T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
, V
ol
.
1
7
,
No.
5
,
O
c
tob
er
201
9
, p
p.
2
19
4
~2
199
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
,
accr
ed
ited
F
irst
Gr
ad
e b
y K
em
en
r
istekdikti,
Decr
ee
No:
21
/E
/
K
P
T
/20
18
DOI:
10.12928/TE
LK
OM
N
IK
A
.v
1
7
i
5
.
12594
◼
21
94
Rec
ei
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arc
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pri
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e
two
r
k
s
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c
u
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n
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y
d
o
m
i
n
a
t
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d
b
y
f
i
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fi
b
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c
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a
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wav
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g
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o
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ti
c
a
l
a
m
p
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e
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s
re
q
u
i
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e
d
to
m
a
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n
ta
i
n
e
l
e
c
tro
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
whe
n
t
h
e
y
p
ro
p
a
g
a
te
i
n
fa
r
d
i
s
ta
n
c
e
.
O
n
e
o
f
th
e
a
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
rs
,
Fi
b
e
r
Ram
a
n
Am
p
l
i
fi
e
r
s
(FRA)
whi
c
h
i
s
th
e
l
i
g
h
t
s
c
a
tt
e
ri
n
g
fro
m
th
e
l
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g
h
t
th
a
t
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o
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e
s
wit
h
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e
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l
a
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c
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t
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e
d
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h
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to
n
s
th
a
t
a
r
e
c
o
h
e
r
e
n
t
wit
h
th
e
i
n
c
o
m
i
n
g
p
h
o
to
n
s
.
M
a
n
y
a
m
p
l
i
fi
e
rs
a
re
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
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d
b
u
t
th
e
p
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s
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l
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c
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fro
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th
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p
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fi
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p
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t
c
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c
u
i
t
a
n
d
s
y
s
te
m
.
By
s
i
m
u
l
a
ti
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
,
FRA
c
i
rc
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t
i
s
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e
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d
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o
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te
d
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n
th
e
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rm
o
f
p
re
-
a
m
p
l
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f
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s
to
m
a
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n
t
a
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g
n
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fr
o
m
m
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l
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n
te
rfe
r
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
g
e
o
m
e
tr
y
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
ti
o
n
re
s
u
l
ts
s
h
o
w
th
a
t
t
h
e
l
o
we
s
t
BER
v
a
l
u
e
a
n
d
th
e
h
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g
h
e
s
t
Q
-
fa
c
to
r
a
re
fo
u
n
d
a
t
a
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
1
0
k
m
d
e
p
i
c
te
d
b
y
e
y
e
d
i
a
g
ra
m
.
Key
w
ords
:
fi
b
e
r
o
p
ti
c
s
,
f
i
b
e
r
R
a
m
a
n
a
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
rs
,
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
a
m
p
l
i
fi
e
r
s
,
o
p
ti
c
s
Copy
righ
t
©
2
0
1
9
Uni
v
e
rsi
t
a
s
Ahm
a
d
D
a
hl
a
n.
All
rig
ht
s
r
e
s
e
rve
d
.
1.
Int
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
T
he
us
e
of
c
op
pe
r
w
i
r
e
as
a
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
m
ed
i
um
i
n
a
c
om
m
un
i
c
ati
on
s
y
s
tem
c
an
no
t
al
l
o
w
i
t
to
be
us
e
d
i
n
l
on
g
di
s
t
an
c
e
da
t
a
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
wi
th
l
arge
c
ap
ac
i
t
y
an
d
hi
g
h
s
pe
ed
.
In
order
to
o
v
erc
om
e
thi
s
o
bs
tac
l
e,
i
t
i
s
c
om
m
on
l
y
us
e
d
a
f
i
be
r
o
pti
c
as
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
m
ed
i
a.
F
i
be
r
op
ti
c
s
c
an
s
e
r
v
e
as
op
ti
c
a
l
s
en
s
ors
to
de
term
i
ne
eff
i
c
i
en
t
o
pti
c
a
l
s
y
s
tem
i
n
a
v
ar
i
et
y
of
c
r
i
teri
a
s
uc
h
as
r
e
ac
h,
f
un
c
ti
on
al
,
t
he
s
e
ns
i
ti
v
i
t
y
a
nd
ac
c
urac
y
of
the
o
pti
c
a
l
s
y
s
tem
[1
-
4].
T
r
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
of
l
i
gh
t
s
i
g
na
l
s
on
o
pti
c
a
l
f
i
be
r
,
S
i
ng
l
e
Mo
de
F
i
b
er
(
S
MF)
c
an
tr
an
s
m
i
t
s
i
g
na
l
s
i
n
on
e
m
od
e
an
d
c
an
a
v
oi
d
i
na
c
c
urac
i
es
i
n
da
ta
di
s
tr
i
bu
t
i
on
.
Dur
i
ng
th
e
prop
ag
a
ti
o
n
proc
es
s
i
n
l
i
gh
t
,
th
e
f
i
be
r
op
ti
c
s
weak
en
s
an
d
wi
d
en
s
the
s
i
g
na
l
d
ue
to
the
i
m
pu
r
i
t
y
of
f
i
be
r
m
ate
r
i
al
s
th
at
a
bs
orb
an
d
s
pread
l
i
gh
t
s
o
th
at
the
s
i
gn
al
po
wer
w
i
l
l
b
e
r
e
du
c
ed
[5
-
7
]
.
T
he
r
i
gh
t
o
pti
c
a
l
a
m
pl
i
f
i
er
c
an
ov
erc
om
e t
hi
s
a
nd
c
an
m
ax
i
m
i
z
e
th
e
w
ork
of
op
ti
c
al
tr
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
m
ed
i
a.
T
r
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
of
l
i
g
ht
s
i
gn
a
l
s
on
op
ti
c
a
l
f
i
be
r
S
MF
tr
a
ns
m
i
ts
s
i
gn
a
l
s
i
n
on
e
m
od
e
an
d
c
an
a
v
oi
d
i
na
c
c
urac
i
es
i
n
da
ta
di
s
tr
i
bu
t
i
on
.
T
hi
s
S
M
F
c
l
utc
h
h
as
be
c
om
e
the
m
o
s
t
i
m
po
r
tan
t
f
i
be
r
op
ti
c
d
ev
i
c
e
i
n
te
l
ec
o
m
m
un
i
c
ati
on
s
wi
th
a
c
ou
p
l
i
ng
r
ati
o
i
n
the
r
an
g
e
of
1%
to
75
%
[
8,
9]
.
Dur
i
n
g
the
proc
es
s
of
propag
a
ti
o
n
of
l
i
gh
t
on
S
MF
op
ti
c
a
l
f
i
be
r
wi
l
l
ex
p
erie
nc
e
a
r
ed
uc
ti
o
n
i
n
po
w
er
f
r
o
m
the
el
ec
tr
o
m
ag
ne
t
i
c
wav
e.
T
hi
s
i
s
d
ue
t
o
th
e
ab
s
orpt
i
o
n
of
l
i
gh
t
i
n
o
pti
c
a
l
f
i
b
er
m
ate
r
i
al
s
an
d
s
c
att
erin
g
of
l
i
gh
t,
th
e
m
ag
ni
t
ud
e
o
f
thi
s
r
e
du
c
ti
on
i
n
p
o
w
er
de
pe
n
ds
o
n
the
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
di
s
ta
nc
e
an
d
th
e
c
ha
r
ac
teri
s
t
i
c
s
of
the
op
ti
c
a
l
f
i
be
r
m
ate
r
i
al
.
T
he
po
w
er
r
ed
uc
e
d
du
r
i
ng
th
e
pro
pa
g
ati
o
n
proc
es
s
c
au
s
es
th
e
p
o
w
er
r
ea
c
h
i
ng
the
de
t
ec
tor
to
be
s
m
al
l
er
tha
n
t
he
p
o
w
er
s
en
t
b
y
the
s
ou
r
c
e.
S
o,
a
n
o
pti
c
a
l
am
pl
i
f
i
er
i
s
ne
ed
e
d
to
m
ai
nta
i
n
the
p
o
w
er [
10
-
12
].
F
i
be
r
R
am
an
A
m
pl
i
f
i
er
(
F
RA
)
i
s
us
ed
an
d
ex
pe
c
te
d
to
b
e
a
bl
e
to
ge
ne
r
ate
a
weak
s
i
gn
a
l
wi
th
a
l
ar
ge
ga
i
n
f
ac
tor
an
d
da
ta
c
an
be
tr
an
s
m
i
tte
d
at
hi
gh
bi
t
r
ate
s
.
T
he
F
RA
c
i
r
c
ui
t
i
s
us
ed
i
n
th
e
f
or
m
of
a
pre
am
pl
i
f
i
er
tha
t
c
an
am
pl
i
f
y
l
i
gh
t
s
i
gn
al
s
s
en
t
v
i
a
o
pt
i
c
al
f
i
be
r
b
ef
ore
the
l
i
gh
t
s
i
gn
al
i
s
r
ec
ei
v
e
d
b
y
the
ph
ot
o
de
t
ec
t
or
s
o
tha
t
the
weak
en
i
n
g
of
the
s
i
gn
al
to
n
oi
s
e
r
ati
o
c
a
us
ed
b
y
the
r
m
al
no
i
s
e
i
n
th
e
p
ho
to
de
tec
tor
c
an
b
e
s
up
pres
s
ed
[1
3,
1
4].
Inc
r
em
en
t
of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
◼
Rama
n a
mp
l
i
f
i
er p
erfor
ma
n
c
e i
n
pre
-
am
pl
i
fi
er us
e f
or o
pt
i
c
a
l
fi
be
r
…
.
(
T
. S
ak
ti
ot
o)
2195
po
w
er
c
an
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
t
he
s
e
ns
i
ti
v
i
t
y
of
the
ph
o
to
d
ete
c
t
or
s
o
tha
t
i
t
c
an
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
t
he
po
wer
l
i
nk
bu
dg
et
[
15
,
16].
F
RA
o
pti
c
a
l
am
pl
i
f
i
er
c
a
n
wor
k
us
i
ng
pu
m
pi
ng
an
d
g
en
erat
i
n
g
s
i
g
na
l
s
wi
t
h
l
arg
e
ga
i
n
f
ac
tors
an
d
da
ta
tr
a
ns
m
i
tte
d
at
hi
gh
b
i
t
r
at
es
.
B
r
om
ag
e
i
n
tr
od
uc
es
a
s
h
utt
er
a
m
pl
i
f
i
er
us
ed
i
n
f
i
be
r
op
ti
c
c
om
m
un
i
c
ati
on
s
y
s
t
em
s
[17
].
R
am
an
am
pl
i
f
i
ers
c
an
be
us
e
d
i
n
i
nl
i
n
e
am
pl
i
f
i
er
us
e
wi
th
h
i
g
h
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
di
s
t
an
c
es
an
d
l
o
w
a
tte
n
ua
t
i
on
[18
,
19
].
In
th
i
s
c
as
e,
an
al
y
s
i
s
of
F
RA
pe
r
f
or
m
an
c
e
i
n
the
us
e
of
pre
am
pl
i
f
i
ers
w
i
l
l
be
c
ar
r
i
ed
o
ut,
na
m
el
y
t
he
o
pti
c
al
am
pl
i
f
i
er
i
s
pl
ac
e
d
af
ter
t
he
op
t
i
c
al
f
i
b
e
r
or
be
f
ore
t
he
de
t
ec
tor
.
T
h
v
a
l
ue
of
ga
i
n
F
R
A
ga
i
n
c
a
n
be
c
a
l
c
ul
ate
d
as
gi
v
en
[2
0
]:
=
(
)
,
=
[
e
xp
(
,
−
)
]
(
1)
=
⌈
1
−
ex
p
(
−
)
⌉
(
2)
ga
i
n
i
s
i
n
d
ec
i
b
l
e
un
i
t a
nd
c
an
b
e
w
r
i
tt
en
as
f
ol
l
o
w
s
,
(
dB
)
=
10
l
og
(
3)
where
i
s
t
he
m
ag
ni
tud
e o
f
ga
i
n o
f
Ram
an
am
pl
i
f
i
er
wh
i
c
h i
s
the
r
at
i
o
(
)
an
d
,
.
(
)
i
s
the
ou
t
pu
t
s
i
g
na
l
po
wer
when
th
e
tot
a
l
op
t
i
c
al
f
i
be
r
l
en
gt
h
(
m
)
i
n
W
att
an
d
,
i
s
the
i
np
ut
s
i
gn
a
l
p
o
w
er
(
W
att
)
.
T
he
pa
r
am
ete
r
of
,
i
s
the
l
as
er
pu
m
p
po
w
er
(
W
att
)
,
an
d
are
the
s
i
gn
al
an
d
p
um
p
att
en
u
ati
o
n
c
o
ef
f
i
c
i
en
t
,
i
s
R
am
an
ga
i
nc
oe
f
f
i
c
i
en
t
an
d
i
s
the
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
l
en
gth
of
op
ti
c
a
l
f
i
be
r
(
m
)
.
2.
Re
se
a
r
ch M
eth
o
d
T
he
de
s
i
gn
of
the
ne
t
wor
k
am
pl
i
f
i
er
i
s
de
s
i
gn
e
d
an
d
o
pe
r
ate
d
b
y
a
s
i
m
ul
at
i
on
pr
oc
es
s
.
T
he
op
ti
c
al
f
i
b
er
c
om
m
un
i
c
ati
on
s
y
s
t
em
c
on
s
i
s
ts
of
a
bl
oc
k
of
tr
an
s
m
i
tte
r
s
t
ha
t
f
un
c
ti
o
n
to
c
on
v
ert
e
l
ec
tr
i
c
a
l
s
i
gn
a
l
s
i
n
to
l
i
g
ht
s
i
gn
a
l
s
,
op
t
i
c
al
f
i
be
r
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
m
ed
i
um
an
d
de
tec
tors
as
s
en
s
ors
of
v
i
s
i
bl
e
or
i
n
v
i
s
i
bl
e
l
i
g
ht
s
i
g
na
l
s
an
d
c
on
v
ert
the
m
i
nto
el
ec
tr
i
c
al
s
i
g
na
l
s
[
21
].
T
hi
s
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
us
es
i
nf
or
m
ati
on
s
o
urc
es
i
n
the
f
or
m
of
da
ta
i
n
th
e
b
i
na
r
y
of
0
an
d
1
bi
ts
g
en
era
ted
b
y
P
s
e
ud
o
-
R
an
d
om
B
i
t
S
e
qu
en
c
e
(
P
RB
S
)
w
i
t
h
a
da
ta
r
ate
(
bi
t
r
ate
)
of
5
bi
ts
/s
an
d
i
s
c
od
ed
wi
th
a
No
n
-
Retu
r
n
to
Z
ero
P
u
l
s
e
G
en
erator
(
NRZ
)
c
o
di
ng
tec
hn
i
qu
e
.
T
hi
s
i
np
ut
s
i
g
na
l
i
s
m
od
ul
ate
d
wi
t
h
a
n
ou
t
pu
t
s
i
g
na
l
f
r
o
m
Cont
i
nu
o
us
W
av
e
(
C
W
)
L
as
er
b
y
Ma
c
h
-
Z
eh
n
de
r
Mo
du
l
ato
r
(
MZM)
whi
c
h
ha
s
an
ex
t
i
nc
ti
on
r
at
i
o
of
30
d
B
.
T
he
c
on
ti
n
uo
u
s
l
as
er
i
n
pu
t
s
i
gn
a
l
ha
s
a
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
of
13
50
nm
.
T
he
ou
tpu
t
s
i
g
na
l
f
r
om
the
m
od
ul
ato
r
i
s
tr
an
s
m
i
tte
d
b
y
S
MF
op
t
i
c
al
f
i
b
er
ha
v
i
ng
a
s
m
al
l
di
s
pe
r
s
i
on
an
d
l
arg
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
c
ap
ab
i
l
i
t
y
.
S
MF
i
s
op
erat
ed
w
i
th
att
en
u
ati
on
o
f
0.2
dB
/k
m
w
i
th
op
ti
c
a
l
f
i
be
r
l
en
g
th
of
50
k
m
.
In
order
the
s
i
gn
a
l
arr
i
v
es
at
the
d
ete
c
tor
wi
th
a
l
arge
c
ap
ac
i
t
y
,
F
RA
wi
th
att
e
nu
at
i
o
n
v
al
ue
of
0.2
d
B
/k
m
i
s
us
ed
at
r
o
om
te
m
pe
r
atu
r
e
of
30
0
K
wi
th
a
d
i
s
tan
c
e
v
ari
ed
b
y
5
i
t
erati
on
s
an
d
ea
c
h
i
terat
i
o
n
i
s
10
k
m
.
F
RA
w
ork
s
w
i
th
a
La
s
er
P
um
p
po
wer
of
0.1
W
att
an
d a
wav
el
en
gt
h
s
ou
r
c
e o
f
98
0
nm
.
P
ho
t
o
d
ete
c
t
or
A
v
a
l
an
c
h
e
P
ho
t
o
D
i
o
de
(
A
P
D)
ha
s
a
f
as
ter
r
es
po
ns
e
to
de
t
e
c
t
s
i
gn
a
l
s
.
T
hi
s
ph
oto
de
t
ec
tor
i
s
us
ed
ha
v
i
ng
a
r
es
po
ns
e
v
a
l
ue
o
f
1
A
/
W
,
an
i
on
i
z
ati
on
r
at
i
o
of
0.9
,
ga
i
n
of
3
an
d
a
c
urr
en
t
of
10
nA
.
T
he
l
i
g
ht
s
i
gn
a
l
wi
l
l
be
c
o
n
v
erte
d
i
nto
an
e
l
ec
tr
i
c
a
l
s
i
g
na
l
an
d
wi
l
l
b
e
f
i
l
tered
b
y
a
Lo
w
P
as
s
B
es
s
el
F
i
l
tert
ha
t
ha
s
a
c
uto
f
f
f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
of
5
H
z
an
d
on
l
y
pa
s
s
es
s
i
gn
al
s
wi
th
l
o
w
f
r
eq
ue
nc
i
es
a
nd
bl
oc
k
s
s
i
gn
al
s
wi
t
h
h
i
gh
f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
.
B
E
R
A
n
al
y
z
er
i
s
us
ed
to
m
ea
s
ure
the
bi
t
r
ate
of
err
or
an
d
Q
f
ac
tor
of
the
ne
t
wor
k
c
i
r
c
ui
t
[
22
]
.
T
he
s
eri
es
of
F
R
A
pre
-
am
pl
i
f
i
er
op
ti
c
a
l
f
i
be
r
am
pl
i
f
i
er s
y
s
te
m
s
c
an
be
s
ee
n
i
n
Fig
ure 1
.
3.
Re
sult
s
a
nd
D
isc
u
s
sio
n
T
hi
s
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
i
s
c
arr
i
ed
ou
t
b
y
a
pp
l
y
i
ng
a
c
on
t
i
nu
o
us
l
as
er
w
a
v
e
l
en
gth
of
13
50
n
m
an
d
pu
m
p
po
w
er
f
r
o
m
a
r
am
an
a
m
pl
i
f
i
er
wi
th
a
v
a
l
ue
of
0.1
W
att
b
y
v
ar
y
i
ng
the
di
s
t
an
c
e.
T
he
i
tera
ti
o
ns
ar
e
s
et
f
r
om
1
un
ti
l
5
c
orr
es
po
n
di
n
g
a
d
i
s
tan
c
e
f
r
o
m
10
k
m
un
ti
l
50
k
m
.
A
t
a
di
s
tan
c
e
50
k
m
the
B
E
R
v
al
u
e
i
s
4.4
42
4
×
1
0
-
15
r
es
u
l
ti
ng
Q
f
ac
tor
i
s
7.7
43
8.
T
he
B
E
R
v
a
l
u
e
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
1
7
,
No.
5
,
O
c
tob
er
20
1
9
:
219
4
-
2
1
99
2196
Q
f
ac
tor
m
ee
t
the
Int
ern
ati
on
a
l
T
el
ec
om
m
un
i
c
ati
on
s
Uni
o
n
(
IT
U)
s
tan
da
r
d,
f
or
B
E
R
v
al
ue
to
be
l
es
s
th
an
10
-
12
[2
3].
T
he
B
E
R
v
a
l
ue
i
s
s
uf
f
i
c
i
en
t
f
or
s
tan
d
ard
s
ec
on
d
-
ge
ne
r
at
i
on
f
orw
ard
-
err
or
c
orr
ec
ti
on
[
24
]. FR
A
's
e
y
e
di
a
gram
f
or a di
s
ta
nc
e o
f
50
km
c
an
be
s
ee
n
i
n Fi
gu
r
e
2.
F
i
gu
r
e
2
l
oo
k
s
l
i
k
e
a
l
ot
of
po
w
er
l
os
s
es
are
prod
uc
ed
.
T
he
l
arge
s
l
op
e
of
the
e
y
e
di
a
gram
i
nd
i
c
at
es
tha
t
th
e
s
en
s
i
ti
v
i
t
y
of
the
ti
m
e
err
or
(
j
i
tte
r
)
of
the
e
y
e
d
i
ag
r
am
i
s
l
arge.
Ina
d
di
t
i
on
,
the
am
ou
nt
of
no
i
s
e
t
ha
t
c
an
b
e
tol
erate
d
i
s
s
m
al
l
,
m
ea
ni
n
g
th
at
a
l
ot
of
no
i
s
e
oc
c
urs
i
n
th
e
i
m
ag
e
an
d
the
di
s
tort
i
o
n
i
s
l
arg
e
t
oo
[
25
].
If
the
d
i
s
tan
c
e
i
s
r
e
du
c
ed
t
o
10
k
m
wi
th
a
B
E
R
v
al
u
e o
f
1.
8
60
6
×
10
-
22
an
d Q f
ac
tor 9.
66
9
6 t
h
e e
y
e d
i
ag
r
am
i
s
s
ho
w
n
i
n F
i
gu
r
e 3
.
Com
pa
r
ed
to
a
d
i
s
tan
c
e
of
50
k
m
,
i
t
c
an
b
e
s
ee
n
th
a
t
at
a
d
i
s
ta
nc
e
of
10
k
m
,
the
e
y
e
di
a
gram
f
or
m
ed
ha
s
e
y
es
wi
de
r
t
ha
n
t
ha
t
of
50
k
m
,
t
hi
s
m
ea
ns
tha
t
the
B
E
R
v
a
l
ue
f
or
10
k
m
i
s
l
o
w
er.
T
he
f
orm
ed
e
y
e
d
i
a
gram
i
s
s
m
oo
the
r
,
l
es
s
po
wer
an
d
the
am
ou
nt
of
no
i
s
e
tha
t
c
a
n
be
tol
era
ted
i
s
l
arge.
T
he
s
l
op
e
f
orm
ed
i
s
s
m
al
l
s
o
th
at
t
he
s
e
ns
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
of
the
t
i
m
e
err
or
(
j
i
tte
r
)
th
at
oc
c
urs
i
s
s
m
al
l
er.
T
he
c
om
pa
r
i
s
on
v
al
ue
of
Q
f
ac
tor
an
d
B
E
R
f
or
v
ar
i
ou
s
di
s
ta
nc
es
f
or
F
RA
c
an
be
de
pi
c
te
d
i
n
T
ab
l
e
1
.
T
ab
l
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
tha
t
t
he
l
arge
r
the
F
RA
d
i
s
tan
c
e
t
he
gr
ea
ter
th
e
B
E
R
v
a
l
ue
an
d
th
e
Q
f
ac
tor
ob
t
ai
ns
s
m
al
l
er
to
the
m
i
ni
m
u
m
v
al
ue
.
T
he
b
es
t
d
i
s
tan
c
e
i
s
at
a
10
k
m
wi
th
a
v
er
y
s
m
al
l
B
E
R
v
al
u
e a
n
d t
h
e Q f
ac
tor v
a
l
u
e i
s
f
ar f
r
o
m
th
e m
i
ni
m
u
m
v
al
ue
.
F
i
gu
r
e
1.
R
am
an
am
pl
i
f
i
er c
i
r
c
ui
t
w
i
th
pr
e
-
am
pl
i
f
i
er
F
i
gu
r
e
2.
R
am
an
am
pl
i
f
i
er di
a
gram
at
a
di
s
ta
nc
e o
f
50
k
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
◼
Rama
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f
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er p
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fi
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e f
or o
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l
fi
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(
T
. S
ak
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o)
2197
F
i
gu
r
e
3.
R
am
an
’
s
e
y
e
di
ag
r
am
w
i
th
a
di
s
t
an
c
e o
f
10
k
m
T
ab
l
e 1
.
B
E
R
V
al
ue
s
an
d
Q
F
ac
tor
f
or F
RA
N
o
.
D
is
t
a
n
c
e
(
k
m
)
Q
f
a
c
t
o
r
BER
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10
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4.
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B
as
i
c
a
l
l
y
,
t
ho
s
e
e
y
e
di
ag
r
am
s
ha
v
e
m
ul
ti
pa
t
h
i
nte
r
f
erenc
e
ef
f
ec
ts
w
h
ere
an
el
ec
tr
om
ag
ne
t
i
c
w
a
v
e
f
r
om
the
s
ou
r
c
e
de
l
i
v
ers
to
d
et
ec
tor
throu
gh
t
wo
or
m
ore
pa
ths
,
un
d
er
r
i
gh
t
c
o
nd
i
ti
o
n,
t
he
t
wo
a
n
d
m
ore
c
o
m
po
ne
nt
of
the
el
ec
tr
om
ag
ne
t
i
c
w
a
v
e
c
an
i
nte
r
f
ere
[2
6]
.
T
he
m
od
ul
at
i
o
n
i
s
ac
c
om
p
l
i
s
he
d
b
y
the
v
ar
y
i
ng
th
e
s
i
ne
an
d
c
os
i
ne
i
n
pu
ts
a
t
a
prec
i
s
e
ti
m
e.
G
eo
m
etri
c
al
l
y
b
oth
d
i
ag
r
a
m
s
are
i
n
g
oo
d
p
att
er
n
a
l
t
ho
ug
h
i
t
i
s
f
ou
n
d
the
r
e
i
s
s
l
i
g
htl
y
di
s
t
orti
o
n
du
e
to
d
i
s
pe
r
s
i
o
n
as
s
ho
wn
at
th
e
ac
r
os
s
l
i
ne
s
‘
l
ef
t
arm
’
an
d
‘
r
i
g
ht
arm
’
be
t
w
e
en
t
he
c
urv
es
.
Noi
s
e
al
s
o
oc
c
urs
m
ai
nl
y
i
n
l
i
ne
s
on
to
p
(
no
i
s
e “1”
)
c
om
pa
r
ed
l
i
ne
s
on
b
ott
om
(
no
i
s
e “0”
)
[2
7]
.
T
he
e
y
e
d
i
a
gram
r
ep
r
es
en
ts
the
op
en
i
ng
of
the
e
y
e
where
F
R
A
i
s
wi
de
at
th
e
c
en
ter.
A
m
ou
nt
of
no
i
s
e
c
a
n
be
to
l
erated
b
y
the
s
i
gn
al
de
p
i
c
t
ed
as
a
v
ert
i
c
al
l
e
ng
t
h
of
e
y
e
i
s
l
arg
e
a
nd
al
s
o
a
ho
r
i
z
o
nta
l
l
en
gt
h
of
e
y
e
i
s
wi
d
e.
T
he
ho
r
i
z
on
tal
l
e
ng
t
h
ex
pl
ai
ni
ng
t
he
ti
m
e
ov
er
the
wa
v
ef
orm
i
nd
i
c
at
es
th
a
t
th
e
s
e
ns
i
ti
v
i
t
y
t
o
t
i
m
i
ng
er
r
or
i
s
s
m
al
l
,
m
ea
ni
ng
th
e
p
att
ern
i
s
go
od
.
A
l
s
o,
the
t
i
m
e
j
i
tte
r
i
s
s
m
al
l
where
i
t
c
a
n
be
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
the
bi
t
p
erio
d
of
po
i
nt
0
a
nd
1.
In
s
u
m
m
ar
y
, b
as
ed
on
t
he
a
b
ov
e
ge
om
etr
y
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
,
i
t
i
s
f
ou
nd
th
at
F
R
A
i
s
go
o
d a
m
pl
i
f
i
er.
G
r
ap
hs
4
an
d
5
de
s
c
r
i
be
th
e
v
al
ue
of
B
E
R
a
nd
Q
f
ac
to
r
f
or
the
tr
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
di
s
ta
nc
e
i
n
the
F
R
A
s
eri
es
.
Th
e
B
E
R
v
a
l
u
e
of
an
op
t
i
c
al
s
o
urc
e
w
i
t
h
a
wav
el
en
g
th
of
13
50
nm
i
s
8.0
9
42
×
10
-
10
or
-
90
.
9
d
B
at
a
di
s
t
an
c
e
of
90
k
m
ha
v
i
ng
a
Q
f
ac
tor
v
al
ue
of
6.0
31
9.
In
F
i
g
ure
4,
i
t
c
an
be
c
o
nc
l
u
de
d
tha
t
the
t
r
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
d
i
s
tan
c
e
i
s
ex
po
ne
nti
al
l
y
prop
orti
on
a
l
to
t
he
B
E
R
v
a
l
u
e,
whi
c
h
i
s
th
e
f
arther
the
tr
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
di
s
ta
nc
e
f
r
o
m
the
op
t
i
c
al
f
i
be
r
,
t
he
gre
ate
r
B
E
R
v
a
l
ue
of
the
s
erie
s
.
F
i
gu
r
e
5
s
ho
w
s
the
r
el
ati
on
s
h
i
p
b
et
w
e
en
t
he
d
i
s
tan
c
e
of
op
t
i
c
al
f
i
b
er
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
an
d
Q
f
ac
tor,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
t
he
f
urther
the
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
d
i
s
tan
c
e,
t
he
s
m
al
l
er
the
Q
f
ac
tor
v
a
l
ue
i
s
ob
tai
ne
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
1
7
,
No.
5
,
O
c
tob
er
20
1
9
:
219
4
-
2
1
99
2198
F
i
gu
r
e
4.
B
E
R
of
trans
m
i
s
s
i
on
d
i
s
tan
c
e
on
FR
A
am
pl
i
f
i
er c
i
r
c
ui
t
F
i
gu
r
e
5.
Q
f
ac
tor of
trans
m
i
s
s
i
on
di
s
ta
nc
e o
n
FR
A
am
pl
i
f
i
er c
i
r
c
u
i
t
4.
Co
n
clus
ion
Ram
an
am
pl
i
f
i
er
c
i
r
c
ui
t
s
y
s
tem
ha
s
be
en
s
uc
c
es
s
f
ul
l
y
s
i
m
ul
ate
d
f
r
o
m
10
-
50
k
m
w
i
th
1350
nm
w
a
v
e
l
en
gth
s
o
urc
e,
w
he
r
e
0.
1
W
pu
m
p
po
wer
i
s
r
u
n
wi
th
s
e
v
eral
i
terat
i
o
ns
c
orr
es
po
nd
i
ng
to
v
ari
ou
s
d
i
s
tan
c
es
.
A
t
th
e
l
arg
es
t
d
i
s
tan
c
e
of
50
k
m
,
the
r
e
i
s
a
n
e
y
e
d
i
a
gr
a
m
tha
t
s
ho
w
s
a
l
ot
of
w
i
de
ni
n
g
s
i
gn
al
s
,
l
ar
ge
no
i
s
e
an
d
m
ore
po
w
er
l
os
s
es
c
o
m
pa
r
ed
to
the
s
m
al
l
es
t
d
i
s
tan
c
e
of
10
k
m
.
T
hi
s
i
s
du
e
to
t
he
s
h
ort
er
the
di
s
ta
nc
e
f
r
om
the
s
ec
ure
am
pl
i
f
i
er,
the
be
tt
er
the
c
i
r
c
ui
t
w
i
l
l
be
us
ed
.T
he
s
ho
r
t
er
d
i
s
tan
c
e
f
r
om
the
am
pl
i
f
i
er
c
an
r
ed
uc
e
the
oc
c
urr
en
c
e
of
di
s
turb
an
c
es
i
n t
h
e p
r
o
pa
g
ati
ng
s
i
gn
al
pro
pa
ga
t
i
ng
.
A
c
kno
w
ledg
ement
s
W
e
w
ou
l
d
l
i
k
e
to
tha
nk
T
h
e
M
i
n
i
s
tr
y
of
Res
ea
r
c
h,
T
ec
hn
o
l
og
y
an
d
H
i
gh
er
E
du
c
ati
on
throug
h
Un
i
v
ers
i
tas
R
i
a
u
f
or
ge
n
erous
s
up
p
ort
i
n
t
h
i
s
r
es
ea
r
c
h
w
i
th
t
he
B
as
i
c
Com
pe
ti
ti
v
e
Res
ea
r
c
h Gr
an
t
i
n
20
1
9.
Ref
er
en
ce
s
[1
]
T
a
h
i
r
BA,
Al
i
J
,
Sa
k
ti
o
t
o
,
F
a
d
h
a
l
i
M
,
Rah
m
a
n
RA,
Ah
m
e
d
A.
A
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
FBG
s
e
n
s
o
r
a
n
d
e
l
e
c
tr
i
c
a
l
s
tra
i
n
g
a
u
g
e
fo
r
s
tr
a
i
n
m
e
a
s
u
re
m
e
n
ts
.
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
O
p
t
o
e
l
e
c
tro
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
M
a
te
ri
a
l
s
.
2
0
0
8
;
1
0
(1
0
):
2
5
6
4
-
2
5
6
8
.
[2
]
Ira
w
a
n
D,
Sa
k
ti
o
to
T
,
Al
i
J
,
Y
u
p
a
p
i
n
P.
Des
i
g
n
o
f
M
a
c
h
-
Ze
h
n
d
e
r
i
n
te
rf
e
ro
m
e
te
r
a
n
d
ri
n
g
r
e
s
o
n
a
to
r
fo
r
b
i
o
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
.
Ph
o
to
n
i
c
Se
n
s
o
rs
.
2
0
1
5
;
5
(1
)
:
1
2
-
1
8
.
[3
]
Sy
a
h
p
u
tra
RF,
Sa
k
t
i
o
t
o
,
M
e
ri
R,
Sy
a
m
s
u
d
h
u
h
a
,
O
k
fa
l
i
s
a
.
Pro
fi
l
e
o
f
s
i
n
g
l
e
m
o
d
e
fi
b
e
r
c
o
u
p
l
e
r
c
o
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
w
i
th
Bra
g
g
g
r
a
ti
n
g
.
Te
l
k
o
m
n
i
k
a
.
2
0
1
7
;
1
5
(3
):
1
1
0
3
-
1107.
[4
]
Sy
a
h
p
u
tra
RF,
K
u
rn
i
a
w
a
n
R,
L
u
b
i
s
Y
I,
Sa
n
i
a
M
,
O
k
fa
l
i
s
a
,
S
a
k
ti
o
t
o
.
T
h
e
rm
o
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
p
e
rfo
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
w
a
v
e
p
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
F
i
b
e
r
Bra
g
g
G
ra
ti
n
g
i
n
l
i
q
u
i
d
m
e
d
i
a
.
TEL
KO
M
NIKA
Te
l
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
Co
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
Co
n
tr
o
l
.
2
0
1
8
;
1
6
(6
):
2
6
6
1
-
2
6
6
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
◼
Rama
n a
mp
l
i
f
i
er p
erfor
ma
n
c
e i
n
pre
-
am
pl
i
fi
er us
e f
or o
pt
i
c
a
l
fi
be
r
…
.
(
T
. S
ak
ti
ot
o)
2199
[5
]
M
h
a
re
b
M
HA
,
Has
h
i
m
S,
G
h
o
s
h
a
l
SK,
Al
a
j
e
ra
m
i
Y
S
M
,
B
q
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;
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.
[6
]
Sh
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;
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–
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[7
]
Ab
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[8
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Sa
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:
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.
[9
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3
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2
8
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5
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[1
3
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4
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[1
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[1
5
]
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M
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m
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c
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0
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2
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[1
6
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Cruz
ER,
Sa
l
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a
d
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rre
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tre
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h
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(
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).
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7
]
J
Bro
m
a
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e
.
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a
m
a
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A
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p
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y
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0
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4
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(1
):
79
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9
3
.
[1
8
]
El
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a
s
s
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s
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9
]
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p
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5
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0
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4
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2
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.
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0
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Kh
a
re
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1
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Pra
s
a
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2
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Y
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n
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Y
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8
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1
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.
[2
3
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Rec
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4
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.
[2
5
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