T
E
L
KO
M
N
I
KA
T
e
lec
om
m
u
n
icat
ion
,
Com
p
u
t
i
n
g,
E
lec
t
r
on
ics
an
d
Cont
r
ol
Vol.
18
,
No.
3
,
J
une
2020
,
pp.
1573
~
1581
I
S
S
N:
1693
-
6930,
a
c
c
r
e
dit
e
d
F
ir
s
t
G
r
a
de
by
Ke
me
nr
is
tekdikti
,
De
c
r
e
e
No:
21/E
/KP
T
/2018
DO
I
:
10.
12928/
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
.
v18i3.
13389
1573
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
jour
nal.
uad
.
ac
.
id/
index
.
php/T
E
L
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OM
N
I
K
A
Fr
ac
t
al
a
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Z
.
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awi
1
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M
.
A.
B
.
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id
ik
2
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.
I
.
Ja
m
b
ak
3
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n
ia
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ar
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a
d
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.
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u
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7
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2,
3,
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e
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l
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ca
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Facu
l
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n
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eer
i
n
g
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U
n
i
v
er
s
i
t
as
Sri
w
i
j
ay
a,
In
d
o
n
es
i
a
5,
6,
7
Fac
u
l
t
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
eeri
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
ers
i
t
i
T
ek
n
o
l
o
g
i
Ma
l
ay
s
i
a,
Mal
ay
s
i
a
Ar
t
icle
I
n
f
o
AB
S
T
RA
CT
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
tor
y
:
R
e
c
e
ived
J
un
23
,
2019
R
e
vis
e
d
De
c
9
,
2019
Ac
c
e
pted
De
c
21,
2019
E
l
ec
t
ri
ca
l
t
reei
n
g
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
mai
n
reas
o
n
s
fo
r
l
o
n
g
-
t
erm
d
eg
rad
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
i
g
h
v
o
l
t
ag
e
i
n
s
u
l
at
i
o
n
es
p
eci
a
l
l
y
i
n
t
h
e
ca
b
l
e
acce
s
s
o
ry
w
h
i
ch
c
o
mmo
n
l
y
mad
e
fro
m
s
i
l
i
co
n
e
ru
b
b
er
d
u
e
t
o
n
o
n
-
u
n
i
fo
rm
l
y
s
t
r
u
ct
u
res
o
f
t
h
e
ca
b
l
e
acces
s
o
ri
e
s
.
Recen
t
l
y
,
t
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
at
i
o
n
o
f
n
a
n
o
f
i
l
l
ers
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
s
i
l
i
c
o
n
e
ru
b
b
er
mat
ri
x
can
red
u
ce
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
el
ect
r
i
cal
t
re
ei
n
g
t
o
g
r
o
w
fu
r
t
h
er
b
y
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
i
t
s
p
at
t
ern
s
an
d
s
l
o
w
-
d
o
w
n
i
t
s
p
ro
p
ag
a
t
i
o
n
.
H
o
w
ev
er,
t
h
e
i
n
fl
u
en
ce
s
o
f
n
an
o
fi
l
l
er
s
o
n
t
h
e
t
ree
h
i
n
d
ra
n
ce
an
d
i
t
s
p
at
t
ern
s
are
n
o
t
w
el
l
u
n
d
ers
t
o
o
d
.
T
h
i
s
p
ap
er
e
x
p
l
o
re
s
t
h
e
i
n
fl
u
en
ce
o
f
n
an
o
fi
l
l
er
o
n
t
ree
p
at
t
ern
i
n
s
i
l
i
co
n
ru
b
b
er.
T
h
e
el
e
ct
r
i
cal
t
ree
p
at
t
er
n
s
w
er
e
ch
aract
er
i
zed
u
s
i
n
g
fract
al
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
.
T
h
e
b
o
x
-
co
u
n
t
i
n
g
met
h
o
d
w
as
u
s
ed
t
o
meas
u
re
t
h
e
fract
a
l
d
i
me
n
s
i
o
n
an
d
l
acu
n
ari
t
y
t
o
o
b
t
ai
n
t
h
e
s
t
ru
c
t
u
re
o
f
t
h
e
t
ree
p
at
t
ern
d
u
ri
n
g
t
h
e
el
ec
t
ri
ca
l
t
r
ee
g
r
o
w
t
h
.
T
h
e
s
t
r
u
ct
u
re
o
f
t
h
e
el
ect
ri
cal
t
ree
i
n
s
i
l
i
co
n
e
ru
b
b
er
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
i
t
es
h
a
s
h
i
g
h
er
frac
t
al
d
i
men
s
i
o
n
an
d
l
acu
n
ari
t
y
.
Samp
l
e
w
i
t
h
n
a
n
o
f
i
l
l
er
p
o
s
s
e
s
s
e
s
d
o
mi
n
an
t
fract
al
d
i
men
s
i
o
n
o
f
t
ree
g
ro
w
t
h
co
mp
are
d
t
o
t
h
e
s
am
p
l
e
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
n
an
o
fi
l
l
er.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
F
r
a
c
tal
a
na
lys
is
Na
noc
ompos
it
e
s
S
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e
.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
M
.
H.
Ahma
d
,
I
ns
ti
tut
e
of
High
Voltage
a
nd
High
C
ur
r
e
nt
,
S
c
hool
of
E
lec
tr
ica
l
E
nginee
r
ing
,
F
a
c
ult
y
of
E
ngin
e
e
r
ing,
Unive
r
s
it
i
T
e
knologi
M
a
lays
ia,
81310,
UT
M
J
ohor
B
a
hr
u,
J
ohor
,
M
a
lays
ia
.
E
mail:
mohdhaf
izi@utm
.
my
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
E
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
is
a
pr
e
-
br
e
a
kdown
phe
nomenon
oc
c
ur
s
in
polym
e
r
ic
ins
ulating
mate
r
ials
whic
h
us
ua
ll
y
us
e
d
in
high
volt
a
ge
ins
ulation
s
ys
tem
[
1
-
4]
.
I
t
a
ls
o
c
a
n
c
a
us
e
long
-
ter
m
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
of
in
s
ulation
c
a
ble
a
nd
may
be
c
a
us
e
d
by
a
n
ir
r
e
gular
s
ha
p
e
,
void
a
nd
im
pu
r
it
ies
[
5
-
7]
.
T
he
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
gr
owth
c
a
n
be
c
las
s
if
ied
int
o
thr
e
e
s
tage
s
whic
h
a
r
e
ince
pt
ion,
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
a
nd
r
una
wa
y.
I
nc
e
pti
on
pe
r
iod
is
a
n
ini
ti
a
l
s
tage
oc
c
ur
r
e
d
whe
n
a
mi
c
r
ovoid
is
pr
oduc
e
d
but
no
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
is
f
igur
e
d.
Ne
xt
s
tage
is
the
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
s
tage
.
I
t
oc
c
ur
s
whe
n
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
t
r
e
e
s
tar
ts
to
f
or
m
a
nd
s
hows
the
va
r
iety
im
a
ge
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
s
uc
h
a
s
br
a
nc
h,
bus
h
or
br
a
nc
h
-
bus
h.
L
a
s
tl
y,
t
he
br
e
a
kdown
will
oc
c
ur
in
r
una
wa
y
s
tage
be
c
a
us
e
of
the
a
c
c
e
ler
a
ti
on
of
tr
e
e
ing
ti
ll
ne
a
r
ly
a
c
r
os
s
the
tes
ted
mate
r
ial
[
8]
.
I
n
high
vo
lt
a
ge
a
ppa
r
a
tus
,
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
(
S
iR
)
is
c
omm
only
us
e
d
a
s
a
n
ins
ulation
due
to
the
e
xc
e
ll
e
nt
in
e
lec
tr
ica
l
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
,
diele
c
tr
ic
s
tr
e
ngth
a
nd
f
lexibil
it
y
.
I
t
is
us
ua
ll
y
us
e
d
a
s
ins
ulation
f
or
c
a
ble
joi
nt
a
nd
outdoor
ins
ulation.
I
ts
a
dva
ntage
s
c
ompr
is
e
to
it
s
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
including
the
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
mat
e
r
ial
c
a
n
give
a
s
e
r
vice
f
or
a
long
-
ter
m
,
good
in
e
lec
tr
ica
l
ins
ulation,
a
lar
ge
r
a
nge
of
tempe
r
a
tur
e
f
or
ope
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
it
wa
s
not
a
f
f
e
c
ted
by
we
a
ther
[
9
-
11]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
1573
-
1581
1574
R
e
c
e
ntl
y,
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
-
ba
s
e
d
na
noc
ompos
it
e
s
ha
ve
be
e
n
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
d
f
or
r
e
tar
ding
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
gr
owth
[
12
-
14]
.
B
y
a
dding
the
na
nof
i
ll
e
r
in
to
the
ba
s
e
mate
r
ial,
it
c
a
n
pr
oduc
e
be
tt
e
r
i
ns
ulation
a
nd
mor
e
e
xc
e
ll
e
nt
ins
ulation
p
r
ope
r
ti
e
s
of
the
S
i
R
c
a
n
be
im
pr
ove
d.
T
a
na
ka
r
e
por
ted
that
the
na
nos
t
r
uc
tur
e
d
polym
e
r
known
a
s
na
noc
ompos
it
e
s
ha
ve
the
potential
to
im
pr
ove
the
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l,
me
c
ha
nica
l,
a
nd
ther
mal
c
ompar
e
d
to
the
ne
a
t
po
lym
e
r
s
[
15]
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion,
va
r
ious
types
of
f
il
ler
s
ha
ve
a
ls
o
be
e
n
s
tudi
e
d
s
uc
h
a
s
meta
ll
ic
oxide,
magne
s
ium
oxide,
z
inc
o
xide
a
nd
mos
t
o
f
the
f
il
le
r
s
ha
d
be
e
n
us
e
d
is
s
il
i
c
a
[
16]
.
P
r
e
vious
ly,
mi
c
r
o
s
il
ica
is
us
e
d,
but
it
is
r
e
plac
e
d
by
the
na
no
-
s
il
ica
be
c
a
us
e
of
the
de
c
r
e
a
s
ing
of
diele
c
tr
ic
s
tr
e
ngth
c
ompos
it
e
c
a
us
e
s
by
high
loading
r
a
te
[
17
-
19]
.
Although
na
no
-
s
il
ica
s
tudi
e
d
by
other
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
not
many
inves
ti
ga
ti
ons
c
ombi
ne
the
na
no
-
s
il
ica
with
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
a
s
a
ba
s
e
mate
r
ial
in
the
ins
ulation.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
it
is
s
ti
ll
not
we
ll
unde
r
s
tood
f
or
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
iza
ti
on
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
in
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
na
noc
ompos
it
e
s
.
T
o
identif
y
the
s
tr
uc
tur
e
o
f
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing,
many
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
ha
ve
be
e
n
c
onduc
ti
ng
s
tudi
e
s
on
the
f
r
a
c
tal
a
na
lys
is
us
e
d
to
me
a
s
ur
e
the
pa
tt
e
r
ns
o
f
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
in
the
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
ins
ulating
mate
r
ial
but
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
pa
tt
e
r
ns
whe
n
a
dding
na
nof
il
ler
int
o
the
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
is
not
much
inves
ti
ga
ted.
F
r
a
c
tal
a
na
lys
is
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
t
r
e
e
ing
c
a
n
a
na
lyze
the
gr
owth
pa
tt
e
r
n
o
f
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
a
nd
li
f
e
s
pa
n
of
the
ins
ulating
mate
r
ial
[
20
-
22]
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
im
por
tant
to
c
onduc
t
a
s
tudy
on
f
r
a
c
tal
a
na
lys
is
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
in
the
ins
ulation
whe
n
a
dding
na
nof
il
ler
s
int
o
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
ins
ulating
ma
ter
ial.
2.
E
XP
E
RI
M
E
NT
T
he
r
e
we
r
e
f
ou
r
types
of
the
s
pe
c
im
e
n
to
be
us
e
d
i
n
thi
s
e
xpe
r
im
e
nt
to
identif
y
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
s
tr
uc
tur
e
that
oc
c
ur
r
e
d
on
the
s
pe
c
im
e
n
be
twe
e
n
the
ne
e
dle
ti
p
a
nd
e
lec
tr
ode
dur
ing
inj
e
c
ti
ng
HV
AC
.
T
he
n,
the
r
e
s
ult
wa
s
a
na
lyze
d
us
ing
f
r
a
c
tal
a
na
l
ys
is
to
mea
s
ur
e
the
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
a
nd
lac
un
a
r
it
y
f
or
e
a
c
h
s
pe
c
im
e
n.
2.
1.
L
e
af
-
li
k
e
s
p
e
c
im
e
n
T
o
c
lar
if
y
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
f
il
le
r
on
t
r
e
e
ince
pti
on,
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
a
nd
br
e
a
kdown,
the
lea
f
-
li
ke
s
pe
c
im
e
n
wa
s
us
e
d
a
s
s
ho
wn
in
F
igur
e
1.
T
he
s
pe
c
im
e
ns
we
r
e
pr
e
pa
r
e
d
a
s
f
our
types
of
mate
r
ials
;
pur
e
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
,
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
with
1
we
ight
pe
r
c
e
ntage
(
wt%
)
,
3
wt%
a
nd
5
wt%
of
na
no
-
s
il
ica
.
T
he
S
iO
2
na
no
f
il
ler
us
e
d
in
thi
s
s
pe
c
im
e
n
wa
s
f
r
om
S
igm
a
Aldr
ich
with
the
pa
r
ti
c
le
s
ize
of
12
nm
a
nd
po
lym
e
r
us
e
d
wa
s
s
ylgr
a
d
184
S
iR
e
las
tom
e
r
f
r
om
Dow
C
or
n
ing.
T
he
na
no
-
s
il
ica
wa
s
mi
xe
d
wi
th
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
in
a
c
c
or
da
nc
e
with
the
de
s
ir
e
d
r
a
ti
o.
I
f
the
a
mount
o
f
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
us
e
d
is
1
0
g,
then
the
we
ight
of
na
no
-
s
il
ica
will
be
0.
1
g,
0.
3
g
a
nd
0.
5
g.
T
he
p
r
oc
e
s
s
of
mi
xing
the
s
il
icone
r
ub
be
r
with
na
no
-
s
il
ica
wa
s
pe
r
f
or
med
with
a
magne
t
ic
s
ti
r
r
e
r
a
t
a
s
pe
e
d
of
125
r
pm
f
or
60
mi
nutes
.
T
o
e
ns
ur
e
th
e
na
no
-
s
il
ica
dis
pe
r
s
e
d
c
ompl
e
tely
in
the
S
iR
a
n
ul
tr
a
s
onic
dis
membr
a
tor
(
F
is
c
he
r
,
F
B
705B
X)
wa
s
us
e
d.
T
he
dis
pe
r
s
ion
e
ne
r
gy
maintaine
d
mor
e
than
100
kJ
,
o
pe
r
a
ti
on
powe
r
r
a
nge
be
twe
e
n
100
-
150
W
a
nd
a
n
a
mpl
i
tud
e
of
70%
.
F
or
pur
e
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
s
pe
c
im
e
n,
th
is
mi
xtur
e
will
not
go
th
r
ough
the
s
onica
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
Af
t
e
r
the
s
onif
ica
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
ther
e
will
be
we
ight
los
s
in
the
S
iR
/S
iO
2
due
to
s
hif
ti
ng
f
r
om
one
br
e
a
ke
r
to
a
nother
.
R
e
-
we
ighi
ng
of
the
S
iR
/S
iO
2
m
ixt
ur
e
wa
s
c
a
r
r
ied
out
a
ga
in
a
nd
s
il
icone
e
las
tom
e
r
c
u
r
ing
a
ge
nt
(
h
a
r
de
ne
r
)
a
dde
d
to
thi
s
mi
xtu
r
e
in
the
r
a
ti
o
of
1:
10
with
the
he
lp
of
magne
ti
c
s
ti
r
r
e
r
a
t
125
r
pm
f
o
r
15
mi
n
ute
s
.
T
he
f
ur
ther
p
r
oc
e
s
s
is
to
r
e
move
the
voids
a
n
d
the
a
ir
bubbles
f
or
med
in
the
mi
xing
p
r
oc
e
s
s
.
T
his
wa
s
done
by
de
ga
s
if
ica
ti
on
p
r
oc
e
s
s
by
plac
ing
the
pr
e
pa
r
e
d
s
olut
ion
in
the
va
c
uum
ove
n
f
or
25
mi
nutes
.
Af
te
r
wa
r
ds
,
the
na
noc
ompos
it
e
wa
s
c
a
s
t
on
the
e
lec
tr
ode
s
ga
p
on
a
mi
c
r
os
c
opic
glas
s
a
nd
c
ove
r
e
d
with
a
nother
glas
s
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
1.
T
he
n,
the
lea
f
-
li
ke
s
pe
c
im
e
n
wa
s
c
ur
e
d
a
t
100
°C
f
or
45
mi
nutes
ins
ide
a
va
c
uum
ove
n.
T
he
e
lec
tr
ode
us
e
d
f
or
the
tr
e
e
ini
ti
a
t
ion
wa
s
a
ne
e
dle
with
a
ti
p
r
a
dius
of
3
μ
m
a
nd
a
diame
ter
of
0
.
3
mm
wa
s
us
e
d.
A
s
pa
c
ing
of
2
m
m
wa
s
m
a
int
a
ined
be
twe
e
n
the
ne
e
dle
ti
p
a
nd
the
gr
ound
e
lec
tr
ode
f
o
r
the
p
r
opa
ga
ti
on
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
t
r
e
e
.
F
igur
e
1
.
L
e
a
f
-
li
ke
s
pe
c
im
e
n
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
F
r
ac
tal
analys
is
of
e
lec
tr
ical
tr
e
e
gr
ow
n
in
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
nanoc
ompos
it
e
s
(
Z
.
N
aw
aw
i)
1575
2.
2.
E
xp
e
r
im
e
n
t
al
p
r
oc
e
d
u
r
e
F
igu
r
e
2
s
ho
ws
the
c
i
r
c
u
it
diag
r
a
m
o
f
the
e
xpe
r
i
ment
s
e
t
u
p
a
n
d
it
s
c
o
nne
c
t
ions
to
the
Oly
mpus
S
Z
X
16
o
pti
c
a
l
mi
c
r
os
c
ope
a
nd
pe
r
s
ona
l
c
o
mput
e
r
.
T
he
240
V/50
kV
s
te
p
-
up
tr
a
ns
f
o
r
me
r
wa
s
us
e
d
to
s
tep
up
the
volt
a
ge
f
r
om
t
he
p
owe
r
s
up
ply
to
a
c
e
r
tai
n
l
e
ve
l
of
r
e
qu
ir
e
d
h
igh
vo
lt
a
ge
a
n
d
the
610
0
Ω
pr
otec
ti
on
r
e
s
is
tor
wa
s
us
e
d
to
pr
otec
t
ov
e
r
c
u
r
r
e
nt
to
t
he
tr
a
ns
f
o
r
m
e
r
.
T
he
s
pe
c
im
e
ns
we
r
e
plac
e
d
in
a
c
ontaine
r
f
il
led
with
s
il
icone
oil
to
pr
e
ve
nt
s
ur
f
a
c
e
f
las
hove
r
.
T
he
a
c
u
punc
tur
e
ne
e
dle
wa
s
c
onne
c
t
e
d
to
the
AC
volt
a
g
e
s
upply
that
c
ons
is
ts
of
50
Hz
of
240
V/50
kV
s
tep
-
up
tr
a
ns
f
or
mer
s
mea
nwhile
c
ounter
e
lec
tr
ode
wa
s
c
on
ne
c
ted
to
the
gr
ound.
T
he
mi
c
r
os
c
ope
wa
s
c
onne
c
ted
to
a
pe
r
s
ona
l
c
omput
e
r
a
nd
the
mi
c
r
os
c
ope
wa
s
a
djus
ted
unti
l
the
im
a
ge
a
ppe
a
r
s
on
the
pe
r
s
ona
l
c
omput
e
r
s
c
r
e
e
n
.
F
igur
e
2
.
C
ir
c
uit
diagr
a
m
o
f
e
xpe
r
im
e
nt
s
e
t
-
up
T
he
n,
AC
volt
a
ge
a
t
11
kV
wa
s
a
ppli
e
d
to
the
a
c
upunc
tur
e
ne
e
dle
to
he
lp
the
gr
owth
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
s
a
nd
the
tr
e
e
ince
pti
on
a
nd
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
we
r
e
obs
e
r
ve
d
on
the
s
c
r
e
e
n.
T
he
t
r
e
e
ince
pti
on
a
nd
pr
o
pa
ga
ti
on
we
r
e
r
e
c
or
de
d
a
t
d
if
f
e
r
e
nt
ti
me
int
e
r
va
ls
by
us
ing
C
e
ll
S
e
ns
S
tanda
r
d
s
of
twa
r
e
thr
ough
a
C
C
D
c
a
mer
a
.
T
he
length
o
f
e
lec
tr
ica
l
t
r
e
e
g
r
owth
wa
s
mea
s
ur
e
d.
T
he
tes
ts
we
r
e
pe
r
f
or
med
th
r
e
e
ti
mes
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
pe
r
c
e
ntage
of
na
noc
ompos
it
e
s
to
c
ons
ider
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
o
f
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
length.
T
he
e
xpe
r
im
e
nts
we
r
e
c
onduc
t
e
d
to
a
ll
s
pe
c
im
e
ns
with
the
s
a
me
s
teps
.
2.
3.
Anal
ys
is
of
t
h
e
e
lec
t
r
ical
t
r
e
e
in
g
T
he
im
a
ge
s
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
obtaine
d
f
r
om
t
he
e
xpe
r
im
e
nts
we
r
e
a
na
lyze
d
us
ing
the
I
mage
J
s
of
twa
r
e
.
T
he
I
mage
J
s
of
twa
r
e
wa
s
us
e
d
to
mea
s
ur
e
the
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
a
nd
lac
una
r
it
y
us
ing
the
box
-
c
ounti
ng
method.
B
ox
-
c
ounti
ng
f
r
a
c
tal
wa
s
us
e
d
to
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
ize
the
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
of
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing.
T
he
a
na
lys
is
wa
s
tes
ted
with
thr
e
e
s
a
mpl
e
s
f
or
e
a
c
h
pe
r
c
e
ntage
of
na
noc
ompos
it
e
s
t
o
obtain
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
va
lue
of
f
r
a
c
tal
d
im
e
ns
ion
a
nd
lac
una
r
i
ty.
2.
3.
1.
Calc
u
lat
ion
of
t
h
e
f
r
ac
t
al
d
im
e
n
s
ion
,
D
f
I
n
or
de
r
to
mea
s
ur
e
the
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion,
the
log
a
r
it
hm
gr
a
ph
wa
s
plot
ted
f
r
om
the
e
qua
ti
on
be
low
whic
h
the
number
o
f
boxe
s
that
c
ove
r
e
d
the
e
lec
tr
i
c
a
l
tr
e
e
im
a
ge
a
ga
ins
t
a
s
c
a
li
ng
g
r
id
[
23
]
.
(
)
=
−
(
1)
N(
s
)
=
Numbe
r
of
boxe
s
that
c
ove
r
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
t
r
e
e
K
=
C
ons
tant
va
lue
s
=
S
c
a
li
ng
gr
id
D
f
=
F
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
T
he
logar
it
h
m
g
r
a
phs
of
ln(
N(
s
)
)
on
y
-
a
xis
a
nd
ln(
s
)
on
the
x
-
a
xis
wa
s
plot
ted
by
s
c
a
nning
th
e
im
a
ge
.
B
y
r
e
f
e
r
r
ing
to
the
logar
it
hm
gr
a
ph
,
the
f
r
a
c
tal
di
m
e
ns
ion
wa
s
obtaine
d
f
r
om
the
s
lope
of
the
li
ne
a
r
gr
a
ph.
2.
3.
2.
Calc
u
lat
ion
of
t
h
e
lacun
ar
it
y
,
λ
I
n
the
box
-
c
ounti
ng
method
,
the
(
2)
wa
s
us
e
d
to
de
f
ine
the
lac
una
r
it
y
,
λ
[
24]
.
=
1
+
(
2
2
)
(
2)
λ
=
L
a
c
una
r
it
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
1573
-
1581
1576
σ
=
Va
r
ianc
e
of
t
r
e
e
ing
s
tr
uc
tur
e
in
e
a
c
h
box
s
ize
µ
=
M
e
a
n
of
tr
e
e
ing
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
in
e
a
c
h
box
s
ize
Va
r
ianc
e
a
nd
the
mea
n
of
the
tr
e
e
ing
s
tr
uc
tur
e
we
r
e
de
ter
mi
ne
d
f
r
om
the
s
c
a
nning
of
the
im
a
ge
.
T
he
lac
una
r
it
y
wa
s
obtaine
d
f
r
om
the
s
lope
o
f
t
he
li
ne
a
r
gr
a
ph
of
ln
(
lac
una
r
it
y
,
λ
)
on
the
y
-
a
xis
ve
r
s
us
ln
(
gr
id
s
ize
divi
de
d
by
the
s
ize
of
the
im
a
ge
,
k)
on
the
x
-
a
xis
.
3.
RE
S
UL
T
S
AN
D
DI
S
CU
S
S
I
ON
I
n
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
ther
e
we
r
e
f
our
types
of
mate
r
ials
us
e
d
to
inves
ti
ga
te
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
a
nd
gr
owth
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
t
r
e
e
ing
in
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
na
noc
ompos
it
e
.
3.
1.
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
p
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
a
g
e
s
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
t
r
e
e
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
,
D
f
a
n
d
l
a
c
u
n
a
r
i
t
y
,
λ
I
n
thi
s
e
xpe
r
im
e
nt
,
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
t
r
e
e
pr
opa
ga
ti
o
n
wa
s
obs
e
r
ve
d
unti
l
the
br
e
a
kdown
s
tage
whe
r
e
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
r
e
a
c
he
s
the
c
ounter
e
lec
tr
ode
a
nd
c
a
us
e
s
the
br
e
a
kdown
of
the
s
y
s
tem.
T
he
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
a
nd
lac
una
r
it
y
we
r
e
mea
s
ur
e
d
by
the
bo
x
-
c
ounti
ng
method
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
s
tage
invol
ving
a
ll
s
pe
c
im
e
ns
.
F
igur
e
s
3
s
how
the
im
a
ge
s
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
p
r
opa
ga
ti
on
f
or
pur
e
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
,
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
f
il
led
with
1
wt%
,
3
wt%
a
nd
5
wt%
na
nof
il
ler
s
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly
in
f
our
s
tage
s
T
he
im
a
ge
s
of
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
we
r
e
c
ove
r
e
d
by
boxe
s
with
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
s
c
a
li
ng
gr
ids
o
f
8
,
16,
32
,
a
nd
64
pixels
f
or
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
a
nd
la
c
una
r
it
y
mea
s
ur
e
ments
.
I
n
F
igur
e
3
s
hown
only
the
e
lec
tr
ic
a
l
tr
e
e
im
a
ge
s
with
s
c
a
li
ng
g
r
i
d
o
f
8
.
F
igur
e
3.
I
mage
s
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
t
r
e
e
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
wi
t
h
box
-
c
ounti
ng
method
in
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
wi
t
hout
a
nd
with
na
noc
ompos
it
e
s
;
(
a
)
ince
pti
on
s
tage
,
(
b)
p
r
opa
ga
ti
on
s
tage
1
,
(
c
)
p
r
opa
ga
ti
on
s
tage
2
,
(
d)
br
e
a
kdown
s
tage
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
F
r
ac
tal
analys
is
of
e
lec
tr
ical
tr
e
e
gr
ow
n
in
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
nanoc
ompos
it
e
s
(
Z
.
N
aw
aw
i)
1577
I
n
F
igur
e
3
a
t
140
s
e
c
onds
,
wa
s
c
ons
ider
e
d
a
s
inc
e
pti
on
s
tage
f
or
a
ll
the
4
s
a
mpl
e
s
.
At
the
ince
pti
on
s
tage
,
the
number
of
the
br
a
nc
he
s
incr
e
a
s
e
s
a
s
th
e
S
iO2
we
ight
pe
r
c
e
ntage
(
wt%
)
r
is
e
s
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
the
tr
e
e
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
length
.
I
n
F
igur
e
3
(
a
)
the
length
the
tr
e
e
s
ize
ha
s
r
e
d
uc
e
d
a
nd
the
br
a
nc
h
type
tu
r
ne
d
to
bus
h
br
a
nc
h
type
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
.
T
he
numbe
r
of
box
e
s
ne
e
ds
to
c
ove
r
the
t
r
e
e
incr
e
a
s
e
s
f
r
o
m
the
ince
pti
on
to
the
br
e
a
kdown
s
tage
e
xc
e
pt
in
the
s
a
mpl
e
with
1
wt%
a
nd
3
wt%
only
dif
f
e
r
s
a
t
br
e
a
kdown
c
ondit
ion.
T
his
wa
s
due
to
the
number
of
int
e
r
f
a
c
ial
br
a
nc
he
s
a
r
e
les
s
a
nd
not
wide
f
or
1
wt%
a
nd
3
wt%
a
s
c
ompar
e
d
to
5
wt%
.
W
he
n
b
r
e
a
kdown
ha
ppe
ns
,
thes
e
int
e
r
f
a
c
ial
br
a
nc
he
s
a
r
e
a
ls
o
s
hor
ted
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
s
the
number
of
the
boxe
s
ne
e
d
to
c
ove
r
them
a
s
their
width
is
s
malle
r
.
I
n
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
s
tage
2
the
number
of
th
e
boxe
s
r
e
quir
e
d
f
or
1
,
3
a
nd
5
wt%
incr
e
a
s
e
s
due
to
the
number
of
the
br
a
nc
he
s
f
or
mi
ng
incr
e
a
s
e
s
with
wt%
.
T
he
mea
s
ur
e
ment
with
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
s
ize
s
of
boxe
s
r
e
s
ult
e
d
in
logar
it
hm
f
unc
ti
on
.
T
his
mea
s
ur
e
ment
number
of
boxe
d
c
ove
r
e
d
the
f
r
a
c
tal
pa
tt
e
r
ns
we
r
e
r
e
pe
a
ted
with
a
ll
s
a
mpl
e
s
f
or
e
a
c
h
s
tage
in
or
de
r
to
identif
y
the
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
of
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
a
nd
lac
una
r
it
y
f
or
e
a
c
h
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
.
F
igur
e
s
4
a
nd
5
s
how
the
gr
a
ph
of
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
a
nd
lac
una
r
it
y
of
f
r
a
c
tal
f
or
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
f
il
led
with
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
wt%
na
nof
il
ler
a
s
s
hown
in
F
i
gur
e
3.
T
he
va
lues
of
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
plot
ted
in
F
igur
e
4
we
r
e
obtaine
d
f
r
om
the
s
lope
of
gr
a
ph
whe
r
e
t
he
x
-
a
xis
wa
s
logar
it
hm
of
s
c
a
li
ng
gr
id
a
nd
y
-
a
xis
wa
s
the
logar
it
hm
number
of
boxe
s
.
F
r
om
F
igur
e
4
the
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
is
not
li
ne
a
r
f
r
om
the
ince
pti
on
to
br
e
a
kdown
s
tage
.
T
he
a
ve
r
a
ge
va
lue
o
f
the
Df
f
r
om
ince
pti
on
to
br
e
a
kdown
a
t
e
a
c
h
wt%
of
na
n
of
il
ler
is
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
4.
T
he
a
ve
r
a
ge
va
lue
o
f
the
Df
f
or
the
pur
e
S
iR
wa
s
1.
445
.
F
o
r
the
r
e
maining
1,
3
a
n
d
5
wt%
we
r
e
1.
5027,
1
.
5044
,
a
nd
1.
5297
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
T
he
a
ve
r
a
ge
Df
va
lue
incr
e
a
s
e
s
with
the
incr
e
ment
in
the
na
nof
il
ler
qua
nti
ty
in
S
iR
.
T
his
is
due
to
the
na
nof
il
ler
r
e
s
tr
ict
t
r
e
e
p
r
opa
ga
ti
on
in
a
s
tr
a
ight
pa
th
by
incr
e
a
s
e
s
th
e
number
of
the
br
a
nc
he
s
a
nd
the
type
of
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
p
r
opa
ga
ted
inf
luenc
e
the
D
f
.
F
or
lac
una
r
it
y
,
it
wa
s
a
ls
o
c
a
lcula
ted
the
s
a
me
a
s
Df
a
nd
the
va
r
iation
wa
s
only
in
the
a
xis
of
the
gr
a
ph
whe
r
e
the
loga
r
it
hm
o
f
box
s
ize
divi
de
d
by
im
a
ge
s
ize
on
x
-
a
xis
a
nd
lac
una
r
it
y
on
the
y
-
a
xis
.
T
he
s
lope
o
f
the
g
r
a
ph
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted
a
s
the
lac
una
r
it
y
o
f
the
f
r
a
c
tal.
T
he
a
ve
r
a
ge
va
lue
of
the
la
c
una
r
it
y
incr
e
a
s
e
s
with
the
f
il
le
r
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ti
on
a
nd
it
s
va
l
ue
a
r
e
a
s
f
o
ll
ows
;
S
I
R
with
0
wt
%
lac
una
r
it
y
wa
s
0.
1093
,
the
r
e
m
a
ini
ng
1
,
3
a
nd
5
wt
%
we
r
e
0
.
1512,
0
.
2078
a
nd
0.
2726
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
5
.
He
nc
e
f
or
th,
the
lac
una
r
it
y
incr
e
a
s
e
s
with
the
f
il
ler
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ti
on
a
nd
without
f
il
ler
ha
ving
the
lowe
r
va
lue
of
la
c
una
r
it
y.
T
he
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
g
r
owth
wa
s
mea
s
ur
e
d
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
s
tage
in
or
de
r
to
obtain
the
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
the
va
lues
of
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
a
nd
lac
una
r
it
y
dur
ing
the
ince
pti
on
unti
l
br
e
a
kdown
s
tage
s
.
B
a
s
e
d
on
the
va
lues
of
a
n
obtaine
d
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion,
the
typ
e
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
wa
s
identif
ied
F
igur
e
4.
Gr
a
ph
of
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
f
or
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
with
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
wt%
S
iO
2
F
igur
e
5.
Gr
a
ph
of
lac
una
r
it
y
f
o
r
pu
r
e
S
iR
a
nd
S
iR
with
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
S
iO
2
wt%
na
nof
il
ler
3.
2.
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
t
r
e
e
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
f
r
a
c
t
a
l
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
,
D
f
a
n
d
l
a
c
u
n
a
r
i
t
y
,
λ
T
he
tr
e
e
ing
pa
tt
e
r
ns
obtaine
d
f
r
om
the
e
xpe
r
im
e
nt
unde
r
dr
y
c
ondit
ion
we
r
e
a
na
lys
e
d.
B
a
s
e
d
on
the
r
e
s
ult
s
,
the
s
ha
pe
s
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
of
f
ou
r
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
f
il
le
r
s
we
r
e
br
a
nc
h
type
a
nd
bus
h
-
br
a
nc
h
type.
F
igur
e
s
6
s
how
the
s
a
mpl
e
im
a
ge
s
of
the
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
type
o
f
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing.
F
r
om
F
igur
e
6
,
it
s
h
ows
that
the
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
pe
r
c
e
ntage
of
na
no
-
s
il
i
c
a
a
dde
d
int
o
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
led
to
the
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
types
o
f
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing.
P
ur
e
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
s
hows
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
of
br
a
nc
h
type.
M
e
a
nwhile,
the
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
f
il
led
with
1
wt%
,
3
wt
%
a
nd
5
wt%
na
no
-
s
il
ica
s
hows
t
he
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
wit
h
bus
h
-
br
a
nc
h
type.
T
he
f
or
mation
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
g
r
ows
to
c
ounter
e
lec
tr
ode
f
or
pur
e
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
ha
s
only
a
f
e
w
loca
l
b
r
a
nc
he
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
1573
-
1581
1578
c
ompar
e
d
with
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
f
il
led
with
f
il
ler
ha
ve
mor
e
loca
l
br
a
nc
he
s
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n.
T
his
is
be
c
a
us
e
,
the
na
nopa
r
ti
c
les
a
c
t
a
s
e
leme
ntar
y
ba
r
r
ier
s
a
nd
th
e
na
nof
il
ler
gives
the
polym
e
r
a
de
ns
e
ly
pa
c
ke
d
s
tr
uc
tur
e
to
pr
e
ve
nt
tr
e
e
s
f
r
om
gr
owing
s
tr
a
ight
towa
r
ds
the
gr
ound.
T
he
tr
e
e
br
a
nc
h
f
o
r
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
with
f
il
ler
a
lwa
ys
c
ha
nge
s
the
dir
e
c
ti
on
dur
ing
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
s
tagin
g
r
e
s
ult
e
d
in
mor
e
br
a
nc
he
s
f
or
med
a
nd
ther
e
by
pr
olongi
ng
the
ti
me
f
or
a
b
r
e
a
kdown.
T
he
s
e
r
e
s
ult
s
de
mons
tr
a
ted
that
the
gr
owth
of
tr
e
e
br
a
nc
he
s
wa
s
a
loca
l
pr
oc
e
s
s
a
nd
de
pe
nde
nt
on
the
f
il
ler
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ti
ons
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
it
wa
s
obs
e
r
ve
d
that
the
f
il
ler
s
he
lp
e
d
t
o
inhi
bit
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
by
pr
oduc
ing
mo
r
e
br
a
nc
he
s
to
s
l
ow
down
the
t
r
e
e
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
p
r
oc
e
s
s
.
F
igur
e
6.
S
a
mpl
e
im
a
ge
s
of
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
type
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
;
(a
)
br
a
nc
h
type,
(
b)
bus
h
-
br
a
nc
h
type,
(
c
)
bus
h
-
br
a
nc
h
type
,
(
d)
bus
h
-
br
a
nc
h
type
I
n
a
ddit
ion
,
the
int
r
oduc
ti
on
of
the
f
i
ll
e
r
may
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
the
va
lue
of
the
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
due
to
the
incr
e
a
s
e
in
the
number
of
br
a
nc
he
s
.
T
ype
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
ha
s
a
li
ne
a
r
r
e
lations
hip
with
the
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
ba
s
e
d
on
the
c
ompl
e
xit
y
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
s
tr
uc
tur
e
that
pr
oduc
e
d,
the
higher
th
e
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
va
lues
we
r
e
obtaine
d.
B
a
s
e
d
on
F
igur
e
6,
the
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
of
the
s
a
mpl
e
pur
e
s
il
icon
e
r
ubbe
r
wa
s
lowe
r
c
ompar
e
d
to
the
o
ther
s
a
mpl
e
whic
h
w
a
s
1.
2547.
T
his
wa
s
due
to
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
s
tr
uc
tur
e
c
ons
is
ts
of
the
main
br
a
nc
he
s
that
only
pr
oduc
e
d
a
f
e
w
br
a
nc
he
s
.
M
e
a
nwhile,
the
va
lu
e
of
th
e
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
of
the
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
with
1
wt
%
,
3
wt%
a
nd
5
wt
%
o
f
f
il
ler
we
r
e
higher
de
pe
nding
on
the
pe
r
c
e
ntage
s
of
f
il
le
r
a
dding
int
o
s
il
icone
r
u
bbe
r
whic
h
we
r
e
e
qua
led
to
1.
4452
,
1
.
4579
,
a
n
d
1.
6092
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
T
his
wa
s
due
to
the
s
tr
uc
tur
e
of
th
e
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
pr
oduc
e
d
is
the
type
of
bus
h
-
br
a
nc
h,
whe
r
e
it
ha
s
a
c
ompl
ica
ted
s
tr
uc
tur
e
a
nd
c
ons
is
ts
a
lot
of
b
r
a
nc
he
s
.
T
he
c
las
s
if
ica
ti
on
o
f
tr
e
e
pr
o
pa
ga
ti
on
us
ing
Df
ne
e
ds
f
ur
the
r
inves
ti
ga
ti
on.
T
his
wa
s
don
e
by
us
ing
the
lac
una
r
it
y
.
Th
e
va
lue
of
lac
una
r
it
y
on
the
t
r
e
e
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
o
f
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
f
il
led
with
3wt%
of
f
il
ler
wa
s
0
.
0327
in
whic
h
lowe
r
c
ompar
e
d
to
the
tr
e
e
ing
s
tr
uc
tur
e
o
f
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
without
f
il
ler
whic
h
wa
s
0
.
0956
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
6.
T
he
va
lue
of
the
lac
una
r
it
y
obtai
ne
d
f
r
om
F
igu
r
e
5
s
hows
it
s
va
lue
incr
e
a
s
e
d
f
r
om
with
out
f
il
ler
to
with
f
il
ler
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ti
on.
T
he
r
e
a
s
on
f
o
r
thi
s
one
is
due
to
the
bus
h
tr
e
e
ha
s
lar
ge
ga
ps
in
t
h
e
im
a
ge
of
tr
e
e
ing
s
tr
uc
tur
e
.
L
a
c
una
r
it
y
c
a
n
he
lp
to
the
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
iza
ti
on
of
the
c
ompl
e
xit
y
o
f
the
s
tr
uc
tur
e
of
tr
e
e
gr
owth
in
c
ompos
it
e
mate
r
ials
with
de
s
c
r
ibi
ng
the
textur
e
of
the
f
r
a
c
tal
a
nd
c
las
s
if
ying
f
ur
ther
on
th
e
tr
e
e
ing
s
tr
uc
tur
e
.
T
hus
,
it
c
a
n
be
s
tate
d
that
the
s
ha
pe
of
the
tr
e
e
is
li
ke
br
a
nc
h
type,
it
ha
d
lowe
r
va
lue
of
a
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
a
nd
low
of
va
lue
o
f
lac
una
r
it
y
.
T
he
low
va
lue
of
lac
una
r
it
y
indi
c
a
tes
that
a
ll
the
ga
p
s
ize
s
a
r
e
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
e
qua
l
a
nd
i
ts
s
ha
pe
wa
s
homogene
ous
[
25]
.
T
he
loca
li
z
e
d
tr
e
e
br
a
nc
h
e
s
f
or
m
a
t
the
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
be
twe
e
n
the
na
nof
il
ler
a
nd
S
iR
s
pe
c
im
e
n.
Due
to
lar
ge
ga
ps
,
the
λ
va
lue
wa
s
h
igh
a
nd
ga
ps
f
or
med
we
r
e
he
ter
oge
nous
.
T
he
s
e
a
r
e
de
pe
nding
o
n
the
s
c
a
li
ng
s
ize
.
T
he
homogene
ous
tr
e
e
wa
s
obs
e
r
ve
d
a
t
lar
ge
r
s
c
a
le
c
a
n
be
he
ter
oge
ne
ous
a
t
s
maller
s
c
a
le
a
nd
vice
-
ve
r
s
a
[
26]
.
3.
3.
T
h
e
c
om
p
ar
is
on
of
ave
r
age
o
f
t
r
e
e
lengt
h
again
s
t
t
i
m
e
T
he
c
ompar
is
on
of
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
tr
e
e
length
a
ga
ins
t
ti
me
wa
s
dis
playe
d
in
F
igur
e
7.
F
r
om
the
r
e
s
ult
s
,
it
s
hows
that
the
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
t
r
e
e
ing
f
or
pu
r
e
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
wa
s
the
f
a
s
tes
t.
I
t
is
f
oll
owe
d
by
the
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
f
i
ll
e
d
with
1
wt%
s
il
ica
,
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
f
il
led
with
3
wt
%
s
il
ica
a
nd
las
tl
y,
s
il
icon
e
r
ubbe
r
f
il
led
with
5
wt
%
s
il
ica
.
T
he
e
lec
tr
ica
l
t
r
e
e
ing
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
in
pur
e
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
wa
s
ve
r
y
quick
a
t
140
s
e
c
onds
,
the
length
of
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
t
r
e
e
a
lr
e
a
dy
r
e
a
c
he
d
0.
9147
mm
a
nd
it
took
only
700
s
e
c
onds
to
br
e
a
k
down.
T
h
is
ha
ppe
ne
d
be
c
a
us
e
ther
e
wa
s
n
o
f
il
ler
to
s
low
down
the
t
r
e
e
ing
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
T
he
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
gr
e
w
without
obs
tac
le
a
nd
the
f
or
mation
of
the
tr
e
e
ing
ha
s
f
oc
us
e
d
on
the
main
br
a
nc
h
a
nd
only
h
a
s
a
f
e
w
br
a
nc
he
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
F
r
ac
tal
analys
is
of
e
lec
tr
ical
tr
e
e
gr
ow
n
in
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
nanoc
ompos
it
e
s
(
Z
.
N
aw
aw
i)
1579
F
igur
e
7.
C
ompar
is
on
of
a
ve
r
a
ge
of
tr
e
e
length
a
ga
ins
t
ti
me
M
e
a
nwhile,
the
tr
e
e
length
of
5
wt%
na
no
-
s
il
ica
s
a
mpl
e
wa
s
s
lowe
r
than
the
other
.
At
dur
a
ti
on
ti
me
140
s
e
c
onds
,
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
tr
e
e
length
wa
s
0.
2244
mm
a
nd
gr
ow
s
lowly
to
t
he
length
of
tr
e
e
r
e
a
c
he
s
2
mm
a
t
3000
s
e
c
onds
.
T
his
s
hows
that
the
pr
e
s
e
nc
e
o
f
f
i
ll
e
r
in
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
c
a
n
pr
oduc
e
a
be
tt
e
r
r
e
s
ult
f
or
the
ins
ulation
in
whic
h
it
c
ould
incr
e
a
s
e
in
the
li
f
e
s
pa
n
a
nd
pr
e
ve
nt
the
br
e
a
kdown
oc
c
ur
r
e
nc
e
.
I
t
wa
s
c
a
us
e
d
by
the
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
o
f
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
be
c
a
me
dif
f
icult
whe
n
c
ontaining
the
f
il
ler
s
that
inhi
bi
t
f
r
om
gr
owing
s
tr
a
ight
towa
r
ds
the
gr
ound
e
lec
tr
ode
.
B
a
s
e
d
on
the
li
ter
a
tur
e
,
whe
n
the
pe
r
c
e
ntage
of
the
f
il
ler
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
,
the
ins
ulating
mate
r
ial
be
c
omes
be
tt
e
r
d
ue
to
the
i
mpr
ove
ment
of
diele
c
tr
ic
p
r
ope
r
ti
e
s
.
3.
4.
T
h
e
c
om
p
ar
is
on
of
ave
r
age
o
f
f
r
ac
t
al
d
i
m
e
n
s
ion
t
o
t
h
e
f
u
n
c
t
ion
of
t
r
e
e
lengt
h
F
igur
e
8
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
the
r
e
lations
hip
be
twe
e
n
the
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
a
nd
t
r
e
e
length
with
d
if
f
e
r
e
nt
f
il
ler
c
ontents
.
F
r
om
the
r
e
s
ult
s
,
it
s
hows
that
th
e
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
a
dde
d
with
5wt%
na
nof
i
ll
e
r
s
le
a
ding
to
the
higher
va
lues
of
f
r
a
c
tal
d
im
e
ns
ion
c
ompar
e
d
t
o
the
pu
r
e
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
is
the
lowe
r
v
a
lue
of
the
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion.
F
igur
e
8.
C
ompar
is
on
of
a
ve
r
a
ge
of
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
a
ga
ins
t
tr
e
e
length
T
he
va
r
iation
va
lue
of
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
wa
s
obtaine
d
s
tar
ti
ng
f
r
om
the
ince
pti
on
unti
l
the
br
e
a
kdown
s
tage
s
.
At
the
ince
pti
on,
the
tr
e
e
gr
ows
f
or
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
with
5wt%
of
na
nof
il
ler
s
is
the
lowe
s
t
va
lue
of
the
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
wa
s
1.
3626.
T
his
is
b
e
c
a
us
e
,
dur
ing
ince
pti
on
,
the
t
r
e
e
gr
ows
ne
a
r
ly
s
tr
a
ight
while
a
t
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
s
tage
the
tr
e
e
s
tar
ted
to
gr
ow
with
mo
r
e
br
a
nc
he
s
.
W
he
n
a
gr
e
a
ter
number
of
br
a
nc
he
s
pr
oduc
e
d
the
va
lue
of
the
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
is
h
igher
a
s
s
hown
in
the
p
r
o
pa
ga
ti
on
1
a
nd
2
.
T
he
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
obtaine
d
is
1
.
485
3
a
nd
1
.
6068
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
T
his
s
hows
that
the
n
a
nof
il
ler
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
1573
-
1581
1580
give
a
s
tr
ong
r
e
a
c
ti
on
to
the
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
s
tage
wh
e
r
e
it
c
a
us
e
d
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
t
r
e
e
s
to
f
or
m
mor
e
s
ide
br
a
nc
he
s
whic
h
ha
ve
c
ontr
ibut
e
d
to
the
incr
e
ment
in
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
a
nd
r
e
duc
ing
the
lac
una
r
it
y.
I
n
c
ontr
a
s
t
to
pur
e
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
,
whic
h
is
a
t
the
ince
pti
on
s
tage
s
,
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
gr
ows
f
a
s
ter
to
f
or
m
a
b
r
a
nc
h
s
ha
pe
a
nd
lea
d
to
a
higher
va
lue
of
the
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
of
1.
4011.
How
e
ve
r
,
a
t
the
pr
opa
g
a
ti
on
s
tage
s
,
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
s
quickly
tu
r
ne
d
int
o
the
main
br
a
nc
h
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
d
the
va
lue
of
the
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion.
T
he
tr
e
e
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
in
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
with
f
il
l
e
r
wa
s
a
tt
e
nde
d
by
mor
e
br
a
nc
he
s
than
in
pur
e
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
.
T
he
higher
the
pe
r
c
e
ntag
e
of
f
il
ler
c
ontents
,
the
lar
ge
r
the
number
of
tr
e
e
br
a
nc
he
s
le
a
ding
to
a
tr
e
e
s
tr
uc
tur
e
of
the
higher
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
the
number
o
f
b
r
a
nc
he
s
ha
s
a
v
e
r
y
c
los
e
r
e
lations
hip
with
the
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion.
T
he
a
na
lys
is
of
thi
s
r
e
lations
hip
ha
s
be
e
n
s
tudi
e
d
to
c
la
s
s
if
ying
the
tr
e
e
s
ha
pe
with
lowe
r
a
nd
higher
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion.
B
us
h
types
of
tr
e
e
s
would
lea
d
to
highe
r
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
a
nd
s
tr
uc
tur
e
of
br
a
nc
h
type
would
c
a
us
e
s
low
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion.
Ac
c
or
ding
to
the
obs
e
r
va
ti
ons
,
the
b
r
a
nc
h
a
nd
bus
h
-
br
a
nc
h
typed
tr
e
e
s
pr
oduc
e
d
f
r
om
thi
s
a
na
lys
is
f
r
om
ince
pti
on
to
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
s
tage
s
ha
ve
the
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
of
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
1.
2
-
1.
5
a
nd
1.
5
-
1.
8,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
thi
s
a
na
lys
is
,
the
tr
e
e
pa
tt
e
r
ns
c
a
n
be
c
or
r
e
late
d
wi
t
h
the
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
a
nd
l
a
c
una
r
it
y
.
4.
CONC
L
USI
ON
T
he
gr
owth
o
f
e
lec
tr
ica
l
t
r
e
e
ing
in
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
na
noc
ompos
it
e
with
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
f
il
ler
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ti
on
a
nd
the
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
iza
ti
on
of
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing
s
tr
uc
tur
e
wa
s
inves
ti
ga
ted.
I
n
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
the
pu
r
e
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
ha
s
r
e
s
u
lt
e
d
in
the
br
a
nc
h
type
of
e
lec
tr
i
c
a
l
tr
e
e
pa
tt
e
r
ns
while
the
s
a
mpl
e
s
il
icone
r
ubb
e
r
a
dde
d
with
f
il
ler
,
the
pa
tt
e
r
ns
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
s
we
r
e
th
e
bus
h
-
br
a
nc
h
type.
T
he
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
in
the
bus
h
br
a
nc
h
type
led
to
les
s
de
s
tr
uc
ti
on
of
ins
ulation
c
ompar
e
d
to
the
br
a
nc
h
type.
B
a
s
e
d
on
the
e
xpe
r
im
e
nt,
the
tr
e
e
ince
pti
on
ti
me
f
or
pur
e
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
is
the
s
hor
tes
t
a
nd
the
p
r
opa
ga
ti
on
ti
me
to
b
r
e
a
k
down
is
th
e
f
a
s
tes
t
c
ompar
e
d
to
the
f
il
led
s
a
mpl
e
.
B
y
a
dding
the
na
nof
il
ler
to
the
pur
e
polym
e
r
,
it
c
a
n
de
lay
tr
e
e
i
nc
e
pti
on
ti
me
a
nd
the
p
r
opa
ga
ti
on
o
f
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
be
c
omes
s
lowe
r
.
T
hus
,
by
a
dding
the
f
il
ler
c
a
n
lea
d
to
s
igni
f
ica
nt
im
pr
ove
ments
a
nd
c
a
n
be
c
ons
ider
e
d
that
a
dding
the
na
nof
il
ler
s
c
a
n
inhi
bi
t
the
gr
owth
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
e
e
ing.
B
e
s
ides
that,
f
il
ler
ha
s
a
pos
it
i
ve
im
pa
c
t
on
ins
ulation
mate
r
ial
be
c
a
us
e
it
is
a
ble
to
a
c
t
a
s
a
ba
r
r
ier
to
s
low
down
the
g
r
owth
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
t
r
e
e
ing
a
nd
c
a
n
lengthe
n
the
li
f
e
s
pa
n
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
in
s
ulation.
B
a
s
e
d
on
the
a
na
lys
is
,
the
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
a
nd
lac
una
r
it
y
of
the
e
l
e
c
tr
ica
l
t
r
e
e
ing
s
tr
uc
tur
e
we
r
e
inves
ti
ga
ted.
T
he
pr
e
s
e
nc
e
of
f
il
ler
in
s
il
ico
ne
r
ubbe
r
r
a
is
e
d
the
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
due
to
the
incr
e
a
s
e
the
number
of
tr
e
e
b
r
a
nc
he
s
a
nd
give
a
higher
va
lue
of
lac
una
r
it
y.
T
his
is
due
to
the
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
s
ha
pe
s
of
the
tr
e
e
ing
s
tr
uc
tur
e
pr
oduc
e
d
in
the
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
of
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
that
de
pe
nds
on
the
pe
r
c
e
ntage
of
f
il
le
r
a
dde
d
in
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
.
Ac
c
or
ding
to
th
e
obs
e
r
va
ti
ons
,
the
types
of
b
r
a
nc
h
a
nd
bus
h
-
br
a
nc
h
tr
e
e
s
pr
oduc
e
d
f
r
om
the
e
xpe
r
im
e
nt
ha
ve
the
f
r
a
c
tal
dim
e
ns
ion
of
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
1.
2
-
1.
5
a
nd
1
.
5
-
1.
8
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly
f
r
om
ince
pti
on
to
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
s
tage
s
.
T
he
pu
r
e
S
iR
a
v
e
r
a
ge
lac
una
r
it
y
is
les
s
than
0.
125
a
nd
with
f
il
ler
is
mor
e
than
0.
125
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
the
higher
pe
r
c
e
ntage
of
f
il
ler
s
r
e
s
ult
e
d
in
a
highe
r
va
lue
of
a
f
r
a
c
tal
d
im
e
ns
ion
a
nd
a
higher
va
lue
of
lac
una
r
it
y.
AC
KNOWL
E
DGE
M
E
NT
S
T
he
a
uthor
s
gr
a
tef
ull
y
a
c
knowle
dge
Unive
r
s
it
i
T
e
knologi
M
a
lays
ia
a
nd
Unive
r
s
it
a
s
S
r
iwij
a
ya
f
or
their
f
inanc
ial
s
uppor
t
in
c
onduc
ti
ng
the
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
thr
ough
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
gr
a
nts
(
vots
.
01M
73,
16J
61,
4B
383,
4B
377,
07G05,
a
nd
04G81)
.
RE
F
E
RE
NC
E
S
[1
]
F.
N
.
Mu
s
a,
N
.
Bas
h
i
r
,
M.
H
.
A
h
mad
,
a
n
d
Z.
Bu
n
t
a
t
,
“
E
l
ec
t
ri
ca
l
t
ree
i
n
g
i
n
h
i
g
h
v
o
l
t
ag
e
i
n
s
u
l
at
i
o
n
s
:
A
rev
i
ew
o
n
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
i
t
e
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
mat
er
i
al
s
an
d
t
h
ei
r
p
r
o
ces
s
i
n
g
t
ech
n
i
q
u
e
s
,
”
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
O
p
t
o
el
ec
t
r
o
n
i
cs
a
n
d
A
d
va
n
ce
d
M
a
t
er
i
a
l
s
,
v
o
l
.
17
,
n
o
.
3
-
4
,
p
p
.
4
6
2
-
4
76
,
2
0
1
5
.
[
2
]
I
.
I
d
d
r
i
s
s
u
,
H.
Z
h
e
n
g
,
an
d
S
.
M
.
R
o
w
l
a
n
d
,
“
D
C
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
al
t
r
e
e
g
ro
w
t
h
i
n
ep
o
x
y
r
es
i
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
fl
u
en
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
z
e
o
f
i
n
c
ep
t
i
v
e
A
C
t
r
e
es
,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
D
i
e
l
e
ct
r
i
c
s
a
n
d
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
ca
l
I
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
24
,
n
o
.
3
,
pp.
1
9
6
5
-
19
72
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
]
Z
.
L
v
,
S
.
M
.
Ro
w
l
an
d
,
S.
Ch
en
,
H.
Z
h
en
g
,
an
d
I.
Id
d
ri
s
s
u
,
“
E
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
art
i
al
d
i
s
c
h
arg
e
s
d
u
ri
n
g
earl
y
t
ree
p
ro
p
ag
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
ep
o
x
y
res
i
n
,
”
IE
E
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
ct
i
o
n
s
o
n
D
i
el
ec
t
r
i
cs
a
n
d
E
l
ec
t
r
i
ca
l
In
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
24
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
9
9
5
-
3
0
0
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
]
S.
Iw
at
a
S,
“
In
fl
u
en
ce
o
f
h
u
mi
d
i
t
y
t
reat
me
n
t
o
n
e
l
ect
r
i
c
al
t
ree
p
r
o
p
ag
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
ep
o
x
y
res
i
n
,”
I
E
E
E
Tr
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
D
i
e
l
ect
r
i
c
s
a
n
d
E
l
ect
r
i
c
a
l
In
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
23
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
5
5
6
-
25
61
,
2
0
1
6
.
[
5
]
R
.
H
u
u
v
a
,
V
.
E
n
g
l
u
n
d
,
S
.
M
.
G
u
b
a
n
s
k
i
,
a
n
d
T
.
H
j
e
r
t
b
e
r
g
.
“
A
v
e
r
s
a
t
i
l
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
t
o
s
t
u
d
y
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
t
r
e
e
i
n
g
i
n
p
o
l
y
m
e
r
i
c
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
D
i
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
s
a
n
d
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
I
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
7
1
-
17
8
,
2
0
0
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
F
r
ac
tal
analys
is
of
e
lec
tr
ical
tr
e
e
gr
ow
n
in
s
il
icone
r
ubbe
r
nanoc
ompos
it
e
s
(
Z
.
N
aw
aw
i)
1581
[6
]
L
.
A
.
D
i
s
s
a
d
o
an
d
J
.
C.
Fo
t
h
erg
i
l
l
,
“
E
l
ec
t
ri
ca
l
d
eg
ra
d
a
t
i
o
n
an
d
b
reak
d
o
w
n
i
n
p
o
l
y
mer
s
,”
I
E
E
M
at
e
r
ia
ls
&
D
e
v
ic
e
s
S
e
r
ie
s
9,
I
E
T
,
P
.
P
er
e
g
r
i
n
u
s
,
L
o
n
d
o
n
,
1
9
9
2
.
[7
]
T
.
T
an
man
ee
p
ras
er
t
an
d
P.
L
.
L
ew
i
n
,
“
E
l
ect
r
i
cal
t
ree
i
n
g
an
d
ag
ei
n
g
ch
arac
t
eri
s
t
i
cs
i
n
cav
i
t
i
e
s
o
f
l
o
w
d
en
s
i
t
y
p
o
l
y
e
t
h
y
l
e
n
e
d
i
el
ec
t
ri
c
s
o
n
p
ar
t
i
a
l
d
i
s
c
h
arg
e
mea
s
u
r
emen
t
s
,
”
IE
E
E
Co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
o
n
E
l
ect
r
i
c
a
l
I
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
D
i
e
l
ect
r
i
c
P
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
(C
E
ID
P
)
,
p
p
.
9
7
5
-
9
7
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[8
]
R.
Sch
u
rch
,
S.
M.
Ro
w
l
an
d
,
an
d
P.
J
.
W
i
t
h
er
s
,
“
T
e
ch
n
i
q
u
es
fo
r
el
e
ct
r
i
cal
t
ree
i
mag
i
n
g
,
”
IE
E
E
In
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
o
n
I
m
a
g
i
n
g
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
n
d
Tech
n
i
q
u
es
P
r
o
cee
d
i
n
g
s
,
p
p
.
4
0
9
-
4
1
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[9
]
C.
S.
E
t
s
u
,
C.
S.
“
Ch
aract
eri
s
t
i
c
p
r
o
p
er
t
i
e
s
o
f
s
i
l
i
co
n
e
ru
b
b
er
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
,”
B
.
P
.
P
r
i
n
t
ed
i
n
Ja
p
a
n
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
0
]
N
.
Y
o
s
h
i
m
u
ra,
S.
K
u
mag
a
i
,
an
d
S.
N
i
s
h
i
m
u
ra
,
“
E
l
e
ct
ri
ca
l
an
d
e
n
v
i
ro
n
men
t
al
ag
i
n
g
o
f
s
i
l
i
co
n
e
ru
b
b
er
u
s
e
d
i
n
o
u
t
d
o
o
r
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
IE
E
E
Tr
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
D
i
e
l
ect
r
i
c
s
a
n
d
E
l
ect
r
i
c
a
l
In
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
6
3
2
-
6
50
,
1
9
9
9
.
[1
1
]
K
.
Ru
d
i
,
D
.
H
.
A
n
d
rew
,
R.
Ma
n
ag
am
,
Z.
N
aw
aw
i
,
N
.
H
o
zu
m
i
,
an
d
M.
N
ag
ao
,
“
T
h
e
s
el
f
-
h
eal
i
n
g
p
ro
p
er
t
y
o
f
s
i
l
i
c
o
n
e
r
u
b
b
er
aft
er
d
eg
ra
d
ed
b
y
t
reei
n
g
,
”
IE
E
E
In
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
o
n
Co
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
D
i
a
g
n
o
s
i
s
,
p
p
.
2
5
4
-
2
5
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
2
]
Z
.
Y
u
an
-
x
i
an
g
,
L
.
Ru
i
,
H.
Fei
,
X.
W
en
-
b
i
n
,
an
d
Z
.
Xu
,
“
E
ffect
o
f
s
i
l
i
ca
p
ar
t
i
c
l
es
o
n
el
ec
t
ri
ca
l
t
ree
i
n
g
i
n
i
t
i
at
i
o
n
i
n
s
i
l
i
c
o
n
e
ru
b
b
er,
”
A
n
n
u
a
l
R
e
p
o
r
t
Co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
o
n
E
l
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
In
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
D
i
e
l
ect
r
i
c
P
h
e
n
o
m
en
a
,
p
p
.
6
0
9
-
6
1
1
,
2
0
1
2
.
[
1
3
]
B
.
X
.
Du,
Z
.
L
.
M
a
,
Y
.
G
a
o
,
T.
H
a
n
,
a
n
d
Y
.
S
.
X
i
a
,
“
E
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
n
a
n
o
f
i
l
l
e
r
o
n
t
r
e
e
i
n
g
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
o
f
s
i
l
i
c
o
n
e
r
u
b
b
e
r
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
e
s
,
”
A
n
n
u
a
l
R
e
p
o
r
t
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
I
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
D
i
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
P
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
,
p
p
.
7
8
8
-
7
9
1
,
2
0
1
1
.
[
1
4
]
F
.
N
.
M
u
s
a
,
N.
B
a
s
h
i
r
,
a
n
d
M
.
H
.
A
h
m
a
d
,
“
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
t
r
e
e
i
n
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
p
l
a
s
m
a
-
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
s
i
l
i
c
o
n
e
r
u
b
b
e
r
b
a
s
e
d
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
e
s
,”
I
E
E
E
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
H
i
g
h
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
I
C
H
V
E
)
,
p
p
.
1
-
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
5
]
T
.
T
an
a
k
a,
“
Po
l
y
mer
n
a
n
o
c
o
mp
o
s
i
t
e
s
as
H
V
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
o
r
s
:
S
u
p
er
i
o
r
i
t
y
an
d
e
x
p
ec
t
at
i
o
n
,
”
P
r
o
cee
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
X
V
t
h
In
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
ym
p
o
s
i
u
m
o
n
H
i
g
h
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
(
IS
H
)
,
p
p
.
1
6
-
19
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
6
]
C.
Su
n
an
d
a,
M.
N
.
D
i
n
e
s
h
,
an
d
N
.
V
as
u
d
e
v
.
“
Perfo
rm
an
ce
ev
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
i
l
i
co
n
ru
b
b
er
i
n
s
u
l
at
i
n
g
mat
er
i
al
w
i
t
h
Mg
O
an
d
Z
n
O
n
an
o
fi
l
l
er
s
,”
IE
E
E
In
t
er
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
o
n
H
i
g
h
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
i
ca
t
i
o
n
(ICH
V
E
)
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
7
]
M.
Ro
y
,
J
.
K
.
N
e
l
s
o
n
,
R.
K
.
MacCro
n
e
,
L
.
S.
Sch
ad
l
er,
C.
W
.
Reed
,
an
d
R.
K
eefe
,
“
Po
l
y
mer
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
i
t
e
d
i
e
l
ec
t
r
i
cs
-
t
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
t
erface,
”
IE
E
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
ct
i
o
n
s
o
n
D
i
e
l
ect
r
i
c
s
a
n
d
E
l
ec
t
r
i
ca
l
In
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
12
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
2
9
-
6
43
,
2
0
0
5
.
[1
8
]
Y
.
Ch
en
,
T.
Imai
,
Y.
Ohki,
an
d
T
.
T
an
ak
a
,
“
T
ree
In
i
t
i
at
i
o
n
Ph
en
o
me
n
a
i
n
N
a
n
o
s
t
r
u
ct
u
red
E
p
o
x
y
Co
mp
o
s
i
t
es
,”
IE
E
E
Tr
a
n
s
a
ct
i
o
n
s
o
n
D
i
el
ec
t
r
i
cs
a
n
d
E
l
ec
t
r
i
ca
l
In
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
17
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
5
0
9
-
15
15
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
9
]
X
.
Z
h
an
g
,
M.
W
an
g
,
R.
Ch
en
g
,
K
.
W
an
g
,
J.
G
ao
,
an
d
Q
.
Z
h
an
g
,
“
St
u
d
y
o
n
cry
s
t
al
l
i
n
e
mo
rp
h
o
l
o
g
y
an
d
b
reak
d
o
w
n
p
ro
p
ert
y
o
f
mi
cro
-
,
n
a
no
-
,
mi
cro
-
/
n
an
o
-
co
m
p
o
s
i
t
es
,
”
1
s
t
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
o
n
E
l
ect
r
i
c
a
l
M
a
t
er
i
a
l
s
a
n
d
P
o
we
r
E
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
(IC
E
M
P
E
)
,
p
p
.
4
4
0
-
4
4
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
0
]
M.
S.
M.
Fu
aad
,
“
Ch
aract
er
i
zat
i
o
n
o
f
t
ree
g
r
o
w
t
h
i
n
R
T
V
s
i
l
i
co
n
e
ru
b
b
er
b
y
frac
t
al
d
i
me
n
s
i
o
n
an
d
l
ac
u
n
ar
i
t
y
u
n
d
er
en
v
i
ro
n
men
t
al
s
t
r
es
s
,
”
Th
es
i
s
,
U
n
i
v
ers
i
t
i
T
e
k
n
o
l
o
g
i
Mal
ay
s
i
a,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
1
]
R.
Sch
u
rch
,
P.
D
o
n
o
s
o
,
P.
A
g
u
i
rre,
M.
Z
u
n
i
g
a,
an
d
S.
M.
Ro
w
l
a
n
d
,
“
E
l
ect
r
i
cal
t
ree
g
ro
w
t
h
an
d
p
art
i
al
d
i
s
ch
ar
g
e
s
an
al
y
zed
b
y
fra
ct
al
an
d
co
rre
l
at
i
o
n
d
i
me
n
s
i
o
n
s
,
”
IE
E
E
Co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
o
n
E
l
ec
t
r
i
ca
l
In
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
D
i
el
ec
t
r
i
c
P
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
(C
E
I
D
P
)
,
p
p
.
7
8
5
-
7
8
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
2
]
M.
N
ao
e,
Y.
E
h
ara,
H.
K
i
s
h
i
d
a,
an
d
T
.
It
o
,
“
T
h
e
fract
a
l
an
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
t
reei
n
g
p
ro
ce
s
s
,
”
P
r
o
cee
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
Co
n
f
e
r
e
n
ce
o
n
E
l
ect
r
i
c
a
l
I
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
D
i
el
ec
t
r
i
c
P
h
e
n
o
m
en
a
-
CE
I
D
P
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
7
9
-
7
8
2
,
1
9
6
6
.
[2
3
]
O
.
Z
meš
k
al
,
M.
V
e
s
el
ý
,
M.
N
ežád
a
l
,
an
d
M.
Bu
c
h
n
í
č
ek
,
“
Fract
al
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
i
ma
g
e
s
t
r
u
ct
u
res
,”
H
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
a
n
d
F
r
a
ct
a
l
Im
a
g
e
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
,
p
p
.
3
-
5
,
2
0
0
1
.
[2
4
]
C.
A
l
l
ai
n
an
d
M.
Cl
o
i
t
re
,
“
Ch
aract
er
i
zi
n
g
t
h
e
l
ac
u
n
ar
i
t
y
o
f
ran
d
o
m
an
d
d
et
erm
i
n
i
s
t
i
c
fract
a
l
s
et
s
,
”
P
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
R
ev
i
ew
A.
,
v
o
l
.
44
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
3
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