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term
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Ma
x
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rticle
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th
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CC B
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SA
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.
C
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p
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A
uth
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:
Asma
a
Ma
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Facu
lty
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f
Scien
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s
an
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T
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C
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Un
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co
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
er
e
is
a
v
ast
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
n
o
v
el
wir
eless
tech
n
o
lo
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th
e
f
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q
u
en
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ain
s
p
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ed
b
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ex
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tial
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v
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m
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ts
in
th
e
wir
eless
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies,
h
o
wev
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,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
p
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ed
eter
m
in
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s
p
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tr
u
m
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
s
tr
ateg
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c
u
r
r
e
n
tly
in
u
s
e
d
o
n
o
t
u
tili
ze
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
ef
f
icien
tly
.
C
o
g
n
itiv
e
r
ad
io
(
C
R
)
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
as
a
v
iab
le
a
n
s
wer
to
th
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
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ed
is
s
u
e
s
in
ce
th
e
s
p
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tr
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m
is
a
p
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r
eso
u
r
ce
an
d
n
ee
d
to
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
1
]
.
C
R
is
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
t
h
at
co
m
b
in
es
s
o
f
twar
e
d
e
f
in
ed
r
ad
io
(
S
DR
)
an
d
a
r
tific
ial
in
tel
lig
en
ce
(
AI
)
.
As
m
en
tio
n
ed
i
n
[
2
]
,
th
e
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
r
ad
io
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
will a
llo
w
th
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u
s
er
s
to
:
−
s
elec
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e
s
u
itab
le
av
ailab
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b
an
d
(
s
p
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m
m
an
a
g
em
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t)
,
−
co
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in
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to
th
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b
a
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d
with
o
th
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u
s
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s
(
s
p
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tr
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m
s
h
a
r
in
g
)
[
3
]
,
−
v
ac
ate
th
e
b
an
d
wh
en
a
licen
s
ed
u
s
er
is
d
etec
ted
(
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
m
o
b
ilit
y
)
[
4
]
,
−
an
d
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
ich
p
o
r
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
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m
ar
e
av
ailab
le
a
n
d
d
etec
t th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
licen
s
ed
u
s
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s
wh
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a
u
s
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p
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ates in
a
licen
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b
an
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(
s
p
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s
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in
g
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,
wh
ic
h
i
s
a
m
ain
f
u
n
ctio
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f
C
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Sp
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
(
SS
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is
u
s
ed
to
in
f
o
r
m
o
f
th
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s
tatu
s
o
f
th
e
s
p
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tr
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m
(
v
ac
an
t/o
cc
u
p
ied
)
.
T
h
is
allo
ws
f
o
r
th
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s
p
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tr
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m
to
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
a
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
u
s
er
(
SU)
w
ith
o
u
t
in
ter
f
e
r
in
g
with
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
u
s
er
(
PU)
[
5
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
1
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T
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KOM
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C
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m
p
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Vo
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19
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No
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4
,
Au
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2
1
:
11
37
-
11
44
1138
I
n
th
e
last
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d
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ad
e,
v
ar
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u
s
s
p
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m
s
en
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et
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s
th
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t
ca
n
b
e
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iv
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in
to
two
ca
teg
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ies
h
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s
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ested
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n
ar
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o
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b
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d
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d
wi
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Nar
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wb
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d
s
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s
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an
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f
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ev
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at
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T
h
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n
a
r
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wb
a
n
d
s
en
s
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
in
clu
d
e
en
er
g
y
d
etec
tio
n
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
,
cy
clo
s
tatio
n
ar
y
f
ea
tu
r
es
d
e
tectio
n
[
6
]
,
[
8
]
,
m
atch
ed
f
ilter
d
etec
tio
n
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
,
co
v
ar
ian
ce
b
ased
-
d
etec
tio
n
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
,
a
n
d
m
ac
h
in
e
le
ar
n
i
n
g
-
b
ased
s
en
s
in
g
[
12
]
-
[
14
]
.
E
a
ch
o
n
e
h
as
its
o
wn
p
r
o
s
an
d
co
n
s
[
6
]
.
W
id
eb
an
d
s
en
s
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
clu
d
e
p
o
w
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icien
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eq
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en
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en
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in
g
,
an
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asic
p
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r
s
u
it
[
2
]
.
Giv
en
th
at
th
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aim
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f
s
p
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tr
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s
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s
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m
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f
f
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tiv
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T
h
is
is
b
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au
s
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ey
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eq
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e
lo
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tim
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s
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ADC),
wh
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ar
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an
d
im
p
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ac
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f
o
r
tim
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co
m
m
u
n
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s
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
T
o
o
v
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co
m
e
th
is
d
is
ad
v
a
n
tag
e,
s
e
v
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o
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g
th
e
c
o
m
p
r
ess
iv
e
s
en
s
in
g
m
eth
o
d
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
we
ar
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
with
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es.
W
e
s
co
p
e
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
t
o
th
e
S
S
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
p
r
esen
ted
b
elo
w,
with
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
to
s
h
o
w
th
e
a
d
v
an
tag
es
o
f
ap
p
ly
in
g
n
o
n
-
u
n
if
o
r
m
s
am
p
li
n
g
[
15
]
,
[
17
]
in
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
etec
tio
n
.
I
n
[
18
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
h
o
w
th
e
u
tili
ty
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
co
g
n
itiv
e
r
ad
io
b
ased
o
n
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
d
etec
to
r
(
E
D)
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
we
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
b
y
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
to
b
o
th
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
d
etec
to
r
an
d
to
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
e
ig
en
v
alu
e
d
etec
to
r
(
ME
D)
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
ch
o
ice
is
m
o
tiv
ated
b
y
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
d
o
n
o
t
n
ee
d
an
y
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ig
n
al
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
will
b
e
a
s
s
ess
ed
an
d
th
en
co
m
p
a
r
e
d
to
th
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
s
am
p
lin
g
ca
s
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
s
ec
tio
n
2
p
r
esen
ts
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
th
eo
r
y
.
As
f
o
r
s
ec
tio
n
3
,
it e
x
p
lain
s
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
eig
en
v
alu
e
d
etec
t
io
n
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
ar
e
g
i
v
en
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
b
e
f
o
r
e
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
.
2.
RAND
O
M
S
AM
P
L
I
NG
T
H
E
O
RY
In
s
o
f
twar
e
r
ad
io
s
y
s
tem
s
,
th
e
an
alo
g
to
d
i
g
ital c
o
n
v
er
te
r
(
A
DC
)
r
ec
eiv
e
s
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
r
ad
i
o
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
ig
n
als
with
a
lar
g
e
d
y
n
am
ic
r
an
g
e
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
its
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
co
d
e
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
is
lar
g
ely
non
-
tr
i
v
ial,
an
d
th
e
s
am
p
lin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
is
v
er
y
h
ig
h
,
lead
in
g
to
a
h
ig
h
-
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
,
wh
er
ea
s
n
o
t
all
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
ar
e
n
ee
d
e
d
to
b
e
u
s
ed
ev
er
y
tim
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
b
an
d
wid
th
th
at
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
m
ay
v
ar
y
o
v
er
tim
e.
T
h
is
is
s
o
m
eth
in
g
th
at
th
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
s
am
p
lin
g
ADC
is
n
o
t
ab
le
to
ac
c
o
m
m
o
d
ate
ea
s
ily
,
as
it
alwa
y
s
o
p
er
ate
s
at
th
e
s
am
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
,
with
th
e
s
am
e
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
en
e
r
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
,
it
wo
u
l
d
b
e
in
ter
est
in
g
to
b
e
a
b
le
to
ad
a
p
t
eith
er
th
e
s
am
p
lin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
r
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
its
o
f
th
e
ADC to
r
ed
u
ce
its
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
15
]
,
[
19
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
at
ca
n
h
elp
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
C
R
s
y
s
tem
is
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
,
wh
er
e
an
av
er
ag
e
s
am
p
le
r
ate
s
lig
h
tly
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
Ny
q
u
is
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
m
ay
b
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
ec
eiv
ed
[
1
5
]
.
Usi
n
g
r
a
n
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
g
r
ea
ter
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
in
s
am
p
lin
g
r
ate
ch
o
ic
e
s
an
d
m
ak
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
aliasin
g
(
o
r
to
elim
in
ate
it
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
a
s
t
atio
n
ar
y
s
am
p
lin
g
s
eq
u
en
ce
)
[
1
7
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
th
u
s
h
elp
in
g
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
n
t
h
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
elem
en
ts
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
ch
ain
.
I
n
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
t
h
er
e
a
r
e
tw
o
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
m
o
d
es
,
n
am
ely
ad
d
itiv
e
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
(
AR
S
)
an
d
jitt
er
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
(
J
R
S
)
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
we
u
s
e
th
e
J
R
S m
o
d
e
f
o
r
its
ea
s
e
of
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
[
1
5
].
R
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
co
n
s
is
ts
of
co
n
v
er
tin
g
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
an
alo
g
s
ig
n
al
x
(
t)
in
to
a
d
is
cr
ete
tim
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
x
s
(
t)
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
wh
er
e
th
e
s
am
p
lin
g
in
s
tan
ts
ar
e
n
o
n
-
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
.
T
h
e
J
R
S
m
o
d
e
is
a
r
an
d
o
m
p
r
o
ce
s
s
wh
er
e
th
e
s
am
p
lin
g
tim
es a
r
e
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
e
x
p
r
es
s
io
n
:
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
p
r
in
cip
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
E
ffect
o
f ra
n
d
o
m
s
a
mp
lin
g
o
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
fo
r
co
g
n
itive
r
a
d
io
n
etw
o
r
ks
(
A
s
ma
a
Ma
a
li
)
1139
=
+
,
=
1
,
2
,
…
(
1
)
T
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
ea
n
s
am
p
lin
g
r
ate.
τ
n
d
en
o
tes
a
s
et
o
f
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
r
an
d
o
m
v
ar
iab
les
id
en
tical
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
with
a
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
d
en
s
ity
p
(
τ
)
,
a
v
ar
ian
ce
2
,
an
d
a
m
ea
n
=
0
,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
g
en
er
ate
d
u
s
in
g
u
n
if
o
r
m
o
r
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
3.
T
H
E
O
RY
O
F
E
N
E
RG
Y
AN
D
M
AXI
M
U
M
E
I
G
E
N
VAL
UE
DE
T
E
CT
I
O
N
Su
p
p
o
s
e
th
at
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
h
as th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
im
p
le
f
o
r
m
:
=
+
(
2
)
I
n
(
2
)
,
n
m
ea
n
s
th
e
s
am
p
le
in
d
ex
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
u
s
er
s
ig
n
al
(
th
e
s
ig
n
al
to
b
e
d
etec
ted
)
is
r
ep
r
e
s
en
ted
b
y
s
n
,
wh
ile
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
a
d
d
itiv
e
wh
ite
Gau
s
s
ian
n
o
is
e
(
AW
GN)
.
W
h
en
th
er
e
is
n
o
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
y
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
u
s
er
,
(
2
)
ca
n
b
e
wr
itten
as
=
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
d
etec
tio
n
is
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t to
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tates [
5
]
:
0
:
=
Sig
n
al
is
a
b
s
en
t
1
:
=
+
Sig
n
al
is
p
r
esen
t
(
3
)
wh
er
e
H
0
is
th
e
n
u
ll h
y
p
o
th
esis
th
at
t
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
u
s
er
is
ab
s
e
n
t
an
d
H
1
in
d
icate
s
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
a
p
r
im
ar
y
u
s
e
r
in
th
e
ch
an
n
el
o
f
i
n
ter
est.
T
h
e
SS
aim
s
to
ch
o
o
s
e
b
etwe
en
H
0
an
d
H
1
b
ased
o
n
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ati
on
x
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
p
r
esen
ted
in
(
3
)
is
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
te
ch
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
wo
cr
iter
i
a
ar
e
ex
am
in
ed
:
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
f
alse
alar
m
(
P
fa
)
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
d
etec
ti
o
n
(
P
d
)
.
P
fa
is
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
th
at
th
e
test
g
iv
es
a
wr
o
n
g
d
e
clar
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
o
cc
u
p
an
c
y
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
b
an
d
,
wh
er
ea
s
P
d
d
en
o
tes
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
to
co
r
r
ec
tly
d
etec
t
th
e
PU
o
n
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
b
a
n
d
.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
ies ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
as f
o
llo
ws [
1
0
]
:
:
{
>
/
0
}
:
{
>
/
1
}
(
4
)
wh
er
e
T
d
is
th
e
s
tatis
tica
l te
s
t
o
f
d
etec
tio
n
w
h
ich
is
co
m
p
a
r
e
d
to
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
to
m
ak
e
d
e
cisi
o
n
.
3
.
1
.
E
nerg
y
d
et
ec
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
b
asic sp
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
p
r
esen
te
d
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
is
E
n
er
g
y
d
etec
tio
n
(
E
D)
wh
ich
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
tim
e
in
[
8
]
.
I
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
n
ee
d
an
y
p
r
io
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
be
-
d
etec
te
d
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
e
r
th
e
ch
an
n
e
l
is
o
cc
u
p
ied
o
r
n
o
t.
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
b
l
o
ck
d
ia
g
r
a
m
s
u
m
m
u
r
ize
d
th
e
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
ED
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
a
n
en
er
g
y
d
etec
tio
n
T
h
e
o
u
t o
f
b
a
n
d
s
ig
n
als is
r
em
o
v
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
b
an
d
p
as
s
f
ilter
b
y
ch
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
f
c
an
d
t
h
e
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
in
ter
e
s
t.
Af
ter
th
e
s
ig
n
al
is
d
ig
itized
b
y
an
a
n
alo
g
to
d
ig
ital
c
o
n
v
er
t
er
(
ADC),
a
s
im
p
le
s
q
u
ar
e
an
d
av
er
a
g
e
b
lo
ck
is
u
s
ed
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
en
er
g
y
.
E
n
e
r
g
y
Dete
c
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
tatis
tic
T
ED
with
a
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
‘
ED
’
to
d
ec
id
e
wh
eth
er
a
s
ig
n
al
is
p
r
esen
t
‘
H
1
’
o
r
n
o
t
‘
H
0
’
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
eq
u
atio
n
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
s
tatis
tical
te
s
t
o
f
E
D
[
2
1
]
:
T
ED
=
1
∑
|
|
²
=
1
(
5
)
wh
er
e
N
ED
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
a
m
p
les.
Fo
r
a
g
iv
en
P
fa
,
t
h
e
t
h
r
e
s
h
o
ld
c
a
n
b
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
as
f
o
ll
o
w
[
1
4
]
:
=
√
2
−
1
(
)
+
1
(
6
)
wh
e
r
e
Q
(
t
)
=
1
√
2π
∫
e
−
u
2
2
+
∞
t
du
.
T
h
e
th
e
o
r
eti
ca
l
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
f
a
ls
e
a
la
r
m
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies
ca
n
b
e
e
x
p
r
ess
e
d
as
[
2
2
]
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
1
:
11
37
-
11
44
1140
=
(
,
2
)
(
)
(
7
)
=
(
√
2
,
√
)
(
8
)
λ
ED
r
ep
r
es
e
n
ts
t
h
e
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
,
Γ
(
a
,
x
)
is
t
h
e
i
n
c
o
m
p
let
e
g
a
m
m
a
f
u
n
ct
io
n
,
Γ(
a)
is
th
e
g
a
m
m
a
f
u
n
ct
io
n
a
n
d
Q
m
(
a
,
b
)
is
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
ali
ze
d
Ma
r
c
u
m
Q
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
.
3.
2
.
M
a
x
i
m
um
eig
env
a
lue
d
et
ec
t
io
n
T
h
e
i
d
e
a
o
f
ex
p
l
o
i
ti
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
ei
g
en
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
s
p
e
ct
r
al
d
e
te
cti
o
n
is
f
i
r
s
t
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
b
y
M.
H
a
d
d
ad
et
a
l
[
23
]
;
th
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
c
alc
u
l
ate
ei
g
e
n
v
a
lu
es
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
v
a
r
ia
n
ce
m
a
tr
i
x
a
n
d
u
s
e
e
i
g
e
n
v
al
u
e
-
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
test
s
tat
is
ti
cs.
T
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
o
f
[
1
0
]
-
[
12
]
,
[
2
4
]
u
s
e
d
t
h
e
ei
g
e
n
v
al
u
es
t
o
d
e
v
e
lo
p
a
s
p
ec
t
r
a
l
d
e
tec
t
io
n
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
e
wh
ic
h
is
m
ai
n
l
y
b
ase
d
o
n
e
v
al
u
ati
n
g
th
e
m
at
r
i
x
ei
g
e
n
v
a
lu
es
c
o
n
s
tit
u
te
d
b
y
t
h
e
a
c
q
u
ir
ed
s
a
m
p
les
.
T
h
is
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
e
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
i
d
e
r
ed
as
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
r
eli
ab
l
e
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
e
th
o
d
s
p
r
es
en
t
e
d
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
l
y
an
d
t
h
is
is
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
f
a
ct
t
h
at
it
p
r
ese
n
ts
m
an
y
a
d
v
a
n
ta
g
es
s
u
c
h
as:
n
o
p
r
i
o
r
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
n
ee
d
e
d
o
n
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
i
g
n
al
;
it
a
l
lo
ws
g
o
o
d
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
at
l
o
w
s
i
g
n
al
to
n
o
is
e
r
a
ti
o
(
SNR
)
an
d
it
o
v
e
r
c
o
m
es
th
e
n
o
is
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
en
c
o
u
n
t
e
r
e
d
i
n
th
e
c
ase
o
f
en
er
g
y
d
et
ec
to
r
[
1
0
]
-
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
ME
D
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
e
,
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
f
o
r
m
u
la
te
t
h
e
d
ete
cti
o
n
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
b
as
ed
o
n
t
h
e
s
am
p
l
e
co
v
a
r
i
an
ce
m
at
r
i
x
o
f
th
e
r
ec
e
i
v
e
d
s
ig
n
al
,
t
h
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
m
at
r
i
x
th
e
o
r
y
(
R
MT
)
is
u
s
ed
.
L
et
L
b
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
c
o
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
s
am
p
les,
̂
(
n
)
an
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
e
d
s
ig
n
al,
̂
(
n
)
an
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ig
n
al
to
b
e
d
etec
ted
a
n
d
̂
(
n
)
an
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
is
e.
W
e
d
e
f
in
e
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
v
ec
to
r
s
f
o
r
m
:
(
9
)
T
h
e
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
at
ed
s
tatis
tical
c
o
v
ar
ian
ce
m
at
r
ix
̂
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
[
1
4
]
as:
̂
(
)
=
[
(
0
)
(
1
)
…
(
−
1
)
(
1
)
(
0
)
…
(
−
2
)
(
⋮
)
(
⋮
)
(
⋮
)
(
⋮
2
)
(
−
1
)
(
−
2
)
…
(
0
)
]
(
1
0
)
wh
er
e
(
)
is
th
e
s
am
p
le
au
to
-
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al.
I
t is d
escr
ib
ed
as:
(
)
=
1
∑
(
)
(
−
)
,
=
0
,
1
,
…
,
−
1
−
1
=
0
(
1
1
)
wh
er
e
N
MED
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
av
ailab
le
s
am
p
les.
B
ased
o
n
R
MT
,
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
f
alse a
lar
m
f
o
r
m
a
x
im
u
m
eig
e
n
v
alu
e
d
ete
ctio
n
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
f
o
llo
w
[
1
1
]
:
P
fa
≈
1
-
F
1
(
−
µ
)
(
1
2
)
wh
er
e
F
1
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
T
r
ac
y
-
W
id
o
m
cu
m
u
lativ
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
o
r
d
er
1
an
d
an
d
ar
e
g
iv
en
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
b
y
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
:
=
(
√
(
−
1
)
+
√
)
²
(
1
3
)
=
(
√
(
−
1
)
+
√
)
(
1
√
(
−
1
)
+
1
√
)
1
/
3
(
1
4
)
T
h
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
u
s
ed
to
m
ak
e
a
d
ec
is
io
n
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
f
o
r
a
g
iv
e
n
,
an
d
L
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
ab
o
v
e
[
1
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
:
=
(
√
+
√
)
²
(
1
+
(
√
+
√
)
−
2
/
3
(
)
1
/
6
1
−
1
(
1
+
)
)
(
1
5
)
wh
er
e
F
1
-
1
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
u
ted
a
t
ce
r
tain
p
o
in
ts
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
T
a
b
le
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
E
ffect
o
f ra
n
d
o
m
s
a
mp
lin
g
o
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
fo
r
co
g
n
itive
r
a
d
io
n
etw
o
r
ks
(
A
s
ma
a
Ma
a
li
)
1141
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
T
r
ac
y
-
W
id
o
m
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
o
r
d
e
r
1
t
-
3
.
9
0
-
3
.
1
8
-
2
.
7
8
-
1
.
9
1
-
1
.
2
7
-
0
.
5
9
0
.
4
5
0
.
9
8
2
.
0
2
F
1
(
t
)
0
.
0
1
0
.
0
5
0
.
1
0
0
.
3
0
0
.
5
0
0
.
7
0
0
.
9
0
0
.
9
5
0
.
9
9
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
is
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
a
n
d
co
m
p
ar
e
it
with
th
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
s
am
p
lin
g
ca
s
e.
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Af
ter
d
ig
itizin
g
th
e
g
en
er
ated
s
ig
n
al,
we
ca
lc
u
late
all
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
o
f
th
e
m
u
l
ti
-
b
an
d
s
ig
n
al
an
d
we
s
elec
t
t
h
e
b
an
d
o
f
i
n
ter
est
u
s
in
g
th
e
SVD
d
ir
ec
t
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
W
e
th
en
an
al
y
ze
th
e
o
cc
u
p
an
cy
o
f
th
e
r
ad
io
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
u
s
in
g
th
e
two
-
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
s
tu
d
ied
m
eth
o
d
s
(
E
D
an
d
ME
D)
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ize
t
h
e
d
etec
t
io
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
,
we
esti
m
ate
d
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
th
e
f
alse
alar
m
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
ies
f
o
r
b
an
d
o
cc
u
p
an
cy
,
b
y
u
s
in
g
Mo
n
te
C
ar
lo
s
im
u
latio
n
.
I
n
t
h
is
ap
p
l
icatio
n
,
th
e
test
s
ig
n
al
u
s
ed
is
a
m
u
lti
-
b
an
d
s
ig
n
al
wh
ich
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
f
iv
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
s
p
ac
ed
b
y
8
0
Hz,
m
o
d
u
lated
with
QPSK
an
d
th
en
f
ilter
ed
b
y
a
r
aised
c
o
s
in
e
f
ilter
with
a
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
r
o
ll
-
o
f
f
)
o
f
0
.
5
.
E
a
ch
ca
r
r
ier
h
as
a
s
y
m
b
o
l
r
ate
o
f
R
=
40
s
y
m
/s
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ar
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
o
u
r
co
m
p
u
te
p
o
wer
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
s
i
m
u
latio
n
W
e
ev
alu
ate
d
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
ter
m
s
o
f
R
ec
eiv
er
O
p
er
atin
g
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
cu
r
v
es
(
R
O
C
)
th
at
p
lo
ts
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
d
etec
tio
n
P
d
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
f
alse
alar
m
P
fa
f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
es
,
a
ls
o
in
ter
m
s
o
f
P
d
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
SNR
.
I
n
o
u
r
test
s
,
we
co
n
s
id
er
ed
t
w
o
ce
n
tr
al
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
v
alu
es
wh
ich
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
ws:
a
ce
n
ter
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
v
alu
e
with
in
th
e
allo
we
d
b
an
d
s
(
AB
)
an
d
a
ce
n
ter
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
v
alu
e
with
in
th
e
f
o
r
b
id
d
e
n
b
an
d
s
(
FB
)
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
test
ed
by
b
o
th
m
o
d
es
o
f
s
am
p
lin
g
:
u
n
if
o
r
m
s
am
p
lin
g
an
d
r
a
n
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
to
s
h
o
w
th
e
b
en
e
f
it
an
d
u
tili
ty
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
AB
is
th
e
b
an
d
o
f
s
am
p
lin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
on
wh
ich
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
p
ec
t
r
u
m
aliasin
g
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
es
4
a
n
d
5
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
R
OC
cu
r
v
es
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
E
D
an
d
ME
D,
u
s
in
g
u
n
if
o
r
m
s
am
p
lin
g
(
Fig
u
r
e
4
)
a
s
well
as r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
(
Fig
u
r
e
5
)
f
o
r
a
SNR
=
-
1
8
d
b
an
d
a
s
m
o
o
th
in
g
f
ac
to
r
L
=
8
.
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
we
ca
n
n
o
te
th
at,
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
u
n
if
o
r
m
s
am
p
lin
g
,
we
h
a
v
e
two
ca
s
es o
f
R
OC
cu
r
v
es:
−
Fo
r
a
ce
n
t
r
al
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
v
a
lu
e
t
h
at
is
in
s
id
e
t
h
e
a
ll
o
we
d
b
an
d
s
,
g
o
o
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
is
o
b
tai
n
e
d
as
i
t
is
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
to
f
in
d
a
t
r
a
d
e
-
o
f
f
b
etw
ee
n
P
fa
an
d
P
d
wh
ic
h
e
x
p
lai
n
s
t
h
e
R
O
C
c
u
r
v
es
f
o
r
m
in
s
i
d
e
th
ese
b
a
n
d
s
.
−
Fo
r
a
ce
n
t
r
a
l
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
v
al
u
e
t
h
at
is
i
n
s
i
d
e
th
e
f
o
r
b
id
d
en
b
a
n
d
s
,
a
s
p
ec
t
r
u
m
ali
asi
n
g
o
c
cu
r
s
w
it
h
in
t
h
e
ch
a
n
n
el
o
f
in
te
r
est
an
d
h
e
n
c
e
a
g
r
ea
t
en
er
g
y
is
p
r
ese
n
t
wi
t
h
i
n
th
is
ch
an
n
el
e
v
e
n
w
h
e
n
t
h
is
ch
a
n
n
el
is
f
r
e
e.
T
h
is
ex
p
l
ai
n
s
t
h
e
o
b
tai
n
e
d
R
OC
c
u
r
v
es
w
h
i
ch
ar
e
r
e
d
u
ce
d
t
o
a
u
n
i
q
u
e
p
o
in
t
(
P
d
=
P
fa
=
1
)
,
m
ea
n
i
n
g
th
at
t
h
e
tw
o
s
tu
d
ie
d
d
et
ec
t
o
r
s
d
o
n
o
t
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
p
e
r
l
y
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
s
id
e
,
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
(
Fig
u
r
e
5
)
,
we
n
o
ticed
th
at
we
h
av
e
a
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
(
t
h
e
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
ef
f
icien
t)
r
eg
a
r
d
l
ess
o
f
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
o
v
er
co
m
es
th
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
ain
t
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
b
id
d
e
n
b
an
d
s
im
p
o
s
ed
in
t
h
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
s
am
p
lin
g
ca
s
e.
T
h
is
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
R
OC
cu
r
v
es
wh
ich
ar
e
alm
o
s
t
s
im
ilar
f
o
r
a
s
am
e
d
etec
to
r
.
W
e
m
ay
also
n
o
tice
th
at
th
e
ME
D
allo
ws
a
g
o
o
d
d
etec
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
E
D
m
eth
o
d
[
2
4
]
.
As
m
en
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e,
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
also
ev
alu
ated
in
te
r
m
s
of
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
as
a
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
th
e
SNR
,
u
s
in
g
b
o
th
s
am
p
lin
g
m
o
d
es
a
n
d
two
ce
n
t
r
al
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
v
alu
es:
a
ce
n
ter
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
v
alu
e
with
in
th
e
allo
wed
b
an
d
s
(
AB
)
an
d
a
ce
n
ter
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
v
al
u
e
with
in
th
e
f
o
r
b
i
d
d
en
b
an
d
s
(
FB
)
.
T
h
e
ac
h
iev
ed
r
es
u
lts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Fro
m
th
ese
f
ig
u
r
es,
we
ca
n
n
o
te
th
at
u
s
in
g
a
u
n
if
o
r
m
s
am
p
lin
g
,
f
o
r
a
ce
n
te
r
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
v
alu
e
th
at
is
in
s
i
d
e
t
h
e
f
o
r
b
i
d
d
e
n
b
a
n
d
s
,
a
s
p
ec
t
r
u
m
ali
asi
n
g
o
c
cu
r
s
wit
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
o
f
i
n
ter
est
.
T
h
is
e
x
p
lai
n
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
d
e
tect
io
n
p
r
o
b
a
b
il
it
y
is
alwa
y
s
e
q
u
al
t
o
1
e
v
en
i
f
t
h
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
1
:
11
37
-
11
44
1142
ch
an
n
el
is
f
r
e
e.
T
h
is
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
is
o
v
er
co
m
e
b
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
a
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
m
o
d
e.
T
h
e
d
etec
tio
n
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
cu
r
v
es
ar
e
alm
o
s
t
s
im
i
lar
to
t
h
e
two
ch
o
s
en
v
alu
es
o
f
ce
n
tr
al
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
d
etec
tio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es with
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
SNR
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
R
OC
cu
r
v
es o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
ied
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
in
g
a
u
n
if
o
r
m
s
am
p
lin
g
m
o
d
e
at
t
wo
d
if
f
er
e
n
t c
en
tr
al
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
v
al
u
es
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
R
OC
cu
r
v
es o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
ied
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
in
g
a
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
m
o
d
e
at
t
wo
d
if
f
er
e
n
t c
en
tr
al
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
v
al
u
es
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
P
d
v
s
.
SNR
o
f
th
e
E
D
an
d
th
e
ME
D
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
in
g
a
u
n
if
o
r
m
s
am
p
lin
g
m
o
d
e
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
P
d
v
s
.
SNR
o
f
th
e
E
D
an
d
th
e
ME
D
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
in
g
a
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
m
o
d
e
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
we
we
r
e
in
ter
ested
in
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
wh
ich
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
a
n
d
cr
u
cial
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
co
g
n
itiv
e
r
ad
io
s
y
s
tem
s
.
W
e
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
o
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
.
T
wo
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
s
en
s
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
:
T
h
e
en
e
r
g
y
d
etec
tio
n
(
E
D)
m
eth
o
d
a
n
d
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
eig
en
v
alu
e
d
etec
tio
n
(
ME
D)
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
m
ak
es
it
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
f
o
r
b
id
d
en
b
an
d
r
estrictio
n
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
with
u
n
if
o
r
m
s
am
p
lin
g
m
o
d
e.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e
,
we
ca
n
n
o
te
th
at
r
a
n
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
d
etec
to
r
an
d
t
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
eig
e
n
v
alu
e
d
etec
to
r
r
ep
r
esen
ts
an
in
te
r
esti
n
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
in
co
g
n
itiv
e
r
ad
io
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
is
a
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
p
ar
t
o
f
a
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
th
at
will
b
e
a
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
ese
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
wo
r
k
is
a
n
e
x
ten
d
ed
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
o
u
r
wo
r
k
en
titl
ed
“E
n
er
g
y
d
etec
tio
n
v
er
s
u
s
m
ax
im
u
m
eig
en
v
alu
e
-
b
ased
d
etec
tio
n
:
A
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
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r
esen
ted
in
th
e
1
4
th
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
Mu
lti
-
C
o
n
f
er
en
ce
o
n
Sy
s
tem
s
,
Sig
n
als
&
Dev
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(
S
SD’
2
0
1
7
)
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
aim
s
to
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
d
if
f
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b
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an
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m
s
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p
lin
g
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
E
ffect
o
f ra
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d
o
m
s
a
mp
lin
g
o
n
s
p
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tr
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s
in
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fo
r
co
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itive
r
a
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io
n
etw
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r
ks
(
A
s
ma
a
Ma
a
li
)
1143
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
J.
M
it
o
la
a
n
d
G
.
Q.
M
a
g
u
ire,
"
C
o
g
n
it
iv
e
ra
d
i
o
:
M
a
k
i
n
g
so
f
twa
re
ra
d
io
s
m
o
re
p
e
rso
n
a
l,
"
I
EE
E
Per
so
n
a
l
C
o
mm
u
n
.
,
M
a
g
.
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
13
-
1
8
,
1
9
9
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
9
8
.
7
8
8
2
10
.
[
2
]
A.
Ali
a
n
d
W
.
Ha
m
o
u
d
a
,
"
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
o
n
sp
e
c
tru
m
se
n
si
n
g
fo
r
c
o
g
n
it
i
v
e
ra
d
i
o
n
e
two
r
k
s:
Th
e
o
r
y
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
"
I
EE
E
c
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
su
rv
e
y
s
&
tu
to
ria
ls
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
7
7
-
1
3
0
4
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/COM
S
T.
2
0
1
6
.
2
6
3
1
0
8
0
.
[
3
]
A.
M
u
k
h
e
rje
a
n
d
A.
Da
tt
a
,
"
Ke
e
v
e
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
I
d
e
n
ti
fica
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
S
p
e
c
tru
m
S
h
a
rin
g
Ba
se
d
o
n
G
e
o
-
lo
c
a
ti
o
n
,
Ti
m
e
a
n
d
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
fo
r
C
o
g
n
it
i
v
e
Ra
d
io
Ne
two
r
k
s,
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Rev
iew
,
vol
.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
3
0
-
1
3
3
,
2
0
1
6
.
[
4
]
R.
N.
Ya
d
a
v
a
n
d
R.
M
isra
,
"
An
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
d
iffere
n
t
TCP
v
a
rian
ts
in
c
o
g
n
it
i
v
e
ra
d
io
n
e
two
r
k
s,
"
2
0
1
4
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Cy
b
e
r
-
En
a
b
led
Distrib
u
te
d
C
o
mp
u
t
in
g
a
n
d
Kn
o
wle
d
g
e
Disc
o
v
e
ry
,
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
4
1
4
-
4
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/Cy
b
e
rC.
2
0
1
4
.
7
8
.
[
5
]
H.
S
e
m
lali
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
S
p
e
c
tru
m
S
e
n
sin
g
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
Re
a
l
S
i
g
n
a
l
o
f
F
M
Ra
d
i
o
:
F
e
a
sib
il
i
ty
S
t
u
d
y
u
sin
g
a
Ra
n
d
o
m
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
fo
r
Or
g
a
n
iz
a
ti
o
n
s
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
(
I
T4
O
),
M
a
r
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/IT
4
OD
.
2
0
1
6
.
7
4
7
9
3
0
2
.
[
6
]
Y.
Arjo
u
n
e
,
a
n
d
N.
Ka
a
b
o
u
c
h
,
"
A
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
s
u
rv
e
y
o
n
sp
e
c
tr
u
m
se
n
sin
g
in
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
ra
d
io
n
e
t
wo
rk
s:
Re
c
e
n
t
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
s,
n
e
w
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s,
a
n
d
f
u
tu
re
re
se
a
rc
h
d
irec
ti
o
n
s,"
S
e
n
s
o
rs
,
v
o
l.
19
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
3
2
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/s1
9
0
1
0
1
2
6
.
[
7
]
P
.
B.
M
o
h
a
n
a
n
d
B
.
J.
S
te
p
h
e
n
,
"
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
S
p
e
c
tru
m
S
e
n
si
n
g
Tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s,"
S
e
n
sin
g
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
f
o
r
Ne
x
t
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
Co
g
n
it
ive
Ra
d
io
Ne
two
rk
s
,
IGI G
lo
b
a
l,
p
p
.
1
3
3
-
1
4
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
8
]
H.
Urk
o
witz,
"
En
e
rg
y
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
u
n
k
o
w
n
d
e
term
in
isti
c
si
g
n
a
ls,
"
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
IEE
E,
v
o
l.
5
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
1
9
6
7
,
p
p
.
5
2
3
-
531
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/P
ROC.
1
9
6
7
.
5
5
7
3
[
9
]
Z.
Kh
a
laf
,
A.
Na
fk
h
a
,
a
n
d
J.
P
a
li
c
o
t
,
"
Lo
w
Co
m
p
le
x
it
y
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
Hy
b
ri
d
S
p
e
c
tru
m
S
e
n
si
n
g
Arc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s
fo
r
Co
g
n
it
iv
e
Ra
d
io
Eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
,”
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
:
Ge
n
e
ra
l
Ass
e
mb
ly
a
n
d
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
,
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/URS
IG
ASS
.
2
0
1
1
.
6
0
5
0
5
2
8
.
[
1
0
]
Y.
Zen
g
a
n
d
Y.
C.
Li
a
n
g
,
"
S
p
e
c
tru
m
-
S
e
n
sin
g
Alg
o
rit
h
m
s
fo
r
Co
g
n
it
i
v
e
Ra
d
io
b
a
se
d
o
n
S
tatisti
c
a
l
Co
v
a
rian
c
e
s,
"
IEE
E
tra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Veh
i
c
u
la
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
vol
.
5
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
8
0
4
-
1
8
1
5
,
M
a
y
.
2
0
0
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
VT.
2
0
0
8
.
2
0
0
5
2
6
7
.
[
1
1
]
Y.
Zen
g
,
C.
Ko
h
,
a
n
d
Y.
C.
L
ian
g
,
"
M
a
x
imu
m
e
i
g
e
n
v
a
l
u
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
:
Th
e
o
r
y
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
"
i
n
Pro
c
.
IEE
E
ICC
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
8
,
p
p
.
4
1
6
0
-
4
1
6
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ICC.
2
0
0
8
.
7
8
1
.
[
1
2
]
M.
Ha
m
id
,
N.
Bjo
rse
ll
a
n
d
S
.
B
e
n
S
li
m
a
n
e
,
"
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
E
ig
e
n
v
a
lu
e
-
b
a
se
d
Co
m
b
i
n
e
d
F
u
ll
y
-
Bli
n
d
S
e
lf
-
Ad
a
p
ted
S
p
e
c
tru
m
S
e
n
sin
g
Alg
o
rit
h
m
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
On
v
e
h
icu
l
a
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
6
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
3
0
-
6
4
2
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
VT.
2
0
1
5
.
2
4
0
1
1
3
2
.
[
1
3
]
G
.
Ru
b
in
o
,
P
.
Ti
r
il
ly
,
a
n
d
M
.
Va
re
la,
"
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
u
se
rs’
sa
ti
sf
a
c
ti
o
n
i
n
p
a
c
k
e
t
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
u
sin
g
ra
n
d
o
m
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
two
rk
s,
"
in
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Arti
fi
c
ia
l
Ne
u
ra
l
Ne
two
rk
s
,
2
0
0
6
,
p
p
.
3
0
3
-
3
1
2
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/1
1
8
4
0
8
1
7
_
3
2
[
1
4
]
K.
S
.
Na
re
n
d
ra
a
n
d
K.
P
a
rt
h
a
sa
ra
th
y
,
"
I
d
e
n
ti
f
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
d
y
n
a
m
ica
l
s
y
ste
m
s
u
sin
g
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
two
r
k
s,
"
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Ne
u
ra
l
Ne
two
rk
s,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
-
2
7
,
M
a
rc
h
1
9
9
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
7
2
.
8
0
2
0
2
.
[
1
5
]
S
.
Trao
re
,
"
Co
n
tri
b
u
ti
o
n
à
l'
é
tu
d
e
d
e
l'
é
c
h
a
n
ti
ll
o
n
n
a
g
e
n
o
n
u
n
ifo
rm
e
d
a
n
s le
d
o
m
a
in
e
d
e
la rad
i
o
i
n
tell
ig
e
n
te,
"
Th
è
se
d
e
d
o
c
t
o
ra
t.
Ce
n
trale
S
u
p
é
lec
,
2
0
1
5
.
[
1
6
]
S
.
K.
S
h
a
rm
a
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Co
m
p
re
ss
iv
e
S
e
n
si
n
g
i
n
Co
g
n
it
iv
e
Ra
d
io
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s:
A
S
u
rv
e
y
,
"
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
.
S
u
rv
.
T
u
to
r
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
8
3
8
-
1
8
6
0
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/COM
S
T.
2
0
1
6
.
2
5
2
4
4
4
3
.
[
1
7
]
J.
J.
Wo
j
ti
u
k
,
"
Ra
n
d
o
m
ise
d
sa
m
p
l
in
g
f
o
r
ra
d
io
d
e
sig
n
,
"
Th
è
se
d
e
d
o
c
to
ra
t.
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
S
o
u
th
A
u
stra
li
a
,
2
0
0
0
.
[
1
8
]
H.
S
e
m
lali,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
En
e
rg
y
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
fo
r
s
p
e
c
tru
m
se
n
sin
g
in
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
ra
d
i
o
sy
ste
m
s
wit
h
th
e
u
se
o
f
ra
n
d
o
m
sa
m
p
li
n
g
,
"
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss
p
e
rs
o
n
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
3
-
1
0
6
1
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
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1144
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