TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol.14, No
.2, June 20
16
, pp. 390~4
0
3
ISSN: 1693-6
930,
accredited
A
by DIKTI, De
cree No: 58/DIK
T
I/Kep/2013
DOI
:
10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v14i1.2596
390
Re
cei
v
ed Se
ptem
ber 2, 2015; Re
vi
sed
De
cem
ber 1
5
,
2015; Accep
t
ed March 18,
2016
Quantitative Analysis of Plant Growth Exposed to
Electric Fields
Huss
ein Ah
mad
1*
, Mohd Hafi
zi Ahma
d
2
, Noor 'Ali
aa A
w
ang
2
, Izzah Hazira
h
Zakaria
2
1
Departme
n
t of Electrical Po
wer Engi
ne
erin
g, F
a
cu
lt
y
of Ele
c
trical an
d Elec
tronic Eng
i
n
eer
ing,
Univers
i
ti T
un Hussei
n
Onn
Mala
ysi
a
, 864
0
0
,
Parit Raja, Batu Paha
t, Johor, Malay
s
ia
2
Institute of High Voltag
e an
d
High C
u
rre
nt (IVAT
), F
a
culty
of Electrical En
gin
eeri
ng,
Univers
i
ti T
e
knolo
g
i Mal
a
ysia,
8131
0 Joh
o
r Bahru, Joh
o
r, Mala
ysi
a
.
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, em
ail
:
hussein
@uth
m.edu.m
y
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Electro
m
a
gneti
c
radiati
ons pr
es
ent in the e
n
viro
nment ha
s a pr
ofoun
d effect on the grow
th o
f
vegeta
b
l
e
pla
n
t
primar
ily gro
w
n under the h
i
gh p
o
w
e
r tr
an
smiss
i
on l
i
n
e
s. T
he high e
l
ect
r
ic field g
ener
a
t
ed
due to the u
l
tra hig
h
volta
g
e
causes the i
n
creas
e an
d reducti
on i
n
the si
z
e
of the
pla
n
ts. Numer
o
u
s
researc
h
has
bee
n carri
ed
out to inv
e
stig
ate the effect
of electric fi
e
l
d o
n
the
pla
n
t
s. How
e
ver, the
know
led
ge i
n
term of q
uantit
a
t
ive ana
lysis o
n
the effect
of electric fie
l
d on
the grow
th of
vegeta
b
l
e
s is n
o
t
entire
l
y und
ers
t
ood. T
hus, this paper pr
ese
n
ts a study conducte
d to inv
e
st
igate the eff
e
ct of high volt
age
DC el
ectric fie
l
ds on th
e yo
un
g veg
e
tab
l
e gr
ow
th na
mely
‘
C
hoy S
a
m’
a
n
d
be
an s
p
rout.
T
he exp
e
ri
me
ntal
setup w
a
s d
e
si
gne
d w
h
ich c
o
mp
ose
d
of tw
o para
lle
l p
l
ate
electro
des. An
electric fi
eld
int
ensity of
38 kV
/
m
w
a
s suppl
ied
betw
een th
ose
tw
o plate el
e
c
trodes, an
d
it
w
a
s appl
ied
to the you
ng
vegeta
b
l
e
s. T
h
is
researc
h
w
a
s focused o
n
th
e perce
ntag
e of germin
a
tion
and grow
in
g rate of young
vegetab
les. T
h
e
exper
iment w
a
s divid
ed i
n
to t
w
o parts. T
he first part w
a
s to test w
hether there w
a
s an eff
e
ct tow
a
rds young
vegeta
b
l
e
s ex
p
o
sed
to
or n
o
t
expos
ed
to e
l
e
c
tric fiel
ds. T
h
e
seco
nd
part
of the
exp
e
ri
me
n
t
w
a
s to test th
e
effect of el
ectri
c
fiel
ds treate
d
w
a
ter tow
a
rds
you
ng v
e
g
e
ta
bles. T
h
e
nu
mbers
of se
ed, t
e
mper
ature
an
d
relativ
e
hu
midi
ty w
e
re control
l
ed. T
he c
h
a
n
g
in
g of ve
geta
b
les w
a
s o
b
se
rved for 8
ho
u
r
s per d
a
y for
tw
o
w
eeks (Choy S
a
m)
an
d on
e w
eek (b
ean s
p
ro
ut). T
he
grow
th of the you
ng v
egeta
b
l
e
s dur
i
ng ex
posur
e w
a
s
calcul
ated
by u
s
ing statistica
l
meth
ods. T
he
ana
lysis of
the
results show
e
d
that the el
ectric fields a
nd t
h
e
electric
fiel
ds t
r
eated
w
a
ter
have
infl
ue
nce
d
the
g
e
r
m
in
a
t
ion r
a
te
and
hei
ght
of ste
m
s of b
o
th y
o
u
n
g
vegeta
b
l
e
s cau
s
ing the i
n
cre
a
s
e in ste
m
hei
g
h
t.
Ke
y
w
ords
: Ele
c
troma
g
n
e
tic, Electric F
i
el
d, DC Hig
h Volta
ge, Choy Sa
m,
Bean Spro
ut
Copy
right
©
2016 Un
ive
r
sita
s Ah
mad
Dah
l
an
. All rig
h
t
s r
ese
rved
.
1. Introduc
tion
One of the source
s of the
electri
c
field
s
and
m
agn
e
t
ic fields i
s
the tran
smissio
n
line. In
the last few decade
s, ma
ny rese
arche
s
have bee
n perfo
rmed to
obse
r
ve the effect of electric
fields towa
rd
s the human
body and ani
mals. Thi
s
would proba
bly improve the exposure of the
electri
c
al field
s
, magneti
c
fields a
nd ele
c
tromag
netic fi
elds (EM
F
) f
o
r high volta
ge appli
c
atio
ns.
Conve
r
sely, its effect on a
human i
s
no
t just impai
rm
ents but it also can give
more b
enefit
s in
several approaches if it i
s
we
ll
co
ntro
lled. Since t
h
ree
de
ca
de
s a
go, EMF
su
ch
a
vari
ous
freque
ncy ran
ges h
a
ve bee
n use
d
in phy
siothe
rapy
for the treatmen
t
of several di
sea
s
e
s
.
The
re
cent e
x
perime
n
tal result
s of the
previo
u
s
stud
ies in
dicated
that the be
an
sp
rou
t
exposed to t
he verti
c
al
el
ectri
c
field
di
rectio
n
h
a
s a
better
growt
h
compa
r
ed
to the h
o
ri
zo
n
t
al
part of the el
ectri
c
field direction [1, 2]. The
investig
a
t
ion wa
s ca
rri
ed out to determin
e
wh
eth
e
r
by placi
ng th
e soyb
ean
seed
s in
ele
c
tric fiel
d for a
ce
rtain p
e
ri
od of time
would affe
ct th
eir
germi
nation
rate. If it happens, the p
e
rio
d
betwe
en pl
anting an
d e
m
erg
e
n
c
e ca
n be re
du
ced
[3].
The initial
ap
pearan
ce
usually mea
n
s
healthie
r pl
an
ts an
d e
nerg
y
prod
uci
ng
highe
r yield
s
[4].
Therefore, th
e use of el
ect
r
ical
en
ergy t
o
biol
o
g
ical o
r
gani
sm
s h
a
s the pote
n
tial
to increa
se
the
prod
uctio
n
of
food. This
can lead to th
e uses
of
ele
c
tri
c
ity to stimulate the g
r
owth of the f
a
ir
orga
nism or
use it to slow down the g
r
owth or
rep
r
o
ductio
n
of unwante
d
org
a
n
i
sms. If either of
these
app
ro
a
c
he
s yield
s
p
o
sitive results, hum
an
s
would b
enefit [
4
]. The effe
ct of ele
c
tric field
treated
water towards you
ng vegetabl
e
s
whi
c
h
we
re
a new
kind of
method ha
s
been
carrie
d out
to give more
signifi
cant re
sults.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Quantitative Analysis of Pl
ant Gro
w
th Expo
se
d to Electri
c
Field
s
(Hussein Ahm
a
d)
391
Furthe
rmo
r
e,
Mahaja
n
an
d Pandey [5] investigat
ed
the effect of the electri
c
f
i
eld with
varying volta
ge on th
e ab
sorption of
water an
d ge
rmination of
soybean
see
d
.
The study
wa
s
con
d
u
c
ted to find the reso
nant ele
c
tric f
i
eld that
has
a signifi
cant effect on the prolife
r
ation a
nd
the g
r
o
w
th of
soybe
an
se
e
d
. It wa
s fo
un
d that
se
edlin
gs
we
re
sen
s
i
t
ive to some
spe
c
ific value
of
magneti
c
field.
Since th
ere
were n
u
me
ro
us
studie
s
o
n
the effe
ct
of elect
r
ic fie
l
d, magn
etic
field and
electroma
gne
tic field on hu
man, animal
and plant
s
b
u
t the quantitative analysis
of the effect
of
electri
c
field on plants i
s
still lacking a
n
d
not fu
lly un
derstood. Th
e quantitat
ive measu
r
e of plant
cha
nge
s toward
s expo
se
d electri
c
fiel
d would
give
more definiti
v
e understan
ding rath
er than
subj
ective co
mpari
s
o
n
.
Thus
,
in this
s
t
udy, we focus
e
d on the
effec
t
of
DC
electri
c
fiel
d
on the
growth
of youn
g
vegetable
s
n
a
mely ‘
Choy
Sam
’ and be
an sprout. Be
an sprout wa
s
cho
s
en
du
e
to its
simpli
city
and very fa
st gro
w
th rate. Also, the stati
s
tica
l
analysi
s
was p
e
rfo
r
med to yield
more
quantita
t
ive
and
definitive un
derstan
ding to
wa
rd
s the effe
ct
of
the
ele
c
tric
field as well as defi
n
itive
comp
ari
s
o
n
.
2. Experimental Setup
For the
first
p
a
rt of the
exp
e
rime
nt, the s
eed of yo
ung
vegetable
s
were pl
anted
in a fe
w
plasti
c boxe
s
at the room
temperature.
Thre
e imple
m
ental boxe
s
were u
s
ed,
and three a
r
e a
total of 50
se
eds of ‘
C
hoy
Sam’ were
pl
anted i
n
the
boxes. Sp
eci
a
l bla
c
k soils
were mixe
d
with
red
soil
s
with the ratio 3
:
2 we
re u
s
e
d
for pl
ant g
r
owi
ng
whe
r
e the am
oun
t of water wa
s
controlled.
Apart from th
a
t, an impl
em
ental b
o
x wa
s u
s
e
d
, a
nd t
o
tal 40
seed
s of
be
an
sp
rout
were plante
d
in the box.
Cotton-wo
ol wa
s use
d
for bean sp
rout
growi
ng wh
e
r
e the amou
n
t
o
f
water
is co
ntrolled.
T
hen, these boxe
s
of
see
d
s
are
put und
er
exposure
to ele
c
tri
c
field
s
. T
h
e
same
amo
u
n
t
of
see
d
s, boxes, soil
s and cotton
-
wool were
pre
pare
d
a
s
a
referen
c
e. T
he
comp
ari
s
o
n
of plant gro
w
ing betwe
en
with and with
out electri
c
field wa
s don
e. This re
sea
r
ch
focu
sed
on t
he pe
rcentag
e of ge
rminat
ion an
d t
he
height of
ste
m
s. Tem
pera
t
ure a
nd rela
tive
humidity we
re co
ntrolle
d.
The room te
mperat
ure
was a
bout 3
2
°
C
. A 38
kV
DC volta
ge
wa
s
applie
d to obtain ele
c
tric fie
l
d intensity of 38 kV/m.
For th
e
se
co
nd p
a
rt
of the
experi
m
ent, t
he p
r
ep
aratio
n for the
se
e
d
s
of ‘Choy S
a
m’ an
d
bean
spro
ut, boxe
s
, soils and
cotton-wool
were
si
milar to
the f
i
rst
part
of th
e research.
Th
e
referen
c
e set of seed
s th
at used in th
e first
experi
m
ent wa
s u
s
ed as a
refe
rence set in t
h
is
experim
ent. The compa
r
i
s
on of pla
n
t gro
w
ing b
e
tween with a
n
d
without ele
c
tric field
s
trea
ted
water was d
one. Thi
s
re
search fo
cu
se
d on
t
he
percenta
ge
of g
e
rmin
ation
a
nd the
hei
ght
of
stem
s. Temp
eratu
r
e an
d relative humid
ity were
co
ntrolled and
sim
ilar to the first experiment.
A
38kV
DC Volt
age
wa
s a
ppli
ed to o
b
tain e
l
ectri
c
fiel
d i
n
tensity of 3
8
kV/m. Firstly, the mai
n
supp
ly
wa
s attached
to varia
c
. Th
e functio
n
of
variac
wa
s to
adju
s
t the in
put voltage.
Then, the va
riac
wa
s con
n
e
c
ted to HV transform
er that wa
s use
d
to step-up the input volt
age. After that,
the HV
transfo
rme
r
wa
s attached
to the rectifi
e
r. The di
ode
s in rectifier
were u
s
ed to
conve
r
t AC to DC
sup
p
ly, and the capa
citor
wa
s u
s
ed to
smooth the
ri
p
p
le voltage. T
he low volta
g
e
amp
wa
s u
s
ed
to red
u
ce the
voltage to
a
particula
r val
ue a
nd the
n
only be
co
nn
ected
to a
di
gital multimet
er.
From th
e rect
ifier, it wa
s th
en attached
to t
he two-pl
a
t
e elect
r
od
es.
The u
ppe
r al
uminium
plat
e
(ano
de
) was co
nne
cted t
o
the
cabl
e
betwe
en the
re
ctifier a
n
d
the lo
we
r a
l
uminium
pla
t
e
(cath
ode
) wa
s co
nne
cted t
o
earth. Th
e distan
ce
b
e
twee
n these two alu
m
iniu
m plates
wa
s 1 m.
The cable fro
m
the rectifie
r wa
s attache
d
from
the to
p to the anod
e and supp
orted by bushi
n
g
so that th
e di
rectio
n of el
e
c
tri
c
field
s
wa
s from
up
per
plate to lo
we
r. There
were
no sha
r
p e
d
g
e
s
at the four corne
r
s of up
per alu
m
iniu
m plate
and
four metal b
a
lls were
screwe
d at the four
corne
r
s to re
duce the effect of corona
whe
n
high vol
t
age wa
s sup
p
lied to the u
pper pl
ate [6].
3. Experimental Re
sults
3.1. Compari
s
on bet
w
e
e
n
the Perce
n
tage of G
e
rmination an
d G
r
o
w
i
ng Ra
te
of Plants
w
i
t
h
and
w
i
tho
u
t
Electric Fields
Firstly, the percentag
es o
f
germination
and gr
o
w
th rate of ‘Choy Sam’ were obse
r
ved.
For the pe
rce
n
tage of germination, t
he result is sh
own in Table 1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 14, No. 2, June 20
16 : 390 – 40
3
392
Table 1. The
percenta
ge of
germin
a
tion for ‘Ch
o
y
Sam’ which expo
sed to electri
c
fields an
d
non-ele
c
tri
c
fields
Time
Percenta
ge o
f
g
e
rmina
t
io
n
w
i
th
electric fi
elds
(
%
)
Percenta
ge o
f
g
e
rmina
t
io
n
w
i
thout
electric fi
elds
(
%
)
Da
y
1
0
0
Da
y
2
34
14
Da
y
3
74
72
Da
y
4
74
74
Da
y
5
76
74
Da
y
6
76
74
Da
y
7
76
74
Da
y
8
76
74
Da
y
9
76
74
Da
y
10
76
74
Da
y
11
76
74
Da
y
12
76
74
Da
y
13
76
74
Da
y
14
76
74
For the
growt
h
rate, the
st
atistical
meth
ods
we
re u
s
ed [7, 8]. Th
e re
sult of hy
pothe
sis
test involving
differences o
f
two populati
on mean
s,
-
(
3
0
,
30
is sho
w
n in
Table
2. The 30 h
e
i
ght plants
were
cho
s
e
n
in this metho
d
. The analy
s
is
con
d
ition
s
of the colle
cted
data are a
s
fo
llows:
1.
=
= 30
2.
Significan
c
e l
e
vel =
= 5%
3.
Null hypoth
e
sis is
H
:
=
4.
Alternative hypothe
sis i
s
H
:
5. Reje
ct
H
if
Z
>
Z
α
=
Z
.
= 1.644
9
Table 2. Mea
n
, standa
rd d
e
viation and
Z-value of the
height of ste
m
Time
Mean (
m
m
)
Stand
a
rd De
v
i
at
ion (
m
m
)
Value
Result
E-field
s
Non E
-fiel
ds
E-field
s
Non E
-fiel
ds
Da
y
1
0
0
0
0
0
=
Da
y
2
1.33
0.30
1.49
0.59
3.52
Da
y
3
9.93
8.23
3.12
1.77
2.58
Da
y
4
38.56
38.66
4.52
2.78
-0.10
=
Da
y
5
58.66
57.90
5.66
4.12
0.59
=
Da
y
6
73.53
73.36
6.54
5.35
0.10
=
Da
y
7
78.90
78.73
7.59
6.85
0.09
=
Da
y
8
83.20
81.83
8.08
7.57
0.68
=
Da
y
9
85.03
83.20
7.77
8.19
0.89
=
Da
y
10
86.43
84.06
7.95
7.91
1.15
=
Da
y
11
87.10
84.70
8.13
8.37
1.13
=
Da
y
12
87.83
84.96
8.14
8.38
1.34
=
Da
y
13
88.10
84.96
8.05
8.38
1.48
=
Da
y
14
88.13
85.43
8.02
8.64
1.25
=
The re
sult of
F-test in ANOVA is sh
own in
Table 3.
30 highe
st p
l
ants were ch
ose
n
in
this method.
The analy
s
is
con
d
ition
s
of
the colle
cted
data are li
ste
d
as follo
ws:
1.
=
= 30
2. N=60,
k=2
3.
Significan
c
e l
e
vel =
= 5%
4.
H
:
=
= 0 V
e
r
s
u
s
:
0
5. Reje
ct
H
if
f
value >
;
,
=
.
;
,
= 4.00
Whe
r
e
is
the i-th treatment effec
t
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Quantitative Analysis of Pl
ant Gro
w
th Expo
se
d to Electri
c
Field
s
(Hussein Ahm
a
d)
393
Table 3. The
result of F-test in ANOVA
Time
f
Value
Result
Da
y
1
0
No treatme
nt eff
e
ct
Da
y
2
12.3905
Positive treatment effect
Da
y
3
6.7000
Positive treatment effect
Da
y
4
0.0106
No treatme
nt eff
e
ct
Da
y
5
0.3593
No treatme
nt eff
e
ct
Da
y
6
0.0116
No treatme
nt eff
e
ct
Da
y
7
0.0080
No treatme
nt eff
e
ct
Da
y
8
0.4563
No treatme
nt eff
e
ct
Da
y
9
0.7903
No treatme
nt eff
e
ct
Da
y
10
1.3338
No treatme
nt eff
e
ct
Da
y
11
1.2677
No treatme
nt eff
e
ct
Da
y
12
1.8048
No treatme
nt eff
e
ct
Da
y
13
2.1803
No treatme
nt eff
e
ct
Da
y
14
1.5718
No treatme
nt eff
e
ct
The re
sults
of indepen
de
nce te
sts are
show
n in Table 4 and T
able 5. The analysi
s
con
d
ition
s
of the colle
cted
data are li
ste
d
as follo
ws:
1.
Significan
c
e l
e
vel =
= 5%
2.
H
: the heig
h
t of ‘Ch
o
y Sam’ and
expo
sed/d
o
not
e
x
pose to
ele
c
tri
c
field
s
a
r
e
indep
ende
nt
3.
H
: the height
of ‘Choy Sa
m’ and exp
o
s
ed/d
o
not e
x
pose to
ele
c
tri
c
fields are
depe
ndent
4. Reje
ct
H
if
>
,
=
.
,
= 3.841
Table 4. The
numbe
r of pla
n
ts that the height
s of ste
m
are le
ss th
an 90mm o
r
excee
d
ing 9
0
mm
Con
d
iti
ons
H
e
i
g
ht
of
s
t
em
s
<90 mm
90 mm
Exposed to elect
r
ic fields
36 14
Do not e
x
pose to
electric fields
40
10
Table 5. The
value of
,
,
.
36 38.0000
0.1053
14 12.0000
0.3333
40 38.0000
0.1053
10 12.0000
0.3333
0.8772
Since
< 3.841, thus
we accept
and co
ncl
ude
that t
he height of stem
s is
indep
ende
nt on expo
sed/d
o
not expose
d
to electri
c
fields.
Secon
d
ly, the percentag
e of germin
a
tio
n
and
growth
rate of bean
sprout wa
s o
b
se
rved.
For the pe
rce
n
tage of germination, t
he result is sh
own in Table 6.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 14, No. 2, June 20
16 : 390 – 40
3
394
Table 6. The
percenta
ge of
germin
a
tion for bea
n sp
ro
uts that expo
sed to ele
c
tri
c
fields a
nd
non-ele
c
tri
c
fields
Time
Percenta
ge o
f
g
e
rmina
t
io
n
w
i
th electric
f
i
e
l
d
s
(%
)
Percenta
ge o
f
g
e
rmina
t
io
n
w
i
thout
electric fi
elds
(
%
)
Da
y
1
0
0
Da
y
2
82.5
65.0
Da
y
3
95.0
90.0
Da
y
4
95.0
90.0
Da
y
5
95.0
90.0
Da
y
6
95.0
90.0
For th
e g
r
o
w
t
h
rate, the
re
sult of
hypoth
e
si
s te
st invol
v
ing differe
nces
of two
p
o
p
u
lation
mean
s,
-
(
3
0
,
30
is sho
w
n a
s
Table 7. 2
0
highe
st pla
n
ts a
r
e
cho
s
en
in thi
s
method. The
analysi
s
cond
itions of the collecte
d
data
are a
s
follows:
1.
=
= 20
2.
Significan
c
e l
e
vel =
= 5%
3.
Null hypoth
e
sis is
H
:
=
4.
Alternative hypothe
sis i
s
H
:
5. Reje
ct
H
if
t
>
t
,
1.
Table 7. Mea
n
, standa
rd d
e
viation and
t
-
value of the height of the stem
Time
Mean
(
mm
)
Stand
a
rd
De
v
i
at
ion
(
mm
)
Value
Result
E-field
s
Non E
-fiel
ds
E-field
s
Non E
-fiel
ds
Da
y
1
0
0
0
0
0
=
Da
y
2
3.90
1.40
1.02
0.59
9.44
Da
y
3
7.80
4.45
2.35
1.31
5.55
Da
y
4
23.75
16.40
10.48
7.01
2.60
Da
y
5
87.70
62.05
24.40
29.63
2.98
Da
y
6
113.10
84.40
25.24
33.89
3.03
The result of F-test in ANOVA is shown in
Table 8. The 20 hig
h
e
s
t plants
were cho
s
e
n
in this metho
d
. The analysis co
ndition
s
of the colle
cted data are listed a
s
follows:
1.
=
= 20
2. N=40,
k=2
3.
Significan
c
e l
e
vel =
= 5%
4.
H
:
=
= 0 V
e
r
s
u
s
:
0
5. Reje
ct
H
if
f
value >
;
,
=
.
;
,
= 4.1247
Whe
r
e
is
the
i-th
treatment effec
t
.
Table 8. The
result of F-test in ANOVA
Time
f
Value
Result
Da
y
1
0
No treatm
ent eff
e
ct
Da
y
2
89.2857
Positive treatment effect
Da
y
3
30.8690
Positive treatment effect
Da
y
4
6.7873
Positive treatment effect
Da
y
5
8.9279
Positive treatment effect
Da
y
6
9.2253
Positive treatment effect
The results
o
f
indepe
nde
n
c
e te
sts
are
sho
w
n i
n
Ta
ble 9
and
Ta
ble 10. T
he
analysi
s
con
d
ition
s
of the colle
cted
data are a
s
fo
llows:
1.
Significan
c
e l
e
vel =
= 5%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Quantitative Analysis of Pl
ant Gro
w
th Expo
se
d to Electri
c
Field
s
(Hussein Ahm
a
d)
395
2.
H
: the heig
h
t of bea
n sprout and
exp
o
se
d/do n
o
t
expose to el
ectri
c
field
s
are
indep
ende
nt
3.
H
: the heig
h
t
of bean
spro
ut and
expo
sed/d
o
not
e
x
pose to
ele
c
tri
c
field
s
a
r
e
depe
ndent
4. Reje
ct
H
if
>
,
=
.
,
= 3.841
Table 9. The
numbe
r of pla
n
ts that the hei
ghts of ste
m
are le
ss th
an 100m
m or exceedi
ng
100mm
Con
d
iti
ons
H
e
i
g
ht
of
s
t
em
s
<100 mm
100 m
m
Exposed to elect
r
ic fields
22
18
Do not e
x
pose to
electric fields
33
7
Table 10.
Th
e value of
,
,
.
22 27.5000
1.1000
18 12.5000
2.4200
33 27.5000
1.1000
7 12.5000
2.4200
7.0400
Since
> 3.841, so we reje
ct
and concl
ude that the
height of stems is depe
nd
ent
on expo
sed/d
o
not expose
d
to electri
c
fields.
3.2. Compari
s
on bet
w
e
e
n
the Perce
n
tage of G
e
rmination an
d G
r
o
w
th
Ra
te o
f
Plants th
at
Wa
tered
w
i
t
h
and
w
i
tho
u
t Electric Fi
elds Trea
ted
Wat
e
r
Firstly, the
pe
rce
n
tage
of g
e
rmin
ation
an
d gr
owth
rate
of ‘Choy Sa
m’ wa
s ob
se
rved. For
the percenta
g
e
of germin
a
tion, the
re
sult is sh
own in Table 11.
Table 11. Th
e percenta
ge
of germin
a
tio
n
for ‘Choy
S
a
m’ whi
c
h wa
tered with a
n
d
without ele
c
tric
fields
treated water
Time
Percenta
ge o
f
g
e
rmina
t
io
n
w
i
th
electric fi
elds
(
%
)
Percenta
ge o
f
g
e
rmina
t
io
n
w
i
thout
elec
tric fields (
%
)
Da
y
1
0
0
Da
y
2
16
14
Da
y
3
68
72
Da
y
4
68
74
Da
y
5
68
74
Da
y
6
70
74
Da
y
7
70
74
Da
y
8
70
74
Da
y
9
70
74
Da
y
10
70
74
Da
y
11
70
74
Da
y
12
70
74
Da
y
13
70
74
Da
y
14
70
74
For the growt
h
rate, the res
u
lt of hypothes
is
te
st i
n
vol
v
ing differe
nces of t
w
o p
o
p
u
lation m
ean
s,
-
(
3
0
,
3
0
is shown in Table 12. The 30 height plants
were cho
s
e
n
in this
method. The
analysi
s
cond
itions of the collecte
d
data
are a
s
follows,
1.
=
= 30
2.
Significan
c
e l
e
vel =
= 5%
3.
Null hypoth
e
sis is
H
:
=
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 14, No. 2, June 20
16 : 390 – 40
3
396
4.
Alternative hypothe
sis i
s
H
:
5. Reje
ct
H
if
Z
>
Z
=
Z
.
= 1.644
9
Table 12. Me
an, stand
ard
deviation a
n
d
Z-value of the height of st
em
Time
Mean (
m
m
)
Stand
a
rd De
v
i
at
ion (
m
m
)
Value
Result
E-field
s
Non
E
-fiel
ds
Da
y
1
0
0
0
=
0
=
Da
y
2
0.66
0.30
1.40
=
1.40
=
Da
y
3
7.03
8.2333
-1.62
=
-1.62
=
Da
y
4
35.96
38.66
-3.36
=
-3.36
=
Da
y
5
56.60
57.90
-1.02
=
-1.02
=
Da
y
6
72.36
73.36
-0.56
=
-0.56
=
Da
y
7
80.23
78.73
0.80
=
0.80
=
Da
y
8
84.90
81.83
1.54
=
1.54
=
Da
y
9
87.26
83.20
2.01
2.01
Da
y
10
88.33
84.06
2.11
2.11
Da
y
11
89.73
84.70
2.42
2.42
Da
y
12
90.36
84.96
2.62
2.62
Da
y
13
90.80
84.96
2.82
2.82
Da
y
14
90.80
85.43
2.55
2.55
The
re
sult of
F-test i
n
ANO
VA is
sho
w
n
as
Table
13.
The 3
0
hi
ghe
st pla
n
ts
we
re cho
s
en
in this metho
d
. The analysis co
ndition
s
of the colle
cted data a
s
follows:
1.
=
= 30
2. N=60,
k=2
3.
Significan
c
e l
e
vel =
= 5%
4.
H
:
=
= 0 V
e
r
s
u
s
:
0
5. Reje
ct
H
if
f
value >
;
,
=
.
;
,
= 4.00
Whe
r
e
is
the
i
-th treatmen
t
effect.
Table 13. Th
e Re
sult of F-test in ANOV
A
Time
f
Value
Result
Da
y
1
0
No treatme
nt eff
e
ct
Da
y
2
1.9841
No treatme
nt eff
e
ct
Da
y
3
2.6410
No treatme
nt eff
e
ct
Da
y
4
11.3360
Adverse treatme
nt effect
Da
y
5
1.0488
No treatme
nt eff
e
ct
Da
y
6
0.3148
No treatme
nt eff
e
ct
Da
y
7
0.6500
No treatme
nt eff
e
ct
Da
y
8
2.3833
No treatme
nt eff
e
ct
Da
y
9
4.0501
Adverse treatme
nt effect
Da
y
10
4.4606
Positive treatment effect
Da
y
11
5.8927
Positive treatment effect
Da
y
12
6.8647
Positive treatment effect
Da
y
13
7.9675
Positive treatment effect
Da
y
14
6.5146
Positive treatment effect
*Negative treatm
ent effect happe
ned because of t
he average h
e
ight of ‘Cho
y
Sa
m’ w
h
ich
w
a
t
e
red b
y
electric
fields treated
w
a
t
e
r are lo
wer than
w
i
thout
electric fields treated
w
a
te
r.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Quantitative Analysis of Pl
ant Gro
w
th Expo
se
d to Electri
c
Field
s
(Hussein Ahm
a
d)
397
The
re
sult of
indep
end
en
ce te
st i
s
sh
own
in T
abl
e 14
and
Ta
ble 15.
The
analysi
s
con
d
ition
s
of the colle
cted
data are a
s
fo
llows:
1.
Significan
c
e l
e
vel =
= 5%
2.
H
: the height of ‘Choy Sa
m’ and watered wi
th/with
o
u
t electri
c
fiel
ds tre
a
ted
water
are ind
epe
nd
ent
3.
H
: the heig
h
t o
f
‘Choy Sam’
and
wate
red
with/witho
ut
electri
c
fiel
ds treated
wate
r
are de
pen
de
nt
4. Reje
ct
H
if
>
,
=
.
,
= 3.841
Table 14. Th
e numbe
r of plants that th
e hei
ght
s of stem are le
ss t
han 90m
m or exceedi
ng
90mm
C
o
nd
i
t
io
n
H
e
i
g
ht
of
s
t
em
s
<90 mm
90 mm
Exposed to elect
r
ic fields
31
19
Do not e
x
pose to
electric fields
40
10
Table 15. Th
e value of The value of
,
,
31 35.5000
0.5704
19 14.5000
1.3966
40 35.5000
0.5704
10 14.5000
1.3966
3.9340
Since
> 3.841, so we reje
ct
and concl
ude that the
height of stems is depe
nd
ent
on wate
red
with/without ele
c
tri
c
fields tre
a
ted wate
r.
Secon
d
ly, the perce
ntage
of germin
a
tion an
d gr
owt
h
rate of b
e
a
n
sp
rout i
s
o
b
se
rved.
For the pe
rce
n
tage of germination, t
he result is sh
own in Table 16.
Table 16. Th
e percenta
ge
of germin
a
tio
n
for bean
sp
routs th
at wat
e
red
with/with
out electri
c
fields
treated water
Time
Percenta
ge o
f
g
e
rmina
t
io
n
w
i
th electric
f
i
e
l
d
s
(%
)
Percenta
ge o
f
g
e
rmina
t
io
n
w
i
thout
electric fi
elds
(
%
)
Da
y
1
0
0
Da
y
2
75
65.0
Da
y
3
92.5
90.0
Da
y
4
92.5
90.0
Da
y
5
92.5
90.0
Da
y
6
92.5
90.0
For th
e g
r
o
w
t
h
rate, the
re
sult of
hypoth
e
si
s te
st invol
v
ing differe
nces
of two
p
o
p
u
lation
mean
s,
-
(
3
0
,
3
0
is sho
w
n as table 17. 20 highe
st plants were cho
s
e
n
in this
method.
The analy
s
is
con
d
ition
s
of the colle
cted
data are a
s
fo
llows:
1.
=
= 20
2.
Significan
c
e l
e
vel =
= 5%
3.
Null hypoth
e
sis is
H
:
=
4.
Alternative hypothe
sis i
s
H
:
5. Reje
ct
H
if
t
>
t
,
1.69
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 14, No. 2, June 20
16 : 390 – 40
3
398
Table 17. Me
an, stand
ard
deviation an
d
t-value of the height of the stem
Time
Mean(
m
m
)
Stand
a
rd
De
v
i
at
ion(
mm
)
Value
Result
E-field
s
Non E
-fiel
ds
E-field
s
Non E
-fiel
ds
Da
y
1
0
0
0
0
0
=
Da
y
2
2.25
1.40
0.63
0.59
4.43
Da
y
3
5.70
4.45
1.58
1.31
2.82
Da
y
4
19.05
16.40
6.42
7.01
1.24
=
Da
y
5
79.05
62.05
26.14
29.63
1.92
Da
y
6
100.5
84.40
25.11
33.89
1.70
The re
sult of F-test in ANOVA is sho
w
n
in Table 18
. 20 highest
plants
were chosen in
this method.
The analy
s
is
con
d
ition
s
of the colle
cted
data are a
s
fo
llows:
1.
=
= 20
2. N=40,
k=2
3.
Significan
c
e l
e
vel =
= 5%
4.
H
:
=
= 0 V
e
r
s
u
s
:
0
5. Reje
ct
H
if
f
value >
;
,
=
.
;
,
= 4.1247
Whe
r
e
is
the
i-th
treatment effec
t
.
Table 18. Th
e result of F-test in ANOV
A
Time
f
Value
Result
Da
y
1
0
No treatme
nt eff
e
ct
Da
y
2
18.8694
Positive treatment effect
Da
y
3
7.9579
Positive treatment effect
Da
y
4
1.5517
No treatme
nt eff
e
ct
Da
y
5
3.70065
No treatme
nt eff
e
ct
Da
y
6
2.9132
No treatme
nt eff
e
ct
The
re
sult of
indep
end
en
ce te
st i
s
sh
own
in T
abl
e 19
and
Ta
ble 20.
The
analysi
s
con
d
ition
s
of the colle
cted
data are a
s
fo
llows:
1.
Significan
c
e l
e
vel =
= 5%
2.
H
: the height
of bean
sp
ro
ut and
watered with
/
w
itho
ut elect
r
ic fiel
ds treated
water
are ind
epe
nd
ent
3.
H
: the height of bean sp
ro
ut and watered with
/witho
ut electri
c
fields treate
d
water
are ind
epe
nd
ent
4. Reje
ct
H
if
>
,
=
.
,
= 3.841
Table 19. Th
e numbe
r of plants that th
e height
s of stem are le
ss t
han 10
0mm o
r
excee
d
ing
100mm
C
o
nd
i
t
io
n
H
e
i
g
ht
of
s
t
em
s
<100 mm
100 m
m
Exposed to elect
r
ic fields
28
12
Do not e
x
pose to
electric fields
33
7
Table 20. Th
e value of
,
,
28 30.5000
0.2049
12 9.5000
0.6579
33 30.5000
0.2049
7 9.5000
0.6579
1.7256
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Quantitative Analysis of Pl
ant Gro
w
th Expo
se
d to Electri
c
Field
s
(Hussein Ahm
a
d)
399
Since
< 3.84
1, so we a
ccept
and co
n
c
lud
e
that the height of stems is in
de
pend
ent on
watered with/
w
ithout ele
c
tri
c
fields treate
d
water
.
4. Analy
s
is
Figure 1
an
d
2
sh
ow the
comp
ari
s
o
n
betwe
en
th
e height of ste
m
of
‘
C
hoy
Sam’
an
d
bean
spro
uts
with a
nd
with
out ele
c
tri
c
fi
elds re
spectiv
e
ly. The
heig
h
ts of
the
ste
m
for both
yo
ung
vegetable
s
th
at are expo
se
d to electri
c
fields
a
r
e hig
h
e
r than tho
s
e
without ele
c
tri
c
fields.
Figure 1. Co
mpari
s
o
n
of the avera
ge h
e
ight of
‘Choy Sam’ b
e
twee
n with a
nd witho
u
t electri
c
fields
after two weeks
Figure 2.
Co
mpari
s
o
n
of the avera
ge h
e
ight of
bean sprouts betwe
en
with and
with
out
e
l
ectri
c
fields after on
e wee
k
Figure 3 a
n
d
Figure 4
sh
o
w
the
com
p
a
r
iso
n
of
the
h
e
ight of
stem
for ‘Choy Sa
m’ and
bean sprouts between
with and witho
u
t electri
c
fiel
d
s
treated
wat
e
r re
spe
c
tivel
y
. The heights of
the stem fo
r both youn
g
vegetable
s
t
hat are
wate
red
with ele
c
tric field
s
tre
a
ted water
were
highe
r th
an t
hose
without
electri
c
field
s
treate
d
wa
te
r the
r
eby
elu
c
idatin
g the
effect of
ele
c
tric
field treated
water to
wa
rd
s the grow
th
of the both young vegeta
b
l
e
s.
Figure 3. Co
mpari
s
o
n
of the avera
ge h
e
ight of
‘Choy Sam’ b
e
twee
n with a
nd witho
u
t electri
c
fields
treated water after two weeks
Figure 4. Co
mpari
s
o
n
of the avera
ge h
e
ight of
bean sprouts betwe
en
with and
with
out
e
l
ectri
c
fields treate
d
water afte
r on
e wee
k
Figure 5
and
Figure 6
sh
ow the
pe
rce
n
tage
of
germination fo
r ‘
C
hoy Sam’
a
nd be
an
sprouts that
e
x
pose
d
/did
n
o
t expo
se
to
electri
c
fi
eld
s
respe
c
tively. For
Figu
re
5
on the
d
a
y 2,
the
percenta
ge o
f
germin
a
tion
with ele
c
tri
c
fields
wa
s 20
% more tha
n
without ele
c
t
r
ic field
s
. Fro
m
day 5 to
day
14, the p
e
rce
n
tage
s of g
e
rmination
with
/without ele
c
t
r
ic fiel
ds
we
re 76% a
nd
7
4
%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.