TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol.12, No
.4, Dece
mbe
r
2014, pp. 11
13~112
2
ISSN: 1693-6
930,
accredited
A
by DIKTI, De
cree No: 58/DIK
T
I/Kep/2013
DOI
:
10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v12i4.977
1113
Re
cei
v
ed Se
ptem
ber 27, 2014; Revi
se
d No
vem
ber
10, 2014; Accepted Novem
ber 28, 20
14
Development of Wireless Electric Field Mill for
Atmospheric Electric Field Observation
Muhammad
Abu Bakar S
i
dik*
1,2
, Hami
z
a
h Shahroom
1
, Zolkafle Buntat
1
, Yanuar
Zulardiansy
ah Arie
f
1
,
Zainuddin Na
w
a
w
i
2
, Muham
m
ad ‘Irfan Jambak
2
1
Institute of High Volta
ge a
n
d
High C
u
rrent (
I
VAT
)
, Universiti
T
e
knolo
g
i Ma
la
ysia,
813
10 UT
M Johor Bahr
u, Mal
a
y
s
ia
2
Department o
f
Electrical Eng
i
ne
erin
g, F
a
cul
t
y
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng, Univ
ersitas
Sri
w
i
j
a
y
a, In
do
nesi
a
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: abub
akar@fk
e
.utm.m
y
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Rotatin
g
-van
e
electric fie
l
d
mi
ll (REF
M) s
ensor
is
on
e
of the po
pul
ar
meth
ods to
me
asur
e
atmos
p
h
e
ric q
uasi-static
elec
tric fi
eld. Li
ght
nin
g
inc
i
de
nt o
ccasio
n
c
an b
e
pre
d
icted by
observi
ng ele
c
tric
fields stre
ngth
i
n
atmosp
her
e. In this pa
per
a
n
inte
gr
atio
n of
REF
M
w
i
th an
onl
ine w
i
re
les
s
data
mo
nitori
ng
system
f
o
r long distanc
e obs
e
rvation
and data collection is
pres
ented. This
method
reduces the r
equir
ed
ma
n-h
our to g
a
ther d
a
ta fro
m
the
REF
M
as w
e
ll
as sys
tem costs by r
e
movi
ng the c
o
mputer
and
d
a
t
a
log
ger o
n
-site.
T
he dev
elo
p
m
ent incl
ud
es ha
rdw
a
re an
d sof
t
w
a
re desig
n in
order to i
m
pro
v
e efficie
n
cy th
e
atm
o
s
p
heric electric field
m
e
asurem
ent system
. The c
ontribu
tion
of this work is the
design of the electronic
circuit w
h
ich co
nverts the ac si
gna
l from th
e
REF
M
sens
or t
o
dc sig
n
a
l
an
d
then corre
late
s the sign
al to t
h
e
electric fi
eld s
t
rength i
n
the
vicinity. Su
bs
equ
ently th
e i
n
formatio
n
is
transmitted vi
a
a w
i
reless
d
a
ta
transmissio
n
s
ystem,
usin
g th
e Glo
bal
Syste
m
M
o
b
ile
Co
mmu
n
ic
ation
(GSM) netw
o
rk.
Using
the
pr
op
os
e
d
meth
od, al
l the
data from se
n
s
ors can be o
b
s
erv
ed a
nd a
n
a
lyse
d i
m
med
i
ately from
any l
o
catio
n
.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
at
mos
p
h
e
ric; ele
c
tric field sens
or; lightn
i
ng; w
i
reless d
a
ta co
mmu
n
icati
o
n
1. Introduc
tion
It is a
well
know fa
ct that
the kno
w
led
ge of
a
m
bie
n
t elect
r
ic fie
l
d strength
p
r
ovide
s
valuable info
rmation abo
ut the lightning i
n
cid
en
t. Observation an
d measurement
of atmosph
e
r
ic
qua
si-static e
l
ectri
c
field is able to provide lot
inform
ation re
gardi
ng to thund
er storm a
c
tivities,
lightning
inci
d
ence, ae
ro
sol
pre
s
e
n
ce in
air, r
adio
a
ctiv
e poll
u
tion, in
dicatio
n
of
ea
rthqua
ke
s, a
n
d
para
m
eters o
f
the
sola
r
wi
nd [1]. Acco
rding to
Ja
cob
s
on
[2] when
the ele
c
tri
c
fi
eld
stre
ngth
due
to the p
r
e
s
en
ce
of clo
u
d
s
i
s
ove
r
the
lim
it of ambie
n
t air in
sul
a
tion
threshold
ligh
t
ning will
o
c
cur.
The ra
nge g
e
nerally is fro
m
1 kV/cm to 4 kV/cm o
r
wi
thin an avera
ge of 3 kV/cm
.
In ord
e
r to
measure the
ambie
n
t ele
c
tri
c
field
strength o
r
p
o
tential g
r
adie
n
t vario
u
s
method
s h
a
ve be
en i
n
tro
duced [3]; o
ne of
whi
c
h
is the
ele
c
tri
c
field
mill
(EFM) te
chni
que.
However, in
certai
n ci
rcumstance
s the rotating-van
electri
c
field
mill (REFM
)
i
s
generally being
use
d
as an
instru
ment fo
r observing t
he clo
ud
ele
c
tro
s
tatic ph
enome
na. T
he prin
cipl
es of
operation a
n
d
location d
e
termin
ation of
REFM
a
r
e b
e
ing
widely
studied by ma
ny authors [4
-8].
Typically RE
FM has to be
couple
d
with
a personal
compute
r
(PC) on site in ord
e
r to colle
ct and
store
data from the instru
ments [9]. Th
is co
ndi
tion d
e
mand
s cost
s on in
stallati
on of com
put
er
and d
a
ta lo
g
ger
system
on site,
as
well a
s
m
a
n
power to
coll
ect data
fro
m
REFM
se
nso
r
loc
a
tion. Furt
hermore, this als
o
rais
es s
a
fety
issue
s
on the instrument
s and
the comput
er
system. The
r
efore, there should
b
e
a so
lution to be in
trodu
ced to o
v
erco
me this
probl
em.
Since m
o
st
of the sen
s
o
r
s l
o
cated fa
r ap
art in
re
mote a
r
ea
s,
one of th
e
competent
techn
o
logie
s
that can b
e
a
pplied to thi
s
probl
em
is
by using
wirele
ss d
a
ta tran
smissi
on
syste
m
to tran
smit da
ta from the
REFM to a
co
mputer in
a
d
a
ta centre
bui
lding via i
n
ternet protocol a
n
d
w
e
b-
b
a
s
e
pr
og
r
a
mmin
g
.
Global
sy
ste
m
for
mobil
e
comm
uni
cati
on
(GSM) is
the mo
st
suit
able te
ch
nolo
g
y to be
applie
d. GSM is on the ma
rket for a l
o
n
g
time and
it is offering va
rieties of featu
r
es
and h
a
ving
use
r
s of mo
re than
5 billi
on pe
ople, m
o
re th
an 8
0
%
of earth
p
opulatio
n. In
addition, GS
M is
offering lo
w
co
st ownersh
ip and
wo
rld
w
ide
cove
rag
e
as thi
s
technolo
g
y has
been exi
s
ted
for
more
than
20
years [1
0]. Howeve
r, GSM
ha
s
seve
ral
sho
r
tco
m
ing
s
, whi
c
h it i
s
u
nable
to p
e
rfo
r
m
transmitting a
nd re
ceiving
data co
ncurre
ntly and the unsati
s
fact
o
r
y real
-time abili
ty [11].
With the
sh
ortcoming
of th
e 2G
network, then it
furth
e
r d
e
velop
s
i
n
to 2.5G,
whi
c
h i
s
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No. 4, Dece
mb
er 201
4: 111
3 – 1122
1114
gene
ral
pa
cket radi
o servi
c
e
(GP
R
S) n
e
twork.
GP
RS is a
pa
cke
t
data techno
logy ba
sed
o
n
GSM that support both Point-to-Poi
nt Protocol
, PPP and Internet Protocol, IP, it provides
a
shorter time
for internet service
provider c
onnections and the
chargi
ng
will
be based on the
amount of d
a
t
a sent in
ste
ad of co
nne
ction time.
With the add
ed
packet-swit
ch
ing protocols,
it
will break the voice or data information i
n
to pac
ket
s
whi
c
h only few kilo
bytes each. Then, based
on addressing data
withi
n
the packet
, the in
form
ation will be routed
by network
bet
ween
different dest
inations. As
compared to GSM,
GPRS has
high
transmission rate, ability
to
transfe
r re
al-time data, suppo
rting int
e
rnet pr
otoco
l
, IP and having the ability to
acce
ss the
internet [12].
An appli
c
atio
n of GSM/G
P
RS mode
m
in atmo
sphe
ric el
ect
r
ic fi
eld mea
s
u
r
e
m
ent wa
s
reveale
d
by Fort, A. [1], w
here it was u
s
ed to a
c
ce
ss data in the i
n
ternal m
e
m
o
ry of the ele
c
tri
c
field device.
Ho
wever info
rmation a
bout
the har
d
w
a
r
e
and circuit is
not clea
rly de
scribe
d.
In this pape
r, detail explan
ation of a ne
w RE
FM
sen
s
or a
s
well as wirele
ss net
work data
acq
u
isitio
n sy
stem u
s
in
g G
P
RS network desi
gne
d
a
n
d
built at the
Institute of Hi
gh Voltag
e a
nd
High
Curre
n
t (IVAT) is a
d
vances. It is an e
c
on
o
m
ical an
d effective syste
m
. By using this
techn
o
logy
d
a
ta
coll
ecte
d from
remote REFM sen
s
o
r
s co
uld
b
e
transmitted
to a
co
mpute
r
i
n
a
data ce
ntre th
at is con
n
e
c
ted intern
et wi
th a fixed IP a
ddre
s
s.
2. Instrumen
t
Desig
n
2.1.
Casing a
nd Sensing Plate
The REFM i
s
an inductio
n
field meter wi
th wh
ich the ambient ele
c
t
r
ic field st
ren
g
th can
be mea
s
u
r
ed
. This instru
ment has a g
r
oun
ded rotat
i
ng-pl
ate po
si
tioned above
a sen
s
or pl
a
t
e.
Whe
n
the
rot
a
ting-pl
ate tu
rns,
and
the
sen
s
o
r
pl
ate
will be
altern
ately expose
d
to an
d
shie
lded
from the induction field;
an A
C
signal
will
be
generated on the
sensor
plate because of
that
contin
uing p
r
oce
s
s.
The depi
ction
of the developed REFM i
s
given in
Figure 1. A 1
2
V DC
moto
r install
ed in
side the
cham
ber
wa
s atta
che
d
to the rotating-
plate. The
ap
plicatio
n of d
c
moto
r fo
r REFM is
m
o
re
efficient in te
rm of its p
r
ice
and
co
ntrolli
ng
unit wh
en co
mpared to ot
her m
o
tors. The rotating-plate an
d the
sen
s
o
r
plate
are id
entical
in
dimen
s
ion
an
d sh
ape. Th
e
n
to fasten t
he rotatin
g
-plate on the m
o
tor shaft a
spe
c
ial
cou
p
li
ng
unit wa
s desi
gned. The
cl
eara
n
ce between the moto
r cha
m
be
r an
d the sen
s
o
r
plate as well as
betwe
en the
sen
s
o
r
and th
e rotating
-plat
e
is 1-cm.
Material
selection is an important thing
to consider since the
REFM will be placed
outdoo
rs. Co
nsid
erin
g the harsh outd
o
o
r
vicinity the
origin
al stainl
ess steel mat
e
rial is
sele
cted
due to its co
rrosio
n-free an
d tough.
Figure 1. Rot
a
ting-van
e
el
ectri
c
field mil
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Developm
ent of Wireless Electri
c
Field
Mill
for Atm
o
spheri
c
Electri
c
.... (Muham
m
ad Abu B.S.)
1115
2.2. Signal
Processing
The si
gnal
s g
enerated fro
m
the sen
s
o
r
plate mu
st b
e
pro
c
e
s
sed t
o
obtain b
e
tter qu
ality
of elect
r
ical
signal
s. The
signal p
r
o
c
e
s
sing sy
stem
in
volved amplif
ication, filteri
ng, co
nvertin
g
,
and ha
rmo
n
i
z
ation. Me
an
while, the am
plification u
n
i
t
is integrate
d
with the
filtering, conve
r
ting,
and ha
rmo
n
ization part.
2.2.1. Signal
Amplification
The ind
u
ced
-
voltage on th
e se
nsor pl
ate is
we
a
k
to
be processe
d
di
re
ctly therefore a
sign
al amplifi
c
ation u
n
it is
needed. Th
ree-stage
sig
nal amplific
ation system i
s
developed
with
the total amplification
s
are
about on
e-th
ousand time
s.
This amplification
pa
rt
is energized with
a
12
V DC dual pol
arity
reg
u
late
d
po
we
r
sup
p
ly. The
DC re
gulate
d
output
su
pp
ly is o
b
taine
d
from
24
0
V AC m
a
in,
throug
h
seve
ral
stage
s. Fi
rstl
y, the main
AC voltage
i
s
con
n
e
c
ted
to a
step-do
wn tran
sform
e
r 2
40/24
V
and
se
con
d
ly the rectificatio
n of t
he step-d
o
wn voltage
usin
g bridg
e
rectifie
r. The
bridge rectifi
e
r
use
d
is
singl
e pha
se 6
-
A
RS68 full-wa
ve rectifie
r. To obtain a
smooth DC o
u
t
put an ele
c
trolyte
cap
a
cit
o
r 1
0
00-
μ
F
is used. However, this
DC out
put
still has some
ri
pples.
Therefore, IC
regul
ators a
r
e used to ma
intain a
con
s
t
ant DC ±1
2
V. The IC re
gulator
781
2
(po
s
itive pola
r
ity)
and 79
12 (n
egative pola
r
ity) are used
, while the 100
F electrolyte and 0
.
1
F ceram
i
c
function
ed a
s
smoothin
g
capa
citor.
For sig
nal a
m
plification, operational
a
m
plifie
r
LM35
8 is utilised.
The i
n
verting
co
nsta
nt
multiplier i
s
a
pplied to
obt
ain a p
r
e
c
ise
3 (three
) sta
ge amplifi
c
ati
on pr
ocess
which i
s
the A
=
1000.
The
ad
justment
of a
m
plification
for
ea
ch
stag
e em
ploys 50
0 k
Ω
t
r
i
mme
r
re
si
st
or
s.
A
l
o
w-
pass f
r
eq
uen
cy a
c
tive filte
r
i
s
p
u
t after
amplif
icatio
n
stage
s to
eli
m
inate
noi
se.
Ho
weve
r, a
high
impeda
nce
ci
rcuit
ha
s
bee
n form
ed. T
h
e hig
h
im
ped
ance
circuit
can b
e
de
cre
a
sed
by m
ean
s of
a followe
r ci
rcuit – input sig
nal and o
u
tpu
t
signal have
the same val
ue.
The origin
al sign
al from REFM has a fundam
ental frequ
en
cy,
8
.
0
Hz with orde
r of
noise in kil
o
h
e
rtz. Th
e fun
c
tion of the ori
g
inal si
gnal i
s
4
.7
50
.37
7
2
°
. To obtain a
better sig
nal, the origin
al si
gnal ha
s to b
e
filtered.
2.2.2. Signal
conditioning
The aim of filtering is to remove un
wa
nted noises
and pick up
sele
cted pa
rt
s of th
e
sign
al ha
rmo
n
ic. In this
work th
e filter i
s
of a
first
-
order p
a
ssive l
o
w-pa
ss
filter which is inst
alled
after the ampl
ification unit.
Tran
sfe
r
Fun
c
tion of first-o
r
de
r pa
ssive
l
o
w-pa
ss filter is given in Eq. 1
(1)
For the ci
rcuit
the maximum value of
is
1 (at
0
, therefore the
cutoff freque
ncy is
(2)
The
filter red
u
ce
s
the ma
gnitude of
the
sig
nal
a
nd
cau
s
e
s
d
e
lay
on the
origi
n
al sig
nal.
The low-pa
ss filter output is
50.37
144
°
. Therefore
at
the cutoff
freque
ncy the
magnitud
e
of input and o
u
tput voltage re
lationship can
be written a
s
0
.213
.
The i
nput vol
t
age i
s
a
n
im
portant
con
s
i
deratio
n to
IC A
D
536
–
e
x
cessive i
npu
t voltage
will dam
age
the AD536.
AD536 i
s
a
compl
e
te m
onolithi
c inte
grated
circuit
which directly
comp
utes the
true rm
s valu
e of any com
p
lex input wa
veform co
ntai
ning a
c
and d
c
co
mpon
ent
s.
It is subdivided into fou
r
major
se
ctions: ab
solut
e
value circuit (active rectifier),
squ
a
re
r/divid
e
r, cu
rrent
mirro
r, and
buffer amplifi
e
r. The in
put
voltage,
V
IN
, is re
ctified and
conve
r
ted to
a unipol
ar
current
I
1
, by the ac
tive rec
t
ifier A1, A2.
I
1
drives o
ne inp
u
t of the
squ
a
re
r/divid
e
r, which ha
s the t
r
an
sf
er fun
c
tion:
I
4
= I
1
2
/I
3
. T
he outp
u
t current,
I
4
, of the
squ
a
re
r/div
i
d
e
r driv
e
s
th
e cu
rre
nt mirro
r thro
ugh
a low-p
a
s
s
filter forme
d
by
R
1
and the
externally co
nne
cted cap
a
citor,
C
AV
. If the
R
1
,
C
AV
time co
nst
ant is m
u
ch
greate
r
tha
n
the
longe
st pe
rio
d
of the inp
u
t sign
al, then
I
4
is effectively average
d. The current
mirro
r returns a
cur
r
e
n
t
I
3
, which e
qual
s
Av
g.
[
I
4
], back to the sq
uare
r
/divide
r
to complete
the implicit
rms
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No. 4, Dece
mb
er 201
4: 111
3 – 1122
1116
comp
utation. Thus:
I
4
= Avg.[I
1
2
/I
4
]=
I
1
rm
s
. The
cu
rrent mirro
r
al
so p
r
od
uce
s
the o
u
tput
cu
rrent,
I
OUT
, which e
qual
s
2I
4
.
I
OU
T
can be u
s
e
d
dire
ctly or
conve
r
ted to
a voltage wit
h
R
2
and b
u
ffered
by A4 to pro
v
ide a low i
m
peda
nce voltage outp
u
t. The tran
sfe
r
functio
n
of the AD536 t
hus
res
u
lts:
V
OUT
=
2R
2
I rms
=V
IN
rm
s
.
The outp
u
t sign
al from
the AD53
6 in
the next stage
s will
be used to
feed a
microcontroll
er. Any input
sign
al to the
must be
set to a certain
m
agnitud
e
so that they will
not
damag
e the microcontroll
er. For si
gnal
con
d
iti
oning
betwe
en the AD536 a
nd the micro
c
o
n
tro
ller,
an op
eratio
n
a
l amplifie
r L
M
358 i
s
utilised. The
sc
he
matic dia
g
ra
m and el
ect
r
onic
circuit of
the
filter, conve
r
t
e
r, an
d
con
d
itioner unit
are
illustrat
ed i
n
Figure 2
mea
n
whil
e a
sam
p
le of th
e
sig
nal
output is give
n in
Figure 3.
Figure 2. The
filter, convert
e
r, and
condit
i
oner u
n
it sch
e
matic dia
g
ra
m
Figure 3. A sample of sig
n
a
l output from
rms to dc
co
nverter
3. Calibration
The
REFM
senses the va
riation i
n
the
magni
tu
de of
clo
ud ele
c
tric
field.
Th
erefo
r
e,
calib
ration
proce
s
s mu
st
be
carrie
d o
u
t to a
c
qui
re
a math
emat
ical m
odel
th
at will
provid
e a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Developm
ent of Wireless Electri
c
Field
Mill
for Atm
o
spheri
c
Electri
c
.... (Muham
m
ad Abu B.S.)
1117
correl
ation fa
ctor b
e
twe
en
the actu
al ele
c
tri
c
field
in vi
cinity re
ceive
d
by REFM a
nd the o
u
tput
of
the integrate
d
unit.
2.3. Metho
dolog
y
The
REFM calibratio
n
setup is
sh
own
Figure
4. Th
e REFM i
s
pl
ace
d
un
der t
he cl
ou
d
simulato
r
con
necte
d to the
HVDC suppl
y. The
input
voltage HV
DC supply is
controlled
by a
variable volta
ge reg
u
lato
r (VAR) at the low voltage
si
de.
Thre
e di
stan
ces
(
d
) setting
s were
u
s
e
d
i
n
this
calibration work,
i.e. 30 cm,
48
cm,
and
70 cm. The
data colle
ctio
n was m
ade
online in wh
ich the incre
m
ent of power frequ
en
cy input
voltage to
the
HV t
r
an
sformer f
r
om
VAR
(
V
in-trans
) an
d outp
u
t of th
e integ
r
ate
d
unit (
V
out-int
) w
e
re
captu
r
ed
si
m
u
ltaneo
usly.
This pr
ocess requi
re
s an a
nalog
to
di
gital
converte
r d
e
vice.
PicoScope
3206
wa
s utilized a
s
an int
e
rface to a PC.
PicoScope
3
206 i
s
rated
a
t
20 V maxim
u
m inp
u
t voltage. To
ste
p
-down voltage
from th
e
power fre
que
ncy input a di
fferential pr
ob
e (Te
k
tro
n
ix P5200
) is re
q
u
ired.
Figure 4. The
general of REFM calib
rati
on setu
p
2.4. Calibra
tion
Resul
t
s
The onlin
e m
easure
m
ent result
s of EFM calibration work a
r
e
sho
w
n in the
Figure 5.
The
V
in-tran
results
sho
u
ld
be
referred to
the
value
of
HVDC ge
ne
rator output
.
The co
rrelatio
n factor
wa
s obtaine
d in the calib
ration
work of the HV equipme
n
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No. 4, Dece
mb
er 201
4: 111
3 – 1122
1118
(a)
(b)
(c
)
Figure 5. The
result
s of onl
ine cali
bratio
n measur
eme
n
t accordi
ng to the distan
ce of the cloud
simulatio
n
to the REFM, (a
) 30 cm, (b) 4
8
cm, and (c) 70 cm.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Developm
ent of Wireless Electri
c
Field
Mill
for Atm
o
spheri
c
Electri
c
.... (Muham
m
ad Abu B.S.)
1119
The ap
plied
e
l
ectri
c
field
strength
on the
RE
FM can b
e
pre
s
e
n
ted
by dividing th
e HVDC
input voltage
s with the d
i
stan
ce bet
ween cl
oud
si
mulator a
n
d
REFM. The
detailed da
ta
pre
s
entin
g th
e correlation
betwe
en
electric field
st
re
ngth o
n
the
REFM a
nd t
he o
u
tput of
the
integrate
d
un
it is given in
Figure 6. As sho
w
n,
the result
s obtain
ed for any particul
a
r di
sta
n
ce
are sli
ghtly scattered at the
initial period
whe
r
e
the ele
c
tri
c
field stre
ngth is un
der
400 V/cm.
Figure 6. Simultaneo
us me
asu
r
em
ent re
sults
The obtain
e
d
results a
r
e
analyse
d
by using
stati
s
tical meth
o
d
i.e. regre
s
sion a
nd
correl
ation a
nalysi
s
in
order to
a
c
qui
re an
empi
rical mod
e
l that
ca
n be
u
s
e
d
to d
e
scri
be
the
electri
c
field
strength
(
E
) a
nd
the
V
out-int
correl
ation. T
he em
piri
cal
model i
s
the f
unctio
n
bet
ween
E
and
V
out-int
.
The rel
a
tion
ship ca
n be written as
`(3
)
There are n
u
m
ero
u
s math
ematical mo
d
e
ls
that can
be derive
d
base
d
on the above
mathemati
c
al
function. In t
h
is
study, ho
wever,
th
ree
mathemati
c
al
model
s a
r
e
studie
d
to obt
ain
the best empi
rical m
odel.
Linea
r equ
ation:
(4)
Exponential e
quation:
(5)
Powe
r equ
ation:
(6)
The
and
are con
s
tants that must be determin
ed. The co
nsta
nts ca
n be acq
u
ired b
y
usin
g the l
e
a
s
t squa
re
s m
e
thod. Th
e le
ast
squa
re
m
e
thod i
s
u
s
e
d
to e
s
timate
the con
s
tant
of
linear
equ
atio
n as i
n
equ
ation (4
). Howe
ver, it al
so
ca
n be a
pplied t
o
solve th
e e
quation
s
(5) a
n
d
(6) by modifyi
ng the equ
ations a
s
sho
w
n
in equation (7).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No. 4, Dece
mb
er 201
4: 111
3 – 1122
1120
x
y
ˆ
ˆ
ˆ
(7)
whe
r
e,
ŷ
= dep
end
ent/respon
se va
ri
able
ˆ
= intercept
co
efficient
ˆ
= inde
pen
den
t regre
s
sion
coefficient
x
= inde
pen
den
t/regre
s
sor va
riable
The interce
p
t and sl
ope in li
near
reg
r
e
ssi
on model
can
be obtaine
d equatio
n (8
) and (9
).
n
x
n
y
n
i
i
n
i
i
1
1
ˆ
ˆ
(8)
n
i
n
i
i
i
n
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
i
i
n
x
x
n
x
y
x
y
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
ˆ
(9)
For calculatin
g the co
rrel
a
tion co
efficient
(
r
)
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
i
xy
x
x
y
y
x
x
y
y
r
1
2
1
2
1
)
(
)
(
)
)(
(
(10
)
For calculatin
g the multiple
correlatio
n coefficient
(
R
2
)
)
(
)
ˆ
(
1
2
1
2
2
n
i
i
n
i
i
T
R
y
y
y
y
SS
SS
R
(11
)
whe
r
e,
SS
R
=
re
gressio
n
sum
squa
re
s
SS
T
=
total co
rrected sum of sq
uare
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Developm
ent of Wireless Electri
c
Field
Mill
for Atm
o
spheri
c
Electri
c
.... (Muham
m
ad Abu B.S.)
1121
Table 1
The co
nsta
nt cal
c
ulatio
n re
sults a
nd
correlation coefficients of the m
a
thematical
model
No
Mathematical
Model
r
(c
orrel
a
ti
on
coefficient)
R
2
(multiple
c
o
rrel
a
ti
on
coefficient)
a. Linear
Eq.
0
0.0009
0.9914
0.9828
b. Exponential
Eq.
0.1169
0.0019
0.8382
0.7025
c. Power
Eq.
0.0005
1.092
0.9213
0.8489
Based o
n
the
above analy
s
is it ca
n be
con
c
lu
ded th
at the linear
mathemati
c
al
model is
the best mo
d
e
l rep
r
e
s
ent t
he co
rrelatio
n betwe
en
V
out-int
and
E
.
Hen
c
e, the
microcontroll
er is
prog
ram
m
ed
as such to give a respon
se
bas
ed on the
obtaine
d line
a
r mathem
atical mod
e
l.
4. Wireless
Data Comm
unication Sy
stem
The REFM
sensor, no
rma
lly, will be installed
in open
area di
stant from the data
centre
building.
For
that rea
s
o
n
, in order to col
l
ec
t, re
co
rd,
and a
nalyse t
he ma
gnitud
e
of atmo
sphe
ric
electri
c
field f
r
om REF
M
sensor, a tran
smissio
n
sy
stem is re
qui
re
d to send the
data. The de
tail
desi
gn re
garding the wi
reless data communi
catio
n
system co
uld be found
in the previou
s
publi
s
hed p
a
per by the sa
me autho
r(s)
[12].
The implem
e
n
ted method
obviou
s
ly sho
w
s the p
r
obl
e
m
s that we
re faced p
r
eviou
s
ly, i.e.
manual
data
observation
a
nd coll
ectio
n
– can
be
carried out ea
sily
and e
c
on
omi
c
ally usi
ng the
prop
osed
ap
proa
ch. T
he
routine
in
spe
c
tion to
coll
e
c
t data f
r
om
REFM
sen
s
o
r
, is n
o
t re
qui
red
anymore. Fu
rthermo
re, the
safety of th
e computin
g
equipm
ent
can be
en
su
re
d be
cau
s
e
th
ey
are no lo
nge
r installed o
n
-site.
The REF
M
can be in
stall
ed any
whe
r
e
as lo
ng
a
s
the GSM
sign
al is availa
bl
e at the
loc
a
tion. In this
work
the t
r
ans
miss
ion time rate
is
on
e minute,
whi
c
h i
s
mo
re th
an sufficient t
o
observe the fluctuatio
n of atmosph
e
ri
c el
ectri
c
field. In addition, the REFM only u
s
e
s
one of th
e
three avail
abl
e port
s
; the other two po
rts ca
n
be u
s
ed for the ot
her me
asure
m
ent purpo
se, if
need
ed.
5. Conclu
sion
The REFM a
nd wirele
ss
data tran
smi
ssi
on
sy
stem
using the
REFM sen
s
o
r
and the
GSM net
work i
s
su
ccessf
ully develop
e
d
. The
wi
re
le
ss
t
r
an
smi
s
si
on
sy
st
em
d
e
v
i
ce i
s
a
b
le
t
o
captu
r
e th
e
real
-time d
a
ta for
remote
REFM
sen
s
or lo
cation
s. All informa
t
ion abo
ut the
atmospheric electri
c
fiel
d condit
ion
sensed by the
REFM sensor
s will be st
ored in a database
system
that
could
be m
onit
o
red
onli
ne th
roug
h a
web
s
ite. In the futu
re, it is envi
s
a
ged th
at u
s
in
g
the captu
r
ed
data, a mobil
e
-ph
one lig
htning ale
r
t
system using
sm
art phon
es
wi
ll be develop
ed.
Ackn
o
w
l
e
dg
ment
The auth
o
rs would li
ke
to thank the
Mini
stry of
Highe
r Edu
c
ation
and
Universiti
Tekn
ologi
Ma
laysia fo
r p
r
o
v
iding a fina
n
c
ial g
r
a
n
t (G
UP 01
J9
5) to
con
d
u
c
t the
resea
r
ch. Also
the De
an, Fa
culty of Elect
r
ical
Engin
e
e
r
ing,
Univ
ersi
ti Tekn
ologi
Malaysia
is
a
c
kno
w
led
ged
for
the permi
ssio
n to publish the re
sults of t
he re
sea
r
ch.
Referen
ces
[1]
A. F
o
rt, M. Mu
gna
ini, V. Vi
gn
oli, S. Rocc
hi,
F
.
Perini, J. Mo
nari
,
et a
l
. Desi
gn, mod
e
li
ng,
and test
of a
s
y
stem for
at
mosph
e
ric
ele
c
tric field
me
asurem
ent.
In
strume
ntatio
n
and
Meas
ure
m
e
n
t, IEEE
T
r
ansactio
n
s o
n
.
2011; 6
0
: 27
78-2
785.
[2] MZ.
Jacobson.
F
unda
me
ntals
of atmosp
heri
c
mod
e
l
i
ng.
Ca
mbridg
e Un
iver
sit
y
Press. 20
0
5
.
[3]
EJ.
T
a
rbuck, FK. Lutgens.
Earth Scienc
e 8
t
h Edition U
p
p
e
r Sadd
le Riv
er, New
Jersey 0745
8
. ed:
Pearso
n Educ
ation, Inc. 200
6.
[4]
M. Alam, H. Ahmad.
Revi
ew
of Li
ghtn
i
n
g
W
a
rnin
g Syste
m
s: T
e
ch
nic
a
l
and
Econ
o
m
ic
al As
pects
. in
Proc. Int. Conf. on Electroma
g
netic Com
patib
ilit
y
,
Ku
al
a Lum
pur, Mala
ys
ia. 199
5: 89-9
4
.
[5]
IEEE Guide for
the Meas
urem
ent of DC E
l
ec
tric
-Field Strength and I
on Related
Qu
antities.
IEEE Std
122
7-19
90.
19
90: 1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No. 4, Dece
mb
er 201
4: 111
3 – 1122
1122
[6]
G. Diendorfer,
M. Mair, W. Schulz, W
.
Hadri
an.
Li
ght
nin
g
current
me
asur
e
m
ents
in Austria-
exper
imenta
l
setup an
d first results
: na. 2000.
[7]
JC. Mosher, T
M
. R
y
nne, P
S
. Le
w
i
s.
M
U
SIC
for loca
li
z
a
t
i
on
of thun
derstor
m c
e
lls.
in S
i
gn
als, S
y
stem
s
and
Com
puter
s, 199
3. 19
93
Confer
ence
R
e
cord
of
T
he
T
w
e
n
t
y
-S
eve
n
th Asil
omar
Co
nferenc
e o
n
.
199
3: 986-
990.
[8]
W
D
. Rust, RJ.
T
r
app. Initial b
a
llo
on so
un
din
g
s of the el
ectri
c
field in
w
i
nter
nimbostratus c
l
ou
ds in th
e
USA.
Geophys
i
cal res
earch l
e
tters.
2002; 29:
20-1-2
0
-4.
[9]
MAB. Sidik,
NSCM. Shukri,
H. Ahma
d, Z.
Buntat, N. Bashir, YZ. Arief
,
et al.
Atmosph
e
ric E
l
ectric
F
i
eld D
a
ta Lo
g
ger S
y
stem.
Jurnal T
e
kn
olo
g
i.
2013; 6
4
.
[10]
EH. Gurban, G. Andreescu.
S
C
ADA e
l
e
m
e
n
t
soluti
ons
usi
n
g Ether
net a
n
d
mobi
le
ph
one
netw
o
rk.
in
Intelli
gent S
y
st
ems an
d Infor
m
atics (SISY), 201
1
IEEE 9t
h Intern
ation
a
l
S
y
mp
osi
u
m o
n
.
201
1: 30
3-
308.
[11]
H. Cai. A Re
mote Wireless
Data Acquis
i
ti
on S
y
stem B
a
sed o
n
Ad H
o
c Net
w
ork a
nd GPRS. in
200
9Sec
ond In
ternatio
nal Wor
kshop o
n
Com
puter Scie
nce
and En
gi
neer
in
g, IEEE. 2009.
[12]
Z
.
Na
w
a
w
i
, M
A
. Bakar Sidik
,
M. Boon Ke
a
n
, H. Ahmad, Z
.
Buntat, N.
Azlin
da Ahm
a
d
,
et al. Data
transmissio
n
s
y
stem of rotati
ng el
ectric fiel
d m
ill n
e
t
w
ork
using micr
oco
n
troll
e
r an
d GSM modul
e.
Ju
rn
al
Te
kn
o
l
og
i
(Sci
en
ce
s an
d
En
gi
ne
e
r
in
g).
2013; 64: 10
9-11
2.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.