.00216
-
0.0012
I
ma
ge
s
-
17
-
1
0.9083
-
0.00341
-
0.0009
I
ma
ge
s
-
18
-
0.99924
-
0.9990
-
0.00533
-
0.0017
I
ma
ge
s
-
19
-
0.9990
-
1
-
0.00266
-
0.0009
I
ma
ge
s
-
20
0.6175
0.7398
-
0.00334
-
0.0011
I
ma
ge
s
-
21
-
0.9206
-
0.9985
-
0.00151
-
0.0014
I
ma
ge
s
-
22
-
1
-
1
-
0.00247
-
0.0008
I
ma
ge
s
-
23
0.8081
1
-
0.00231
-
0.0011
I
ma
ge
s
-
24
0.89205
0.6231
-
0.00213
-
0.0012
I
ma
ge
s
-
25
-
1
-
1
-
0.00209
-
0.0011
I
ma
ge
s
-
26
-
0.99995
0.9999
-
0.00223
-
0.0015
I
ma
ge
s
-
27
-
1
-
0.8775
-
0.00267
-
0.0013
I
ma
ge
s
-
28
0.6411
0.5487
-
0.00359
-
0.0012
I
ma
ge
s
-
29
-
0.99965
-
1.0001
-
0.00214
-
0.0015
I
ma
ge
s
-
30
0.84279
-
1.0000
-
0.00096
-
0.0018
5.
CONC
L
USI
ON
T
his
pa
pe
r
in
tr
oduc
e
s
c
ombi
ne
d
a
lgo
r
it
hms
of
DC
T
a
nd
E
Z
W
to
im
pr
ove
the
i
mage
e
nc
r
ypti
on
a
nd
c
ompr
e
s
s
ion.
T
he
r
e
pe
a
ted
number
s
of
s
c
a
n
loop
ha
s
be
e
n
r
e
duc
e
d
by
DC
T
to
im
pr
ove
the
E
W
Z
a
l
gor
it
hms
whic
h
will
r
e
duc
e
the
c
omput
a
ti
ona
l
ti
me
of
c
om
pr
e
s
s
ion
c
ompar
e
d
with
E
W
Z
a
lgor
it
h
ms
.
T
he
e
n
c
r
ypti
on
a
lgor
it
hms
im
pleme
nted
the
s
e
lec
ti
ve
e
nc
r
ypti
on
c
onc
e
pts
by
e
xploi
t
in
it
ial
th
r
e
s
hold
of
I
E
Z
W
a
s
s
igni
f
ica
nt
p
a
r
t
a
nd
e
nc
r
ypted
by
XO
R
with
bit
s
f
or
med
by
L
F
S
R
.
R
e
s
ult
s
s
how
that
the
e
nc
r
ypti
on
a
p
pr
oa
c
h
is
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
to
the
a
r
it
hmetica
l
a
nd
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
bot
he
r
s
.
RE
F
E
RE
NC
E
S
[1
]
D
.
Rav
i
ch
a
n
d
ra
n
,
P.
Prav
een
k
u
mar,
J
.
B.
B.
Ray
ap
p
an
,
an
d
R.
A
mi
rt
h
ara
j
an
,
“C
h
ao
s
b
a
s
ed
cro
s
s
o
v
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d
mu
t
a
t
i
o
n
fo
r
s
ecu
r
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g
D
IC
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M
i
mag
e,
”
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m
p
u
t
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r
s
i
n
B
i
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
M
ed
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c
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n
e
,
v
o
l
.
7
2
,
p
p
.
1
7
0
-
1
8
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
]
Z
h
an
g
,
M.
;
T
o
n
g
,
X
.
,
“
J
o
i
n
t
i
ma
g
e
en
cr
y
p
t
i
o
n
an
d
co
mp
res
s
i
o
n
s
c
h
eme
b
as
e
d
o
n
IW
T
an
d
SPIH
T
,”
O
p
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
La
s
er
s
i
n
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
9
0
,
p
p
.
2
5
4
–
2
7
4
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
]
St
o
y
a
n
o
v
B.
,
K
o
rd
o
v
K
.
,
“
N
o
v
el
s
ec
u
re
p
s
e
u
d
o
-
ran
d
o
m
n
u
mb
er
g
e
n
erat
i
o
n
s
ch
eme
b
a
s
ed
o
n
t
w
o
t
i
n
k
er
b
el
l
map
s
,”
A
d
v
a
n
ce
d
S
t
u
d
i
es
i
n
Th
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
P
h
y
s
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
9,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
411
–
4
2
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[4
]
St
o
y
a
n
o
v
B.
,
K
o
rd
o
v
K
.
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
p
s
e
u
d
o
ran
d
o
m
b
i
t
g
en
erat
o
r
b
as
e
d
o
n
Ch
i
r
i
k
o
v
s
t
an
d
ard
map
fi
l
t
ere
d
w
i
t
h
s
h
ri
n
k
i
n
g
ru
l
e
,”
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
P
r
o
b
l
em
i
n
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[5
]
C.
W
u
an
d
C.
K
u
o
,
"
D
es
i
g
n
o
f
i
n
t
eg
ra
t
ed
m
u
l
t
i
me
d
i
a
c
o
mp
re
s
s
i
o
n
an
d
en
cr
y
p
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
ems
,
"
IE
E
E
Tr
a
n
s
a
ct
i
o
n
s
o
n
M
u
l
t
i
m
e
d
i
a
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
8
2
8
-
8
3
9
,
2
0
0
5
.
[6
]
A
.
U
h
l
,
A
.
Po
mmer,
“
Imag
e
an
d
v
i
d
e
o
en
cry
p
t
i
o
n
:
fro
m
d
i
g
i
t
al
ri
g
h
t
s
man
a
g
emen
t
t
o
s
ec
u
red
p
ers
o
n
al
co
mmu
n
i
ca
t
i
o
n
,
S
p
r
i
n
g
er
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
2
0
0
5
.
[7
]
S.
L
i
,
X
.
Z
h
en
g
,
X
.
Mo
u
a
n
d
Y
.
Cai
,
"
Ch
ao
t
i
c
e
n
cry
p
t
i
o
n
s
ch
em
e
fo
r
real
-
t
i
m
e
d
i
g
i
t
al
v
i
d
eo
,
"
Pro
c.
SPIE
4
6
6
6
,
Real
-
T
i
me
Imag
i
n
g
V
I
,
2
0
0
2
,
h
t
t
p
s
:
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d
o
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o
r
g
/
1
0
.
1
1
1
7
/
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2
.
4
5
8
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2
7
.
[8
]
K
.
Cab
een
,
P.
G
en
t
,
"
Imag
e
co
mp
res
s
i
o
n
an
d
t
h
e
d
i
s
cre
t
e
co
s
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n
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t
ra
n
s
f
o
rm,
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l
l
e
g
e
o
f
Red
w
o
o
d
s
,
D
e
p
art
me
n
t
o
f
Mat
h
ema
t
i
c
s
,
T
h
e
Ch
i
n
e
s
e
U
n
i
v
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i
t
y
o
f
H
o
n
g
K
o
n
g
,
1
9
9
8
.
[9
]
J
.
L
i
,
J
.
L
i
,
C.
K
u
o
,
"
E
mb
e
d
d
e
d
D
CT
S
t
i
l
l
Imag
e
C
o
mp
r
es
s
i
o
n
,
"
S
i
g
n
a
l
a
n
d
In
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
D
i
s
p
l
a
y
,
1
9
9
6
.
[1
0
]
R.
J
an
ak
i
,
A
.
T
ami
l
aras
i
an
d
o
t
h
ers
,
"
St
i
l
l
Ima
g
e
Co
mp
res
s
i
o
n
b
y
Co
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
E
Z
W
E
n
c
o
d
i
n
g
w
i
t
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H
u
ff
man
E
n
c
o
d
er,
"
In
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Co
m
p
u
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A
p
p
l
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c
a
t
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o
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s
,
v
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1
3
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o
.
7
,
p
p
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1
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7
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
1
]
V
.
Sh
i
n
g
at
e,
T
.
So
n
t
ak
k
e
an
d
S.
T
al
b
ar,
"
St
i
l
l
Imag
e
Co
mp
re
s
s
i
o
n
u
s
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n
g
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Z
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,
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Jo
u
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Co
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&
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1
,
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o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
1
-
2
4
,
2
0
1
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
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6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
:
511
-
51
8
518
[1
2
]
A
.
Sai
d
,
W
.
Pearl
man
,
"
A
n
ew
,
fas
t
,
an
d
effi
ci
en
t
i
ma
g
e
co
d
ec
b
as
ed
o
n
s
e
t
p
art
i
t
i
o
n
i
n
g
i
n
h
i
erarch
i
cal
t
ree
s
,
"
IE
E
E
Tr
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
Ci
r
c
u
i
t
s
a
n
d
S
ys
t
em
s
f
o
r
V
i
d
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o
Tech
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o
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o
g
y
,
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o
l
.
6
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o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
4
3
-
2
5
0
,
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9
9
6
.
[1
3
]
J
.
T
i
an
,
R.
W
.
J
r,
"
A
l
o
s
s
y
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ma
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b
a
s
ed
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i
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co
d
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g
,
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r
o
ceed
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s
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f
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a
t
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m
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r
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n
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ce
-
D
CC
'
9
6
,
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9
9
6
.
[1
4
]
D
.
Mo
n
ro
,
G
.
D
i
ck
s
o
n
,
"
Z
ero
t
ree
Co
d
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o
f
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co
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,
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2
,
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p
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.
[1
5
]
S.
Sh
res
t
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a
,
K
.
W
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h
i
d
,
"
H
y
b
r
i
d
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,
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[1
6
]
S.
Ben
ch
i
k
h
,
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Co
ri
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o
s
,
"
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.
[1
7
]
S.
Si
n
g
h
,
V
.
K
u
mar
an
d
H
.
V
erma,
"
D
W
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-
D
CT
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y
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ri
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eme
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me
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,
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u
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f
M
ed
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&
Tech
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p
.
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.
[1
8
]
A
.
Pan
d
e
,
P.
Mo
h
ap
at
ra
an
d
J
.
Z
amb
ren
o
,
"
U
s
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n
g
ch
a
o
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map
s
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r
en
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,
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1
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In
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n
M
u
l
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d
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a
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
9
]
D
.
H
o
ra
n
,
R.
G
u
i
n
ee,
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n
o
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s
,
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ILCO
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0
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I
E
E
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i
l
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o
n
s
co
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e
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en
ce
,
2
0
0
6
.
[2
0
]
D
.
N
ad
i
r
,
R.
Mo
h
amed
,
F.
Ban
h
aw
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