T
E
L
KO
M
N
I
KA
T
e
lec
om
m
u
n
icat
ion
,
Com
p
u
t
i
n
g,
E
lec
t
r
on
ics
an
d
Cont
r
ol
Vol.
18
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
,
pp.
2
64
~
2
71
I
S
S
N:
1693
-
6930,
a
c
c
r
e
dit
e
d
F
ir
s
t
G
r
a
de
by
Ke
me
nr
is
tekdikti
,
De
c
r
e
e
No:
21/E
/KP
T
/2018
DO
I
:
10.
12928/
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
.
v18i1.
11365
264
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
jour
nal.
uad
.
ac
.
id/
index
.
php/T
E
L
K
OM
N
I
K
A
A
lo
w
p
ow
e
r
w
id
e
b
a
n
d
va
r
ac
t
or
le
ss
VCO
u
si
n
g
t
u
n
a
b
le
ac
t
iv
e
in
d
u
c
t
o
r
Om
ar
F
ar
u
q
e
1
,
Rum
a
n
a
Akh
t
e
r
2
,
Md
T
awf
iq
A
m
in
3
1
D
ep
ar
t
men
t
of
E
l
ect
r
i
cal
a
n
d
E
l
ect
r
o
n
i
c
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
,
Ban
g
l
ad
e
s
h
A
rm
y
U
n
i
v
ers
i
t
y
of
Sci
e
n
ce
an
d
T
ech
n
o
l
o
g
y
(BA
U
S
T
),
Ban
g
l
ad
e
s
h
2,
3
D
e
p
art
me
n
t
of
E
l
ec
t
ri
ca
l
,
E
l
ec
t
ro
n
i
c
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
i
cat
i
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
,
Mi
l
i
t
ar
y
In
s
t
i
t
u
t
e
of
Sci
e
n
ce
an
d
T
ech
n
o
l
o
g
y
(MIS
T
),
Ban
g
l
ad
e
s
h
Ar
t
icle
I
n
f
o
AB
S
T
RA
CT
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
tor
y
:
R
e
c
e
ived
Nov
3
,
201
8
R
e
vis
e
d
Nov
3
,
20
19
Ac
c
e
pted
De
c
18
,
20
19
T
h
i
s
p
a
p
er
p
res
e
n
t
s
a
w
i
d
e
b
an
d
v
arac
t
o
r
l
es
s
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
l
ed
o
s
ci
l
l
a
t
o
r
(V
CO
)
b
as
e
d
on
t
u
n
a
b
l
e
act
i
v
e
i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
in
90
nm
C
MO
S
p
ro
ces
s
w
h
i
ch
y
i
e
l
d
s
a
t
u
n
i
n
g
ra
n
g
e
of
1
.
2
2
G
H
z
to
3
.
7
G
H
z
h
a
v
i
n
g
a
t
u
n
i
n
g
s
co
p
e
of
1
0
0
.
5
%
.
T
h
e
d
es
i
g
n
ed
V
CO
can
be
u
s
e
d
fo
r
w
i
d
e
b
an
d
w
i
re
l
es
s
ap
p
l
i
ca
t
i
o
n
s
.
The
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
V
CO
co
n
s
u
mes
a
v
ery
l
o
w
p
o
w
er
(
1
.
0
5
~
2
.
5
)
mW
w
i
t
h
the
ch
a
n
g
e
of
t
u
n
i
n
g
v
o
l
t
a
g
es
(0
.
3
~
0
.
9
)
V
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
a
d
i
fferen
t
i
a
l
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
er
of
(1
.
1
7
~
-
5
.
1
3
)
d
Bm.
The
V
C
O
ex
h
i
b
i
t
s
p
h
a
s
e
n
o
i
s
e
of
-
8
0
.
5
0
d
Bc/
H
z
@
2
.
7
4
G
H
z
an
d
the
F
i
g
u
re
of
m
eri
t
(FO
M)
is
-
1
4
7
.
7
3
d
Bc/
H
z
@
2
.
7
4
G
H
z
at
1
M
H
z
o
ff
s
et
fre
q
u
e
n
cy
.
A
c
h
i
e
v
emen
t
of
h
i
g
h
t
u
n
i
n
g
ra
n
g
e
by
al
t
eri
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
ct
a
n
ce
of
i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
w
h
i
ch
p
av
e
s
t
h
e
w
ay
fo
r
el
i
m
i
n
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
MO
S
v
aract
o
r
t
h
a
t
reced
e
s
the
o
v
eral
l
s
i
l
i
c
o
n
area
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
,
is
t
he
n
o
t
ew
o
rt
h
y
o
u
t
co
me
of
the
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
V
CO
.
Fu
r
t
h
erm
o
re,
co
n
s
i
d
eri
n
g
t
h
e
dc
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
mp
t
i
o
n
,
F
i
g
u
re
of
m
eri
t
(FO
M)
an
d
co
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
cy
of
p
erfo
rma
n
ce
p
aramet
er
s
o
v
er
t
u
n
i
n
g
ran
g
e,
the
p
ro
p
o
s
ed
V
C
O
o
u
t
s
t
r
i
p
s
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
referred
V
CO
s
.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ac
ti
ve
inductor
F
igur
e
of
mer
it
P
ha
s
e
nois
e
T
uning
r
a
nge
VC
O
Th
i
s
is
an
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e
.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
Oma
r
F
a
r
uqe
,
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
E
lec
tr
ica
l
a
nd
E
lec
tr
onic
E
nginee
r
i
ng,
B
a
nglade
s
h
Ar
my
Unive
r
s
it
y
of
S
c
ienc
e
a
nd
T
e
c
h
nology
(
B
AU
S
T
)
,
S
a
idpur
C
a
ntonm
e
nt,
S
a
idpur
,
B
a
nglade
s
h
.
E
mail:
o
f
a
r
uqe
20@gmail.
c
om
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
In
the
moder
n
e
r
a
of
c
omm
un
ica
ti
on,
volt
a
ge
c
ont
r
oll
e
d
os
c
il
lator
ha
s
gr
a
bbe
d
a
s
igni
f
ica
nt
pos
it
ion,
gr
a
dua
ll
y
ha
s
be
c
ome
indi
s
pe
n
s
ibl
e
in
many
c
a
s
e
s
.
P
ha
s
e
L
oc
ke
d
L
oop
(
P
L
L
)
whic
h
is
us
e
d
f
or
f
r
e
que
nc
y
mul
ti
pli
e
r
,
divi
de
r
a
nd
FM
de
tec
tor
,
ha
s
an
un
a
voidable
c
omponent,
VC
O
[1
-
3
].
M
or
e
ove
r
,
f
r
e
que
nc
y
jammer
,
f
unc
ti
on
ge
ne
r
a
to
r
,
a
na
log
to
dig
it
a
l
c
onve
r
ter
,
R
F
I
D
ha
s
an
inevitable
e
leme
nt,
whic
h
is
volt
a
ge
c
ontr
oll
e
d
os
c
il
lator
[
4
-
10
].
VC
O
can
be
im
plem
e
nted
in
two
major
wa
ys
:
LC
VC
O
a
nd
R
ing
VC
O
[
11
].
P
owe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion,
tuni
ng
r
a
nge
,
pha
s
e
nois
e
,
s
il
icon
a
r
e
a
c
ons
umpt
ion
a
nd
output
powe
r
a
r
e
t
he
ba
s
ic
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
f
or
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
izing
a
VC
O.
T
he
pha
s
e
nois
e
is
a
kind
of
im
pur
it
y
of
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
pe
c
tr
u
m,
whic
h
e
volved
f
r
om
the
VC
O’
s
e
leme
nts
[
12
-
13]
.
R
ing
VC
O
c
ons
umes
le
s
s
s
il
icon
a
r
e
a
a
nd
a
l
s
o
c
ons
u
mes
les
s
powe
r
,
whe
r
e
LC
VC
O
c
ons
umes
a
lar
ge
s
il
icon
a
r
e
a
due
to
the
p
r
e
s
e
nc
e
of
s
pir
a
l
or
pa
s
s
ive
inductor
[
11
].
T
he
s
ubs
ti
tut
ion
of
the
s
pir
a
l
or
pa
s
s
ive
inductor
with
a
c
ti
ve
inductor
wil
l
be
the
be
s
t
s
olut
ion
in
c
a
s
e
of
lar
ge
s
il
icon
a
r
e
a
c
ons
umpt
ion
.
B
a
s
ic
a
c
ti
ve
inductor
is
the
two
ba
c
k
to
ba
c
k
c
o
nne
c
ted
tr
a
ns
c
onduc
tor
s
with
one
por
t
c
onne
c
ted
to
a
c
a
pa
c
it
or
.
C
M
OS
a
c
ti
ve
inductor
pr
ovides
s
e
ve
r
a
l
a
dva
ntage
s
s
uc
h
as
high
a
nd
tunable
inducta
nc
e
as
we
ll
as
qua
li
ty
f
a
c
tor
,
low
s
il
icon
a
r
e
a
c
ons
umpt
ion
a
nd
can
be
im
pleme
nted
in
wide
tuni
ng
r
a
nge
d
VC
O
[
14
].
On
the
c
ont
r
a
r
y,
poor
pha
s
e
nois
e
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
a
nd
dc
s
tatic
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
A
low
pow
e
r
w
ideband
v
ar
ac
tor
les
s
V
C
O
us
ing
tunabl
e
ac
ti
v
e
inductor
(
Om
ar
F
ar
uqe
)
265
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
a
r
e
the
two
major
dis
a
dva
nta
ge
s
of
the
a
c
ti
ve
inductor
[
15
].
How
e
ve
r
,
the
mi
ni
mi
z
a
ti
on
of
both
of
thes
e
two
dis
a
dva
ntage
s
will
be
the
ult
i
mate
goa
l
of
a
good
de
s
ign.
T
he
main
pivot
a
l
point
of
thi
s
p
r
opos
e
d
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
that
making
the
a
c
ti
ve
inductor
tunable
by
a
lt
e
r
ing
the
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
that
c
ontr
ol
the
inducta
nc
e
of
the
inducto
r
without
a
ny
phys
ica
l
c
ha
nge
,
whi
c
h
is
not
pos
s
ibl
e
f
or
s
pir
a
l
inductor
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
tuni
ng
c
a
pa
bil
it
y
of
inductor
will
pr
ovide
a
good
oppor
tuni
t
y
to
tune
the
os
c
il
lation
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
the
LC
-
VC
O.
T
he
m
os
t
c
omm
on
tec
hnique
to
tune
the
os
c
il
lation
f
r
e
q
ue
nc
y
of
VC
O
is
obtaine
d
by
im
be
dding
M
OS
va
r
c
tor
s
,
wh
ich
a
dds
to
the
tot
a
l
s
il
icon
a
r
e
a
c
on
s
umpt
ion.
How
e
ve
r
,
if
high
tuni
ng
r
a
nge
can
be
a
c
hieve
d
by
a
lt
e
r
ing
the
i
nduc
tanc
e
of
the
a
c
ti
ve
inductor
,
then
the
va
r
a
c
tor
s
can
be
e
li
mi
na
ted,
whic
h
ult
im
a
tely
r
e
duc
e
s
the
tot
a
l
s
il
ic
on
a
r
e
a
c
ons
umt
ion.
2.
L
I
AN
G
F
E
E
DB
AC
K
RE
S
I
S
T
AN
CE
RE
GU
L
A
R
CA
S
CODE
AC
T
I
VE
I
ND
UC
T
OR
L
iang
uti
li
z
e
s
the
M
a
ne
takis
r
e
gulate
d
c
a
s
c
ode
a
c
ti
ve
inductor
[1
6
]
by
a
dding
an
a
ddit
ional
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
.
M
a
ne
taki
s
r
e
duc
e
d
the
los
s
e
volved
f
r
om
the
s
e
r
ies
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
by
a
dding
an
a
ddit
ional
r
e
gulate
d
c
a
s
c
ode
,
whic
h
is
a
ls
o
f
ur
ther
im
pr
ove
d
by
L
ian
g
whe
r
e
a
f
e
e
dba
c
k
r
e
s
is
tor
wa
s
a
dde
d
f
r
om
the
dr
a
in
output
of
the
3
to
the
ga
te
input
of
2
as
s
hown
in
the
F
igur
e
1
[1
7
]
.
J
1
M
1
V
b
J
2
Z
i
n
V
D
D
M
2
M
3
J
3
M
4
V
i
n
R
f
F
igur
e
1.
S
c
he
matic
diagr
a
m
of
L
iang
f
e
e
dba
c
k
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
r
e
gular
c
a
s
c
ode
a
c
ti
ve
inductor
T
he
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
e
qua
ti
on
of
the
inducta
nc
e
,
s
e
r
ies
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
,
c
a
pa
c
it
a
nc
e
a
nd
c
onduc
tanc
e
a
r
e
given
be
low:
≈
2
(
1
+
1
)
1
2
≈
3
4
1
1
2
3
4
≈
1
(
1
)
≈
2
+
1
1
+
1
s
im
il
a
r
ly,
the
s
e
lf
-
r
e
s
ona
nt
f
r
e
que
nc
y
a
nd
qua
li
ty
f
a
c
tor
at
s
e
lf
-
r
e
s
ona
nt
f
r
e
que
nc
y
is
:
=
√
1
2
1
2
(
1
+
1
)
(
)
=
ω
0
=
1
3
4
3
4
√
1
2
2
1
(
1
+
1
)
3.
P
ROP
OS
E
D
T
UN
AB
L
E
AC
T
I
VE
I
ND
UC
T
OR
As
idea
l
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
our
c
e
c
a
nnot
be
im
pleme
nted
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
ll
y
so
it
s
hould
be
r
e
plac
e
d
by
M
OS
ope
r
a
ted
in
s
a
tur
a
ted
r
e
gion.
F
ig
u
r
e
2
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
the
pr
opos
e
d
tunable
a
c
ti
ve
inductor
whe
r
e
the
idea
l
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
our
c
e
s
1
,
2
a
nd
3
a
r
e
r
e
plac
e
d
by
M
OSs
7
,
6
a
nd
5
,
wh
ich
a
r
e
ope
r
a
ted
in
s
a
tur
a
ti
on
r
e
gion.
Now
the
inducta
nc
e
of
the
inductor
given
by
≈
2
(
1
+
1
)
1
2
(
2)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
:
2
64
-
2
71
266
So
the
inducta
nc
e
is
di
r
e
c
tl
y
pr
opo
r
ti
ona
l
to
the
ga
te
to
s
our
c
e
c
a
pa
c
it
a
nc
e
of
M
OS
2
a
nd
inver
s
e
ly
pr
opor
ti
ona
l
to
tr
a
ns
c
onduc
tanc
e
of
M
OS
1
a
nd
2
a
nd
the
c
ha
nge
of
the
a
ny
of
thes
e
thr
e
e
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
will
r
e
s
ult
in
the
c
ha
nge
of
inducta
nc
e
.
T
he
c
u
r
r
e
nt
th
r
o
ugh
a
M
OS
ope
r
a
ted
in
the
s
a
tur
a
ti
on
r
e
gion
is
giv
e
n
by
:
=
1
2
(
v
gs
−
ℎ
)
2
(
3)
T
he
incr
e
ment
of
the
ga
te
to
s
our
c
e
volt
a
ge
will
c
a
us
e
the
incr
e
ment
of
the
dr
a
in
c
ur
r
e
nt
6
of
the
M
OS
6
.
T
he
inc
r
e
a
s
e
of
the
d
r
a
in
c
ur
r
e
nt
6
will
c
a
us
e
the
inc
r
e
a
s
e
of
the
d
r
a
in
c
ur
r
e
nt
of
M
OS
2
,
f
inally
the
tr
a
ns
c
onduc
tanc
e
2
a
c
c
or
ding
to
the
f
oll
o
wing
e
qua
ti
on.
=
√
(
4)
T
he
inducta
nc
e
will
be
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
a
nd
the
r
e
duc
ti
on
of
the
inducta
nc
e
will
incr
e
a
s
e
the
os
c
il
lation
f
r
e
que
nc
y,
whe
n
the
inductor
will
be
im
pleme
nt
e
d
in
LC
os
c
il
lator
.
Now
,
if
a
good
tuni
ng
r
a
ng
e
can
be
a
c
hieve
d
f
r
om
a
lt
e
r
ing
the
inducta
nc
e
only
ther
e
will
be
a
notew
or
thy
oppor
tun
it
y
to
e
li
mi
na
te
the
va
r
a
c
tor
s
as
a
tuni
ng
pa
r
a
mete
r
.
An
im
pleme
nted
va
r
a
c
tor
is
nothi
ng
but
mos
f
e
t
with
s
hor
ted
dr
a
in,
body
a
nd
s
our
c
e
.
S
o,
the
int
e
gr
a
ti
on
M
OS
va
r
a
c
tor
will
boos
t
up
t
he
s
il
icon
a
r
e
a
c
ons
umpt
ion.
S
o
,
the
e
li
mi
na
ti
on
of
M
OS
va
r
a
c
tor
will
r
e
c
e
de
the
s
il
icon
a
r
e
a
c
ons
umpt
ion
.
T
uning
the
inducta
nc
e
by
c
ha
nging
the
g
m
will
r
e
s
ult
in
a
dis
a
dva
ntage
that
is
the
va
r
iation
of
dc
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion.
T
his
will
a
lt
e
r
the
pha
s
e
noi
s
e
of
LC
VC
O
as
a
c
c
or
ding
to
the
e
qua
ti
on
give
n
be
low
pha
s
e
nois
e
ha
s
de
pe
nde
nc
e
on
the
dc
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
[1
8
].
(
)
=
1
0
l
o
g
{
2
[
1
+
(
0
2
)
2
]
(
1
+
1
/
3
)
}
(
5)
w
he
r
e
,
=
F
r
e
que
nc
y
of
f
s
e
t
f
r
om
the
os
c
il
lation
f
r
e
que
nc
y
0
=
Qua
li
ty
f
a
c
tor
of
the
os
c
il
lator
=
E
xc
e
s
s
nois
e
f
a
c
tor
=
B
olt
z
mann
c
ons
tant
=
Abs
olut
e
Ke
lvi
n
tempe
r
a
tur
e
=
P
owe
r
dis
s
ipation
S
im
il
a
r
ly,
the
a
lt
e
r
na
ti
on
on
dc
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
will
a
ls
o
a
lt
e
r
the
F
igur
e
of
m
e
r
it
,
whic
h
de
f
ines
the
ove
r
a
ll
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
of
LC
VC
O
by
c
ounti
ng
thr
e
e
major
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
:
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
,
o
s
c
il
lation
f
r
e
que
nc
y
a
nd
pha
s
e
nois
e
[1
9
]
.
=
(
)
+
10
log
(
1
)
−
20
log
(
)
(
6)
T
he
r
e
duc
ti
on
of
the
va
r
iation
of
thes
e
two
pe
r
f
o
r
mi
ng
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
(
pha
s
e
nois
e
a
nd
F
igur
e
of
m
e
r
it
)
will
be
the
major
tar
ge
t
of
thi
s
pr
opos
e
d
de
s
ign.
A
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
low
va
lue
a
nd
low
va
r
iation
of
DC
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
will
pa
ve
the
wa
y
f
or
the
a
c
hieve
ment
of
thi
s
goa
l.
T
a
ble
1
s
hows
the
W
/L
r
a
ti
os
f
or
a
ll
the
mos
f
e
ts
us
e
d
in
the
pr
opos
e
d
tunable
a
c
ti
ve
inducto
r
de
picte
d
in
F
igur
e
2
.
F
igu
r
e
3
s
hows
the
va
r
iation
of
the
induct
a
nc
e
va
lue
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
tunable
a
c
ti
ve
inductor
with
the
va
r
iation
o
f
tuni
ng
volt
a
ge
r
a
n
ging
f
r
om
0.
3
V
to
0
.
9
V
.
F
inally
the
T
a
ble
2
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
the
numer
ica
l
va
lue
o
f
inducta
nc
e
f
o
r
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
with
the
va
r
iation
o
f
tuni
ng
volt
a
ge
s
.
T
a
ble
1.
W
idt
hs
a
nd
l
e
ngths
of
im
pleme
nted
tr
a
ns
is
tor
s
M
O
S
W
id
th
(
μ
m)
L
e
ngt
h (
nm)
M
1
12
120
M
2
22
140
M
3
25
140
M
4
4.2
300
M
5
4
120
M
6
6
300
M
7
4
120
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
A
low
pow
e
r
w
ideband
v
ar
ac
tor
les
s
V
C
O
us
ing
tunabl
e
ac
ti
v
e
inductor
(
Om
ar
F
ar
uqe
)
267
M
1
V
D
D
M
2
M
3
M
4
V
i
n
R
f
V
b
V
b
V
t
u
n
e
M
6
M
5
M
7
I
D
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-
60
-
40
-
20
0
20
40
60
80
V
t
u
n
e
=0
.
3
V
V
t
u
n
e
=0
.
4
V
V
t
u
n
e
=0
.
5
V
V
t
u
n
e
=0
.
6
V
V
t
u
n
e
=0
.
7
V
V
t
u
n
e
=0
.
8
V
V
t
u
n
e
=0
.
9
V
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
G
H
z)
I
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
(
n
H
)
0
.
2
F
igur
e
2.
L
iang
f
e
e
dba
c
k
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
r
e
gular
c
a
s
c
ode
a
c
ti
ve
inductor
with
s
a
tur
a
ted
M
OS
a
s
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
our
c
e
F
igur
e
3.
Va
r
iation
of
inducta
nc
e
with
the
va
r
iatio
n
of
the
c
ontr
ol
vol
tage
T
a
ble
2.
I
nduc
tanc
e
at
di
f
f
e
e
nt
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
f
or
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
tuni
ng
vol
tage
s
V
tu
n
e
I
nduc
ta
nc
e
(
nH
)
@
1G
H
z
I
nduc
ta
nc
e
(
nH
)
@
2G
H
z
I
nduc
ta
nc
e
(
nH
)
@
3G
H
z
I
nduc
ta
nc
e
(
nH
)
@
4G
H
z
P
ow
e
r
C
ons
umpt
io
n
of
AI
(
mW
)
0.3
43.3
55.3
57.3
-
50.2
0.259
0.4
16.4
20.3
31.7
48.7
0.331
0.5
9.77
11.8
17.2
32.8
0.446
0.6
7.24
8.76
12.4
21.4
0.588
0.7
6.03
7.34
10.3
15.7
0.737
0.8
5.36
6.57
9.21
12.3
0.878
0.9
4.95
6.11
8.50
99.9
1.007
4.
P
ROP
OS
E
D
T
UN
AB
L
E
AC
T
I
VE
I
ND
UC
T
OR
B
ASE
D
VCO
NM
OS
LC
VC
O
topol
ogy,
whic
h
ha
s
c
r
os
s
c
oupled
pa
ir
of
NM
OS
tr
a
ns
is
tor
s
,
with
a
tail
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
our
c
e
is
the
mos
t
c
omm
only
us
e
d
topol
ogy.
T
he
LC
tank
c
ir
c
uit
is
loade
d
at
the
dr
a
in
ter
mi
na
l
a
nd
a
c
ouple
of
LC
tank
f
or
ms
the
dif
f
e
r
e
nti
a
l
c
onf
igu
r
a
ti
on.
T
he
ba
c
k
to
ba
c
k
c
onne
c
ted
NM
OSs
a
r
e
in
c
omm
o
n
s
our
c
e
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on,
so
that
a
lar
ge
vo
lt
a
ge
ga
in
can
be
a
c
hieve
d,
whic
h
is
one
of
the
f
unda
menta
l
c
ond
it
ions
of
the
B
a
r
kha
us
e
n
c
r
it
e
r
ia
f
or
s
us
taining
os
c
il
lation.
Anothe
r
c
ondit
ion
r
e
ga
r
ding
the
tot
a
l
pha
s
e
s
hif
t
that
it
s
hould
be
0
o
or
360
o
is
pr
ovided
by
thes
e
NM
OS
s
whic
h
p
r
ovides
180
o
pha
s
e
s
hif
t
as
they
a
r
e
in
c
omm
on
s
our
c
e
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on.
F
igur
e
4
p
r
e
s
e
nts
the
pr
opos
e
d
a
c
ti
ve
inductor
ba
s
e
d
volt
a
ge
c
ontr
oll
e
d
os
c
il
lat
or
ba
s
e
d
on
mos
t
c
omm
only
us
e
d
NM
OS
LC
VC
O
topol
ogy.
T
he
ind
ica
ted
dott
e
d
s
e
c
ti
on
is
L
iang
r
e
gular
c
a
s
c
a
d
e
a
c
ti
ve
inductor
a
nd
the
p
r
e
s
e
nc
e
of
two
a
c
ti
ve
inductor
s
indi
c
a
tes
the
dif
f
e
r
e
nti
a
l
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on
.
V
c
o
n
at
the
ga
te
ter
mi
na
l
of
the
M
OS
M
6
is
the
tuni
ng
volt
a
ge
whic
h
c
ha
nge
s
the
ga
te
volt
a
ge
a
nd
f
inally
the
inducta
nc
e
of
the
a
c
ti
ve
inductor
.
M
n
e
g
s
a
r
e
th
e
two
M
OSs
,
us
e
d
as
ne
ga
ti
ve
r
e
s
is
tor
whom
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
is
c
ontr
oll
e
d
by
M
OS
M
8
ope
r
a
ted
in
s
a
tur
a
ti
on
r
e
g
ion.
T
he
ove
r
a
ll
c
ontr
ibut
ion
of
thes
e
e
leme
nts
w
il
l
r
e
s
ult
a
dif
f
e
r
e
nti
a
l
output
whic
h
a
r
e
take
n
f
r
om
the
tw
o
output
ter
mi
na
ls
Out1
a
nd
Out2
.
S
upply
volt
a
g
e
V
DD
is
us
e
d
1
V
a
nd
the
W
/L
r
a
ti
os
of
a
ll
M
OSs
a
r
e
given
in
T
a
ble
3.
T
a
ble
3.
W
idt
hs
a
nd
lengths
of
im
pleme
nted
tr
a
ns
is
tor
s
f
or
the
pr
opos
e
d
VC
O
M
O
S
W
id
th
(
μ
m)
L
e
ngt
h
(
nm)
M
1
12
120
M
2
22
140
M
3
25
140
M
4
4.2
300
M
5
4
120
M
6
6
300
M
7
4
120
M
n
e
g
30
100
M
8
30
100 (
mul
ti
pl
ie
r
s
=
3)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
:
2
64
-
2
71
268
V
b
M
8
V
D
D
V
c
o
n
M
n
e
g
M
n
e
g
M
1
M
2
M
3
R
f
V
b
V
b
M
6
M
7
M
1
M
2
M
3
M
4
R
f
V
b
V
b
M
6
M
5
M
7
O
u
t
1
O
u
t
2
F
igur
e
4.
P
r
opos
e
d
tunable
a
c
ti
ve
inductor
ba
s
e
d
VC
O
5.
S
I
M
UL
AT
I
ON
RE
S
UL
T
S
T
r
a
ns
ient,
ps
s
(
with
5
ha
r
moni
c
s
)
,
pnois
e
,
dc
a
na
lys
is
ha
d
be
e
n
pe
r
f
or
med
to
a
c
hieve
ou
tput
os
c
il
lation,
os
c
il
lation
f
r
e
que
nc
y,
pha
s
e
nois
e
,
out
put
powe
r
a
nd
dc
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
VC
O.
T
he
os
c
il
lator
s
hows
an
os
c
il
lation
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nging
f
r
om
1.
22
GHz
to
3
.
7
GHz
with
the
va
r
iation
of
c
ontr
ol
volt
a
ge
r
a
nging
f
r
om
0.
3
V
to
0.
9
V.
T
he
tuni
ng
s
c
ope
is
100.
5%
a
nd
the
os
c
il
lator
yields
a
pha
s
e
nois
e
of
-
77.
01
dB
c
/Hz
to
-
76.
44
dB
c
/Hz
in
the
whole
tuni
ng
r
a
nge
.
T
he
dc
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
is
1.
05
mW
to
2.
50
mW
whe
r
e
the
V
DD
is
1V.
T
he
dc
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
is
ve
r
y
low
whic
h
is
one
of
the
majo
r
f
oc
a
l
point
s
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
VC
O.
T
he
p
r
opos
e
d
VC
O
p
r
ovides
dif
f
e
r
e
nti
a
l
output
powe
r
of
1
.
17
dB
m
to
-
5.
13
d
B
m
with
the
incr
e
ment
of
tuni
ng
f
r
e
que
nc
y.
T
a
ble
4
s
h
ows
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
a
c
ti
ve
inductor
ba
s
e
d
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
ial
VC
O
f
o
r
the
va
r
iation
of
c
ontr
ol
volt
a
ge
.
T
a
ble
4.
P
e
r
f
o
r
manc
e
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
f
o
r
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
tuni
ng
volt
a
ge
v
c
o
n
V
c
o
n
(
V
)
F
r
e
q.
(f)
G
H
z
(
P
S
S
O
ut
put
O
s
c
il
la
ti
on
V
ol
ta
ge
(
P
S
S
)
@
f
P
ha
s
e
N
oi
s
e
@
1M
H
z
of
f
s
e
t
dB
c
/
H
z
P
ow
e
r
D
is
s
.
@
1V
(
mW
)
O
ut
put
P
ow
e
r
(
50
-
ohm
R)
F
ig
ur
e
of
m
e
r
i
t
(
F
O
M
)
@
1
M
H
z
O
f
f
s
e
t
D
if
f
e
r
e
nt
ia
l
D
if
f
e
r
e
nt
ia
l
D
if
f
e
r
e
nt
ia
l
(P
-
P)
+
ve
-
ve
+
ve
-
ve
dB
c
/
H
z
dB
F
mV
mV
(
dB
m)
0.3
1.224
396.5
t
o
-
3
95.8
361.6
-
77.01
1.0496
1.165
-
138.555
288.555
181.0
180.6
-
4.846
-
4.866
0.4
2.123
366 to
-
366
344.4
-
80.02
1.19091
740.7
-
145.8
295.8
172.3
172.1
-
5.274
-
5.286
0.5
2.735
337.5
t
o
-
3
37.9
326.2
-
80.50
1.41426
269.9
-
147.734
297.734
163.3
162.9
-
5.740
-
5.761
0.6
3.141
295 to
-
294
.5
289.0
-
79.97
1.68951
782.3
-
147.634
297.634
144.7
144.3
-
6.790
-
6.816
0.7
3.404
250.5
t
o
-
2
50.8
246.8
-
78.83
1.97745
-
2.154
-
146.509
296.509
123.6
123.2
-
8.162
-
8.187
0.8
3.578
210.5
t
o
-
2
11
208.3
-
77.54
2.25122
-
3.625
-
145.089
295.089
104.4
103.9
-
9.628
-
9.664
0.9
3.696
176.9
t
o
-
1
77
175.2
-
76.44
2.50185
-
5.131
-
143.812
293.812
87.78
87.38
-
11.13
-
11.17
F
igur
e
5
s
hows
the
dif
f
e
r
e
nti
a
l
output
os
c
il
lation
f
or
the
c
ontr
ol
volt
a
ge
V
c
o
n
=
0
.
6
V,
whe
r
e
F
igu
r
e
6
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
pha
s
e
nois
e
vs
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
f
s
e
t
f
o
r
tuni
ng
volt
a
ge
s
of
0
.
3
V,
0
.
6
V
a
nd
0.
9
V
a
nd
the
pha
s
e
nois
e
s
a
r
e
-
77.
01,
-
79.
97
a
nd
-
76.
44
dB
c
/Hz
at
1
M
Hz
of
f
s
e
t
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
F
igu
r
e
7
s
hows
the
va
r
iation
of
tuni
ng
f
r
e
que
nc
y
with
the
c
ha
nge
of
tuni
ng
volt
a
ge
.
T
he
a
c
c
ieve
d
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
is
1
.
22
to
3.
7
GH
z
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
A
low
pow
e
r
w
ideband
v
ar
ac
tor
les
s
V
C
O
us
ing
tunabl
e
ac
ti
v
e
inductor
(
Om
ar
F
ar
uqe
)
269
5
5
.
5
6
6
.
5
7
7
.
5
8
8
.
5
9
9
.
5
1
0
-
0
.
3
-
0
.
2
-
0
.
1
0
0
.
1
0
.
2
0
.
3
T
i
m
e
(
n
s
)
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
O
u
t
p
u
t
(
V
o
l
t
)
F
igur
e
5.
Dif
f
e
r
e
nti
a
l
output
os
c
il
lation
f
or
tun
ing
volt
a
ge
V
c
o
n
=
0
.
6
V
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
-
110
-
100
-
90
-
80
-
70
-
60
-
50
-
40
-
30
-
20
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
O
f
f
s
e
t
(
H
z)
P
h
a
s
e
N
o
i
s
e
(
d
B
c
/
H
z
)
V
t
u
n
e
=0
.
3
V
V
t
u
n
e
=0
.
6
V
V
t
u
n
e
=0
.
9
V
F
igur
e
6.
P
ha
s
e
nois
e
vs
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
f
s
e
t
f
o
r
va
r
io
us
tuni
ng
volt
a
ge
A
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
pa
r
a
mete
r
,
F
igur
e
of
m
e
r
it
de
f
i
ne
d
by
(
6
)
,
c
ons
ider
ing
pha
s
e
nois
e
,
dc
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
a
nd
os
c
il
lation
f
r
e
que
nc
y
whic
h
is
de
picte
d
in
F
igur
e
8
with
the
va
r
iation
of
tuni
ng
volt
a
ge
s
.
T
he
plot
s
hows
that
the
F
igur
e
of
m
e
r
it
(
F
OM
)
is
a
lm
os
t
c
ons
tant
with
the
a
lt
e
r
a
ti
on
of
os
c
il
lator
’
s
os
c
il
lation
f
r
e
que
nc
y
whic
h
is
the
ou
tcome
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
d
e
s
ign.
T
he
F
igur
e
of
m
e
r
it
can
a
ls
o
be
de
f
ined
in
t
e
r
ms
of
dB
F
whic
h
is
given
by
(
7
)
[
20
]
.
(
)
=
20
log
(
)
−
ℎ
−
10
l
o
g
(
)
(
7)
F
inally,
the
main
c
ont
r
ibut
ion
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
VC
O
is
the
e
li
mi
na
ti
on
o
f
M
OS
va
r
a
c
tor
s
whic
h
a
r
e
us
e
d
f
or
the
tuni
ng
pur
pos
e
.
M
OSF
E
T
with
s
h
or
ted
dr
a
in
,
s
our
c
e
a
nd
body
c
a
n
be
us
e
d
a
s
c
a
pa
c
it
or
.
T
he
c
ha
nge
of
the
ga
te
volt
a
ge
of
M
OSF
E
T
r
e
s
ult
s
in
the
c
ha
n
ge
of
the
c
a
pa
c
it
a
nc
e
of
thi
s
M
OS
va
r
a
c
tor
.
T
o
a
c
hieve
higher
va
lue
of
c
a
pa
c
it
a
nc
e
,
we
ha
ve
to
mul
ti
ply
the
number
of
M
OS
whic
h
ul
ti
mate
ly
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
the
s
il
icon
a
r
e
a
c
ons
umpt
ion.
S
o,
the
e
li
mi
na
ti
on
o
f
M
OS
va
r
a
c
tor
,
unde
r
s
ome
c
ondit
ions
c
a
n
be
pos
s
ibl
e
,
if
high
tuni
ng
r
a
nge
c
a
n
be
a
c
hieve
d.
B
ut
tuni
ng
of
the
inductor
e
nge
nde
r
s
the
va
r
iation
o
f
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
uc
h
a
s
dc
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion,
pha
s
e
n
ois
e
a
nd
ult
im
a
tely
the
F
igur
e
of
m
e
r
it
.
T
he
da
ta
t
a
ble
a
nd
the
plot
s
p
r
e
s
e
nted
c
lea
r
ly
poin
t
out
that
th
e
va
r
ia
ti
ons
a
r
e
high
ly
l
im
it
e
d.
Af
te
r
a
ll
,
r
e
duc
ti
on
of
th
e
s
il
icon
a
r
e
a
c
ons
umpt
ion
by
e
li
mi
na
ti
ng
M
OS
va
r
a
c
to
r
a
nd
a
t
the
s
a
me
ti
me
the
li
mi
tation
of
va
r
i
a
ti
on
of
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
a
r
e
the
yielding
of
the
p
r
opos
e
d
de
s
ign
whic
h
outdoes
the
other
de
s
igns
a
s
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
in
T
a
ble
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
:
2
64
-
2
71
270
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
5
0
.
6
0
.
7
0
.
8
0
.
9
1
1
1
.
5
2
2
.
5
3
3
.
5
4
(
0
.
3
,
1
.
1
2
2
)
(
0
.
4
,
2
.
1
2
3
)
(
0
.
5
,
2
.
7
3
5
)
(
0
.
6
,
3
.
1
4
1
)
(
0
.
7
,
3
.
4
0
4
)
(
0
.
8
,
3
.
5
7
8
)
(
0
.
9
,
3
.
6
9
6
)
T
u
n
i
n
g
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
o
l
t
)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
G
H
z
)
F
igur
e
7.
F
r
e
que
nc
y
vs
tuni
ng
volt
a
ge
f
or
the
pr
op
os
e
d
VC
O
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
5
0
.
6
0
.
7
0
.
8
0
.
9
1
-
1
6
5
-
1
6
0
-
1
5
5
-
1
5
0
-
1
4
5
-
1
4
0
-
1
3
5
-
1
3
0
-
1
2
5
T
u
n
i
n
g
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
o
l
t
)
F
i
g
u
r
e
o
f
M
e
r
i
t
(
d
B
c
/
H
z
)
F
igur
e
8.
F
igu
r
e
of
m
e
r
it
(
F
OM
)
vs
tuni
ng
vol
tage
s
f
or
the
pr
opos
e
d
VC
O
T
a
ble
5.
P
e
r
f
o
r
manc
e
c
ompar
is
on
of
VC
O
with
ot
he
r
de
s
igns
R
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
[
21]
[
22]
[
23]
[
24]
[
25]
T
hi
s
w
or
k
C
M
O
S
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
180
nm
180
nm
180
nm
180
nm
130
nm
90
nm
S
uppl
y
V
ol
ta
ge
(
V
)
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.2
1
P
ow
e
r
(
mW
)
44.6
16.27
29.38
11.9
3.2
1.05~
2.5
T
uni
ng
R
a
nge
(
G
H
z
)
1.26
~
2.98
0.1~
2.5
----
0.55~
3.8
1.913
~
2.491
1.22~
3.69
T
uni
ng
R
a
nge
(%)
81.13
184.6
----
149
26.24
100.5
O
ut
put
P
ow
e
r
(
dB
m)
-
5.3
~
-
18.7
5~
15
0.21
@
5.5G
H
z
3~
-
11
----
1
.16~
5.13
(
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
ia
l)
P
N
@
1M
H
z
(
dB
c
/Hz
)
-
90
–
93~
-
80
-
80.31
-
89~
-
78
-
80.23
-
80.50
@
2.74
G
H
z
F
O
M
(
dB
c
/Hz
)
@
1M
H
z
-
141.11
@
2.4
G
H
z
-
120.88~
135.84
-
140.43
@
5.5
G
H
z
-
133.5
~
-
138.84
-
140.81~
-
143.106
-
147.734
@
2.74
G
H
z
6.
CONC
L
USI
ON
A
low
powe
r
tunable
a
c
ti
ve
inductor
ba
s
e
d
volt
a
ge
c
ontr
oll
e
d
os
c
il
lator
f
or
wi
r
e
les
s
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
ha
s
be
e
n
pr
opos
e
d
in
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
whic
h
pr
ov
ides
a
tuni
ng
r
a
nge
of
1.
22
GHz
to
3.
7
GHz
ha
ving
a
tuni
ng
s
c
ope
of
100.
5
%
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
VC
O
e
xihi
bts
l
ow
dc
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
(
1.
05~2
.
5)
mW
with
the
c
ha
nge
of
tuni
ng
volt
a
ge
s
(
0.
3~0
.
9)
V
a
long
with
a
good
dif
f
e
r
e
nti
a
l
output
powe
r
of
(
1
.
17~
-
5.
13)
dB
m
.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
e
li
mi
na
ti
on
of
M
OS
va
r
a
c
tor
whic
h
ha
s
be
e
n
a
c
hivevd
by
tuni
ng
the
inducta
nc
e
o
nly,
ha
s
f
a
c
il
iate
d
the
wa
y
to
r
e
duc
e
the
s
il
icon
a
r
e
a
c
ons
umpt
ion.
L
ow
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion,
s
tabilt
y
of
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
a
nd
f
inally
the
good
F
igur
e
of
m
e
r
it
(
F
OM
)
a
r
e
the
s
pe
c
if
ic
outcome
s
of
the
p
r
opos
e
d
de
s
ign
whic
h
outper
f
or
m
the
othe
r
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
de
s
igns
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
A
low
pow
e
r
w
ideband
v
ar
ac
tor
les
s
V
C
O
us
ing
tunabl
e
ac
ti
v
e
inductor
(
Om
ar
F
ar
uqe
)
271
RE
F
E
RE
NC
E
S
[1
]
K
.
N
.
Mi
n
h
ad
,
Z
.
K
azemi
,
M
.
Bi
n
Ib
n
e
Reaz,
J
.
J
a
l
i
l
,
an
d
N
.
K
ama
l
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
of
a
C
u
rren
t
St
ar
v
ed
Ri
n
g
O
s
c
i
l
l
at
o
r
Bas
ed
V
C
O
fo
r
Ph
as
e
-
L
o
c
k
ed
L
o
o
p
,”
TE
LKO
M
NIKA
(I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
of
E
l
ect
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
)
,
v
ol.
12,
no.
9,
pp.
6
6
6
7
-
6
6
7
2
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
]
S.
Su
man
,
K.
G.
Sh
arma
,
an
d
P.
K.
G
h
o
s
h
,
“
D
es
i
g
n
of
PL
L
u
s
i
n
g
i
mp
r
o
v
e
d
p
erfo
rma
n
ce
ri
n
g
V
CO
,
”
2
0
1
6
In
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
on
E
l
ec
t
r
i
ca
l
,
E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
i
cs
,
and
O
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Tech
n
i
q
u
es
(ICE
E
O
T)
,
Ch
e
n
n
a
i
,
2
0
1
6
,
pp.
3
4
7
8
-
3
4
8
3
.
[3
]
X.
Z
o
u
,
X.
J
i
an
g
,
D.
X
i
a
o
,
an
d
S.
L
i
u
,
“
W
i
d
e
cap
t
u
r
e
ran
g
e
PL
L
w
i
t
h
LC
-
V
CO
,
”
i
n
2
0
0
5
IE
E
E
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
ym
p
o
s
i
u
m
on
M
i
cr
o
wa
ve,
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
,
P
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
EMC
Tech
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
W
i
r
el
e
s
s
Co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
t
i
o
n
s
,
Bei
j
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
5
3
-
9
5
6
,
2
0
0
5
.
[4
]
D.
H
al
d
er
an
d
A
.
K
.
G
u
p
t
a,
“
U
l
t
ra
l
o
w
p
o
w
er
ri
n
g
V
C
O
b
as
e
d
t
u
n
ea
b
l
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
g
e
n
erat
o
r
fo
r
n
e
u
ral
s
t
i
mu
l
at
i
o
n
,
”
2
0
1
5
4
th
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
on
R
el
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y,
In
f
o
c
o
m
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
es
a
n
d
O
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
(
ICR
ITO
)
(Tr
en
d
s
a
n
d
F
u
t
u
r
e
D
i
r
ect
i
o
n
s
)
,
N
o
i
d
a,
pp.
1
-
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[5
]
M.
Si
ri
p
ru
c
h
y
a
n
u
n
an
d
P.
W
ard
k
ei
n
,
“
A
t
emp
erat
u
re
-
i
n
s
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
e
V
CO
an
d
d
eri
v
a
t
i
v
e
PW
M
s
i
g
n
al
g
e
n
erat
o
r
,
”
i
n
A
S
IC
O
N
2
0
0
1
.
2
0
0
1
4
th
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
er
e
n
ce
on
A
S
IC
P
r
o
ceed
i
n
g
s
(Ca
t
.
No
.
0
1
TH
8
5
4
9
)
,
S
h
an
g
h
a
i
,
Ch
i
n
a,
pp.
2
2
4
-
2
2
7
,
2
0
0
1
.
[6
]
G.
Bl
as
co
,
E.
I
s
ern
,
an
d
E.
Mart
i
n
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
of
a
s
t
a
b
l
e
p
u
l
s
e
g
e
n
erat
o
r
s
y
s
t
em
b
a
s
ed
on
a
Ri
n
g
-
V
CO
P
h
as
e
-
L
o
c
k
ed
L
o
o
p
u
s
i
n
g
1
8
0
n
m
CM
O
S
t
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
2
0
1
5
Co
n
f
e
r
e
n
ce
on
D
e
s
i
g
n
of
Ci
r
c
u
i
t
s
a
n
d
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
ed
S
ys
t
em
s
(D
C
IS
)
,
E
s
t
o
r
i
l
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
D.
Rai
t
eri
,
P.
V.
L
i
es
h
o
u
t
,
A.
V.
Ro
ermu
n
d
,
an
d
E.
Can
t
a
t
o
re,
“
An
o
rg
a
n
i
c
V
C
O
-
b
a
s
ed
ADC
fo
r
q
u
as
i
-
s
t
at
i
c
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
ac
h
i
e
v
i
n
g
1
L
SB
IN
L
at
6b
res
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
,
”
2
0
1
3
I
E
E
E
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
o
l
i
d
-
S
t
a
t
e
Ci
r
cu
i
t
s
Co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
D
i
g
e
s
t
of
Tech
n
i
ca
l
P
a
p
er
s
,
San
Fran
c
i
s
c
o
,
CA
,
pp.
1
0
8
-
1
0
9
,
2
0
1
3
.
[8
]
J.
Park
,
H.
Ry
u
,
an
d
D.
Baek
,
“
77
G
H
z
s
i
g
n
al
g
e
n
erat
o
r
w
i
t
h
CMO
S
t
ech
n
o
l
o
g
y
fo
r
a
u
t
o
mo
t
i
v
e
rad
ar
ap
p
l
i
ca
t
i
o
n
,
”
in
2
0
1
1
In
t
er
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
o
C
D
e
s
i
g
n
Co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
,
J
e
j
u
,
p
p
.
444
-
4
4
5
,
2
0
1
1
.
[9
]
W.
L
ai
,
J.
H
u
an
g
,
C.
H
s
u
,
a
n
d
P.
Y
an
g
,
“
L
o
w
Po
w
er
V
CO
a
n
d
Mi
x
er
fo
r
Co
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
M
i
racas
t
a
n
d
M
o
b
i
l
e
Bl
u
e
t
o
o
t
h
A
p
p
l
i
ca
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
2
0
1
4
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
on
Cyb
e
r
-
E
n
a
b
l
e
d
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
Co
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
D
i
s
co
ve
r
y
,
Sh
an
g
h
a
i
,
pp.
4
2
5
-
4
2
8
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
0
]
Y.
Z
h
o
u
,
Z.
Ch
en
g
,
K.
Fu
,
J.
Li
,
an
d
X.
Z
h
o
u
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
of
l
o
w
p
h
a
s
e
n
o
i
s
e
LC
V
CO
fo
r
UHF
RFID
rea
d
er,
”
2
0
0
9
15
th
A
s
i
a
-
P
a
c
i
f
i
c
Co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
on
Co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
t
i
o
n
s
,
Sh
an
g
h
a
i
,
pp.
4
1
4
-
4
1
7
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
1
]
J.
Pri
n
z
i
e,
J.
Ch
ri
s
t
i
an
s
en
,
P.
Mo
rei
ra,
M.
St
ey
aer
t
an
d
P.
L
ero
u
x
,
“
Co
mp
ar
i
s
o
n
of
a
65
nm
CMO
S
Ri
n
g
-
an
d
LC
-
O
s
ci
l
l
a
t
o
r
Bas
e
d
PL
L
in
T
erms
of
T
ID
an
d
SE
U
Se
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
,
”
IE
E
E
Tr
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
on
Nu
c
l
ea
r
S
ci
e
n
ce
,
vol.
64,
no.
1,
pp.
2
4
5
-
2
5
2
,
J
a
n
2
0
1
7
.
[1
2
]
M.
T.
A
mi
n
,
“
On
t
h
e
s
e
l
ect
i
o
n
of
p
as
s
i
v
e
el
eme
n
t
s
fo
r
l
o
w
p
h
as
e
n
o
i
s
e
LC
t
a
n
k
V
CO
in
65
nm
p
ro
ce
s
s
,
”
2
0
1
6
3
rd
In
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
on
E
l
ect
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
and
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
Tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
(ICE
E
I
CT)
,
D
h
a
k
a,
pp.
1
-
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
3
]
M.
Hsu,
R.
J
h
o
n
g
,
an
d
Y.
L
ee,
“
Ph
as
e
n
o
i
s
e
red
u
ct
i
o
n
of
CMO
S
V
CO
b
a
s
ed
on
cro
s
s
-
co
u
p
l
ed
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
w
i
t
h
s
h
u
n
t
cap
aci
t
o
r,
”
2
0
1
5
IE
E
E
In
t
er
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
on
E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
D
ev
i
ces
a
n
d
S
o
l
i
d
-
S
t
a
t
e
Ci
r
cu
i
t
s
(E
D
S
S
C)
,
Si
n
g
ap
o
re,
pp.
5
8
6
-
5
8
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
4
]
M.
M.
Rej
a,
I.
M.
Fi
l
an
o
v
s
k
y
,
an
d
K.
Mo
ez,
“
Wide
t
u
n
ab
l
e
CMO
S
act
i
v
e
i
n
d
u
ct
o
r,
”
E
l
ect
r
o
n
i
c
s
Let
t
e
r
s
,
v
o
l
.
44,
no.
25,
p
p
.
1
4
6
1
-
1
4
6
3
,
4
D
ecemb
er
2
0
0
8
.
[1
5
]
R.
Meh
ra
an
d
R.
C.
G
u
rj
ar,
“
LC
V
CO
U
s
i
n
g
A
ct
i
v
e
In
d
u
ct
o
r
fo
r
L
o
w
Ph
as
e
N
o
i
s
e
an
d
W
i
d
e
T
u
n
i
n
g
Ran
g
e,
”
In
t
e
r
n
a
t
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o
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a
l
Jo
u
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l
of
In
n
o
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t
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ve
R
e
s
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ch
in
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ci
e
n
ce,
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n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
a
n
d
Tech
n
o
l
o
g
y,
v
o
l
.
5,
no.
7,
pp.
1
3
3
4
5
-
1
3
3
5
0
,
J
u
l
y
2
0
1
6
.
[1
6
]
K.
Man
et
a
k
i
s
,
S.
Park
,
A.
Pay
n
e
,
an
d
S.
Set
t
y
,
A.
T
h
a
n
ach
a
y
an
o
n
t
an
d
C.
T
o
u
maz
o
u
,
“
W
i
d
e
b
an
d
CMO
S
a
n
a
l
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cel
l
s
fo
r
v
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d
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o
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d
w
i
rel
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s
s
co
mm
u
n
i
cat
i
o
n
s
,
”
P
r
o
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ed
i
n
g
s
of
Th
i
r
d
In
t
er
n
a
t
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o
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a
l
Co
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f
e
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en
ce
on
E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
i
cs
,
Ci
r
cu
i
t
s
,
a
n
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
Ro
d
o
s
,
G
reece,
vol.
1
,
pp.
2
2
7
-
2
3
0
,
1
9
9
6
.
[1
7
]
J.
L
i
an
g
,
C.
Ho,
C.
Kuo,
an
d
Y.
Ch
an
,
“
CMO
S
RF
b
an
d
-
p
a
s
s
fi
l
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er
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act
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ct
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r,
”
IE
ICE
Tr
a
n
s
.
on
E
l
ec
t
r
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n
,
v
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l
.
E
8
8
-
C
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
3
7
2
–
2
3
7
6
,
D
ec
2
0
0
5
.
[1
8
]
F.
Y
u
an
,
CM
O
S
A
c
t
i
ve
I
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
a
n
d
Tr
a
n
s
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m
er
s
,
1
st
ed
.
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n
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t
e
d
St
at
e
s
:
S
p
ri
n
g
er,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
9
]
M.
B.
I.
Reaz,
M.
A.
M.
Ali,
T.
G.
Ch
an
g
,
an
d
J.
J
al
i
l
,
“
A
L
o
w
Po
w
er
3
-
St
a
g
e
V
o
l
t
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g
e
-
Co
n
t
r
o
l
l
ed
Ri
n
g
,
”
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l
ek
t
r
o
n
i
ka
Ir
E
l
ek
t
r
o
t
ec
h
n
i
ka
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
no.
8
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
0
]
T.
I.
A
h
re
n
s
a
n
d
T
.
H
.
L
ee,
“
A
1
.
4
-
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H
z
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-
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LC
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re
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n
d
u
c
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ce
s
,
”
In
t
e
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n
a
t
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o
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a
l
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ym
p
o
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u
m
on
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w
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o
we
r
E
l
ect
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
D
e
s
i
g
n
,
Mo
n
t
ere
y
,
pp.
16
-
19
,
1
9
9
8
.
[2
1
]
J.
T.
Y
an
g
,
S.
K.
H
s
i
e
h
,
an
d
P.
J.
T
s
ai
,
“
A
W
i
d
e
T
u
n
i
n
g
Ran
g
e
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o
l
t
ag
e
-
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o
n
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ro
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e
d
O
s
c
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l
l
at
o
r
w
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t
h
A
ct
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v
e
In
d
u
c
t
o
rs
fo
r
Bl
u
et
o
o
t
h
A
p
p
l
i
ca
t
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o
n
s
,
”
CS
S
'
1
0
P
r
o
cee
d
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s
of
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h
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4
th
i
n
t
er
n
a
t
i
o
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l
co
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f
e
r
en
ce
on
Ci
r
cu
i
t
s
,
s
ys
t
e
m
s
and
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
,
p
p
.
39
-
42
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
2
]
H.
B.
K
i
aa,
A.
K.
A
’ai
n
a
,
an
d
I.
G
ro
u
t
b
,
“
W
i
d
e
t
u
n
i
n
g
-
ran
g
e
CMO
S
V
CO
b
as
e
d
on
a
t
u
n
ab
l
e
act
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v
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r,
”
In
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
of
E
l
ect
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
1
,
no.
1,
p
p
.
88
-
9
7
,
D
ecemb
er
2
0
1
4
.
[2
3
]
N.
C.
Sh
i
raz
i
,
E.
A
b
i
ri
,
an
d
R.
H
amze
h
y
a
n
,
“
A
5
.
5
G
H
z
V
o
l
t
ag
e
Co
n
t
r
o
l
O
s
c
i
l
l
at
o
r
(
V
CO
)
w
i
t
h
a
D
i
fferen
t
i
a
l
T
u
n
ab
l
e
A
ct
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v
e
an
d
Pas
s
i
v
e
In
d
u
c
t
o
r,
”
In
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
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a
l
of
In
f
o
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m
a
t
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o
n
a
n
d
E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
i
cs
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
3,
no.
5,
pp.
4
9
3
-
4
9
7
,
Sep
t
emb
er
2
0
1
3
.
[2
4
]
A.
Sab
erk
ari
an
d
S.
Sei
fo
l
l
ah
i
,
“
Wide
t
u
n
i
n
g
ran
g
e
CM
O
S
Co
l
p
i
t
t
s
V
C
O
b
as
e
d
on
t
u
n
a
b
l
e
act
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v
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n
d
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ct
o
r,
”
M
a
j
l
e
s
i
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
of
Tel
ec
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
D
evi
ce
s
,
v
o
l
.
1,
no.
1,
p
p
.
11
-
1
5
,
March
2
0
1
2
.
[2
5
]
G
h
o
rb
e
l
,
F.
H
ad
d
ad
,
W.
Rah
aj
an
d
ra
i
b
e,
H.
Bart
h
él
emy
,
M.
L
o
u
l
o
u
,
an
d
H.
Mn
i
f,
“
D
es
i
g
n
an
d
i
m
p
l
eme
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
of
an
act
i
v
e
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n
d
u
ct
o
r
-
b
a
s
ed
LC
o
s
c
i
l
l
at
o
r,
”
ICM
2
0
1
1
P
r
o
c
eed
i
n
g
,
p
p
.
1
-
4
,
2
0
1
1
.
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