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T
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3229
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r
c
o
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
Q
D
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
l
y
.
T
h
e
QDs
an
d
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
a
r
e
b
len
d
ed
to
g
eth
er
an
d
p
u
t
o
n
th
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
th
e
co
m
b
in
e
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
[
1
7
,
1
8
]
,
wh
ile
in
th
e
latter
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
th
e
QDs
an
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
ar
e
ap
p
lied
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
o
n
to
th
e
ch
ip
,
as
s
ep
ar
ated
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
[
1
9
,
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
is
s
u
e
with
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
th
e
QDs
in
th
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
p
a
r
t
o
f
th
e
r
ef
lecto
r
an
d
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
to
o
clo
s
e
to
th
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
an
d
r
esu
lts
in
h
ig
h
o
p
tical
d
en
s
ity
.
T
h
e
r
em
o
te
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
o
n
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
with
a
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
QDs
s
h
ee
t
an
d
th
e
c
h
ip
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
lo
w
o
p
tical
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
em
o
te
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ca
n
s
tab
ilize
th
e
ch
e
m
ical
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
am
o
n
g
QDs
m
o
lecu
les
at
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
an
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
ilico
n
e
ex
p
o
x
y
b
y
alter
n
atin
g
th
e
p
o
ly
m
er
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
th
a
t
th
e
QDs
s
h
ee
t
is
in
[
2
1
-
2
3
]
.
W
ith
th
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic,
th
e
r
em
o
te
p
ac
k
a
g
in
g
co
n
f
ig
u
r
a
tio
n
ap
p
ea
r
s
to
b
e
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
a
n
d
was n
o
r
m
ally
ap
p
lied
to
cr
ea
te
W
L
E
Ds with
QDs a
n
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
.
2.
P
RE
P
ARA
T
I
O
N
AN
D
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a
)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
wh
er
e
th
e
g
r
ee
n
QDs
p
ar
ti
cles
ar
e
p
lace
d
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
th
e
r
ed
QDs
lay
u
p
o
n
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
.
T
h
e
p
ac
k
ag
e
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
is
a
d
ec
id
in
g
f
ac
to
r
to
th
e
em
itte
d
lig
h
t
a
n
d
h
ea
t
r
a
d
iatio
n
,
t
h
u
s
d
ec
i
d
in
g
th
e
lig
h
tin
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
W
h
ile
th
e
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
ac
k
ag
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
a
n
d
th
e
Q
Ds
-
W
L
E
Ds
o
p
tical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
was
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
,
th
er
e
was
n
o
p
r
ac
tical
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
o
n
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
o
f
lig
h
t
in
g
p
o
wer
b
etwe
en
QDs
an
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
s
aid
r
esear
ch
ar
e
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
t
o
th
e
QDs
-
W
L
E
D
s
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
g
u
id
elin
e,
h
o
wev
er
,
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t o
f
lig
h
t
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
d
u
r
in
g
tr
an
s
itio
n
in
b
o
t
h
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es a
s
well
as
th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
QDs o
n
th
e
o
p
tic
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ar
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
t
an
t a
s
p
ec
ts
th
at
h
av
e
n
o
t b
ee
n
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Simu
latio
n
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
two
r
em
o
te
W
L
E
Ds ty
p
es with
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
:
(
a)
g
r
ee
n
QDs
-
on
-
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
ty
p
e,
(
b
)
r
ed
QDs
-
on
-
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
t
y
p
e
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
is
ar
ti
cle
is
to
g
ath
er
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
th
at
r
elate
s
to
th
e
asp
ec
ts
m
en
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e.
T
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
m
eth
o
d
i
s
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
d
ec
lin
e
o
f
lig
h
t
in
g
p
o
wer
b
etwe
en
QDs
an
d
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
in
b
o
th
s
tr
u
c
t
u
r
es,
an
d
th
en
co
m
p
ar
e
th
eir
o
p
er
atin
g
ef
f
icien
cy
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
ich
o
n
e
is
th
e
o
p
tim
al
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
o
s
er
v
e
t
h
is
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
a
r
ed
em
itti
n
g
QDs
C
d
Se/Zn
S
an
d
a
W
L
E
Ds
b
ased
o
n
y
ello
w
em
itti
n
g
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
an
d
a
b
an
d
o
f
QDs
wer
e
cr
ea
ted
.
T
h
e
em
is
s
io
n
o
f
lig
h
tin
g
e
n
er
g
y
a
n
d
PL
r
an
g
e
in
d
ex
es
n
ee
d
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ar
e
co
m
p
u
ted
u
s
in
g
an
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
p
h
er
e
s
y
s
tem
wh
ile
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
f
ield
s
o
n
th
e
d
ev
ices
d
u
r
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
a
r
e
i
m
itated
b
y
p
u
ttin
g
th
e
o
p
tical
in
d
ex
es
in
th
e
r
m
al
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
th
en
u
s
e
a
n
in
f
r
ar
ed
t
h
er
m
al
im
a
g
er
t
o
a
n
aly
ze
th
e
r
esu
lt.
T
h
e
o
u
tc
o
m
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
s
h
o
w
th
at
with
b
etter
lig
h
tin
g
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
co
lo
r
r
en
d
e
r
in
g
in
d
ex
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
lo
wer
d
e
v
ice
g
en
er
ated
h
ea
t,
th
e
QDs
-
on
-
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
is
th
e
id
ea
l p
ac
k
ag
in
g
o
r
d
er
to
c
h
o
o
s
e
f
o
r
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
18
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
32
2
8
-
323
3
3230
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
ex
p
r
ess
ed
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ch
a
n
g
es
o
cc
u
r
in
ter
m
s
o
f
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
b
etw
ee
n
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Y
2
O
3
:Ho
3+
,
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Mg
4
(
F)
(
Ge,
Sn
)
O
6
:Mn
2
+
an
d
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
YAG:
Ce
3+
.
T
h
ese
ch
an
g
es
in
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
af
f
ec
t
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ab
s
o
r
b
o
r
s
ca
tter
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
s
i
n
W
L
E
Ds,
wh
ich
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
a
n
d
t
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
lig
h
t
em
itted
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
ettin
g
o
f
th
e
two
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
s
Y
2
O
3
:Ho
3+
an
d
Mg
4
(
F)
(
Ge,
Sn
)
O
6
:Mn
2+
ar
e
ex
tr
em
ely
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
t
h
e
o
p
tical
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es in
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
YAG:
Ce
3+
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
es in
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
Y
2
O
3
:Ho
3+
an
d
Mg
4
(
F)
(
Ge,
Sn
)
O
6
:Mn
2+
is
to
m
ai
n
tain
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
co
r
r
elate
d
co
l
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
es.
Mo
r
e
s
p
ec
if
i
ca
lly
,
YAG:
Ce
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
d
ec
lin
e
to
p
r
eser
v
e
th
e
AC
C
T
s
wh
en
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
Y
2
O
3
:Ho
3+
an
d
Mg
4
(
F)
(
Ge,
Sn
)
O
6
:
Mn
2+
ar
e
r
is
in
g
in
th
e
r
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
2
to
2
0
%
wt.
T
h
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
o
f
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Mg
4
(
F)
(
Ge,
Sn
)
O
6
:Mn
2+
an
d
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Y
2
O
3
:Ho
3+
ar
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
in
ten
s
ity
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
4
2
0
-
4
8
0
n
m
an
d
5
0
0
to
6
4
0
n
m
in
c
r
ea
s
e
with
Y
2
O
3
:Ho
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
wh
ic
h
co
n
f
i
r
m
ed
th
at
t
h
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
in
th
ese
r
an
g
es
is
also
in
cr
ea
s
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
s
ca
tter
ed
b
lu
e
l
ig
h
t
also
i
n
cr
ea
s
es,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
ty
is
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
lead
in
g
t
o
b
etter
co
r
r
elate
d
co
lo
r
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
th
at
o
cc
u
r
w
h
en
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
th
e
Y
2
O
3
:Ho
3+
ar
e
n
o
tab
le
r
esu
lts
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
b
en
ef
it
o
f
t
h
is
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
o
n
th
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
W
L
E
D
s
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
Mg
4
(
F)(
Ge,
Sn
)
O
6
:Mn
2+
,
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
th
is
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
ca
u
s
e
th
e
in
ten
s
ity
f
r
o
m
6
4
8
to
7
3
8
n
m
to
r
is
e,
h
o
wev
er
,
th
is
ef
f
ec
t
is
m
ea
n
in
g
less
with
o
u
t
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
two
r
e
m
ain
in
g
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
r
an
g
es,
wh
ich
ar
e
420
-
4
8
0
n
m
an
d
5
0
0
-
6
4
0
n
m
.
Similar
to
th
e
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
,
if
t
h
e
in
te
n
s
ity
in
th
e
r
em
ain
i
n
g
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
o
f
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
r
is
e
th
at
wo
u
ld
r
esu
lt
in
b
etter
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
ef
f
ec
t.
T
h
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
th
at
ties
to
th
e
em
itted
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
is
cr
u
cial
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
o
p
tica
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
,
wh
en
th
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
in
cr
ea
s
e,
th
e
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
an
d
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
b
e
co
m
e
b
etter
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
in
d
in
g
s
wh
e
n
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Mg
4
(
F(G
e,
Sn
)
O
6
:Mn
2+
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
Mg
4
(
F)
(
Ge,
Sn
)
O
6
:Mn
2+
g
u
ar
an
tee
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
c
o
lo
r
q
u
ality
d
esp
ite
th
e
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e,
th
is
is
a
v
alu
ab
le
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tic,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
m
ain
tain
in
g
h
ig
h
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
at
h
ig
h
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
h
ar
d
to
o
b
tain
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
d
ec
is
io
n
r
elies
o
n
th
e
m
an
u
f
a
ctu
r
er
s
to
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
s
u
itab
le
o
p
tio
n
to
r
ea
ch
th
eir
g
o
al.
Fo
r
W
L
E
Ds
th
at
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
th
e
h
ig
h
ch
r
o
m
atic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
it
is
ad
v
is
ab
le
to
g
iv
e
u
p
a
b
it
o
f
em
itted
lig
h
t
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
est
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
alter
atio
n
in
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
r
em
o
te
W
L
E
Ds to
m
ain
tain
th
e
av
er
ag
e
C
C
T
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
in
ten
s
ity
in
d
u
al
-
lay
e
r
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
T
h
e
C
R
I
ex
p
r
ess
es
th
e
ch
r
o
m
atic
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
ir
r
a
d
iated
o
b
ject.
T
h
is
in
d
ex
d
en
o
tes
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ex
p
r
ess
th
e
co
lo
r
o
f
an
o
b
ject
an
d
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
b
alan
ce
o
f
b
lu
e,
y
ello
w,
an
d
g
r
ee
n
.
I
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
titu
en
t
c
o
lo
r
s
ar
e
u
n
ev
en
,
th
e
c
o
lo
r
b
alan
ce
will
lo
s
s
an
d
r
esu
lts
in
r
ed
u
ce
d
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
r
esu
lts
o
f
C
R
I
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
,
t
h
e
g
r
ee
n
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
Y
2
O
3
:Ho
3+
is
d
etr
im
en
tal
to
t
h
e
C
R
I
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
lo
r
r
en
d
er
i
n
g
i
n
d
ex
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
s
lig
h
tly
wh
en
ev
er
th
er
e
is
a
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
th
is
is
n
o
t
a
s
er
io
u
s
d
ef
ec
t
d
u
e
to
C
R
I
i
s
o
n
ly
p
ar
t
o
f
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
s
ca
le
(
C
QS)
.
T
h
e
C
Q
S,
as
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
r
em
ai
n
s
tatic
wh
en
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Y
2
O
3
:Ho
3+
is
b
elo
w
8
%.
I
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
C
R
I
,
th
e
C
QS
is
a
p
r
io
r
i
ty
b
ec
au
s
e
it c
o
v
er
s
m
o
r
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
is
h
ar
d
er
to
o
b
tain
.
As a
r
esu
lt,
it i
s
ac
ce
p
tab
le
to
h
av
e
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Y
2
O
3
:Ho
3+
u
n
d
er
8
% if
th
e
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
lu
x
is
also
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
is
th
e
ca
lcu
latin
g
f
o
r
m
u
la
f
o
r
th
e
u
n
eq
u
al
SP
D
o
f
s
in
g
le
co
lo
r
L
E
D
with
Gau
s
s
ian
f
u
n
ctio
n
[
2
4
,
2
5
]
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
I
mp
r
o
vin
g
o
p
tica
l p
r
o
p
erti
es o
f remo
te
p
h
o
s
p
o
r
LED
u
s
in
g
g
r
ee
n
Y
2
O
3
:
Ho
3+
...
(
My
Ha
n
h
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
i
)
3231
=
1
√
2
[
−
0
.
5
∗
(
−
)
2
2
]
(
1
)
I
n
th
is
f
o
r
m
u
la,
is
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
(
SP
D)
(
m
W
/n
m
)
wh
ile
λ
in
d
icate
s
th
e
w
av
elen
g
th
(
n
m
)
an
d
d
escr
ib
es th
e
p
e
ak
wav
el
en
g
th
(
n
m
)
.
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
d
escr
i
b
e
th
e
o
p
tical
p
o
we
r
(
W
)
o
f
th
e
W
L
E
D.
W
h
en
r
elies
o
n
th
e
p
ea
k
wav
elen
g
th
,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
d
ef
in
e
th
e
f
u
ll
-
wid
th
at
h
alf
-
m
ax
i
m
u
m
(
FW
HM
)
Δ
(
n
m
)
as
f
o
llo
win
g
with
1
,
2
b
ein
g
th
e
wav
elen
g
th
s
at
h
alf
o
f
th
e
p
ea
k
in
ten
s
ity
,
ℎ
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
Plan
ck
’
s
co
n
s
tan
t (
J
.
s
)
an
d
c
is
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
lig
h
t (
m
.
s
−1
).
=
2
2ℎ
√
2
2
=
2
(
ℎ
1
−
ℎ
2
)
2ℎ
√
2
2
=
2
(
ℎ
1
2
)
2ℎ
√
2
2
(
2
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
co
lo
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
in
d
ex
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Y
2
O
3
:Ho
3+
an
d
Mg
4
(
F)
(
Ge,
Sn
)
O
6
:Mn
2+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
s
ca
le
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Y
2
O
3
:Ho
3+
an
d
Mg
4
(
F)
(
Ge,
Sn
)
O
6
:Mn
2+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
I
n
th
eo
r
y
,
W
L
E
D
with
YAG
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
an
d
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
em
itti
n
g
ch
ip
h
as
th
e
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
b
et
wee
n
b
lu
e
an
d
y
ello
w
s
p
ec
tr
a
as SPD.
I
n
p
r
ac
tical
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
ac
tu
all
y
ac
tiv
e
in
b
o
t
h
y
ello
w
an
d
g
r
ee
n
em
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
es.
W
ith
th
at
b
ein
g
s
aid
,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
u
s
e
th
e
g
r
ee
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
t
o
d
ep
ict
th
e
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
b
etwe
en
th
e
SP
D
in
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
b
lu
e
-
y
ello
w
m
ix
ed
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
in
ca
s
es
with
b
lu
e
an
d
y
ello
w
ar
e
th
e
ch
o
s
en
s
p
ec
tr
a.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
t
h
e
g
r
ee
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
is
ad
d
e
d
t
o
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
p
r
ac
t
ical
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
an
d
t
h
e
an
al
y
tical
tr
i
-
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
(B
-
G
-
Y)
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as in
(
3
)
th
en
later
o
n
m
o
d
if
ied
to
(
4
)
:
=
_
1
√
2
[
−
0
.
5
∗
(
−
_
)
2
2
]
1
√
2
[
−
0
.
5
∗
(
−
)
2
2
]
(
3
)
_
1
√
2
[
−
0
.
5
∗
(
−
_
)
2
2
]
=
1
√
2
[
−
0
.
5
∗
(
−
)
2
2
]
1
√
2
[
−
0
.
5
∗
(
−
)
2
2
]
_
1
√
2
[
−
0
.
5
∗
(
−
_
)
2
2
]
(
4
)
wh
er
e
_
,
_
,
_
an
d
_
s
tan
d
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
ti
ca
l
p
o
wer
(
W
)
in
ea
ch
s
ep
ar
a
te
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
b
lu
e,
g
r
ee
n
,
y
ello
w
an
d
wh
ite.
_
,
_
an
d
_
in
o
r
d
er
ar
e
t
h
e
p
ea
k
wav
el
en
g
th
s
(
n
m
)
o
f
t
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
18
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
32
2
8
-
323
3
3232
em
itti
n
g
th
e
ch
r
o
m
atic
lig
h
ts
.
T
h
e
n
o
n
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
r
atio
s
o
f
ch
r
o
m
atic
lig
h
ts
s
p
ec
tr
a
to
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
wh
ite
lig
h
t,
ar
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
ly
as
,
an
d
.
,
an
d
in
tu
r
n
ar
e
th
e
co
ef
f
icien
t o
f
FW
HM
(
n
m
)
f
o
r
th
e
wav
elen
g
th
r
an
g
es
o
f
ch
r
o
m
atic
lig
h
ts
.
T
h
is
m
ath
em
atic
al
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
SP
C
in
W
L
E
Ds
with
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
ca
n
b
e
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
as a
tr
ico
lo
r
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
an
d
a
n
ex
ten
d
ed
Ga
u
s
s
ian
m
o
d
el.
Nex
t,
we
s
tu
d
y
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
o
f
QDs WLE
D
wi
th
th
e
QDs c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
as in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
co
n
ten
t o
f
Fig
u
r
e
6
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates th
at
wh
en
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
r
an
g
e
o
f
Y
2
O
3
:Ho
3+
is
f
r
o
m
2
% wt
to
2
0
%
wt
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
will
s
h
ar
p
ly
in
cr
ea
s
e.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
in
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
wit
h
d
u
al
lay
er
s
is
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
b
o
th
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
s
in
clu
d
i
n
g
th
e
r
e
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Mg
4
(
F
)
(
Ge,
Sn
)
O
6
:Mn
2+
.
T
h
e
ex
tin
ctio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
with
Mg
4
(
F)
(
Ge,
Sn
)
O
6
:Mn
2+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
wh
ile
o
p
p
o
s
in
g
to
lig
h
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
en
er
g
y
as
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
B
ee
r
’
s
L
aw
s
u
g
g
ests
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
wh
en
c
h
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
s
it
m
ay
o
cc
u
r
th
e
lu
m
e
n
o
u
t
p
u
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
wh
en
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Mg
4
(
F)
(
Ge,
Sn
)
O
6
:Mn
2+
in
cr
ea
s
es,
an
d
d
r
asti
ca
lly
d
ec
l
in
e
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
th
e
co
n
c
en
tr
atio
n
r
ea
ch
es
2
0
%.
Desp
ite
th
e
d
r
awb
ac
k
in
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
,
u
s
in
g
r
e
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Mg
4
(
F)(
Ge,
Sn
)
O
6
:Mn
2+
i
s
s
till
b
en
ef
icial
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
en
h
an
ce
m
en
ts
it
b
r
in
g
s
to
th
e
C
R
I
an
d
C
Q
S,
n
o
t
to
m
en
tio
n
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
in
th
ese
d
u
al
-
lay
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
is
b
etter
th
an
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
lay
e
r
o
n
es
th
a
t
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
.
T
h
ese
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
h
elp
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
ex
ac
t c
o
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
to
s
er
v
e
th
ei
r
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
in
m
ass
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
o
f
Y
2
O
3
:Ho
3+
an
d
Mg
4
(
F)
(
Ge,
Sn
)
O
6
:Mn
2+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
ap
er
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Y
2
O
3
:Ho
3+
an
d
r
e
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Mg
4
(
F)
(
Ge,
Sn
)
O
6
:Mn
2+
o
n
t
h
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
e
r
ites
o
f
r
em
o
te
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
tw
o
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
s
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
with
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
th
eo
r
y
an
d
th
e
B
ee
r
’
s
law,
it
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
th
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Mg
4
(
F)
(
Ge,
Sn
)
O
6
:
Mn
2+
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
b
o
o
s
tin
g
th
e
c
h
r
o
m
atic
q
u
ality
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Y
2
O
3
:Ho
3+
is
th
e
ex
ce
llen
t
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
,
t
h
e
ef
f
e
ct
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ap
p
licab
le
to
lo
w
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
W
L
E
Ds
b
u
t
also
with
th
e
o
n
es
at
h
ig
h
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
W
ith
th
e
af
o
r
em
e
n
tio
n
e
d
r
esu
lts
,
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
s
u
cc
ee
d
ed
in
a
v
er
y
d
if
f
icu
lt
task
th
at
is
en
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
th
e
c
o
lo
r
q
u
ality
in
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
.
On
an
o
t
h
er
n
o
te,
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
b
o
t
h
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
s
Y
2
O
3
:Ho
3+
o
r
Mg
4
(
F)
(
Ge,
Sn
)
O
6
:Mn
2+
m
u
s
t
b
e
k
ep
t
at
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
lev
el
as
th
e
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
ca
n
d
am
ag
e
th
e
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
as we
ll a
s
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
.
Ma
n
ag
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
is
c
r
u
cial
in
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
W
L
E
Ds,
h
o
wev
er
,
th
is
ar
ti
cle
h
as
p
r
esen
ted
all
t
h
e
m
u
ch
-
n
ee
d
ed
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
b
o
u
t
th
is
to
p
ic
to
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
s
o
th
ey
ca
n
ap
p
ly
it to
cr
ea
te
W
L
E
Ds with
th
e
d
esire
d
q
u
ality
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
S
.
S
a
d
e
g
h
i
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Q
u
a
n
t
u
m
d
o
t
w
h
i
t
e
L
E
D
s
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h
l
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,
”
O
p
t
i
c
a
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
7
9
3
-
8
0
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
]
X.
Ko
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
As
se
ss
in
g
th
e
tem
p
o
ra
l
u
n
ifo
rm
it
y
o
f
CIEL
AB
h
u
e
a
n
g
le,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
th
e
Op
t
ic
a
l
Soc
iety
o
f
Am
e
rik
a
A,
v
o
l.
3
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
2
1
-
5
2
8
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
2
0
.
[3
]
X.
Li
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
in
g
le
-
sh
o
t
m
u
lt
isp
e
c
tral
ima
g
in
g
t
h
ro
u
g
h
a
t
h
in
sc
a
tt
e
re
r,
”
Op
ti
c
a
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
p
p
.
8
6
4
-
8
7
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[4
]
S
.
P
a
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Im
a
g
e
re
sto
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
lo
r
f
u
sio
n
o
f
d
ig
i
tal
m
icro
sc
o
p
e
s,
”
Ap
p
l
ie
d
Op
t
ics
,
v
o
l.
5
8
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
2
1
8
3
-
2
1
8
9
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
9
.
[5
]
B.
K.
Tsa
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ex
p
o
su
re
st
u
d
y
o
n
UV
-
in
d
u
c
e
d
d
e
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
P
TF
E
a
n
d
c
e
ra
m
ic
o
p
ti
c
a
l
d
iff
u
se
rs,
”
Ap
p
l
ie
d
Op
t
ics
,
v
o
l.
5
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
5
-
1
2
2
2
,
F
e
b
ru
a
ry
2
0
1
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
I
mp
r
o
vin
g
o
p
tica
l p
r
o
p
erti
es o
f remo
te
p
h
o
s
p
o
r
LED
u
s
in
g
g
r
ee
n
Y
2
O
3
:
Ho
3+
...
(
My
Ha
n
h
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
i
)
3233
[6
]
X.
Wan
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
o
d
ify
i
n
g
p
h
a
se
,
sh
a
p
e
a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
th
e
r
m
o
m
e
try
o
f
Na
G
d
F
4
:2
%
Er
3+
p
h
o
sp
h
o
rs
th
r
o
u
g
h
Ca
2+
d
o
p
i
n
g
,
”
Op
t.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
1
7
,
p
p
.
2
1
9
5
0
-
2
1
9
5
9
,
A
u
g
u
st
2
0
1
8
.
[7
]
X.
F
u
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
icro
m
a
c
h
in
e
d
e
x
tr
in
sic
F
a
b
ry
-
P
é
ro
t
c
a
v
it
y
f
o
r
lo
w
-
fr
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
a
c
o
u
st
ic
wa
v
e
se
n
sin
g
,
”
Op
t
ics
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
1
7
,
p
p
.
2
4
3
0
0
-
2
4
3
1
0
,
Au
g
u
st
2
0
1
9
.
[8
]
A.
Ullah
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ho
u
se
h
o
l
d
li
g
h
t
so
u
rc
e
fo
r
p
o
ten
t
p
h
o
to
-
d
y
n
a
m
ic
a
n
ti
m
icro
b
ial
e
ffe
c
t
a
n
d
wo
u
n
d
h
e
a
li
n
g
i
n
a
n
in
fe
c
ti
v
e
a
n
ima
l
m
o
d
e
l,
”
B
io
m
e
d
.
Op
t.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
0
0
6
-
1
0
1
9
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
8
.
[9
]
D.
Du
rm
u
s,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Blu
r
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
a
n
d
v
isu
a
l
c
larity
i
n
li
g
h
t
p
r
o
jec
ti
o
n
s
y
ste
m
s,
”
Op
t.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
A
2
1
6
-
A2
2
3
,
F
e
b
r
u
a
ry
2
0
1
9
.
[1
0
]
A.
Li
h
a
c
h
e
v
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Diffe
re
n
ti
a
ti
o
n
o
f
se
b
o
rr
h
e
ic
k
e
ra
to
sis
fr
o
m
b
a
sa
l
c
e
ll
c
a
rc
in
o
m
a
,
n
e
v
i
a
n
d
m
e
lan
o
m
a
b
y
RG
B
a
u
to
fl
u
o
re
sc
e
n
c
e
ima
g
in
g
,
”
Bi
o
m
e
d
ica
l
Op
t
ica
l
Ex
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
8
5
2
-
1
8
5
8
,
A
p
ril
2
0
1
8
.
[1
1
]
J.
Zh
o
u
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Lo
w
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
wid
e
-
field
-
of
-
v
iew
li
d
a
r
sc
a
n
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
M
EM
S
m
irro
r
,
”
Ap
p
l
ie
d
O
p
t
ics
,
v
o
l.
5
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
A2
8
3
-
A
2
9
0
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
2
]
J.
S
.
Li
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hig
h
e
fficie
n
c
y
s
o
li
d
–
li
q
u
i
d
h
y
b
ri
d
-
sta
te
q
u
a
n
t
u
m
d
o
t
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s,
”
Ph
o
to
n
ics
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
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